博士研究生學位論文 霍華德——謝思消費行為理論視角下的 購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 Research on Consumer Behavior of Shopping Tourists from the Perspective of Howard--Sheth Model --based on the empirical analysis of the Macau New Yaohan VIP Day 姓名 Name: 郭曉康 學號 Student No.: T16092100058 院系 Faculty: 國際旅遊與管理學院 課程 Program: 國際旅遊管理博士學位(中文學制) 指導教師 Supervisor: 李璽 副教授 電郵 Email: gxk@hzmbo.com 2021 年 5 月 5 日
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 I 答辯委員審議通過表
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 II 論文原創聲明 DECLARATION FOR ORIGINALITY OF THESIS 論文題目 霍華德——謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為 研究:基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 Thesis Title Research on Consumer Behavior of Shopping Tourists from the Perspective of Howard--Sheth Model:based on the empirical analysis of the Macau New Yaohan VIP Day 聲明 本人特此聲明,除了經清楚列明來源出處的資料外,其他內容均為原創;本論文的全部或部分未曾在同一學位或其他學位中提交過。 本人聲明知悉《博(碩)士論文寫作指引》、《研究生答辯管理細則》及《澳門城市大學學生紀律規章》。 Declaration I hereby declare that the thesis here submitted is original except for the source materials explicitly acknowledged and that this thesis, or parts of this thesis have not been previously submitted for the same degree or for a different degree. I also acknowledge that I am aware of the Rules and Regulations on ―Guideline for Doctoral (Master) Dissertation Writing‖, ―Rules on Postgraduate Oral Defense‖ and ―Student Disciplinary Regulations of City University of Macau‖. 2021年5月5日 學生簽名Signature of Candidate 日期 Date 郭曉康 T16092100058 學生姓名 Name of Candidate 學號 Student Number 國際旅遊與管理學院 國際旅遊管理博士學位(中文學制) 學院 Faculty 課程 Programme
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 III 致 謝 值此論文付梓之際,首先,衷心的感謝澳門城市大學,給了我求知解惑的機會,在城大所收穫到的,任何華麗的詞藻都無以言謝。在這裡,我認識到了我敬愛的老師們,他們學術淵源,才華橫溢,無私的傳道授業,有一顆顆金子般高尚的心。來此求學,幸運之至,不憾此生。 在這裡,我要對指導老師李璽博士致以我衷心的感謝。記得他常常深夜兩三點,線上指導論文寫作中各種大大小小的問題。從李璽老師身上我領會到嚴謹的治學態度、博學的知識功底、誠懇的敬業精神、無私的助人品質和豁達的人生哲學,這些都對我的人生觀和價值觀產生了莫大的影響。可以想象,沒有老師的傾心幫助和支持,真的難以完成博士論文撰寫工作。能師從於李璽老師,是乃人生之最大幸事。 對給我們上過課和傳道解惑的每一位城大老師,我要致以真誠感謝,是他們用心教學,把專業領域前沿的最新知識無私的分享給我們。在這裡特別感謝沈華文老師、高波老師、王心老師、高玉婷老師、陳晨老師、羅劍明老師、杜文才老師、李昕老師、顧錚老師,非常幸運能遇到各位老師並得到些許的指點。在這裡,我還要特別致謝尊敬的校董會陳明金主席、劉駿校長、孔繁清副校長、周萬雷副校長、葉桂平副校長、陳倩雯副校長、蘇錦雄副校長、陳俊拔副校長、李樹英副校長,是您們帶領城大快速發展,為我們提供了優質的學習環境。 求學之路漫漫,需感恩之人許許多多。三十多年來,從晉南黃土高原只有一位老師、一間教室的段家棗凹小學到牌子窯完小、浮山二
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 IV 中、浮山中學、新絳中學、臨汾十中;從北國草原的內蒙古大學,到南海之濱的澳科大、澳城大,受到過很多位老師的教誨和指點。有小學的衛永玲老師、秦蓮梅老師、石慶玲老師;有浮山二中的巢春江老師、郭星老師、鄭敏老師、秦秀萍老師、武國榮老師、黃紅心老師;有浮中的呂美蓉老師、王富老師、宋旭紅老師、秦莉老師、陳津渺老師、劉青榮老師、程曉暉老師、陝玉平老師;有臨十中和新中的劉軍鋒老師、賀宗義老師、姚曉芬老師、武紅革老師、張君帥老師、雷紅民老師、杜淑娟老師;有內大的韓冬老師、郝曉蘭老師、烏鐵紅老師、白豔老師、王公為老師、敖紅豔老師、王亞峰老師、張龍鳳老師、趙雯老師、智麗華老師、王燁輝老師、王漢祥老師;還有澳科大的石貴成老師、劉成昆老師、田青老師、周立剛老師、聶婷老師、宋雅楠老師。我只是老師們眾多學生中普通的一個,但啟蒙之恩、點撥之情,須終生銘記,不可忘卻。 同窗之誼是很珍貴的,在此,我要感謝我的同學許昌斌、陳希、吳文中、劉佳敏、蘇欣慰、豐霞以及學長董之文、杜一峰、杜昀倩、盧謙等,在論文撰寫困惑的時候,是你們毫無保留的傾囊相授,激勵我堅持前行。感謝我的單位領導和同事鄭順潮、韋東慶、張鳴功、譚鉅源、黃磊、林永浩、閔雲童、鐘國懷、陸太成、高超、張鑫、闕東梅、孫亮、李相青、馮芊茹。感恩於城大行政的每一位老師和工作人員。感恩我的父親、母親、岳父、岳母、太太、女兒、大姐和二姐等親人在讀愽期間的關心和理解。另外,特別還要感謝澳門基金會授予本論文“澳門研究”研究生獎學金,對論文的撰寫提供了大力資助。 耕種自己田地的,必得飽食;歷經艱辛,終達星辰。再次感恩澳門城市大學,感恩我尊敬和愛戴的城大每一位老師們,感恩於我的恩師李璽博士,感恩養育我的大山大河,感恩和平強大的祖國。讀書許
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 VI 摘 要 本研究以 Howard & Sheth(1963,1969)之研究所歸納的消費行為理論為基礎,探討影響購物旅遊動機和感知價值的相關因素,以及與行為意向之間的關係,創新性的將目的地形象、目的地信任、企業品牌認同、感知促銷利益、購物旅遊動機、購物旅遊感知價值、行為意向結合成一個有機整體進行研究,建立關於購物旅遊消費行為的一個探索模型,試圖對研究方法進行變革和創新。 研究方法採用問卷調查法,以參加澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的遊客為研究和調查對象。對文獻回顧梳理後,開展訪談和專家審閱,初步編制預調研的量表問卷,通過信效度分析對與測試量表校驗。在正式問卷測量分析環節,主要運用社會統計軟件( SPSS23.0、AMOS24.0),對 450 份有效問卷進行描述性分析、相關分析、信效度分析、探索性因素分析(EFA)、驗證性因數分析(CFA)以及 SEM分析。 研究結果顯示:新修訂開發之量表均具有區別效度、良好的收斂效度及建構信度;結構方程的擬合度良好。整體而言,目的地形象、目的地信任、企業品牌認同和感知促銷利益均對購物旅遊動機和購物旅遊感知價值產生顯著正向影響。購物旅遊動機對購物旅遊感知價值和行為意向產生顯著正向影響。購物旅遊感知價值亦對行為意向產生顯著正向影響。 本研究論證了購物旅遊動機和感知價值的影響因素,整體模型為提升改善目的地形象、企業品牌、感知促銷利益,以及強化購物旅遊動機、感知價值、重構及推薦的行為意向提供了理論基礎。研究結果
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 VII 同時為地方政府和企業在如何打造宣傳城市和企業形象,創建高質量品牌,科學營銷等領域施政和制定企業發展戰略的參考;有關研究量表、研究工具以及探討結論,有助於對該領域感興趣的人員進行更加深入的研究。 關鍵詞:目的地形象,目的地信任,企業品牌認同,感知促銷利益,購物旅遊動機,購物旅遊感知價值,行為意向,霍華德——謝思模型
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 VIII Abstract The theme of the study is the perspective of Howard--Sheth Model (1963,1969), institute of inductive consumer behavior theory as the foundation, to explore the related factors affecting shopping tourism motivation and perceived value, and behavioral intention, The research innovatively combines tourist destination image,tourist destination trust,brand identification,perceived promotional benefit,shopping tourism motivation,shopping tourism perceived value,behavioral intention into an organic whole, build shopping tourism consumer behavior theory model, and seek a new breakthrough in the field of research and analysis methods. The research method adopts the questionnaire survey method, taking the tourists who participate in the Macau New Yaohan VIP Day as the research object. Firstly, literature research, interview and expert review were used to design the predictive questionnaire, and the reliability and validity analysis was used to verify the questionnaire with the test scale. In the measurement and analysis of the formal questionnaire, descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, reliability and validity analysis, EFA and CFA are mainly used. Finally, SPSS23.0 and AMOS24.0 statistical software are used to test and analyze 450 valid formal questionnaires with structural equation model. The results show that the newly developed scales have discriminant validity, good convergence validity and construction reliability. The fitting degree of structural equation is good. Overall, tourist destination image,tourist destination trust,brand identification,perceived promotional benefit all have a significant positive impact on shopping tourism motivation and shopping tourism perceived value. Shopping tourism
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 IX motivation has a significant positive impact on the perceived value and behavioral intention of shopping tourism. The shopping tourism perceived value also has a significant positive effect on behavioral intention. This study demonstrates the influencing factors of shopping tourism motivation and perceived value, and the overall model provides a theoretical basis for improving destination image, corporate brand, perceived promotion benefit, as well as behavioral intention to strengthen shopping tourism motivation, perceived value, reconstruction and recommendation. At the same time, the research results provide a reference for local government and enterprises in the management and policy of how to promote the image of the city and enterprise, create high-quality brand,scientific marketing and other aspects. The revised and improved measurement tools and the suggestions on related research are provided for the reference of subsequent researchers. Keywords:Tourist destination image;Tourist destination trust;Brand identification ; Perceived promotional benefit ; Shopping tourism motivation;Shopping tourism perceived value;Behavioral intention;Howard—Sheth Model
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 38 響消費者不理性行為的因素,在此基礎上,梳理出消費者非理性購買行為的綜合模型,並利用結構方程模型對其進行了驗證。結果表明,態度、意願、營銷推廣、產品信號的釋放以及情感引導對消費者非理性購買行為具有顯著的影響,這些結論對於新產品的推廣、企業客戶忠誠度的提高以及消費者購買行為的理解都具有重要的指導意義。 Hamid,Hiva,and Omid(2016)以 Nicosia model、Howard Sheth Model 為理論基礎,根據購買時情緒——知覺指標仲介的存在以及對人口統計學變數的調節作用,探討商店空間激勵因素對購買者行為的影響。研究結果最終證實商店空間激勵因素對購買者購買行為的影響。研究還表明,人口變數中作為調節指標的年齡和性別指標在模型中是有效的,但收入指標不能起到調節作用。 Han and Gu(2017)基於 Howard——Sheth Model 構建模型,實證分析表明態度和參與對再生產品購買意願有顯著影響;環保和促銷對態度和參與有顯著影響。 Hassan(2017)以 Howard——Sheth Model 建模,探討影響馬爾代夫金槍魚罐頭品牌購買決策的因素,實證研究表明產品特徵對消費者的購買決策具有顯著的正向影響,同時發現各種標籤或品牌特徵對消費者購買決定有顯著影響。
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 39 Yong and Yu (2017)提出了包括技術接受模型和 Howard——Sheth Model 在內的綜合模型,分析了影響顧客對航空公司配套產品接受度的因素,並建立了結構方程模型對結果進行了檢驗。結果表明,顧客行為、個性化服務、對營銷的信任和風險都會影響顧客對航空公司輔助產品的接受程度。 Mohd,Mohd,and Nur(2017)通過 Howard——Sheth Model 構建模型,實證驗證了馬來西亞沙撈越地區旅遊紀念品對旅遊核心產品(文化、冒險、自然)和目的地形象之間關係的調節作用。 Lee(2018)基於 Howard——Sheth Model 以消費者利益為核心,以購物者需求和動機為重點,提出了需求——適應性購物者行為模型,確定了包括經典之旅、機會主義之旅在內的,代表消費者通常遵循路徑的 12 個購物者行為原型,從而解釋了一些特定的購物行為,比如以體驗而非購買為購物行為最終狀態的現象。 Tian and Li(2018)選取中國山西作為調查區域,基於 Howard——Sheth Model,採用回歸和交叉表法對調查數據進行分析,研究表明收入對綠色建築支付意願有顯著影響。 Teoh and Gaur(2019)基於 Howard——Sheth Model,採用驗證性因數分析,研究發現品牌偏好受環境關注和對環境友好型產品態度的影
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 54 的維度。Gefen and Straub(2004)認為信任有四個維度,即仁愛、正直、可預測性和能力,在 B2C 電子商務消費者信任的研究中,他們驗證了一個四維信任量表。Park,Gunn,and Han(2012)運用了仁愛、能力和誠信的維度來形成對電子零售的信任。因此,仁慈、誠信和能力這些維度被認為是購物旅遊目的地信任(Shopping Destination Trust,SDT)的潛在維度(Park,Gunn,and Han,2012)。 Kelly and Stahelski(1970)認為可預測性增強了消費者的信心,因為他們知道沒有什麼意外可能發生。Doney and Cannon(1997)通過研究買方與賣方關係中的信任本質,提出可預測性可以讓消費者增強產品的可信度。Choi(2016)研究證實可預測性、聲譽也被證實是購物目的地信任的組成維度。基於以上討論,本研究擬以仁慈、誠信、能力、可預測性和聲譽等 5 個維度作為購物旅遊目的地信任的潛在組成維度。 2.3.3 目的地信任研究綜評 (1)從本質上來說,作為一個被信任的客體,目的地與商品、人本省並沒有多大的區別(姚延波,陳增祥和賈現,2013)。本研究借鑒 Mayer 等(1995)的觀點,認為目的地信任是一種感知狀態,關鍵在於目的地能否符合遊客自身的期望和要求。該定義基本符合目的地信任的真實含義,正如學者彭凱平研究指出信任是一種有利於自身的假
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 55 設和期望(2009)。 (2)以 Kelly and Stahelski(1970);Doney and Cannon(1997); Jarvenpaa,Tractinsky,and Vitale(1999);Gefen and Straub(2004);Park,Gunn,and Han(2012);Choi(2016)等學者的研究成果為基礎,本研究提出將仁慈、誠信、能力、可預測性和聲譽等 5 個維度作為購物旅遊目的地信任的潛在組成維度。 2.4 企業品牌認同文獻回顧 2.4.1 企業品牌認同的概念及研究進展 品牌認同(Brand Identification,BDI)是基於社會認同理論和組織認同理論發展而來,社會心理學最先開始關注。上世紀 70 年代,品牌認同才引起學者的研究興趣。 Aaker(1996)研究認為消費者對知名品牌的感知與他們的自我意識有關,他們通常傾向於購買能夠反映自己個性和品牌形象的知名品牌。同樣,Graff(1996)認為,其企業形象與消費者自我意識相符的知名品牌產品將受到消費者的高度評價,並且合格程度越高,消費者的認可度和關注度就越高。Cova(1997)認為品牌認同是一種實現自我的方式。 Underwood(2001)根據社會認同理論中關於自我的定義,實現
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 56 對知名品牌消費者的同理心的解釋。Underwood(2001)認為,消費者將根據自己的個人特徵來定義個人,並根據他們所屬的社會群體來定義社會。消費者對自己的定義將影響他們對知名品牌的消費態度和行為。如果知名品牌能夠堅持向消費者傳遞個人品牌形象並增強其個人社會影響力,那麼知名品牌將更有可能獲得更高水準的消費者認同。 Carlson(2005)認為知名品牌產品是許多消費者與公司聯繫的唯一體驗。消費者對公司的認可不僅取決於公司本身傳達的資訊,還取決於員工和其他知名品牌產品的使用者。相比之下,消費者與知名品牌之間的關係更為直接,而知名品牌也認識到如此生產經營更容易。 Bagozzi and Dolokia(2006)研究指出消费者将自己的自我意识与知名品牌传达的定义和内涵相结合,匹配程度是消费者如何识别和理解知名品牌。而 Sven and Sue(2010)也認為,知名品牌標識是消費者自己的個人品牌形象和以該知名品牌代表的個人品牌形象相互交織的程度。 Schouten(2007)指出知名品牌的個人品牌形象與消費者的個人品牌形象之間的相似度越高,消費者與知名品牌產生共鳴的機會就越大。
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 57 Tildestey and Coot(2009) 通過實證科學研究,他們清楚地提出了知名品牌身份與社會身份和組織身份不同的三個組成部分:自身的知名品牌定位,知名品牌特點和知名品牌信號等。 也有學者認為,馳名品牌標識是一種由認知、情感和評估三個要素組成的結構。 根據社會學理論和先前學者們關於消費者身份的核心概念, Tuskej(2011)強調僅對相似性或身份的識別並不能直接產生品牌身份,將品牌認同定義為消費者對品牌相似性的認知。 國內對品牌相關理論的研究晚於國外,進入新世紀以後國內有關品牌方面的研究才逐漸增多。陳亞婷(2002)認為品牌認同就是通過品牌,消費者能夠達到對自我的認同。劉欣(2012)明確指出,品牌認同是個體形象與品牌形象之間的一致性水準,即品牌的價值觀是否得到消費者的認可。李華民(2013)認為,品牌認同是指品牌依靠工廠的產品或服務,並通過媒體傳遞與目標受眾相似的信號,包括情感,態度,行為等;客戶體驗會影響品牌認知度,進而影響到忠誠。傅春林(2018)認為品牌認同是消費者感知、體驗與評價其歸屬某個品牌的一種心理狀態。Wang and Zhang(2018)認為,品牌認同識別是指客戶認可的品牌與自己的品牌形象保持一致,從而產生情感。姚熙和鄭潔(2018)認為,有三個因素會影響客戶對品牌的認可:品牌自身的一致性、品牌差異和品牌推廣。
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 58 2.4.2 企業品牌認同的維度研究 Bergami and Bagozzi(2000)認為品牌認同是對其真實身份和品牌身份之間重疊程度的認知。其他一些學者將認知能力疊加法應用到消費者對品牌認同的精確測量中(Bhattacharya,1995;Mael,1988;Meal & Ashforth,1992)。Bagozzi and Dholakia(2006)選擇即疊加方法來準確衡量品牌的認知度,使客戶能夠獨立評估。Lam(2008)通過認知能力重疊,準確衡量計畫對品牌的認知度。 Rio(2001)根據客戶將品牌認同分為兩層次,個人品牌認同識別來自于品牌圖像特徵是否與他們自己的個性化圖像特徵相似,當客戶可以根據品牌提升自己作為特殊社會意識形態的成員,或者主要表達他們所隸屬或預期所隸屬的特殊社會意識形態的特徵時,就會引起對社會中相關品牌的認可。 中國學者在品牌認同維度方面,同樣也做了一些探索性的研究。陳雅亭(2002)對品牌認同進行準確衡量,包括四個層次,包括“品牌符合自己的形象”,“品牌可以表達自己的個性化”,“由潛意識傳遞的潛意識品牌與自己的潛意識是一致的”和“我真的很喜歡這個品牌”。金立印(2006)明確提出了準確識別品牌認同的衡量尺度,顧客對品牌的消費是建立在對品牌的社會認知及其表現的基礎上的,消費者對品牌的消費是基於品牌的社會認知,其個人價值可以由
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 65 (1985)的實證研究才充分認識到它的價值。Westbrook and Black (1985)對 203 名女性百貨商店購物者進行了個人採訪,確定了七種購物動機,並將女性購物者分為六組。隨後的研究調查了不同零售環境下的購物動機,主要包括產品的動機與體驗的動機(Dawson,1990),功利主義和享樂購物動機(Babin,1994),外在和內在動機(Lotz,1999),以價格為導向和以刺激為導向的動機 (Groeppel,1999)。儘管存在術語上的問題,但以往關於購物動機的研究大致可以分為兩類,即購買產品的購物和享受活動的購物。產品購買動機是指消費者為購買產品而到零售店購物的動機,在概念上等同於產品導向的、功利性的和外在的購物動機。另一種購物動機是將購物作為一種活動來享受,是指在逛零售店的過程中尋找內在的樂趣。這種購物動機在概念上類似於體驗性、享樂性或娛樂性、內在性和刺激導向的購物動機。 購物動機根植於購物者的內在需求狀態,不同文化背景的人可能有不同的需求。因此,購物動機可能是由人們所生活的文化所塑造的。Tauber(1972)和 Westbrook and Black(1985)認為,需要對購物動機在不同類型的購物旅行和場合中的相對重要性進行量化研究。Groeppel-Klein 等人(1999)在德國傢俱購物中發現了以建議為導向的動機,在其他文化中,消費者可能對其他零售形式有不同的購物動機。Rousseau and Vente (2014)的研究將購物動機分為個人、情感、環
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 76 其他成熟理論,進行購物旅遊消費行為研究,符合購物旅遊活動特點。 (2)在研究方法上,本文採用定性和定量相結合的方法或許更有助於購物旅遊消費行為的研究,尤其是深度訪談的運用很有必要,因為它們有助於發現更完整的無偏差的動機資訊。 (3)綜合學者對購物旅遊動機維度的研究,針對澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的遊客大部份為折扣消費者的特點,本研究借鑒 Kim and Jin(2003)的觀點,在其研究成果基礎上,結合深度訪談研究成果,最終擬將購物旅遊動機分成三個維度進行研究,即轉移、社交和功利。 2.7 購物旅遊感知價值文獻回顧 2.7.1 感知價值的概念及研究進展 感知價值的概念較為抽象,Zeithaml(1988)認為從消費者角度看,感知價值的概念具有多種性。Lai(1995)指出,對研究者而言,感知價值也是多重意義。Woodruff and Gardial(2004)同樣指出,業界人士也認為感知價值具有概念多樣性。 Bowman and Ambrosini(2000)認為從經濟性角度考慮,顧客通過購買消費產品獲得自身的滿足。Martinez and Bititci(2006)的研究顯示,邊際效用和顧客價值理論有很大的關係,從“權衡(trade-off)”的視角出發,價值就是顧客消費自己的財產,最大限度的從產品中得到
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 77 滿足。Payne and Holt(1999)認為 Martinez and Bititci(2006)的觀點相對簡單,但也提供了後續研究的基礎。關於感知價值理論的根源,Payne and Holt(2001)的探究有所涉及,指出產品理論、消費者價值理論、顧客滿意和服務品質量均可以作為感知價值的理論淵源。 Payne and Holt(2001)的研究認為感知價值(Perceived Value,PV)其實是消費者對商家給予的價值的判斷和感知。Gallarza and Gil(2006)從行為角度出發,認為消費者價值與感知價值具有同樣的內涵。Zeithaml(1988)、 Holbrook(1996)、Noble,Griffith,and Weinberger(2005)的研究均指出,消費者評價過程的結果便會產生感知價值,消費者關心的是產品的潛在利益與成本,最好此類產品和服務能提供最大的整體價值。基於先前的研究, Noble,Griffith,and Weinberger(2005)提出了三個假設,消費有明確的目標、顧客對產品的實際效用有所比較、顧客明確知曉自身需求。 Zeithaml(1988)關於感知價值理論的研究具有基礎性貢獻,其研究證實了消費對感知價值的四種定義:一是價值等同於價格,意味著追求消費者剩餘;二是價值與所獲得的利益相關,關注自己的所得;三是價值就是所購買的產品品質,意味著權衡;四是價值是消費者所有付出與獲得。因此,將感知價值定義為在商品整體評估基礎上,顧客的所得與所失,所得包括服務或商品的內外部屬性以及一些抽象化的
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 78 商品屬性,所失包括價格、時間和精力等貨幣或非貨幣因素。這意味著感知價值是“得到”和“付出”之間的一種權衡。Duman and Mattila(2005)、Gallarza and Gil(2006)等學者普遍讚同及認可這一定義,並且進行了廣泛的實證運用。 中國內地學者範秀成和羅海成(2003)對消費感知價值進行了分類:總體角度和比較角度,前者以 Sweeney and Soutar(2001)的研究為代表,後者主要有 Zeithaml(1988)等學者,同時他們也做了一些開創性的融合,用函數來對感知價值的概念進行確定:消費者感知價值=f(所得、付出) =f(功能、情感、社會)。鄧舉青(2021)認為消費者價值感知帶有強烈主觀色彩,受個人因素和情境因素的影響,不同消費者對同樣的市場提供物會有完全不同的價值感知。李偉卿、池毛毛和王偉軍(2021)研究指出感知價值是消費者對產品品質、性能,購物過程的便利性、愉悅性,以及消費目標的總體評價,能夠很好地解釋與預測消費者偏好和購買行為。 Woodruff and Gardial(2004)從另外一個角度對感知價值進行了定義,其研究表明消費者感知價值是基於對商品或服務的體驗,並不是商品本身所固有的。Holbrook and Woodruf(2005)也認為互動體驗才是感知價值的屬性,包括在消費過程中的感覺、滿意以及樂趣等。
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 94 Kim(2001)、Kuenzel and Halliday(2008)、Nicola(2012)、Alaa (2012)等學者的研究證實品牌認同與忠誠度、口碑傳播有直接關係。He and Li(2011)認為品牌認同與忠誠有很大關係,其中滿意度扮演了重要的中介角色。Yohana and Arga (2012)的研究顯示品牌認同、口碑傳播和品牌承諾之間關係密切。 部份學者則嘗試直接研究證實品牌認同和動機及感知價值之間的關係。Belen (2001) 的研究顯示,品牌認同(個人、社會)與購買意向、口碑、推薦之間關係密切。Cornwell and Coote (2008) 認為顧客認同和購買意向之間有正向關係。Kuenzel and Halliday (2010) 認為顧客對品牌的認同與重購、推薦、口碑之間有顯著關係。姚曦&李娜(2018)通過對一帶一路沿線國家的來華留學生調查研究,證實品牌認同對品牌購買可能性具有正向顯著作用。王潔&張曉霞(2018)以便利店為研究對象,實證分析了便利店品牌認同對消費者購買意願的影響機理。 根據以上分析,本研究基于霍華德——謝思消費行為理論模型,從企業品牌認同角度出發,提出以下假設: H5:企業品牌認同對購物旅遊動機產生顯著影響; H6:企業品牌認同對購物旅遊感知價值產生顯著影響。
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 95 2.9.4 感知促銷利益與購物旅遊動機、感知價值的關係研究 促銷方式的不同與顧客對促銷利益的感知有很大關係,現金折扣、贈品、返券對顧客的感知促銷利益的影響呈遞減趨勢。Dodds(1991)研究認為顧客產生購買意願的決定因素是購買商品時的感知利益和感知成本之差價,當兩者正向關係時,顧客便會產生較強的購買意向。Della,Bitta and Monroe(1992)的研究發現價格的微弱變化對顧客的購買意願影響不大,只有當 15%、30%、40%和 50%等大幅度的促銷力度出現時,才會顯著影響顧客的感知節省,進而影響動機和感知價值。Gupta and Cooper(1992)指出 Della,Bitta and Monroe(1992)的研究結果之所以會有這樣的差異,主要在於顧客低估了價格折扣,且這種低估會隨著促銷幅度的變化而變化。Alba(1994,1999)的研究也證實促銷的力度和顧客感知之間有顯著關係,促銷力度的大小,直接影響到顧客對產品價格的感知。Alrawadieh,Alrawadieh and Kozak(2019)通過對訪問約旦佩特拉的國際旅行者的 27 個半結構化訪談收集了定性數據,分析表明為了獲得更大的銷售額而過度騷擾遊客會對遊客的支出水準產生負面影響;也就是說,當受到過度騷擾時,遊客的的感知促銷利益下降,不太可能再願意購物。中國內地學者胡珊珊(2011)認為對促銷利益的感知和購買意向之間存在顯著關係,較高的促銷利益使得顧客有更大的更買意願。
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 247 英文文獻 A.E.Lloyd (1996).An examination of the differences in retail serviceevaluation between domestic and tourist shoppers in Hong Kon-g.Tourism Management,(32),520-533. Aaker,A.D.(1996). Measuring brand equity across products andmarke-ts.California Management Review,38(3),102-120. Ailawadi,K.L.,Neslin,S.A.,&Gedenk,K.(2001).Pursuing the value consc-ious consumer:Store brands versus national brand promotions. Journal of Marketing,65(1),71-89. Algethami,G.(2014).Retailers to cash in during shopping bonanza:Gul-f News.Retrieved from http://gulfnews.com/business/retail/ retailers-to-cash-in-during-shopping-bonanza-1.1272893 Alhemoud, A. M.,&Armstrong,E.G.(1996). Image of tourism attractio-ns in Kuwait. Journal of Travel Research, 34(4), 76-80. Allen J.,O‘Toole W.&McDonnell L.(2005).Festival and Special EventManagement,3rd ed.Milton,Queensland. Alrawadieh,Z.,Alrawadieh,Z.,&Kozak,M.(2019). Exploring the impact of tourist harassment on destination image, tourist expenditure, and destination loyalty. Tourism Management, 73, 13-20. Anderson,J.C.,Jain,D.C.,&Chintagunta,P.K.(1993).Customer value asse-ssment in business markets:a state-of-practice study.Journal of B-usiness-to-Business Marketing,1(1),3-29. Andreasen, A.R.& Belk,R.W.(1980) .Predictors of Attendance at the Performing Arts.Journal of Consumer Research, 7(2),112-120. Antonia,C.,Metin,K & Seongseop,.Kim.(2017).Investigation of Luxury
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 248 Values in Shopping Tourism Using a Fuzzy-Set Approach. Journ- al of Travel Research,00(0),1-15. B. Meng&Huang Yanning (2017).Patriarchal capitalism with Chine- e characteristics:gendered discourse of ‗Double Eleven‘ shoppin-g festival,Cultural Studies, 31(212),1-26. Babin,B.J.,Darden,William R.&Griffin Mitch.(1994).Work and/or fun:Measuring hedonic and utilitarian shopping value. Journal of C-onsumer Research,20(3):644-656. Bagozzi,R.P.(2006).The role of social and self-conscious emotions inthe regulation of business-to-business relationship-s in salesperso-n customer interaction.The Journal of Busines-s&Industrial Mar-keting,21(7):450-464. Baker,D.A.&Crompton,J.L.(2000).Quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions. Annals of Tourism Research,27(3),785-804. Baloglu,S.(1999)."A Path Analytic Model of Visitation Intention Invo-lving Information Sources,Socio-psychological Motivations,and Destination Images".Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing, (3),81-90. Baloglu,S.&McCleary,K.W.(1999)."A Model of Destination Image Formation", Annals of Tourism Research,(4),868-897. Baloglu,S.(2000).A path analytic model of visitation intention involvi-ng information source,socio-psychological motivation,and destin-ation image.Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing,8(3).81-90. Baloglu,S.(1997).The relationship between destination images and so-ciodemographic and trip characteristics of international travellers.
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 249 Journal of Vacation Marketing, 3(3), 221-233. Baruca,A.&Zolfagharian, M.(2013).Cross-border shopping: Mexicanshoppers in the US and American shoppers in Mexico.Internation-al Journal of Consumer Studies,(37),360–366. Beerli,A.&Martin,J.D.(2004).Factors influencing destination image.An-nals of Tourism Research,(3),657-681. Bhattacharya,R.,Deviimey,T.&Pilhitla,M.(1998).A Formal Model of Tr-ust Based on Outcomes. Academy of Management Review,(3),459-472. Blackwell,R.D.,Miniard,P.W.,&Engel,J.F.(2001).Consumer behavior.NY: Harcourt College Publishers. Blattberg,R.,Buesing,T.&Peacock,P.(1978).Identifying the Deal Prone Segment. Journal of Marketing Research,15(3),369-377. Blattberg,R.C.&Neslin,S.(1990).Sales promotion concepts, methods, a-nd strategies.New Jersey:Prentice-Hall. Bojanic,D.C.(2011).The impact of age and family life experiences on Mexican visitor shopping expenditures. Tourism Management,(32),406–414. Bolton,R.N.&Drew,J.H.(1991).A multistage model of customers‘assess-ments of service quality and value.Journal of Customer Resear-ch,14(4),375-384. Bornhorst,T.,Ritchie,J.B.,&Sheehan,L.(2010). Determinants of tourism success for DMOs & destinations: An empirical examination of stakeholders' perspectives. Tourism management, 31(5), 572- 589. Boulding,W.,Kalra,A.,Staelin,R.&Zeithaml,V.A.(1993). A dynamic proc
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 250 -ess model of service quality: from expectations to behavioral intentions. Journal of Marketing Research,30(1),7-27. Busch,D.(2010).Shopping in hospitality:Situational constructions of customer-vendor relationships among shopping tourists at a baz-aar on the German-Polish border. Language and Intercultural Communication,10(1),72–89. Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the fut-ure. Tourism Management, 21(1), 97-116. Byoungho,J.K.(2003).A typology of Korean discount shoppers: shopp-ing motives, store attributes, and outcomes.International Journa-l of Service Industry Management,(14),396-419. Byung-Gook,K.& Hyojin,K(2016).The shopping values of Chinese tourists: An investigation of shopping attributes and satisfaction.Tourism Research (eRTR),13(3/4),422-439. Carmichael,B.A.&Smith,W.W.(2004).Canadian domestic travel behavi-our: A market segmentation study of rural shoppers.Journal of Vacation Marketing,10(4),333-347. Campo-Martínez, S., Garau-Vadell, J. B., & Martínez-Ruiz, M. P. (2010). Factors influencing repeat visits to a destination: The influence of group composition. Tourism Management, 31(6), 862-870. Chandon,P.,Wansink,B.&Laurent,G.A.(2000).Benefit congruency framework of sales promotion effectiveness.Journal of Marketing,64(4),65-81. Chen, C.-F., & Phou, S. (2013). A closer look at destination: Image,
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 251 personality, relationship and loyalty. Tourism Management, 36, 269-278. Chen, Zhaoyu(2019).A qualitative pilot study exploring tourists' pre- and post-trip perceptions on the?destination?image?of Macau. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 4(36),330-344. Chen,C.F.&Tsai,D.C.(2007).How Destination Image and Evaluative Factors Affect Behavioral Intentions? Tourism Management,(28),1115-1122. Chen,X.& Duan,H.(2016).A meta-analysis of consumer irrational pur-chase behavior based on Howard-Sheth mode.Journal of Busine-ss and Retail Management Research ,10,69-80. Cheon,Y.S.(2016).A study on the relationship among physical enviro-nment of festivals,perceived value,participation satisfaction,and festival image.International review of management and marketin-g,6(S5),281-287. Choi,M.,Law,R.,& Heo,C.Y.(2018).An investigation of the perceived value of shopping tourism. Journal of Travel Research,11(57),962-980. Choi,Y.J.,Lee,W.S.&Lee,C.K.(2015).Valuation of mudflats in natureba-sed tourism:inclusion of perceived value of festival experiences.Tourism economics,21(4),833-851. Choi,P.&Chow.(2008).Shopping behaviors of individual tourists from the Chinese Mainland to Hong Kong? Tourism Management,29(4),811-820. Chung,Y.S.,Wu,C.L.&Chiang,W.E.(2013).Air passengers‘ shopping mo-
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 252 tivation and information seeking behaviour. Journal of Air Tra-nsport Management,(27),25–28. Crompton, J.L.,&Mckay,S.L.(1997).Motives of visitors attending festi-val events.Annals of Tourism Research,24(2),425-439. Crompton,J.L.(1979).An Assessment of the Image of Mexicoas a Va-cation Destination and the Influence of Geographical Location upon the Image.Journal of Travel Research,(18),18-23. Cronin,J.J.,Brady,M.K.&Hult,G.T.M.(2000).Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioralintentions in service environments. Journal of Retailing,76(2),193-218. Darke,P.R.,Freedman,J.L.,&Chaiken,S.(1995).Percentage Discounts, Init-ial Price,and Bargain Hunting:A Heuristic-SystematicApproach to Price Search Behavior.Journal of Applied Psychology,80(5),580-586. Dawson,S.,Bloch,P.H.&Ridgway,N.M.(1990).Shopping motives, emotio-nal states, and retail outcomes.Journal of Retailing,(66),408-27. Deng,J.Y.&Plerskalla,C.(2011).Impact of past experience on perceivedvalue,overall satisfaction,and destination loyalty:a comparison between visitor and resident attendees of festival.Event manageme-nt,15(2),163-177. Della,B.A.,Monroe,K.&McGinnis,J.(1981).Consumer Perception of co-mparative price advertisements. Journal of marketing research, 18(11),416-427. Deutsch,M.(1960).Tust,Trustworthiness,and the F Scale.Journal of Ab-
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 253 normal and Social Psychlogy,(61),138-140. Deutsch.(1973).The Resolution of Conflict.Yale University Press. Dimanche,F.(2003). The Louisiana tax free shopping program for int-ernational visitors: A case study. Journal of Travel Research, (41),311-314. Dodds,W.B.,Monroe,K.B.,&Grewal,D.(1991).The effecta of price ,bran-d and store in formation on buyers‘ product evaluations. Journ-al of Marketing Research,28(3),307-319. Doong,H.S.,Wang,H.C.,&Law,R.(2012).An examination of the determi-nants of in right duty-free shopping: hedonic and utilitarian m-otivations. International Journal of Tourism Research,(14),303-306. Dubai,E.P.(2013). DSF Timeline:DSF 2013 Official Guide.Dubai edit-ion,10-16. Echtner,C.M.&Ritchie,J.R.B.(1993).The Measurement of Destination Image:An Empirical Assessment.Journal of Travel Research,(31),3-13. Edward,M.T.(1972).Why do people shop? Journal of Marketing,36(4),46-49. Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. (1993). The Measurement of Destination Image:An Empirical Assessment. Journal of Travel Research, 31(4), 3-13. Fam,K.S.,Foscht,T.&Collins,R.D.(2004).Trust and the Online Relation-ship:An Exploratory Study from New Zealand. Tourism Manag-ement,(25),195-207.
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 254 Fishbein,M.&Ajzen,I.(1975).Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. MA: Addison-Wesley,1975. Gallarza,M.G.&Saura,I.G.(2006).Value dimensions,perceived value,satisfaction and loyalty: an investigation of university students‘ tra-vel behavior.Tourism management,27(3),437-452. Gartner,W.C.(1993).Image Formatkm Process.Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing,(2),191-215. Getz,D.(1993).Tourist shopping villages: Development and planning strategies. Tourism Management,14(1),15-26. Gnoth,J.(1997).Tourism motivotion and expectation formation.Annals of tourism research,24(2),74-78. Govier,Trudy.(1997).Social Trust and Human Communities. McGill-Queen's University Press. Govers, R., Go, F. M., & Kumar, K. (2007). Promoting tourism destination image. Journal of Travel Research, 46(1), 15-23. Graff,T.R.(1996).Using Promotional Messages to Manage the Effects of Brand and Self Image on Brand Evaluations. Journal of Consumer Marketing,(13),4-18. Grewal,D.,Marmorstein,H.&Sharma,A.(1996).Communicating Price Inf-ormation through Semantic Cues:The Moderating Effects of Sit-uation and Discount Size. Journal of Consumer Research,23(2),148-155. Groeppel,K.A.,Thelen,E.&Antretter,C.(1999).The impact of shopping motives on store assessment.European Advances in Consumer
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 255 Research,(4),63-72. Groth,J.C.(1995).Exclusive value and the pricing of services. Manag-ement Decision,33(8),22-29. Gursoy,D.,Spangenberg,E.R.&Rutherford,D.G.(2006).The hedonic and utilitarian dimensions of attendees‘ attitudes toward festivals.Jou-rnal of hospitality&tourism research,30(3),279-294. Gupta,S.C.(1992).The discounting of discounts and promotion thresholds. Journal of consumer research,(19),401-411. Huang,D.,Wang,H.&Law,W.(2012).An Examination of the Determinan-ts of In-Flight Duty-Free Shopping: Hedonic and Utilitarian Motivations.International Journal of Tourism Research,14(3),303-306. Huang,S.&Hsu,C.H.C.(2009).Effects of travel motivination, past expe-rience, perceived constraint and attitude on revisit tntention. Jo-urnal of Travel Research,48(1),29-44. Haemoon,Oh(2000).The Effect of Brand Class, Brand Awareness, and Price on Customer Value and Behavioral Intentions.Journal ofHo-spitality&Tourism Research,24(2),136-162. Hamid,R.T.,Hiva,F.& Omid,M.(2016).Investigating the effect of motiv-ators for shop space on buyer behavior at the point of purcha-se.International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies (IJHCS), 2356-5926. Han,H.,&Gu,Q.L.(2017).Empirical Study on Consumer Purchase Intention for Remanufacture Product. International Conference on Sustainable Development. Hardesty,D.M.&Bearden,W.O.(2003).Consumer evaluations of differen-
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 256 t promotion types and price presentations: the moderating rol- of promotional benefit level. Journal of Retailing,79(1),17-25. Hardi,T.(2001).Néhány fldrajzi elmélet alkalmazása a Kárpát-medence határtérségeire és határ mentiegyüttm kdéseire.Fldrajzi Konfere- ncia,(2),15-29. Hassan,Z.(2017).Factors affecting purchase decision of canned tuna brands in maldives. Social Science Electronic Publishing. Harun,A.; Obong,A.; Kassim, Abdul W.M.&Lily, J.(2018).The Effect-s of Destination Image and Perceived Risk on Revisit Intention:A Study in the South Eastern Coast of Sabah, Malaysia。 e-Rev-iew of Tourism Research (eRTR), 15(6),540-559. Heesup,H.&Sunghyup,S.H.(2018).Investigating customers‘ shopping behaviors at airport duty-free shops: impact of shopping flow andalternative shopping malls‘ attractiveness.Asia Pacific Journalof Tourism Research,(12),1-13. Heinonen,K.(2004).Reconcept ualizing customer perceived value: thevalue of time and palce. Managing Service Quality,14(2/3),205-215. Heung,V.C.S.&Cheng,E.(2000).Assessing tourists satisfaction with sho-pping in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of Chi-na. Journal of Travel Research,(38),396-404. Heung,V.C.S.&Qu,H.(1998).Tourism shopping and its contributions to Hong Kong. Tourism Management,19(4),383-386. Hirschman,E.C.&Holbrook,M.B.(1982).Hedonic consumption:Emerging concepts, Methods and Propositions. Journal of Marketing,46(3),
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 257 92-101. Holbrook,M.B.(2006).Consumption experience,customer value,and sub-jective personal introspection:an illustrative photographic essay. Journal of Business Research,59(6),714-725. Holbrook,M.B.(2005).Customer value and auto ethnography:subjective personal introspection and the meanings of a photograph colleci -ton. Journal of Business Research,58(1),45-61. Holbrook,M.B.(1999).Introduction to consumer value. New York:Rout-ledge,1-28. Holbrook,M.B.(1996).Customer value a framework for analysis and research.Advances in Comsumer Research,(23),138-142. Hosmer,L.T.(1995).Trust:The Connecting Link between Organizational Theory and Philosophical Ethics.Academy of Management Revi- ew,20(2),P379-403. Howard,J.A.&Sheth,J.N.(1969). The Theory of Buyer Behavior. New York: Mc Graw--Hill. Hsieh,A.T.&Chang,J.(2006).Shopping and tourist night markets in Tai-wan.Tourism Management,(27),138-145. Hunt,J.D.(1975).Image as a Factor in Tourism Development. Journal of Travel Research,13(3).l-7. Hülya,B.,Ibrahim,B.& Mümin A.C.(2015).Effects of Utilitarian and Hedonic Shopping Value and Consumer Satisfaction on Consum-er Behavioral Intentions. Ege Academic Review,15,91-98. Ieva,A.& Elina,G-S.(2015).Changes In Consumer Behaviour In Glob-al Context.Human Resources-The Main Factor Of Regional Dev-
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 258 elopment,(5),13-26. Ilban,M.O.,Kasli,M.&Bezirgan,M.(2015).Effects of destination image and total perceived value on tourists‘ behavioral intentions:an investigation of domestic festival tourists. Tourism analysis,20(5), 499-510. Iso-Ahola,S.E.(2014).The social psychology of leisure and recreation.Nutrition Journal,46(1),1-8. Jansen-Verbeke, M.(1991).Leisure shopping: A magic concept for thetourism industry? Tourism Management,12(1),9-14. J.Chang et al.(2006).The moderating effect of salespersons‘ selling behaviour on shopping motivation and satisfaction: Taiwan Tourists in China.Tourism Management,27,934-942 Jang,S.C.&R,Feng.(2007).Temporal destination revisit intention:the effects of novelty seeking and satisfation. Tourism managament28(2),580-590. Johnsoix,D.&Grayson,C.(2005).Cognitive and Affective Trust in Servi-ve Relations. Journal of Business Research,(58),500-507. Juergen,G.(1997).Tourism Motivation and Expectation Formation. Ar-mais of Tourism Research,24(2),283-304. Kanawattanachai,P.&Yoo,Y.J.(2002).Dynamic Nature of Trust in Virtu-al Teams. Journal of Strategic Information Systems,(11),187-21. Kemperman,A.D.,Borgers,A.W.&Timmermans,H.J.(2009).Tourist shopp-ing behavior in a historic downtown area.Tourism Management,(30),208-218. Kevin,L.K.(1993).Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Managing Custom-
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 259 er-Based Brand Equity.Journal of Marketing,57(1),1-22. Kim,S.S.,Lee,C.K.&Klenosky,D,B.(2003).The influence of push and pull factors at Korean national parks.Tourism Management,24(2),169-180. Kim,Y.H.,Duncan,J.&Chung, B.W.(2015).Involvement,satisfaction,perce-ived value,and revisit intention:a case study of a food festival.Journal of culinary science & technology,13(2),133-158. Kim,H.,&Richardson,S.L.(2003). Motion Picture Impacts on Destinati-on Images. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(l),216-237. Kim,M.J.,Chung,N.&Lee,C.K.(2011).The Effect of Perceived Trust on Electronic Commerce: Shopping Online for Tourism Products and Services in South Korea. Tourism Management,32(2), 256- 265. Kong,W.H.,&Chang,T.Z.(2012).The role of souvenir shopping in a di-versied Macau destination portfolio. Journal of Hospitality Mar-keting&Management,(21),357-373. Lapierre,J.(2000).Customer-perceived value in industrial contexts. Jou-rnal of Business & Industrial Marketing,15(2/3),122-140. Lassar,W.,Mittal,B.&Sharma,A.(1995).Measuring customer-based brand equity.Journal of Consumer Marketing,12(4),11-19. Lastovicka,J.&Gardner,D.M.(1979).Components of Involvement. Chica -go:American Marketing Press,1979:58-67. Law,R.,&Au,N.(2000).Relationship modeling in tourism shopping: A decision rules induction approach.Tourism Management,(21),241-249.
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 260 Lee,C.K&Lee,T.H.(2001).World culture expo segment characteristics. Annals of Tourism Research,28(3),812-816. Lee,C.K.,Yoon,Y.S.&Lee,S.K.(2007).Investigating the relationships am-ong perceived value,satisfaction,and recommendations: the caseof the Korean DMZ. Tourism management,28(1),204-214. Lee,C.K.(2000).A comparative study of Caucasian and Asian visitors to a Cultural Expo in an Asian setting.Tourism Management,21 (2),169-176. Lee,J.,Lee,C.K.&Choi,Y.J.(2011).Examining the role of emotional and functional values in festival evaluation.Journal of travel researc -h,50(6),685-696. Lee,C.K.,Lee,Y.K.&Lee,B.K.(2005).Korea's Destination Image Formed by the 2002 World Cup. Annals of Tourism Research,(32),839- 858. Lee,E.J.(2002).Factors Influence Consumer Trast in Human-computer Interaction:an Examination of Interface Factors and the Moder- ating Influences.Tennessee University. Lee,L.,Inman,J.,Argo,J.,Boettger,T.M.,Dholakia,U.M.,&Gilbride,T.,et al.(2018). From browsing to buying and beyond: the needs-adapti-ve shopper journey model.Social Science Electronic Publishing. Lewis,J.D.&Weigert,A.(1985).Trast as a Social Reality. Social Forces,63(4),967-985. Li,M.M.,Huang,Z.W.&Cai,L.P.(2009).Benefit segmentation of visitors to a rural community-based festival.Journal of Travel&Tourism
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 261 Marketing,26(5/6),585-598. Li, M., Cai, L. A., Lehto, X. Y., & Huang, J.(2010).A missing linkin understanding revisit intention:The role of motivation and image. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(4), 335-348. Li,X.&Petrick,J,F.(2006).A review of festival and event motivation studies.Event Management,9(4),239-245. Liu,J.&Wang,R.(2010).Attractive model and marketing implications of Theme Shopping Tourism destination. Chinese Geographical Science, 20(6),562-567. Lotz,S.L.,Eastlick,M.A.&Shim,S.(1999).Modeling participation in ente-rtainment and shopping activities in malls utilizing the paradig-m.Paper presented at Yonsei. Lucas,V.(2004).Cross-border shopping in a federal economy.Regional Science and Urban Economics,(34),365-385. M,Geuens.,D,Vantomme.&M,Brengman.(2004).Developing a typology of airport shoppers.Tourism Management,(10),615-622 M,Choi.(2016).Shopping destinations and trust Tourist attitudes: Scal-e development and validation.Tourism Management,(54),490-501. Mak,B.L.,Tsang,N.K.&Cheung,I.C.(1999).Taiwanese tourists‘ shopping preferences. Journal of Vacation Marketing,5(2),190-198. Manroe,K.b.&Chapman,J.D.(1987).Framing effects on buyers' subjectt-ive product evaluations. Advances in Consumer Research,14(1),193-197. Manhas,P.S.,Manrai, L. A., & Manrai, A. K. (2016). Role of touristdestination development in building its brand image: A conceptual model. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sci
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 262 ence, 21(40), 25-29. Manoj, K.(2017).Night Shopping a Tourist Attraction: A Study of Night Shopping in Dubai. Journal of Tourism & Services,8 (15),7-18 Martin,H.S.&Bosque,I.A.R.(2008). Exploring the Cognitive-affectiveNature of Destination Image and the Role of Psychological Fac-tors in its Formation. Tourism Management ,29(2),263-277. Mayer,R.C.,Davis,J.H.&Schoorman,F.D.(1995).A Integrative Model of organizational Trust. Academy of Management Review,20(3),709 -734. Mashwama,V.C.;Chiliya,N.& Chuchu,T.(2019)Destination Image of Swaziland: Perceptions of Local and International Tourists. e-Review of Tourism Research ,16(4),271-293. Mazumdar,T.A.(1993). Value-based orientation to new product planni-ng.Journal of Customer Marketing,10(1),28-41. McAllister,D.(1995). Affect and Cognition Based Trust as Foundatio-ns for Interpersonal Cooperation in organizations.Academy of Management Jounal,(38),24-59. McDougall,G.H.&Levesque,T.(2000).Customer satisfaction with servic-es:putting perceived value into the equation.The Journal of Ser-vices Marketing,14(5),392-410. McKnight.(1998). Initial Trust Formation in New organizational Rela-tioships.Academy of Management Reviewm,23(3),472-490. Michalko,G.(2004).Tourism eclipsed by crime:The vulnerability of fo-reign tourists in Hungary. Journal of Travel and Tourism Mark-
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 263 eting,15(2-3),159-172. Michalko, G.&Varadi, Z.(2004). Croatian shopping tourism in Hunga-ry: The case study of Barcs. Tourism,52(4),351-359. Michalko,G.&Ratz,T.(2006).Typically female features in Hungarian sh-opping tourism. Mijracijske I Enticke Teme, 22(1-2),79-93. Ming,Y.&Song-zheng Zhao(2006). Research on a Dynamic Model of Trust Building within Regional Tourism Alliances.The Chinese Economy,39(6). Miju,C.,Rob L.&Cindy,Y.H.(2017).An Investigation of the Perceived Value of Shopping Tourism. Journal of Travel Research,00(0), 119. Mohd,S.M.Z.,Mohd,H.H.& Nur,A,M.C.(2017).The Moderating Effect of Tourism By-Products on the Relationship between Tourism Core Products and Destination Image (Sarawak, Malaysia). Geographica Pannonica,21(4),261-273. Mohr,K.,Backman,K.F.&Gahan,L.W.(1993).An investigation of festival motivations and event satisfaction by visitor type. Festival Man -agement and Event Tourism,1(3),89-97. Monroe,K.B.(1973).Buyers' Subjective Perceptions of Price. Journal of Marketing Research,10(1),70-80. Moorman,C.,Zaltman,G.,&Deshpande,R.(1992).Relationships between Providers and Users of Market Research: the Dynamics of Trust within and between organizations. Journal of Marketing Researc- h,29(3),314-328. Morgan,R.M.,Hunt,S.(1994).The Commitment-trust Theory of Relatio-
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 264 nship Marketing. Journal of Marketing,58(3),20-38. Moscardo,G.(2004).Shopping as a destination attraction: An empirical examination of the role of shopping in tourists' destination choi -ce and experience.Journal of Vacation Marketing,10(4),294-307. Murphy,P.,Pritchard,M.P.&Smith,B.(2000).The Destination Product and Its Impact on Traveller Perceptions. Tourism Management,21(l), 43-52. Nunkoo,R,,Ramkissoon,H.&Gursoy,D.(2012). Public Trust in Tourism Institutions. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(3),1538-1564. Oh,H.&Jeong,M.An extended process of value judgment.International Journal of Hospitality Management,23(4),343-362. Paige,R.C.&Littrell,M.A.(2003). Tourism activities and shopping pref-erences. Journal of Shopping Center Research, 10(2),7-25. Palazon,M.&Delgado-Ballester,E.(2010). Effectiveness of price discou-nts and premium promotions.Psychology&Marketing,26(12),1108-1129. Parasuraman,A.,Zeithaml,V.A.&Berry,L.L.(1985). A conceptual model of service quality and its implications for future research. Jour-nal of Marketing,49(4),41-50. Peter&Anandkumar.(2016).Deconstructing the shopping experience of tourists to the Dubai Shopping Festival.Cogent Business&Manag -ement,(3),109. Petrick,J.F.&Backman,S,J.(2002).An examination of the construct of perceived value for the prediction of golf travelers‘intentions tore
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 265 visit.Journal of travel research,41(1),38-45. Petrick,J.F.(2002).Development of a Multi-Dimensional Scale for Me-asuring the Perceived Value of a Service. Journal of Leisure Research,34(2),119-134. Phau, I., Quintal, V., & Shanka, T. (2014).Examining a consumptionvalues theory approach of young tourists toward destination cho-ice intentions. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 8(2), 125–139. Philip Kotler and Sidney J. Levy.Broadening the Concept of Market-ing.[J].Journal of Marketing,1969,33(1),10-15. Pijpers,G.G.M.,Bemelmans,T,M,A.,&Heemstra,F,J,et al.(2001).Senior executives' use of information technology. Information & Softw-are Technology,43(15),959-971. Petrick,J.F.(2004b).First Timers‘ and Repeaters Perceived Value. Journ-al of Trvvel Research,43(1),29-38. Pike, S., & Page, S. J. (2014). Destination Marketing Organizationsand destination marketing: A narrative analysis of the literature.Tourism Management, 41, 202-227. Pradeep,R.&Saeed,S.(1981).Models of Consumer Behavior. The State of the Art Kent State University. Prayag, G., Hosany, S., Muskat, B., & Del Chiappa, G. (2017). Understanding the relationships between tourists‘ emotional experi-ences, perceived overall image, satisfaction, and intention to re-commend. Journal of Travel Research, 56(1), 41-54. Prebensen,N.K.,Woo,E.&Chen,J.S.(2012).Motivation and involvement as antecedents of the perceived value of the destination experien
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 266 ce.Journal of Travel Research,52(2),253-264. Qiu,L.& Xiangyu,L.(2011).A Study of Inbound Business Tourists‘ Shopping Behavior and Influencing Factors—A Case Study of the Canton Fair in Guangzhou.Journal of China Tourism Rese-arch, 7,137-167. Qu, H., Kim, L. H., & Im, H. H. (2011). A model of destination branding: Integrating the concepts of the branding and destinati-on image. Tourism Management, 32(3), 465-476. R.N.Aditya.(2001).The psychology of deception in marketing: A con-ceptual framework for research and practice. Psychology&Marketing, 18(7),735-761. Rabbiosi,C.(2011).The invention of shopping tourism.The discursive repositioning of landscape in an Italian retailled case.Journal ofTourism and Cultural Change, 9(2),70-86. Raghubir,P.,Inman,J.J.&Grande,H.(2004). The Three Faces of Consum-er Promotions.California Management Review, 46(4),23-42. Rathi,K.N.&Asst.P.(2014).Consumers‘ perception on grand kerala sho-pping festival and its relation with buying behaviour.Internatio-nal Journal of Research in Commerce & Management,(5),37- 40. Rau,P.& Samiee,S.(1981) Models of consumer behaviour: The state of the art. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,9(3), 300-316. Reid, M.,Thompson,P.&Mavondo,F.(2015).Economic and utilitarian be -nefits of monetary versus non-monetary in-store sales promotio -ns. Journal of Marketing Management,31(3-4),247-268.
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 267 Rio,A.B,(2001). Rodolfo Vazquez, Victor Iglesias. The Effect of Bra-nd Associations on Consumer Response.Journal of Consumer Marketing,18(5),410-425. Rotter,J.B.,(1967).A New Scale for the Measurement of Interpersonal Trust.Journal of Personality,(35),651-665. Rousseau,D.M.,Sitkin,S.B.&Burt,R.S.(1998). Not So Different After All: A Cross-discipline View of Trust.Academy of ManagementReview,23(3),393-404. Rousseau,G.G.&Venter,D.J.L.(2014). Mall shopping preferences and patronage of mature shoppers. Journal of Industrial Psychology Tydskrif vir Bedryfsielkunde,40(1),12. Snchez,J.,Callarist,L.&Rodrigude,R.M.(2006). Perceived value of the purchase of a tourism product.Tourism management,27(3),394-409. Saayman,M.&Saayman,A.(2012). Shopping tourism or tourists shoppi-ng? A case study of South Africa ‘ s African tourism market. Tourism Economics, 18(6), 1313-1329. Sanchez,J.,Callarisa,L.,Rodriguez,R.M.,&Moliner,M.A.(2006).Perceived value of the purchase of a tourism product. Tousism Managem- ent,27(3),374-409. Sangeeta,P.&Ansted, I.J.(2015).Comparative content analysis of visual images on shopping festival websites:The case of Dubai Shoppi -ng Festival and Grand Kerala Shopping Festival. Journal of Tourism,(1),29-39. Sangeeta, P.&Victor,A.(2015).Travel motivation-based typology of tou-rists who visit a shopping festival: An empirical study on theD
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 268 ubai shopping festival. Journal of Vacation Marketing,12,1-12 Schiffman,L.G&Kanuk,L.L.(2007).Consumer behavior. Upper Saddle River,NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Schindler,R.M.(1989).The excitement of getting a bargain: Some hyp-otheses concerning the origins and effects of smart-shopper feelings. Advances in Consumer Research, 16(1),447-453. Schofield,P.,Thompson,K.&Dickinson,J.(2007).Visitor motivation, satisf-action and behavioural intention:The 2005 Naadam Festival,Ulaanbaatar. International Journal of Tourism Research, 9(5),329-344. Schouten,J.W.,Mcalexander,J.H.&Koeing,F.(2007).Transcendent custom-er experience and brand community. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,35(3),361-372. Sheth,J.N.,Newman,B.I.&Gross,B.L.(1991).Consumption Values and Market Choices:Theory and application.Cincinnati:South-WesternPublishing. Sichtmann,C.(2007). An Analysis of Antecedents and Consequences of Trust in a Corporate Briand. European Journal of Marketing,1,999-1015. Sirdeshmu,D.,Sinhg,J.&Sabol,B.(2002). Consumer Trust,Value,and Loy-alty in Relational Exchanges.Journal of Marketing,(66),15-37. Sirohi,N.,McLaughlin,E.W.&Wittink,D.R.(1998).A model of consumer perceptions and store loyalty intentions for s supermarket relail- er.Journal of Retailing,74(2),223-245. Snepenger,D.J.,Murphy,L.,O‘Connell,R.&Gregg,E.(2003).Tourists and
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 269 residents use of a shopping space. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(3),567-580. Svab,A.(2002). Consuming western image of well-being: Shopping tourism in socialist Slovenia.Cultural Studies,16(1), 63-79. Sven,K.&Sue,V.H. (2010).The Chain of Effects from Reputation and Brand Personality Congruence to Brand Loyalty: The Role of Brand Identification. Journal of Targeting,Measurement and Analysis for Marketing,11(18),167-176. Swanson,K.K.&Timothy,D.J.(2012).Souvenirs: Icons of meaning, com-mercialization and commoditization. Tourism Management,(33),489-499. Sweeney,J.c.&Soutar,G.N.(2001).Consumer perceived value:The devel-opment of a multiple item scale. Journal of Retailing,77(2),203-220. Tam,J.L.M.(2004).Customer Satisfaction, Service Quality and Perceiv-ed Value: An Integrative Model.Journal of Marketing Manage-ment,20(7/8),897-917. Tapachai,N.&Waryszak,R.(2000).An examination of the role of benef-icial image in tourist destination selection. Journal of Travel Research,39(1),37-44. Tauber,E.M.(1972).Why do people shop?.Journal of Marketing,(36),46-59. Teoh,C.W.,& Gaur,S.S.(2019).Environmental concern: an issue for poor or rich. Management of Environmental Quality: An Intern-ational Journal, 30(1), 227-242.
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 270 Thompson,K.&Schofield,P.(2009).Segmenting and profiling visitors to the Ulaanbaatar Naadam festival by motivation.Event Managem- ent,13(1),1-15. Tian & Li.(2018).Key factors of people‘s willingness to pay for gre-en buildings in a less developed region in China: A pilot research effort in Shanxi Province. International review for spatial planning and sustainable development,6(3),78-93. Timothy,D.J.(2005). Shopping tourism, retailing and leisure.Clevedon: Channel View. Timothy,D.J.&Butler,R.W.(1995).Cross-border shopping: A North Ame-rican perspective. Annals of Tourism Research,22(1),16-34. Timothy,D.J.(1995).Political boundaries and tourism: Borders as touri-st attractions.Tourism Management,16(7),525-532. Tomori,M.(2010). Investigating shopping tourism along the borders of Hungary: A theoretical perspective. Journal of Tourism and Geosites,2(6),202-210. Tosun,C.,Temizkan,S.P.,Timothy,D.,&Fyall,A.(2007). Tourist shopping experiences and satisfaction. International Journal of Tourism Research,(9),87-102. Turner, L.W.&Reisinger,Y.(2001).Shopping satisfaction for domestic tourists. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services,(8),15-27. Ulaga,W.&Cacour,S.(2001)Measuring customer-perceived Value in bus-iness markets:a prerequisite for marketing strategy developmentand implementation.Industrial Marketing Management,30(6),525-540. Um,S.,K,Chon.&Y.H.Ro.(2006).Antecedets of recisit intention. Annals
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 271 of tourism research,33(4).1141-1158. Uysal,M.,Gahan,L.&Martin,B.(1993).An examination of event motivat-ions: A case study. Festival Management&Event Tourism,1(1),5-10. Walmsley, D., & Young, M. (1998). Evaluative images and tourism:the use of personal constructs to describe the structure of desti-nation images. Journal of Travel Research, 36(3), 65. Wang, C.-y., & Hsu, M. K. (2010). The relationships of destination image, satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: An integrated model. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 27(8), 829-843. Wei,F.C.&Tin,Y.T.(2019).Contesting shopping tourism: neoliberal cons-umptionscapes and conflicts in host societies.Tourism,Culture&Commu-nication,11(19),155-160. Westbrook,R.A.&Black,W.C.(1985).Motivation-based shopper typology. Journal of Retailing,61(1),78–103. Westwood,S.(2006).Shopping in sanitised and unsanitised spaces: Ad-ding value to tourist experiences. Journal of Retail&Leisure Pr-operty,5(4),281-291. Wong,I.A.&Wan,Y.K.P.(2013). A systematic approach to scale develo-pment in tourist shopping satisfaction: Linking destination attri-butes and shopping experience. Journal of Travel Research,52(1),29-41. Wong,I.K.A.(2013).Mainland Chinese shopping preferences and servi-ce perceptions in the Asian gaming destination of Macau. Jour-nal of Vacation Marketing,19(3),239-251. Xu,Y.,Wong,I.K.&Tan,X.(2015).Examining the relationships among ev-
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 272 ent perceived value,destination image and tourist behavioral intentions.2015 TTRA International Conference,1-6. Xu,Y.&McGehee,N.G.(2012).Shopping Behavior of Chinese Tourists Visiting the United States: Letting the Shoppers Do the Talking?Tourism Management,33(2),427-430. Yang,J.,Gu,Y.&Cen,J.(2011).Festival tourists‘emotion,perceived value, and behavioral intentions:a test of the moderating effect of festi-valscape.Journal of convention&event tourism,12(1),25-44. Yeung,S.,Wong,J.&Ko,E.(2004). Preferred shopping destination:Hong Kong versus Singapore. International Journal of Tourism Resea -rch,(6),85-96. Yolal,M.,Woo,E.&Cetinel,F.(2012). Comparative research of motivatio-ns across different festival products. International Journal of Event and Festival Management,3(1),66-80. Yong,X.,Jianbin,X.,&Yu,B.(2017).A study on the factors about custo-mers‘ acceptability to airline ancillary products. Procedia Comp-uter Science,107,39-46. Yoon,Y.&M.Uysal.(2005).An examination of the effects of motivationand satisfation on destination loyalty: a strrctual madel.Tourismmanagament,26(1),45-46. Yu,H.&Littrell,M.A.(2003). Product and process orientations to touris-m shopping. Journal of Travel Research,42(2),140-150. Yüksel,A.(2004).Shopping experience evaluation:A case of domestic and international visitors. Tourism Management,(25),751-759. Yüksel,A.(2007). Tourist shopping habitat: Effects on emotions, shop-ping value and behaviours. Tourism Management,(28),58-69.
澳門城市大學研究生學位論文 霍華德-謝思消費行為理論視角下的購物旅遊者消費行為研究 ——基於澳門新八佰伴購物旅遊節的實證分析 273 Zeithaml,V.A.(1988).Consumer Perceptions of Price, Quality, and Val-ue: A Means-End Model and Synthesis of Evidence.Journal ofMarketing,52(3),2-22. Zhang,H.,Fu,X.,Cai,L.A.,&Lu,L.(2014). Destination image and tourist loyalty:A meta-analysis.Tourism Management,40,213-223.