《“一國兩制”研究》第 4 期 註釋:1 駱偉建:《澳門特別行政區基本法概論》,澳門:澳門基金會,2000 年,第 16 頁。 2 王叔文主編:《澳門特別行政區基本法導論》,北京:中共中央黨校出版社,2001 年,第 285 頁。 3 見下文關於財產權起源的論述。4 關於所有制概念的起源以及對該概念的批評,參看鄢一美:《所有制的概念及其理論考源》,載於《法大評論》,第 1 期,2001 年。 5 John Christman 著,張紹宗譯:《財產的神話──走向平等主義的所有權理論》,桂林:廣西師範大學出版社,2004,第66-71 頁。6 關於澳門的徵收與徵用概念以及其相關制度,可參看唐曉晴:《澳門法律中的徵收徵用概念》,載於《澳門新視角》,第4 期,2009 年,第 16 頁以下;唐曉晴:《澳門法律中的索還權》,載於《福建幹部管理學院學報》,第 1 期,2009 年,第 35 頁以下。另可參看駱偉建:《論澳門基本法中的財產保護與公益徵收》,載於《法學論叢》,第 3 期,2006 年,第127 頁以下;米萬英:《澳門徵用制度之特徵及基本原則》,載於《法學論叢》,第 3 期,2006 年,第 147 頁以下。7 陳敏:《行政法總論》,作者自版,2001 年,第 1041 頁。8 同註 1,第 109-110 頁。9 Pietro Bonfante. 1926. Corso di Diritto Romano, II, Sezione I, Roma. 208-217.10 上面關於羅馬氏族與家庭的描述以及其關於家父權力之性質界主要參考 Giuseppe Grosso 著,黃風譯:《羅馬法史》,北京:中國政法大學出版社,1998 年,第 11-14 頁。11 關於這些不同意見的介紹,參看 de A. Santos Justo. 1997. Direito Privado Romano III (Direitos Reais). Coimbra: CoimbraEditoral. 19-21.12 Kaser, M. 1984. Roman Private Law (4th Edition). Translated by R. Dannenbring. Pretoria: University of South Africa. 117. 13 de A. Santos Justo. 1997. Direito Privado Romano III (Direitos Reais). Coimbra: Coimbra Editoral. 22. 14 關於公田以及現代法發展出來的公產制度的研究,參看 Ana Raquel Gonçalves Moniz. 2005. O Domínio Público: O Critéiro e o Regime Jurídico da Dominialidade. Coimbra: Almedina. 19ss. 15 Giuseppe Grosso 著,黃風譯:《羅馬法史》,北京:中國政法大學出版社,1998 年,第 112-113 頁。 16 對於技術意義的所有權的形成,還必須考慮羅馬法中的物的分類以及所有權的轉移方式,有關內容可參看 de A. Santos Justo 以及 Pierto Bonfante 的前述著作。 17 Tuck, R. 1979. Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5. 18 Kaser, M. 1984. Translated by R. Dannenbring. Roman Private Law (4th Edition). Pretoria: University of South Africa. 115;Pietro Bonfante著,黃風譯:《羅馬法教科書》,北京:中國政法大學出版社,1992 年,第 195 頁。 19 他關於權利體系的分類以及法律關係的論述有幾個拉丁語系語言的譯本,對拉丁國家法律關係的理論構建起了舉足輕重的影響。在絕對權這個具體概念上,可參看 Ernesto Roguin. 1990. Las Reglas Jurídicas: Estudio de Ciencia Jurídica Pura. Madrid: Traducción por José Maria Navarro de Palencia. 240 ss. 20 參看 L. Duguit 著,徐砥平譯:《拿破崙法典以來私法的普通變遷》,北京:中國政法大學出版社,2003 年,第 144-145頁。21 同註 5,第 6 頁。 22 Kaser, M. 1984. Translated by R. Dannenbring. Roman Private Law (4th Edition). Pretoria: University of South Africa. 117. 23 Fernando Alves Correia. 1982. As Garantias do Particular na Expropriação por Utilidade Pública. In Boletim da Faculdade de Direito. Supplemento XXIII. Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra. 225, 232. 24 Carbonnier, J. 1992. Droit Civil, Tome 3, Les Biens. Presses Universitaires de France. 13. 25 參看 Aubry et Rau. Droit Civil Français, IX. §574-583, 333-335;此四項原則轉引自 Planiol, M. and G. Ripert. 1995. Traité Pratique de Droit Civil Français, Tomé 3, Réimpression, Schmidt Periodicals GMBH. 20-21。其表述方式與尹田先生略有不同,但意思基本一致。參看尹田:《法國物權法》,台北:五南圖書出版公司,1999 年,第 5 頁。但是 Jean Carbonnier僅僅將之總結為三項要點,且最後一項為:“人與其財產之間的關係並不表現為人對其財產擁有一項權利。可以說人是@ IG @
所有權的起源及其制度存續的正當性財產的擁有人(titulaire),但絕不能說是財產的‘所有權人(proptiétaire)’,因為財產在某個意義上就是他自己。”引自Jean Carbonnier. 1992. Droit Civil, Tome 3, Les Biens. Presses Universitaires de France. 18. 26 有關債權的重要性在現代發生變化的觀點可參看我妻榮:《債法在現代法中的優越地位》,北京:中國大百科全書出版社,1999 年,第 6 頁以下。 27 Fernando Alves Correia. 1982. As Garantias do Particular na Expropriação por Utilidade Pública. In Boletim da Faculdade de Direito. Supplemento XXIII. Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra. 226. 28 Paulo Merêa. 1937. Os Jurisconsultos Portugueses e a Doutrina do “Mare Clausum”. In Novos Estudos de História do Direito. Barcelos. 19ss; Paulo Merêa. Um aspecto da questão Hugo Grócio: Serafim de Freitas (Condição do Mar no Direito Romano). Boletim da Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Coimbra, 2. 465 ss. 29 Tuck, R. 1979. Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 60; Grotius, H. 1950. De Iure Praedae Commentarius. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 18.30 Grotius, H. 1916. Mare Liberum. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 24. 31 Salter, J. 2001. Hugo Grotius: Property and Consent. Political Theory, 29 (4). 539. 32 Tuck, R. 1979. Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 61. 33 他指出,“雖然劇院是一個公共地方,但是一個坐位被人坐上之後,說這個位子屬於他則是正確的。”Grotius, De Iure Belli, II.II.II.1.; cited from J. Salter. 2001. Hugo Grotius: Property and Consent. Political Theory, 29 (4). 553. 他認為,實證法以先佔作為取得方式的所有權建制是“模仿自然界”的結果,即所有權建制的參照模板首先是人攫取自然界的物資滿足自身需要而與物產生的聯系。參看 Grotius, H. 1950. De Iure Praedae Commentarius. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 216; 參看 R. Tuck. 1979. Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 61. 34 Grotius, De Iure Belli, II.II.II.4.; cited from J. Salter. 2001. Hugo Grotius: Property and Consent. Political Theory, 29 (4). 542. 35 Salter, J. 2001. Hugo Grotius: Property and Consent. Political Theory, 29 (4). 545;然而,Grotius 並沒有將這一個結論推廣到不動產(主要是土地),Grotius 認為雖然土地不會因使用而被消耗殆盡,但土地可用作農作或放牧,而且世界上也沒有足夠的土地供所有人無限地使用,所以土地的使用也應該可以通過先佔而排他的。36 Grotius, De Iure Belli, II.II.II.5. 37 Pufendorf, S. 1934. De Jure Naturae et Gentium Libri Octo (Vol. 2). Translated by C. H. Oldfather and W. A. Oldfather. Oxford: Clarendon Press. IV.IV.5. 38 Seldon 的以下論述可展示其部分思想:“全體人類的同意(通過可約束後來者的契約之類的東西)介入才使到分配給個人所有者之物上的共同利益或原始權利終止……[In territoriis ita distribuendis, consensus veluti humani generis corporis seu universitatis (interposita fide, quae etiam posteros obligaret) intervenit, ut a communione seu pristino jure eorum, quae ita distributim singulis dominis cederunt, palne discederetur.]”轉引自 Richard Tuck. 1979. Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 88. 39 轉引自註 5,第 82-83 頁。 40 Becker, L. 1976. The Labor Theory of Property Acquisition. The Journal of Philosophy, 73 (18). 654. 41 同註 5,第 84 頁。 42 Proudhon, P. J. 2003. What is Property: An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government. Edited and Translated by Donald. R. Kelly and Bonnie G. Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 15-16. 43 Tolstoy, L. 1899. What is to be Done? New York: Thomas Y. Crowell and Company; cited from L. S. Underkuffler. 2003. The Idea of Property: Its Meaning and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1. 44 Proudhon, P. J. 2003. What is Property: An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government. Edited and Translated by Donald. R. Kelly and Bonnie G. Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 37-38. 45 Ibid. 53. 46 Ibid. 67. 47 Ibid. 74. 48 Ibid. 163-164;本文認為這一理由的內容及論述方式經調整後可以作為一個新論題重新出現,討論現代社會資源短缺現@ IH @
《“一國兩制”研究》第 4 期 象。 49 “It is surely undeniable that, when a man engages in remunerative labour, the very reason and motive of his work is to obtain property, and to hold it as his own private possession. If one man hires out to another his strength or his energy, he does this for the purpose of receiving in return what is necessary for food and living; he thereby expressly proposes to acquire a full and real right, not only to the remuneration, but also to the disposal of that remuneration as he pleases. Thus, if he lives sparingly, saves money, and invests his savings, for greater security, in land, the land in such a case is only his wages in another form; and consequently, a working man’s little estate thus purchased should be as completely at his own disposal as the wages he receives for his labour. But it is precisely in this power of disposal that ownership consists, whether the property be land or movable goods. The socialists, therefore, in endeavoring to transfer the possessions of individuals to the community, strike at the interests of every wage earner, for the deprive him of the liberty of disposing of his wages, and thus of all hope and possibility of increasing his stock and of bettering his condition in life.” Cited from Buchanan, J. M. 1993. Property as a Guarantor of Liberty. In C. K. Rowley (Ed.). Property Rights and the Limits of Democracy. The Locke Institute. 49-50. 50 Buchanan, J. M. 1993. Property as a Guarantor of Liberty. In C. K. Rowley (Ed.). Property Rights and the Limits of Democracy. The Locke Institute. 28 ss. 51 Ibid. 46. 52 Richard A. Posner 著,蔣兆康譯:《法律的經濟分析》(上冊),北京:中國大百科全書出版社,1997 年,第 40 頁。 53 同上註,第 42-43 頁。 54 同註 5,第 202 頁及後續頁。 55 同註 5,第 108 頁。 56 Hennequin, A. L. M. 1838. Traité de Législation et de Jurisprudence. Paris,. I, xi; cited from P. J. Proudhon. 2003. What is Property: An Inquiry into the Principle of Right and of Government. Edited and Translated by Donald. R. Kelly and Bonnie G. Smith. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 34. @ II @