二 二_婦:nina Qu~l"r ~~ 面氬和.flt~~~1}00 一一一--` :,-1卹e2015 二0一五年 JI=翔鏮l111 目Ls ten cOǹ(\闆3\/\」》O1 6 9 Frontier Focu畫臃沿眾蕉 • Historical Memory of East Asia (Special Topic Discussion) 東亞歷史記憶(專題討論)Outlook for the Dialogue of East Asian Historical Problems 東亞歷史問題對話之前景The Four "Post-Wa「 in Modern East Asia 近現代東亞的四個``戰後"The Path for Cultivating a Common Historical Memory 創建東亞共同歷史記憶之路徑"Historical Memory" and 驢Common History庄 the Correct Interpretation of Sino-Japanese "National Feelings" "歷史記憶"與"歷史共有"—中日`,國民貳情"的正躍解讀25 'Embedded Governance•: A New Thinking in Managing Chinese Ethnic Groups in Urban Areas "嵌入式治理" :中國城市民族工作的新思維35 Peer Group: History, Transition and Social Impact 同輩群體:歷史· 轉型· 社會影響47 From "Aesthetics of Phenomenology" to "Phenomenology of Aesthetics" 從`'現象學美學"到"審美現象學"Buping 步平Murata Yujiro 村田雄二郎Bae Kyounghan 裴京漢Li Changli 李長莉Shen Guiping / Hao Yufan 沈桂萍 / 郝雨凡Zhou Xiaohong 周曉虹Yang Chunshi 楊春時` Controversy over Current lsau鹹時代櫚鼴論爭lt 56 The Giant Collision: Frontier Governance in the Process of National Integration 大碰撞:國家一體化進程中的邊疆治理64 Whose "Liberation"? What "Community"? Analysis of Arguments about "Communitarianism黷 and "Neoliberalism" 誰之 "自由"?何種"共同體''?—審視"社群共同髖主義"與"新自由主義,,之爭79 How do Names Designate Their Objects on Earth? Socio-historical Causal Descriptivism 名稱究竟如何指稱對象?—社會歴史的因杲描述論Xu Yong 徐勇Yuan Zushe 袁祖社Chen Bo 陳波/ 尸
二 二_` Thinker's Salon 思繼者沙籠輩92 On the Information Civilization 信息文明論WangTiansi 王天思100 "The Three Li Brothers of Gaomi" and the Formation of Gaomi Poetics "高密三李,, 與高密詩學的歷史展開114 A New Understanding of Writers'Literary World: Mo Yan and And Quiet Rows the Don 重新理解作家的文學世界—其言與(靜靜的頓河)之淵源123 "Chao阅 by the Imperial Edict: the Trap of Institution and Officialdom Ecology in the Late Qianlong Era 奉旨抄家:乾隆朝後期的體制之殷與官場生態• Overseas Express 誠外傳真140 Medical Care in Migrant Moscow 莫斯科外來移民的醫療服務152 Five Faces of Contemporary Western Literary Theory 西方當代文論的五副面孔這165 Contemporary China's Image in Middle-School History-Textbooks in the Federal Republic of Germany since the New Century 新世紀以來德國中學歷史教科書中的當代中國形象Jiang Yin 蔣寅Cheng Guangwei 程光煒MaJunya 馬俊亞Linda J. Cook 琳逹 · 庫克Lu Yang 陸揚Meng Zhongjie 孟鍾捷[爲方便讀者關讀 , 《南國學術» 電子版 ( PDF) 免費向全社會開放,需要者請登錄http : //www.umac.mo/cms/ sca_journa1_MS_2015-c.htm1 査看。]/方三三刊名集字: (宋)米芾封面覦計:林纍軍內文綱校,設計: 田甯平英文綱輒 、 校舅: 劃簣雯/ 尸
二 二_Historical Memory of East Asia (Special Topic Discussion) 而碣塌民」e^-. 前沿熹焦. Summary: Bu ping contends that politically the tense confrontation and struggle centering on historical issues have become a marked characteristic of international relations in East Asia and there is no sign of soothing or elimination; still, he believes that, academically, researches on the transnational history of this region allow people to expect dialogues among these countries. This is because a relatively quiet zone for thoughts and conversation can thus be built so as to avoid any extreme political intervention or any influence from extreme emotions. History study requires documentation and facts, providing an elemental protection for the dialogues among scholars of East Asia. Both Chinese and Japanese historians, who are researchers in "the first line", have long established a rather close exchange relationship, which renders joint research activity possible. Murata Yujiro opines that the First Sino-Japanese War, Russo-Japanese War, World Wars I and II in modem history had brought dramatic changes to both the internal political affairs of Japan and the political patterns of East Asia. The formation ofJ apan's wartime regime not only enhanced the social foundation for democratization after wars, but also integrated Japan's militarism and external expansion into a whole scheme. However, the fourth "postwar" was an exception, in which democratization with neither military expansion nor colonialism was advocated under the belief of "peace and democracy". Nonetheless, with the advent of a new wartime institution, namely the "cold war", the issue of demilitarization had completely faded out postwar problems, particularly the problem of de-colonization. Consequently, responsibility concerning colonialism in democratization of the imperial age was forgotten. In this regard, we may explain the existence of such remarks as "Uapan was ] not beaten by China" and "Class A war criminals bore the responsibility for losing the war (but not the responsibility for war)". And this could be considered the limitation of Japan's de-colonization after wars. Bae Kyounghan has made the following points. Recently the escalating conflict of interpretations in East Asia's history should not be regarded as an academic controversy; it is rather something related to state power, or the popular sentiment under the immense influence from state power; and the concept of nationalism amplifies and deepens this kind of state power. In order to achieve peace and prosperity in the three countries in East Asia, to establish the necessary historical memory, and to find out means for cultivating an ideal historical memory, all countries should study history as history of the East Asian community. They should confront and solve the problems existing in history education, and should prevent and overcome "narrow nationalism", a concept that would revive in the name of state policy. Li Changli has noted that in Japan, certain ill-designed public opinion surveys and their misinterpretations led to misunderstanding among the media and public in both China and Japan, which adversely affected the "national feelings" of the two peoples. Due to historical reasons, "historical memory" and "historical realization" are differently comprehended by the two peoples, which as a result hurt the national feelings and relationships between the two countries. However, there is a profound friendship between people of the two countries. There are ordinary peace-loving people in Japan who insist on reflecting Japan's past wars and on the many crimes committed during the invasion of China. Moreover, they are involved in friendly exchange activities between the two countries. In Japan, they conserve such historic sites as places where Sun Yat-sen conducted his revolutionary activities, which could be considered as common "historical memory" between the two peoples. All of the above are conducive to enhance the "national feelings" of the two countries and to strive for a peaceful friendship. Today, with the increasingly close economic ties and the accelerating interactions of the two countries, the peoples should endeavor to achieve a "common history realization" based on their mutual understanding of "historical memory"; they should lay the "national feelings" foundation of the China-Japan friendship through the "common history", and thus together found a future oflong-lasting peace. Keywords: East Asia; common history; historical memory 4 / 尸
三 匕"Embedded Governancet': A New Thinking in Managing Chinese Ethnic Groups in Urban Areas Shen Guiping / Hao Yufan Abstract: As China enters into a historical period ofhu穿migrationwave of ethnic groups from the region of their traditional residence to urban areas, the management of Chinese nationalities is facing a fundamental challenge and needs a new strategy. The current migration include movement from the border districts to the mainland interior, from villages to cities, 血d from minority 函idential districts to Han-natlona.lities-residential regions. The administrative task should change from a locally-orientated approach to a. country尹ide management, which should consider the coordination of various econo正c, social, political and cultural elements. The energetic enforcement of urbanization policy is an important way to solve the problems resulted from this ethnic migration movement. People who live in clusters in border villages are homogeneous in their ethnic and cultural tradition, they are less open-minded to the outside world, and are left behind in economic and social developments. With the enforcement of urbanization policy, the situation may fundamentally ch丐e. When people of different ethnic groups are living in dispersed areas, employed in various fields, and interact1Dg at multi-dimensions among themselves, members of these different nationalities may work together in achieving their economic, social and cultural goals, hence pushing the traditional society of multi-nationality to a modern one, The exchange, interaction and interweaving activities among multiple nationalities motiva缸dby the urbanization policy are thus the practical base of "embedded governance" mod.el. Urbanization expands the sphere of mixed employment of different nationalities, and deepens the identification of different nationalities as a common economic community; it provides a platform where traditional culture, peripheral culture, minority culture and modern urban culture are combined, intermingled and contested to show their characteristics and attractiveness, As people of multiple nationalities live dispersedly and social intercourses among them incre苹 and deepen, members of tho認 ethnicgroups would b函玄recognize their identity as common面ofthe same country. In order to deepen the exchange and interaction of multiple nationalities, Chinese leaders should change its current policy of ethnic nationality management: from the model of district-orientation to that of" embedded governance" . This" embedded govemancen model should emphasize on the principle of multi-wholeness of the Chinese people; and based on the rule of law with its core content to protect the civil rights of various nationalities, This model should cover activities that include employment, education, housing. political participation and social intercourse, all in the nature of mutual embeddedness with its aim to promote comprehensive exchan熙, interaction and interweaving among people of various nationalities in China. People of different ethnic background would then all become "citizens" of the country so that they would all participate in various matters of city construction and have equal opportunity in sharing the benefits of all urban public services. Keywor如 Urban administration of Chinese nationalities; embedded governance; urbanization, Chinese minority policy Authors: Chen Guiping earned her Master's Degree in Ethnology and PhD in Education from the Central Unive函ty for Nationalities, and at present she is professor at the Chinese Culture Research Department of the Central Institute of Socialism. Prof. Chen is mainly e噁严3 in the studies of ethnology and political sci。ce, with major works include An Introduction to Ethnic Policy Science: Theoretical Study on the Ethnic Policy of China (fust author); English Special Envoys to Tibet (translation). Hao Yufan is Chair Professor of Political Science and Dean of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Macau. He obtained his MA (1984) and Ph.D. (1989) from Johns Hopkins Univers研 School of Advanced International Studies. He was a MacArthur Fellow at Harvard University's Center for I血~calAffairs (1988-1989) and in 1990 joined the fuc洫y at Colgate University, where from 2003 to 2005 he held the Robert Hung Ngai Ho Professorship of Asian Studies. Profe鴟or Hao joined the University of Macau in 2005 and until 2013, served as Dean of the Faculty of Social Scienc蕊 andHumanities. Previously, he has been a senior visiting profe蕊or at Beijing Normal Uni函sity (1993), Peking University (1999-2000), Tsinghua University (2003), and Renmin University of China (2003), and has also been an international fellow at the Johns Hoplans Nanjing Center (2005), a senior visiting fellow at Keio University {2006-2007), 血d a visiting fellow a.t the Brookings Institution (2012). He holds honorary adjunct professorships at Fudan University, Shanghai University oflntemational Studies, ~」ingForeign Affairs University, and Harbin Normal University. 25 而暹墨尻t',). 翦沿憙鱟. ] 尸
三 匕Peer Group: History, Transition and Social influence Zhou Xiaohong Abstract: A peer group is an informal group of people of approximately the same status or age, who share similar interests, hobbies and values, and with similar behavior patterns. Its emergence is a result of industrialization, modem education and mass consumption in modern times. lndustri血ation and modem education allow teenagers to delay their entry into the labor market; they are separated from the groups of children or adults and become relatively independent bodies. Mass consumption empowers this age group with their own market value. Over the past deca函, rapid social changes in the world, China included, have resulted in less and less influence from conventional socialized organizations such as families and schools. Meanwhile, the power of the peer groups has been increasing steadily. After the 1990s, with the rise of the network society, the formation of virtualized peer groups has developed the rebelliousness, independence, interactivity and creativity in youth culture to its zenith, and thereafter constructed a brand new youth culture - the cyber-culture. The springing up of cyber-culture helps the younger generation get rid of the control from the elderly, so that they are able to grow up freely with less adult supervision. They have become leaders of the Internet era and feedback what they have possessed to the older generation. As a kind of important social power, peer groups, in a microscopic sense, have generated effects on individual socialization in three aspects: first, to provide youth social乜ation with analogical routes for their connection with society: teenagers will eventually access to the adult world; understanding ofits complexity and basic rule is one of problems need to be solved for individual socialization, and the peer group can serve as a buffer and a bridge for that; second, to provide youth socialization with experiences of social participation in their own role: teenagers are often unable to participate in communication, exchanges and activities of the adult world due to their young age, therefore they must make use of different kinds of opportunities provided by the peer group in order to have rehearsal on their future role and behavior; third, to provide youth socialization with life skills rooted in the society: in a peer group, an individual is able to learn and practice the way how to get along with people, and to have a preliminary understanding of the basic operating rule of the society, even they can learn specific living skills from games or imitation. In the macroscopic perspective, peer groups not only play the role of historical "fashion pioneer", contributing importantly to the promotion of social development and progress, but also serve 邸 the media and bridges for the elder generation in acquiring new knowledge, new culture and new lifestyle. 而暹墨尻t',). 翦沿憙鱟. Keywords: peer group; fading tradition; network society; social impact Author: Zhou Xiaohong obtained his bachelor degree from the Medical School of Nanjing University, master degree from the Department of Sociology of Nankai University, and doctorate degree from the School of History of Nanjing University. Currently heis dean and doctoral supervisor of the School of Social and Behavioral Sciences of Nanjing University, and is a Yangtze River Scholar Distinguished Professor designated by the PRC's Ministry of Education. Prof. Zhou is mainly engaged in studies of sociology, and his representative works include Cul比ral Feedback - Int釘generational Revolution of Social Change; History 。ifWestern Sociolo邸 and Its System (The 1n volume "Classical Contributions'」); Tradition and Transformation: the Social Psycholo邸 ofJiang-Zhe Peasants and Its Evolution in Recent Times and Model Social Psycholo豁·35 ] 尸
二 二_周曉虹:同輩群怛:蜃史·轉型·社會影.`同輩群體" (Peer Group) 是社會心理學家討論青少年社會化甚至青少年的消費和時尚時愈來愈常用的一儸概念·早在1950年,美國社會學家大衛· 理斯曼 (D. Riesman, 1909—2002) 在(孤獨的人群一一項有關變動中的美國人性格研究)一書中就敏鋭地注意到:伴隗羞現代社會的越來越迅速的變遷,原先在青少年社會化中佔有至尊地位的長輩,開始喪失他們至高無上的影響力,讓位於現在越來越豐富多彩、形形色色的同輩群體。爲此,理斯曼指出,要解釋現代社會的性格變動,就必須`強調同輩群體和學校在青少年性格形成中的作用,即使道有可能低估成年期經驗對性格變動的影響' 。 0事實也正是這樣,在現代社會,同輩群體已經成爲左右青少年一代價值觀和社會行爲的最重要的社會力量之一.一丶同輩群體的成長屋程`同輩群體"由地位相近,年齡、興趣、愛好、價值觀和行爲方式大體相同的人組成的一種非正式群體" .@。在這裏,儘管年齡是一種關鍵變數,社會經濟地位、種族以及性別等差異的影響也不容忽視。® 諸多社會學的研究都證實,在現代社會,同輩群體對個人社會化的影響力日漸提高:不但美國和歐洲的高中生每週與同齡人在一起的時間要兩倍於與父母或其他成年人@,而且美國的青少年與同齡人在一起的時候情緒更好@; 同樣,中圍的孩子也更願意將心裏話告訴自己的同齡人®, 甚至在中國學生中,同輩群體在學業成就方面也有相當的同質性.。最早感悟到同輩群體的影鏖力並從事經驗研究的,是美國社會心理學家西奧多·紐科姆(T. M. Newcomb, 1903—1984)· 自 1939年起,紐科姆費時數年,完成了有關美國貝南頓女子學院女生的學院經驗和社會政治態度關係的調査。用萊文 (Robert Levine) 的話説,在位於佛蒙特州的這所倡毒進步主義的大學中,與同學即同輩群體的交往.使得那些來自保守主義家庭的女大學生們的政治和經濟態度發生了改變" • ® 具體來説,紐科姆發現:剛剛進入大學時,那些與保守主義家庭聯繫密切的低年級學生偏向保守,但此後幾年與同學即同輩群體交往的學院經歷卻使她們在政治偵向和侗人生活風格上趨於自由 . ® 紐科姆的研究,不僅最早證實了同輩群體的力量,而且也爲社會學家海曼 (H. H. Hyman) 提出的"參照群體" (reference group)® 理論提供了現實的佐證·儘管紐科姆的天才見解使得.貝南頓學院的研究後來成了形形色色的有關同輩群體影響力假設的指南"®'但逍-研究本身卻不過是1940年代美國青年文化興起的象徽之一。同樣作爲象徵的事件還有許多,但其中最不能忽視的大概有這樣幾件: (1) 美國社會學家帕森斯 (T.Parsons, 1902—1979) 在(美國社會結構中的年齡與性別)一文中,第一次提出了`青年文化"(youth culture) 的概念@,這篇頗具影響力的論文``後來成爲一系列有關青年的研究和討論的扣碣塌床t',). 翦沿薰蕉. (D David Riesman,Nathan Glazer & Reuel Denney, The Lo. 葳rem冠AStudy of如Clum.i函gAm函CB1l Clwsctcr (New Haven Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1961) , XV. ® 周曉虹:((現代社會心理學~ (上海:上海人民出版社, 1997) , 第136頁.@ S. Ennett & K. Bauman," Adolescent Social Networks: Social, Demographic and longitudinal Considerations", Journal of Adolesce11t Research 11 (1996) : 194-215. @ U. Bronfenbrenner, Two Worlds of Childhood: U. S. 血d U. S. S. R. (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1970). @ R Larson, "Adolescent's Daily Experience with Family and Friends: Contrasting Opportunity Systems", Journal of Mi缸瑱匹 lllldtht:Fami/y4S(1983): 739-750. ® 中國青年政治學院社會工作與管理系93級:.當代都市少年對家庭的戴屬和期望#' «· 家庭與下一代.國際研討會綸文集(北京, 1994) • ®Chen Xinyin, Lei Chang & He Yunfeng,''The Peer Group as a Context: Mediating and Moderation Effects on Relations between Academic Achievement and Social Functioning in Chinese Children" , Child DeYelopm國3(2003): 710-727. @®Robert A. Le Vine , "American College Experience as a Socialization Process", Co11ege Peer Groups (Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1966), 114, 122. ®Theodore M, Newcomb, Perso11函ty 1111d Social Cha1lge: Attitude Fo1111画011 ill Studt:11tCOllUilullity(New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1943), 274. ®H. H. Hyman, "ThePsychologyofStatus", ArchivesofPsychology 269(1942). @ Talcott Parsons, "Age and Sex in the Social Structure of the United States", AmericllD Sociological ReviewS(1942). 37 / 尸
三 匕From "Aesthetics of Phenomenology" to "Phenomenology of Aesthetics" Yang Chunshi Abstract: Aesthetics of phenomenology is the application of phenomenology for the acquisition of essence of beauty followed by the establishment of an aesthetic system. Aesthetics of phenomenology can demonstrate the essence of beauty only with the premise of a proof in self-being, meaning that there is phenomenality in aesthetics. To achieve this it requires the remaking of phenomenology. Moreover, aesthetics of phenomenology discovers that the essence of beauty is metaphysical; in other words, the essence ofbeauty is connected with the essence of being. Based on the above two points, aesthetics of phenomenology is gradually transforming into phenomenology of aesthetics. The so-called phenomenology of aesthetics is to acquire the meaning of being by taking the experience of aesthetics as one of the phenomenological approach. Phenomenology of aesthetics 比s remodeled Husserl's transcendental phenomenology. Phenomenology of aesthetics is not what we called a "strict science", but rather a philosophical methodology with being as its core, focusing on the significance of being. It takes aesthetic consciousn頲s as the restored uresidue of phenomenology", directly perceiving the essence of the object through aesthetic experience and making the being reveal itself. Different from the phenomenology of absence established by Heidegger and philosophy of otherness, the phenomenology of aesthetics solves the problem of being from absence to presence so as to grasp it directly. As a "substantial phenomenology", phenomenolo野 ofaesthetics compensates the inadequacy of phenomenology of absence and straightly gets the meaning of being, i.e. freedom. In beauty appreciation, both the aesthetic subject and object separate themselves from the existence in reality and enter into the free mode of existence in which the aesthetic subject, no longer the self in reality, turns into aesthetic consciousness and aesthetic personality; the aesthetic object, no longer a dead and passive realistic world, turns into a live and spiritual aesthetic world. 嘔邸sthetic subject and object gets out of如 subject-object opposition. The aesthetic subject transcends the 迢區c self and ahando邙 the函ire of p臨sessing the world; it will no longer add superficial value and knowledge into the world. In addition, the world will not boycott the subject with its unilateral independence any more, but to associate with each o蜘r for achieving understanding and sympathy for the goal of integrating into one eventually. Phenomenology of aesthetics conquers the deficiency of ontology of presumption established by phenomenology of absence; it has e尹blishedan ontolo窋ofcertainty which helps to lay a solid foundation for the ontolo窋inphil偉ophy.而暹墨尻t',). 翦沿憙鱟. Keywords: phenomenology of absence; aesthetics of phenomenology; phenomenology of aesthetics; ontology of presumption; ontology of certainty Author: Yang Chunshi earned his master's degree in art from the Department of Chinese at Jilin University in 1982, majored in art and literary theory. He was a researcher of the Institute of Philosophy at Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Social Sciences and professor at Hainan Normal University. Currently Yang is professor and doctoral supervisor of the College of Humanities at Xiamen Unive函ty and a distinguished professor at Huaqiao Univ函ity. His major research int函甲 include aesthetics, literary theory, Chinese modem literary trend and intellectual history of Chinese culture. His representative works 缸e System of Aesthetic Consciousness; Systematic Aesthetics; Theory of Artistic Culture; Literature in a Century: Intellectual Histo巧of Chinese Literature in the 20th Century; Modernity and Chinese Culture; Literature and Aesthetics from the Modem Perspective; Mod年ty and Chinese Literary Though乜.47 ] 尸
三 匕The Giant Collision: Frontier Governance in the Process of National Integration Xu Yong 而礴是床穴3eG.時代IIU臺鑰爭. Abstract: China became a united multi-ethnic country in the early Qin dynasty. However, due to geographical and transportation restrictions, China's reign over the frontier, where many of the ethnic groups reside, has long been in a state of disunity and non-governance; the daily lives of different ethnic groups were unconnected with each other. Globalization, since the 18tb. Century, has swept all the different ethnic groups worldwide into one common world, at the same time enhancing different countries'national integration among themselves. Aided by the advancement of information technologies in the 20th Century, this tide transforms people living apart from each other into a cohesive group, in which people of different ethnicities interact closely. Th.is phenomenon not only helps to enable an unprecedented social integration, but also brings about a "social collision" that has never before existed. A modem country is a civil nation, in which political community takes precedence over ethnic community and national law over religious customs. Every individual is considered as a citizen in the first place, then to become a member of an ethnic group. National recognition is the spiritual basis of national integration, For the frontier ethnic groups, due to reasons in a long historical period, national recognition of the populace living there is extremely weak; it badly needs strengthening. With problems concerning the customs and beliefs of different ethnic groups, in the process of national integration, especially in the social integration based on material interests, understanding and respecting each other so as to transform pluralism into integration and to realize "heart to heart" in "face to face" communication is a formidable task; yet its accomplishment is essential. F'mt, political equality should be pursued and cultural difference should be acknowledged; no one should have political privileges nor should he be unequally treated, because of his eth血 identity. Second, in the "face to face" era, it is important to encourage every individual, and not only political elites, to understand the country, its different ethnic groups」 and the national policies in this regard—to understand these from the perspective of national integration. Every individual should become a guardian of the national community, and respect all the ethnicities; then a "heart to heartn ideal life filled with mutual understanding and respect would be achieved through strengthening economic, political, cultural and social connections. Keywords: frontier governance; national recognition; face to face; heart to heart Author: Xu Yong graduated from the Department of Political Science at Central China Normal University in 1982 and taught courses there. In 1987 he obtained a master degree in law and was exceptionally promoted to associate professor in 1989 and to professor in 1993, when he was granted a "Special Government Allowance" by the State Council of the PRC. In 1996 he earned his doctorate degree in law and became a doctoral supervisor in 1997. During 1999-2000 he was a senior visiting scholar in the East Asian Studies Center at the University of Southern California and Center for East Asian Studies at Stanford University. In 2005 he was elected, in its first batch, a Yangtze River Scholar Distinguished Professor in the field of social sciences and humanities, by the PRC's Ministry of Education. Currently he is dean and professor of the Center for Chinese Rural Studies at Central China Normal University. His representative works include Non-balanced Politics in China: Comparison between Urban and Rural ATeas; Villagers'Self-governance in Rural China; Rural Governance and Politics in China; Polit比al Se1ence of Local Government; Ways and Mechanism of Demo磾cy Development in the Grass Roots: Rights Protection and Community Co呻ruction.56 ] 尸
二 二_Whose "Liberation" and What "Community"? Analysis of Arguments about "Communitarianism" and "Neoliberalism" Yuan Zushe 而碣塌民」e^-. 時代問題鑰爭. Abstract: Over the past three decades, arguments about "Communitarianism" and "Neoliberalism" have become one of the prevalent topics in the diversified and complex academia. The arguments involve the basic starting points and many significant principles in social and political philosophy, which can be summar乜edasthe question "why the real social justice is feasible?" From the rational perspective, with the new social-value proposition of "public good prior to rights", communitarianism (within the cultural arena ofliberalism) has launched an ideological movement which aims to save the society gradually falling into "atomization" and "fragmentization". This movement has cast a long-lasting impact on intellectual thinking and a remarkable influence on academia. However, throughout the prolonged arguments about "Communitarianism" and "Neoliberalism", with all the phenomenal conflicts and fierce confrontations, it has failed to name the winner in the debate. The reason lies in that the arguments are only like discrepancies among siblings in the family of liberalism. First, being totally different from traditional theoretical construction and practical purpose, communitarianism is not a simple and direct negation toward liberalism and individualism; it possesses, from the start, a remarkable and intense constructiveness. Besides, in terms of theoretical contribution, communitarianism did not expect to form a new theory; neither has it constructed a new one. Rather, it is a kind of intellectual and social movement in a community of scholars who share the same theoretical purpose. Furthermore, compared with the theoretical evolution in traditional individualism, the emergency of communitarianism is a sort of unique mental event, and a social ideological trend with symbolic meaning; and this indicates that individualism has been in trouble undoubtedly. Finally, in terms of its criticizing pattern toward liberalism, the positive functions of communitarianism should not be overestimated and we should not expect too much from it since it is merely confined to the context of the western developed capitalist society. What's more, the changes that communitarianism have made to liberal discourse structure serve as a warning to Chinese scholars - neither extreme freedom nor mere emphasis on social interest, which is deemed antagonistic to "individual right" , is desirable. Keywords: neoliberalism; communitarianism; freedom; community Author: Yuan Zushe earned his PhD in Philosophy from the Department of Philosophy at Beijing Normal University in 1999. In 2004, he finished his study in Postdoctoral Research Station in the Department of Philosophy at Renmin University of China. At present Dr. Yuan is dean, professor and doctoral supervisor of the College of Political Sciences and Economics at Shaanxi Normal University. He is also vice-president of the Shaanxi Provincial Society for Value Philosophy and Shaanxi Provincial Society for Ethics. Dr. Yuan is mainly engaged in the studies of value philosophy and western philosophy; his representative works are Power and Freedom----Human Study in the Civil Society; Research on Public Rationality of Market Economy and Modern Society: from the Theoretical Perspective of Public Philosophy; Formation and Development of Social Rationality---Value Ideal and Logic of Practice of the Chinese Civil Society. 64 / 尸
三 匕How do Nam.es Designate Their Objects on Earth? Socio-historical Causal Descriptivism Chen Bo Abstract: In contemporary Western philosophy, around the issue of how names designate their objects on earth, there is a "w記 between descriptivism and referentialism over thirty years, Due to the lack of initial baptism of an object, traditional descriptivism and its cluster version cannot be free from the charge of "vicious circle;" they didn't account for the generation and evolution of the meanings of names, didn't explain the conventionality, sociality and publicity of the meanings of names, and have to confront the challenges from Kripke's epistemic, semantic and modal arguments against descriptivism. Although referentialism has some insights into the problem of "how to identify the referent of a name, n the whole picture that is drawn consisting of rigidity and causal chains is not correct, because it is built upon a problematic conception of names, language and meaning: names seem to designate objects by themselves, and language seems to be connected to the world by itself, in a way that has nothing to do with us (a language community). Broadly speaking, there seems to be an unmediated relation of reference or predication between language and the external world, and it is from such a relation that linguistic expressions get their meanings. Social constructivism oflanguage and meaning (SCLM for short) is developed in another paper, its crucial point focusing on the triadic relation among language, humans (a linguistic community) and the world, rather than the dyadic relation between區guage and the world. Based on SCLM, Socio-Historical Causal Descriptivism (SHCD for short), i.e. an alternative theory of names, is derived. SHCD consists of six theses: (1) the reference of a name to an object originates from a generalized "initial baptism" of the object. (2) What is transferred down the causal chain about a name is firstly and mainly informative descriptions of the name's bearer. (3) The meaning of a name is the open-ended collection of informative descriptions acknowledged by a linguistic community. (4) Being relative to practical needs of agents there are distinguishable orders in the collection of descriptions as the meaning of a name. (5) A name designates what we intend to use it to designate, so its referent may be a physical individual, a parasitic, fictional or intentional object. There are few names absolutely without reference. (6) The meaning or even partial meaning of a name, together with speaker's intention, the background of a discourse, the network of knowledge, etc., determines the referent of the name. 而暹墨尻t',).時代圃屢鑰爭. Keywords: name, descriptivism, referential.ism, socio-historical causal descriptivism Author: Chen Bo obtained his master's degree and PhD in Philosophy from the Department of Philosophy at Renmin University of China in 1984 and 1994 respectively. He is currently professor and doctoral supervisor of the Department of Philosophy and Institute of Foreign Philosophy at Peking University. Dr. Chen is mainly engaged in the study of philosophy of logic, history of logic and analytic philosophy. His representative works include An Introduction to Philosophy of Logic; A Study of Quine's Philosophy: from the Perspective of Logic and Language; An Introduction to Logic; A Study of Philosophy of Logic; Rational Persistence: Questioning Language, Logic, Meaning and Truth; A Study on Paradox. 79 ] 尸
二 二_隗波:名稱究竟如何指稱輿象?一社會蜃史約因杲搐述鑰有經驗的起源和經驗的意義,可以被人類後來的認知成果所修正甚至取代; 同時, 它們也最好地體現了我們關於名稱的共識。對於名稱的後來使用者來説,最重要的是被語言共同體所認可的那些描述性信息,衹有它們纔構成了關於該名稱用法的一個文化和歷史傳統,決定着相應名稱的所指 .埃文斯也表達了類似的思想。他斷言,在名稱使用方面確實存在因果鏈條,但克里普克把這種因果性錯誤地放置在初始命名禮和對名稱的後來使用之問:一名稱的後來使用者從該名稱的先前使用者那裏借用指稱,後者又從別人那裏借用指稱,這種指稱借用鏈條最後終止於一侗對象的初始命名禮·相反,埃文斯認爲,因果鏈條所遮接的是在命名禮上被命名的那個對象與闞於該對象的信息體。。從他的話裏,人們可以引申出:在因果鏈條上所傳播的實際上是關於該對象的信息,被語言共同體所認可的那些信息進入關於該對象的信息體;相反,那些未在因果鏈條上傳播的信息,或者那些雖被傳播但未得到語言共同體認可的信息,即使對於某個對象是真實的,也不進入關於該對象的信息體,人們不能根據它們去識別相應名稱的所指。這裏我引入一些符號去刻畫名稱 "N" 的含義:令小寫字母a 、 b 、 c 、 d 、 e 、 f 、 g 、 h 、 i 、 j 、 k等代表關於N所指對象的一些描述,有些描述沒有得到語言共冏體的認可,不能進入作爲 "N" 的意義的描述集,衹有那些得到語言共同體認可的描述纔能進入與 "N" 相關的描述集: l a,b,c,d,e,f, …… I , 其中的省略號表示該集合還有其他成員,並且還可以去掉舊成員,接鈉新成員,因而該集合是一個開放集合· 由於造僭集合體現了語言共同體關於N所指對象的共識,是得到公認的,我們引入一個公鄴運算元•· 把它加在某個描述集合上,表示該集合體現了我們關於名稱丶"的所指對象的共識:• l a,b,c,d,e,f, …… I . 迨個得到公認的描述集決定名稱 "N"的所指。儘管通過各種反事實設想,人們可以構造出關於 "N" 的所指對象的其他描述集。 例如, l -a,-b,-c,-d,-e,f,g,hJ,k…… 1 和 l -a,-b,-c,-d,-e-f,u,v,w,x, …… I (其中 •-a"表示去掉a這個描述,以此類推)· 由於這些描述集沒有得到語言共同體的公認,沒有成爲關於名稱 "N" 的共識,因此不構成 "N" 的意義,也不能用來確定 "N" 的指稱,至少不能用它們去識別出人們通常用 "N" 指稱的那個對象 .從這樣的觀點看 ,克里普克的語義論證中所提到的那些反例都不是經過改進的描述論的真正反例.哥癰爾/臆密特反例克里普克談到,人們可以設想逍標的反事實情形:哥德爾 (K. F. Godel, 1906—1978) 有一位名叫憧施密特"的好友,後者證明了形式算術的不完全性,但不幸早死,其手稿落到哥德爾手中,他就用 自己的名義將道些手稿發表 ,於是獲得了`形式算術不完全性的證明者"的名聲 ,但後一摹狀詞的真責所指是施密特· 如果 `哥德爾"與摹狀詞 "形式算術不完全性的證明者" 同義,難道 ',哥德爾"的語義所指也變成了施密特這個人嗎?克里普克指出, 並非如此, ,,哥德爾'仍然指稱哥德爾, 但可形式算術不性的證明者"卻指稱施密特薳個人,因爲滿足該摹狀詞的人事實上是施密特,它就指稱施密特,儘管人們用它指稱哥德爾,但人們的用法是錯誤的.在我看來,克里普克搐個例子是朦造出來的,並沒有被人們的語言共同體所接受,沒有進入關於哥德爾的因果歷史鏈條,人們仍然認爲`形式算術不完全性的證明者"指稱哥德爾這個人,而不指稱施密特·不過,假如克里普克所設想的情形被人們的語言共同體所確認,則人們將切斷名稱`哥德爾"與摹狀詞"形式算術不完全性的證明者'之間的關聯 ,把該摹狀詞與名稱`施密特'' 建立新的關聯,因而其語義所指就變成施密特這個人;而名稱可哥德爾"也許會與一個新摹狀詞 u那位在形式算術不完全性的證明上偷竊別人成果的臭名昭著者" 建立臘聯·皮亞諾/氟篌金等反例扣碣塌床t'^)·時代間噩論爭. (i) E. Evans, Collected Papers (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 19SS) , 13. 85 / 尸
二 二_On the Information Civilization WangTiansi 而碣塌民」e^-. 思娼者沙籠. Abstract: Information is neither matter nor energy, though it needs matter for its embodiment and energy for its communication. The comparable position of information with matter and energy means that human society will develop into a different kind of civilization in the information age. If we take the civilization before the information age as the civilization of matter and energy, the civilization after that would be an information civil立ation different from that in terms of level. Being a civilization status relative to the civilization of matter and energy, information civil立ation is a shared civilization based on the nature of information, which is the process of public information symmetrization: on the one hand, it intends to eliminate information asymmetry in the public domain as much as possible; on the other hand, it has to protect innovation patents to the best of its ability. As an information layer of human civilization, information civilization is an enslaving material civilization based on information mechanism. In the era of information civilization, human beings are able to control matter and energy via information, and turn ordinary things into something more valuable through readjusting the structure of matter. This makes a transition of a state from failing to satisfy the needs of humankind to the one that is capable of fulfilling human needs. It also changes the state of energy from the not easily reachable to the readily achievable, further enabling human beings'direct interaction with information rather than with traditional matter and energy. Being a more advanced stage of human civilization development, information civilization is a civilization of humanity based on the innovative construction of information that conforms to the human nature most. Only when the era of information arrived did humans literally jump 。n the track of the civilization of humanity; in which the control of matter has reached an unprecedented level in society, transforming the cognition of human activity from the description-oriented to the construction-oriented. Furthermore, the full liberation of creativity means that the society has evolved to an increasingly high level of civilization in terms of humanity. The line of demarcation between information civil立ation and civilization of matter and energy was not drawn according to the mode of social production but state of existence. For the society, its future utterly rests on the creativity and performance of all its members. As a result, the liberation of creativity is not only the inevitable route for future development of information civilization, but also the reasonable choice for contemporary social development. Keywords: information; matter and energy; information age; information civilization Author: Wang Tiansi received his PhD in Philosophy from Wuhan University in 1996, and was a visiting scholar at Rutgers University during 1998-1999. Currently he is Dean, professor and doctoral supervisor of the School of Social Sciences at Shanghai University. Dr. Wang's main research interests are philosophy of science and cognitive science. His representative publications are Wings of Rationality: Philosophical Approach of Human Cognition, An Introduction to Microscopic Epistemology: Study on TheoTy of Description, Between the Past and Future: Determinate and Indeterminate, Model-based Deduction in Scientific Discovery, An Epistemological Approach to the Problem of Paradox, etc. 92 / 尸
二 二_`严信息文明論王天思[摘 要]雖然信息既需要以物價爲依附,又需妻靠能量來傳播,但信息本身既不是物質.也不是能量。將信息與物能棓提並論,逸味羞信息時代的人類將進入一種不同菸以往的文明。如杲把以往的文明形態都看作是物能文明的語·那麼人類社會務展到信息時代所迎來的,則是一種在層次上不同然物能文明的信息文明。作爲一種與物能文明棓對的文明形態,信息文明是一種綦旅隹息本性的共用文明。這是一個公共信息對稱化約過稈一-方面,它奐在公共領域盡可能消除信息不對稍;另一方面,它又必須盡可能保謾J1新專利。作爲人類文明的層次·信息文明也是一種碁洪信息槭制的役物文明。在信息文明時代,人類可以通過信息控制物能,使物慣通過結講的調整.白一種對人類不那麼有價值的束面變成價值更大的束面 , 從一種不能淌足人的需吳的形態變成一種更能滿足人的需妻的形態,使能量從不容易疸得的形蔥變成容易獲得的形息,從而使符人類活動更多地是直接與信息打交道而不是傳統的主妻與物能打交道。作爲人類文明瘡展的更高階段,信息文明還是一種碁菸信怎創搆的人性文明。人的創造活動是是符合人性的活動,而信息活動爲符合人性的活動其定了碁礎。祇有到了信息時代· 人類歴史擾其正步入人性文明的軌道一不僅對物能的控制達到了全社會某至全人類實現"物爲人役"的水平,使人類活動以描述認識爲主進入到以創楫認識爲主;而且,全面褚放創造力也念味盪社會痊展到 T 人性在社會維度縵得程度越來越禹的屏放的文明水平。信息文明與物能文明的區分不走一種碁菸社會生差方式的區分,而是一種差旅人的生存狀慮的人類文明劃分。對菸社會來說,其瘡展前途完全取決菸社會成員的創造力及共痊禪水平,因此,創造力的解放念味羞社會整髖文明水平的提升 d 這既是人類信息文明未來痊展約必由之路,也是噹代社會現T痊展的合理還擇。[關鍵詞]信息物能信,息時代信怎文明[作者簡介]王天思,本名王天恩, 1996年畢業淤武漢大學哲學系,獲特哲學博士學位; 1998— 1999年,在美國矗格斯大學作訪問硏究;曾任江面省社會科學浣哲學畊究所珊究員、所長;現爲上海大學社會科學學浣院長、教授、博士生等師;主妾從事科學哲學、認知科學研究·代表性苓作有(理性之具—人類認識的哲學方式)丶{獵襯認識鑰専鑰:一種描述論研究)、(在過去和未來之間一決定性興非決定性}丶(科學痊現十的模型化推理}丶(悖論問題的認識論珊究)等。&11111!!:i 扣碣塌床t',)• 思繼者沙龍. 93 / 尸
三 匕"The Three Li Brothers of Gaomi" and the Formation of Gaomi Poetics Jiang Yin 而礴是床穴3eG. 思禮者沖髖. Abstract: Gaomi was known for its achievement of literature in ancient times, and the height of its literary reputation is attributable to the influence of the Gaomi School of Poetry. As it is known, in the Qing dynasty, famous literary families were often leaders in places rich in literary production. In Gaomi, poets from the Liu, Shan, Li and Wang families formed the core of the Gaomi School of Poetry. Among them, the most influential ones were the three brothers of the Li family, namely Huaimin, Xiangao and Xianqiao, who were termed "GaOJni San Li" (The Three Li Brothers of Gaomi). As a long-standing regi。nal school of poetry from the middle of the Qianlong period to the late Qing, the emergence and establishment of the Gaomi School of Poetry was closely related to the literary activities of the "The Three Li Brothers of Gaomi" and the compilation of Revised Charts of Poetic Sects with Rankings in the Middle and Late Tang Dynasty. Li Xianqiao had an opportunity to 囧sociate with Yuan Mei, a well-established literary figure of the time, when Li served as an official in Guangxi province; this helped the School extend its influences from Shandong to the Lingnan area, and eventually to the northern provinces. The achievement of the Gaomi School was also mainly reflected in the poetic discourse of the three brothers. The Three Li's in the Qianlong era virtually wrote only poetic criticism and it was rare that by doing so they had become famous, extended their influences far and established their school. This could be explained that their failure in imperial examination was instrumental in evoking their passion and faith in another field of intellectual endeavor: poetics seemed to be their choice amid a situation of no choices. They regarded studying and writing works on poetry their career and even historic mission, which was worthy of devoting their life efforts. From the perspective of regional poetics, the practices of the Three Li's were a kind of anomalies. From the perspective of the overall poetic trends in the Qianlong period, however, there were indeed certain inherent reasons for what was happening; and these were the adolescent complex of rebellion and the patricide complex, as often seen in cultural history. The liberal and inclusive atmosphere enjoyed by the academics in the Qianlong period nourished the soil for the growth and spreading of this rebellious force. By criticizing and having dialogues with various schools of poetry, in the previous period or contemporary, the Gaomi School constructed and developed itself, with its characteristic discourse on poetry. Keywords: Gaomi San Li (The Three Li Brothers of Gaomi); school of poetry; poetics Author: Jiang Yin earned his PhD in Literature from Nanjing University in 1988. After that he assumed a position at the Institute of Literature of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and was exceptionally promoted to researcher in 1996. In 1997 Dr. Jiang was visiting professor of the Graduate School of Chinese Literature at Kyoto University; in 2002, visiting professor of the College of Humanities at Kyungpook National University. He was "Capital Scholar" distinguished professor at Beijing Normal University in 2000, and visiting professor of the Department of Chinese Literature at Feng Chia University (in Taiwan) in 20?8. At present he is doctoral supervisor in the Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, vice president of Classical Chinese Literary Theory Society and vice president of International Oriental Poetry Society. Dr. Jiang has been mainly engaged in the study of classical Chinese literature; 洫 representativeworks include Dali Shifeng; A Study on Dali Poets; A Story about Wang Yuyang; Thoughts and Practices of Chinese Poetics; Modern Interpretations of Classical Poe比s; Poe比昫tory in Qing Dynasty. 100 ] 尸
二 二_騫寅:"高密三李"與高密詩學的屋史晨闕堯、李宗瀛、趙德湘、黃錫祖十人,常於桂林梆湖(今名杉湖)補杉樓飲酒賦詩,時稱节槲湖十子" ,同治七年 (1868) 廣西巡撫張凱嵩刻有(樹湖十子詩鈔),被視爲高密詩派在廣西的流裔。至於其他地區,李憲喬曾説: u一向在桂省,以詩來求政者甚衆。-戴舍人,湖北人;-胡進士,江西人;一關孝廉,臨桂人·其餘零星未成家數者,不勝紀也。 n ,
二 二_A New Understanding ofWriters'Literary World: Mo Yan and And Quiet Flows the Don Cheng Guang Wei 而碣塌民」e^-. 思娼者沙籠Abstract: It is quite well known that the main source of Mo Yan's writings came from Western modernist novels of the 20th Century; specifically, they are the works ofWilliam Faulkner of the United States, and Gabriel Garcia Marquez of Columbia. Mo Yan has said that the reason critics consider him as a vanguard fiction writer lies in "Explosion" and "The Transparent Carrot", etc., his works in the Mid-1980s. Such a positioning of Mo neglects the locality of his works and his two decades'rural life experience, as well as his pursuit of and aspiration for the epic theme of the 19th Century literature in his novels. Also, it fails to reveal his effort exerted in his works on the issue of"one-hundred-year history of Chinese rural areas"; he intended to write this history within the system of epic structure in modern China. With the unveiling of some historical materials, the relationship between Mo and the novel And Quiet Flows the Don by the Russian writer Mikhail Sholokhov started to unfold. The two writers share a myriad of similarities -they were both born to peasant families and engaged in military duties in adulthood; they both wrote epic-style fiction about the great earth during revolutions in the Eastern world, and the characters in their works possess a certain kind of peasant heroism. We further see that the love the writers bestowed to the peasants was filled with inner conflict and struggle. Standing on earth with peasants, they wrote about them, concerning their life and death, with a humanistic vision and sympathy, which is beyond and above the ordinary feelings for the homeland. These are similarities of the two distinguished writers in the East who produced their creative works following the footsteps of the masters of 19th Century literature. Mo's understanding of the theme, topic and depth of the novel And Quiet Flows the Don to a certain extent came from the appreciation and recognition of these similarities. As time goes by, people's perception will change. Readers will no longer see the works of Mo Yan only in the light of magic-realism as exemplified by Marquez; they will appreciate Mo's rich and colorful world of literary creation from other angles and perspectives. . Keywords: Mo Yan; Mikhail Sholokhov; epic-style fiction Author: Cheng Guangwei earned his Bachelor of Arts degree from the Department of Chinese at Henan University in 1982 and PhD in Literature from the Department of Chinese at Wuhan University in 1995. Before Dr. Cheng was exceptionally promoted to a professor in 1992, he taught in the Department of Chinese of Xinyang Normal University and Hubei Normal University. Currently he is director, professor and doctoral supervisor of the Institute of Literary Thoughts, in the School of Liberal Arts, at Renmin University of China; also he is vice president of Chinese Contemporary Literature Society, vice president of the Wen Yiduo Research Society, group leader of the Review Group of Beijing Social Science Planning 0伍ce of Literary and A元, andpart-time researcher of Poetry Research Centre of Peking University, enjoying the government special allowance from the State Council of the People's Republic of China. Dr. Cheng's research interests are history of Chinese contemporary literature, literary thoughts and history of Chinese new poetry; his representative works are Cultural Transition: "Lu Guo Mao Ba Lao Cao" in China (1949-1976); History of Chinese Contemporary Poetry; Literature Today and in the Past; The Rise of Literary History Study; Lecture Notes」or Literature: the BO's as a methodology; Historization of Contemporary Literature; Literary Imagination and Literary Countries - Study on Chinese Contemporary Literature (1949-1976); The Art Theory of Obscure Poems and Experimental Poems. 114 / 尸
三 匕"Chaojia" by the Imperial Edict: the Trap of Institution and Officialdom Ecology in the Late Qianlong Era MaJunya Abstract: The Qianlong era witnessed the peak of the authority of monarchy. With extraordinary political wisdom and statecraft, Emperor Qianlong was the center of absolute power of the dynasty. In subordinate positions, officials shared with the monarch various privileges in the power structure. The Qing court did not have any legally regulative measures on o戶cials'privileges; it only pronounced rather supe函ially that the moral of officialdom was far supenor to that of the common folks and the函n lied the legitimate basis of governing. In essence, therefore, official corruption was necessarily a kind of derivative of bureaucratic privileges. Emperor Qianlong fervently launched campaigns in anti-corruption, and executed one high-ranking 。fficial every two years on the average. But "chaojian (searching the criminal house and confiscating the owner's private property) by the imperial edict rather than according to the law was in fact only a superficial action of eliminating corruption; it did not drive out its roots, i.e., the official privileges. T恤is to say that "chaojia" as an extreme measure to oppose official corruption was at best only an important means to control officials. The emperor had to deal with thousands of intricate corrupted officials single-handedly. While giving privileges to officialdom, he virtually pushed them fall into the trap of the system; in other words, he put a rope around the officials'necks which would be tightened by himself at any time. 。ffi.cials were able to obtain more and more ben函ts as their power increas祉 Theirendless pursuit of various benefits rendered themselves slaves of desire and eventually put themselves into the monarch's noose; thus they had to make use of different implicit norms for achieving and pro缸血gthem血mal interests of their 。wn as well as of their groups. On the one hand, officials ostensibly showed respect for the superficial morals and imperial ordmance while actually they tried to dig out the monarch's intentions and preference so that they would accomp凪h their deeds accordi喵y. They would do anything to pander to the monarch's wishes in order to obtain privileges or interests which were deemed better than those of their peers. On the other hand, they would forge alliances with other officials for mutual concealment and cover-up of their clandestine behaviors. By so doing. they acted in counter to the monarch and shared with themselves all kinds of additional benefits and illegal incomes according to the structure of the power pyramid. During the Qianlong period, both corruptive and upright officials are emperor's tools for different usages. Whe出eran official was convicted of "corruption" or considered as "financial probity" sometimes lay on the one single thought of the emperor. "Chaojia" of different types of corruptive officials by "imperial edict" but not "according to the law", we would therefore say, was at best a public celebration rather than a once-and-for-all solution to corruption. Keywords: Chaojia (searching criminal house and confiscating the owner's private property); corruption; Emperor Qianlong; officialdom ecology 而暹墨尻t',). 思繼者沙籠. Author: Ma Junya obtained his PhD in History from the School of Society at Soochow University in 1996, and finished his study in Postdoctoral Research Station in the Department of History at Nanjing University in 1998. Currently he is professor and doctoral supervisor of the Centre for the Study of the 氐public of China, Nanjing University. Dr. Ma's major research interests are social and economic 丘story of modem China and ecological history of regional society. His representative publications include Economy of Scale and Regi。nal Development: Study on the Mo紜ization of Enterprise Management in 」iangnan Areas; Composition and Development: Transformation of Traditional Social Economy in ]iangnan Areas; A Sa函!/iced"Local Inter國': Transformation of Social Ecology in Huaibei Are心; Regional So血l Economy and Social Ecology; Comparative Study on Regional So血l Development and Conflict; Gen函ing at Huaibei Are心123 ] 尸
二 二_馬俊亜:亭旨抄家:亁尷篌廟的畫創之覿與官湯生廑財的核心內容,大多數官員職務以外的收入總與官員之間的利益共謀相伴。在專制政體下,不是君主所給予官員的利益太少,纔使官員不夠忠誠;而是官員們整體追逐私利的合力太強,不隨波逐流的官員既面臨失去君主所予利益與集團常規利益的雙重風險,並且面臨被官場邊緣化、甚至抄家殺身等嚴懲酷處。儘管不少官員的升遷、生死均操於君主一人之手,但畢竟天高帝遠,王朝所大力宣揚的道德憲典與君主的教諭一樣,多與官場實際相脱節。官員們感同身受、無時不被其影響的是隱規範;對絕大多數官員來説,薩規範對其命運更具決定意義,並與其他官員的利益息息相關·是以乾陸年間, "1州縣之畏督撫,過於畏皇法矣·督撫驕而不敢執儀注,督撫刻而不敢違律例,督撫貪而廿舍其身爲之鷹犬爪牙,雖至身敗名裂,死而不悟' 。 0在按君主意志而非嚴格依律督察官員的政體下,君主個人性格、才幹、智慧和勤勉等,對官場政治所起的作用極其有限。隱規範的存在就是官僚集團應對體制之殿和莫測之宸衷的必然選擇·從官僚利益的角度來看,嬗種做法明智而合理;但就國家利益而言,則貽害無窮。結語乾隆識糟慮深,屬治世之能君,臨御期間係專制時代反腐的最高峰·抄家需潯耳酐而非`奉律"表明,乾隆重揚己馭官而輕治國安民,恃權術智惹而薄法律制度· 由此造成的反腐效果賨不能盡如人意,可見體制造成的天然弊端絕非個人能力所能彌補。胡適所言节「室之亂源實種於乾隆一朝"®'並非沒有見地.專制政體的最高原則是維護君位,但不是依靠公平的政治體制和法律制度來督官安民,而是運用謊言來神化政體,利用暴力來威懾民衆。法律政治的施行者依靠大量秉法行事的專業人員,而非更大特獾的擁有者·專制政體衹能殖過給予特權和物質利益,來收買唯上是從,磨滅或隱藏是非覿、正義感和法治意識的官員操持謊言工具,控制暴力機器。由於君主居主思性的地位,作爲臣僕的官員入於體制之敬。隨溍權力金字塔的上升,官員所獲得的各項利益也逐級增多;對各種利益的無止境追求,又使得官員成爲自身欲望的奴僕,給自己套上了被君主所操控的紋索。因此,官員們不得不利用各種隰規範,以實現和保護個人及集團利益的最大化.貪員與廉吏均是君主的不同工具,貪與廉的判定,有時甚至取決於君主的一念之差。®忠君的最高境界即如(紅樓夢)所言: `文死諫,武死戰."狡吏因其無益於己而陽奉陰違,智員因其有損蒼生而鄙夷不屑,庸官因其高不可及而無從效仿。與形象官員被美化成高風亮節的大賢希聖相反,貪墨官員多被醜化成傷天害理的凶魔悪煞·兩者均與其真實形象別如天壤,無法令官員們心悅誠服地見賢思齊,摒墨棄貪·因此,奉旨抄家,即依君主個人意志嚴懲各類貪官,充其量可以成爲大衆的慶典,於治貪卻無長久之功。以忠君爲核心的專制政治,無法持久地保證其玀輯解釋的合理性。因此,專制政治的意識形態資源極易被耗竭。乾鹽經常強調自己是冠絕古今的聖主,極大地壓縮了其繼承者的形象塑造空間,使得嘉慶及以後的君主衹能依恃列祖列聖的思想資源和道德血統體現自己的正統形象。實際上,乾隆的思想、方法多是用實用主義的手段來維護皇權,不是爲了社會公正而定立的長久之策。隗羞時移事易,早期君主的思想多無可取之處,是以勤政、仁厚如嘉慶者,也不可能找到正確的變革之路,仍予人以一代不如一代之感 。 儘管嘉慶一親政就査抄 、 賜死了超級巨貪和珅,但在他的時代,貪員已到了妄爲的地步。對官員的抄家,弄虛作假已成頑疾,使得嘉慶帝及以後君主,均難逃庸君之譏 。〔作者註:鈸文係教育部人文社會科學重點珊究碁地重大招標項目 (13JJD770014) 的首期成杲,並承南京大學屋史學院人文綦金惰助。〕扣碣塌床t'^)• 思繼者沙龍. (l) [清) 章學誠: «章學誠遺害» (北京:文物出版社, 1985) , 第330頁中。® 胡適: «章寶寶年譜宥白石年譜»'第158頁。® 柯啓玄 (Norman Kutcher) 認爲,專制統治者最典型的特徵是執法過程中的一時之念 (NormanKntcher, "l'b.e Death of the Xiaoxian Empress: Bure皿cratic Betrayals and the Crisis ofEighteenth-Century Chinese Rule", The Journal of Asian Studies 3 (1997) : 723 ) 。139 / 尸
三 匕Medical Care in Migrant Moscow Linda J. Cook 而礴是床穴3eG. 績外僧真Abstract: Over the past two decades more than six million people have immigrated to Russia to work in Moscow and other major cities. The Russian economy mainly relies on labor migrants from Taji比stan. The large population of marginalized labor migrants is driving fragmentation of Russia's welfare state: different populations, defined by ethnicity and political/citizenship status, have rights and access to dramatically different levels of public health and other social services. Russian citizens and legal residents have employer-paid Mandatory Medical Insurance and can access the public sector. Migrants working legally in Russia also have thei這ghts to medical insurance. However, a large number of unregistered migrants are regarded as illegal, have minimal access to public health and social services, and minimal help from locally-based NGOs. Other migrants in the diaspora may help, but Tajik migrants in Moscow constitute a dispersed community; the resources it can provide appear to be ad hoc and short term, often amounting to collection of funds to send an injured or ill migrant home. Advocacy by international organizations (such as the WHO- World Health Organization and UNDP- United Nations Development Program) to improve migrants'health care faces stonewalling by the Russian government; the Tajik government has no leverage. Many migrants with urgent health care needs, especially infectious illnesses, return to Tajikistan where they access treatment in facilities that are heavily subsidized by international/ intergovernmental health organizations. Large-scale labor migration has produced a set of exchanges and dependencies among states, labor, welfare provision and international organizations that differ fundamentally from traditional welfare regimes. Keywords: Tajikistan; labor migrants; Russia; medical care . Author: Linda J. Cook received her PhD in political science from Columbia University in 1985. She is currently a professor in the political science department at Brown University and an associate of the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard University. Her main research interests are in the comparative politics of the Russian Federation, Eastern Europe and Eurasia, and electoral-authoritarian regimes cross-regionally. Her research focuses on domestic and international politics of welfare states and their transformation; the relationship between democratization and social welfare; comparative political representation oflabor and women; NGOs, and the politics of health and welfare in contemporary electoral-authoritarian regimes. Cook authored The Soviet Social Contract and Why it Failed: Welfare Policy and Workers'Politics from Brezhnev to Yeltsin (Harvard University Press, 1993; Postcommimist Welfare States: RejoTm Politics in Russia and Eastern EuTope (Cornell, 2007; 2013; Labor and Liberalization: Trade Unions in the New Russia (New York: 20th Century Fund, 1997); coauthored Left Parties and Social Policy in Postcommunist Europe (Westview, 1999); LabOT and Privatization: A Global Look at Responses And Consequences (Edward Elgar, 2002) and numerous other publications, She is the recipient of a Fulbright Scholarship for 2015-17, to complete research on her current book project, "Political Economies of Health Care in Russia's Fragmented Welfare State". 140 ] 尸
二 二_二0一五年算三期而碣塌民」e^-. 瑊外傳真. `冷戰"的結束是全球移民發展史的分水嶺 , 之前的政治制約使移民數量長期在低水平徘徊」直一狀況到1990年開始改變。隨羞全球經濟一體化不斷增強,在全球範圍內合法、非法移民的流動數量也在不斷增長·俄羅斯成爲一個主要的人口輸入國 , 其所擁有的國際勞工移民規模僅次於美國,居世界第二位·在過去的二十多年裏,有六百多萬勞工以合法的、非法的途徑來到俄羅斯,其中絕大多數在莫斯科和其他大城市工作。同時,俄羅斯也從周邊國家吸納勞工移民,其中最大規模的勞工移民群體來自中亞國家,而塔吉克斯坦則是一僭主要人口輸出國。根據所公佈的資料看,塔吉克斯坦移民到俄羅斯的國際勞工數量佔到塔吉克斯坦總人口的10%左右,該國超過30%的男性勞工向外移民,女性勞工的規模較小但也在不斷增長 ·2012一2013年,生活、工作在俄羅斯的塔吉克斯坦移民人數達到130萬。自2000年以來,俄羅斯經濟開始依賴這些在建築和服務行業從事沒有技能和半熟練技能工作的移民,而塔吉克斯坦因1992一1999年內戰的破壞導致經濟窘迫,非常依賴移民的匯款,匯款在國內生產總值(GDP)中的比重已達三分之一至二分之一 ,成爲世界上最依賴外匯的國家之一 .。近年來在對福利國家的研究中,全球化經常被學者們認爲在支出方面影響福利,制約國家的財政自主權用於福利的供給;®國家一般被視爲主要的融資者和社會服務供給者,社會權利和保險則通常與勞動力的參與相聯繫。然而,在俄羅斯和其來自歐亞大陸邊緣的大規模的國際勞工的關係方面,所勾勒出的狀況卻與之相反,勞工的市場參與和社會權利、保險分離開來,移民經常喪失工作的社會權利和公民權利。資源豐富的國際組織如"環球基金會" (Global Fund) 與非正式的社區網絡,在提供社會服務上的努力常常使民族國家處於從屬地位·致力於提供福利資滌的全球性行動者將移民整合到跨國的社會福利供給制度中,儘管這些制度對於移民的需要而言是零散的和脆弱的·本文試圖通過塔吉克斯坦勞工移民自2000年以來在俄羅斯、塔吉克斯坦所享有的醫療保健狀況的個案研究,審視全球化勞動力對福利的影響.需要説明的是,本文的研究一方衙基於以往的文獻成果,另一方面基於2012年春在莫斯科、 2013年春在杜尚別開展的對莫斯科的非政府組織代表和杜尚別的國際組織包括聯合國開發計劃署 (UNDP) 、世界衛生組織 (WHO) 、國際移民組織 (IOM) 、美國圉際開發署(USAID) , 以及政府醫療部門的官員、學界專家約二十個訪談。此外,還於2013年夏在塔吉克斯坦作了竺個焦點小組訪談 :在首都杜尚別和哈特隆州首府庫爾千秋別市,對患有肺結核病而回國的勞工移民分別開展的焦點小組訪談;在拉什特山谷的諾伯德區對回國的女性勞工移民開展的訪談 .一、導致移民出現的"推拉理論"從1990年代開始的塔吉克斯坦向俄羅斯的移民,形成了四次浪潮:Q) D.Abdurazakova,S函al /Jnpact of /JJtematio11al Migratiaa血dRenu嘔函iIJ CCJJtral Asi矗 (UNESCAP, Bangkok: Draft Paper, 2010); I. Ganguli, "Tajik Labor Migration to Russia: Is Tajikistan at a Crossroads?",IR.EX Scholar Rese邱:h Briei{2009) ; L. Hertzer, S.D. Klumpand M.E. Malinkin, "Transnational Migration to New Regional Centers: Policy Challenges, Pr邸tice, and Migrant Experience", Conference Proceedings, Eurasia Migration Papers No. 2, WWICS, Washington, D.C. (2009); C. Buckley, R. Blairand E.T. Hofmann, Migration, Homeland皿dBelo哆'mg in Buras這 (Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008).D.S. Massey, "International Migration at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century:The Role of the State",Populatio11血d氐vclopm國Review2(1999);303-322; L.J. Cook,Postcommunist Welfare States: Reform Politics in Russia and EasternEurope (Ithaca:Comell University Press, 2007);T. Heleniak,"An Overview of Migration in the Post-Soviet Space",Migration, Homeland and Belonging(2008): 29-68;R. Migranty, "Otchetmezhdunarodnoiissledovatel'skoimissii",Jntemation血Federation for R皿血Rigb~2007);T. Remington,The Politicsof Inequality in Russia (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 201 l);Trudovaiamigratsiia i voprosyzdravookhraneniia (Bureau MOM/IOM, Moscow, 2010);T.N. Yudina, "Labor Migration into Russia: The Response of State and Society",C面entSociology4 (2005):583-606. ®在較早的研究中,全球化被認爲是很好的,可以對小的歐洲國家篇加壓力去增加支出,以縵衝強大的有組織的勞工部門對全球化風臉的抵抗。142 / 尸
二] 二二0一五年第三期了區域勞動力市場的民族社會的分層。在國內重要經濟發展缺位的情況下,匯款衹是促進了塔吉克斯坦國內生產總值的增長®。(見圖一、圖二)圖一 2002—2012年從俄羅斯流入塔吉克斯坦的匯款和遏塌床}欠fe峒5(資料來源: Joffe and Zayonchkovskaya, 2010) 圖二 2002—2012年匯款在塔吉克斯坦GDP中所佔的比重` 40% . 30,. 域外傳真 :三0% ,· c GDP佔比I 5ou,..., 200'>-2008 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20 12 的而b, 20!! );2Cl'.l0(• st .) 2012 lfMS 國區,.,年度(資料來蹏 Joffe and Zayonchkovskaya, 2010) . 從文化上看,塔吉克斯坦和俄羅斯都是解體前蘇聯``共用空間,, 的一部分,包括語言、教育制度、日常社會實踐,這些都減輕了以基督教爲主的斯拉夫人和以伊斯蘭教為主的中亞人之間的文化差異。與中東(如沙特阿拉伯)潛在的移民輸入國家的伊斯蘭教宗教活動相反,俄羅斯的世俗主義也吸引塔吉克斯坦政府將其作爲移民的目的地。而且,塔吉克斯坦和其他中亞國家居民去俄羅斯旅行、暫住可以享受免簽證制度,也有助於移民流動。但是,這種免簽證制度並不允許他們在俄羅斯長期居住或工作,因爲合法的、登記的居住和工作要求有勞動許可證。而由於俄羅斯政府控制逍些勞動許可證的數量,使之遠低於實際勞動力的需要量,因此,大多數塔吉克斯坦的移民雖生活、工作在俄羅斯,但沒有進行正式登記。(J) T. Heleniak, "The ECA's Diaspora Populations Can Aid Growth and Development", Knowledge Brief: Europe and Central Asia (WorldBank, 2012); International Labour Organization, Migration and Development in Tajikistan:Emigration, Return and Diaspora (ILO, Moscow: survey-based, 2010); V.Mukomel, "Labour Migration and the Host Country: Russian case", CARIM-East Creating an Observatory of Migration East of Europe (2012); C. Buckley and E.T. Hofmann, "Are Remittances an Effective Mechanism for Development? Evidence from Tajikistan, 1999-2007", journal of Development Studies 8 (2012): 1121-1138 144 , /
二] 二琳達·庫克:莫斯科外來移民的醫療嚴務從俄羅斯自身看,國內的經濟和人口狀況也是吸納移民的主要驅動力或需求因素。繼1990年代十年的經濟衰退後, 2000—2008年俄羅斯的經濟迅速增長, 2009年爆發金融危機, 2010年經濟繼續增長。俄羅斯的經濟增長產生了對勞動力的大規模需求,然而由於低出生率和過高的早死亡率,俄羅斯的人口和勞動力尤其是中年男性迅速減少。爲應對勞動力急劇減少,填補國內勞動力縮減造成的缺口,引入移民勞工是可以採用的主要方法。在國內面臨着失業和極低的工資水平的塔吉克斯坦和其他中亞國家的勞動者,被俄羅斯的就業機會特別是較高的國際收入差距(非熟練工人在俄羅斯的平均收入是塔吉克斯坦平均收入的四倍)所吸引,因此移民到俄羅斯。到2000年,移民勞工在俄羅斯勞動者中的比重佔了8%—10% 。儘管普京政府在鼓勵生育運動和吸引俄羅斯的同胞、僑民回國方面不斷努力,但仍需要不斷增加來自其他民族社區的移民勞工,以彌補未來數十年裏勞動力的短缺(見圖三)。圖三 2005—2026年俄羅斯不含國際移民的勞動力人口和總人口動態(單位:萬人) 面碣塌虎蘆、'縵. 域外傳真移民勞工來到俄羅斯,集中於特定的領域,主要分佈在一些大的``全球城市"的二級勞動 • 力市場,莫斯科是最主要的選擇。 ``全球城市"是由管理精英、行政精英、技術精英、金融精英一起界定的,可以創造大量財富,對低薪服務和建築工作的輔助性崗位有很強的需求。 `全球城市"是高度分化的,具有兩個鮮明的勞動力市場分支:一個是接受高等教育的精英,一個是低收入、不穩定、晉升機會少的次級勞動力市場,而且該次級勞動力市場恰恰是由精英的需要所產生的。特別是在俄羅斯失業率較低的環境下,這些工作對當地訓練有素的勞動者沒有吸引力,因此這些城市產生了對國際勞工移民的需求。®移民到莫斯科的塔吉克斯坦人集中分佈在許多部門從事非熟練和半熟練的工作。然後, ``隨着移民網絡的發展,遷移的行動在移民輸出地傳播開來,移民網絡的拓展使其獲得自我永續性,移民潮顯示出很強的發展趨勢" (見下頁圖四)。@)富裕匾家的全球城市與他們貧窮的周邊地區之間的經濟聯繫和交流,在兩國的經濟基礎之上形成了一種結構化的政治經濟體。俄羅斯的經濟嚴重依賴能源出口,造成了大量財富聚集在作爲銀行、商業、薤信和技術中心的一些大城市。這些城市猶如磁鐵般強烈吸引位於上層社會經濟地勞動力人口 一鳴一. 總人口(資料來源: loffe and Zayonchkovskaya, 2010) 噚 D.S. Massey, "International Migration at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: The Role of the State", Population and Development Review 2(1999): 305, 303-322 145 , /
三 匕二0一五年鑌三鑽圖匹 俄鑛擷人口變這的構風(軍位:蕢人)1500 1000 500 。-500 而礴是床穴3eG囹』一§z 900l soo.: §z c8z gg KXt 8oz 666L 1166~ l66~ 966~ S66~ 寸66~£661· Z661· r 66~ 0et 61161 8gi· 為6~9116~ 9g6L 寸1161£116i ZO6L r0 61· 0116~ 00 。1 =自然增良 = 淨移民. --0- 繶蠻化. 績外僧真. (瀆料來贏 loffe and Zayonchkovskaya, 2010) 位的俄躍斯人,這些人對國際移民勞工具有結禱性的需求·周邊的中亞國家輸出他們主要的勞動力資灑而不是發畏他們自己的經濟,變得嚴重依籟這些移民勞工給國內的匯款·關於在莫斯科工作的塔吉克斯坦哆民的健康問還,所知甚少.一些研究指出」這常遷入俄羅斯的移民特別是中亜移民,呈現出瓖健康的移民影謩` ,即絕大多數移民在他們遷入時身體健康,但並沒有有效的謦療監控制度提供關於塔吉克斯坦移民在離開前的健康狀況證明.然而,移民面賾羞一些非常明顯的風險因素·第一,在塔吉克斯坦男性移民勞工最常見的就業領域-建築業中,發生意外事故的概率非常高·據俄灑斯聯邦勞動檢査署的報殖,大多數工傷意外事故和授近40%的死亡率發生在建築行業,幾乎沒有建築工人即使是技術熟練的建築工人熟悉安全守則·移民勞工受傷的報道也很常見,一些勞工成爲揚殘者返回國內,每年都報導有成百上千人在修建樓宇和公路中因事故而死亡.。女性移民勞工相對常見的是在貿易領域工作,她們受到的傷害是與起吊、裝卸有關的以及與暴露在寒冷的戶外市場相關·衹要勞工是非正式的工人,雇主對他們的鍵康和安全狀況就不承擔任何責任·第二·移民的居住狀況,特別是貧窮、擁擠、不衛生、有時沒有暖氣的生活條件,也使其面臨風險。據報道, 70%的塔吉克斯坦移民勞工住在建築工地、非居民模和臨時的棚屋,或住在由瓜主提供的邊緣地區的住房;其他則租住遠離中心的房間或公寓,幾值人合租一個房間、輸流睡覺[根據調研和對受訪者的訪談,移民勞工住在地窖和沒有暖氣的房屋中,多達20個人合租一套公寓是很常見的.。移民與他們的家人分膊,潛在地導致危險的性行爲·一些研究表明,移民對常見的傳染性疾病(如肺結核、艾滋病)的傳播、預防、診斷和治療知識瞭解茜少.。除此之外,未登記的移民經常會被拘留,有時會被龘逐出境;不論哪種情祝,他們都有可能被關在很容易感染肺結核包括耐多藥結核的俄癰斯監獄裏·第三,仇外暴力也是一種風險·儘管塔吉克斯坦移民勞工面臨這些風險,但沒有明確證據表明他們比其他未迁移的同胞選遇更多的健康問是己在對已經囤到塔吉克斯坦的移民的調研中,有11%的人都提到他們回國的厭(D S. Olimova. and B. lgor, Labor Migra血afrom11呼las血(IOM,Dush心be,2003); V.Mulr.omcl, "La.bow: 訕gratiOJ1母the Host Coun tty: Ruslian case". C.. 伍珥EaatOt:a血g an Obacrvatory of印紅atio.a邸tofE缸opeReacarc.h Report (2012). (ID Interview #1, M如0正21,tCcn回 5/14/12.@ S. Wei.Ile et. al, "Unprotected T11jilr.Male Migrant Wor沄• in Mo1cow at lllik for HIV/ AIDS"」唧rnalof.la.面紅血t血orjtyH,祉凸10(2008):461-468; C. Gilpinc只「區pl函rig'ra-Relato:I. Knowlc年Attitude,B邑r,毋Practiceamong MigrantWorken in T11j極tan",Tuberculo函usearcb and trea國ent(pubd. on-line 2012-01-19). 1品] 尸
二 二_痲達·厙克:其斯科外來移民的青癡厭壽因是健康的惡化,莫斯科的醫療保健對於沒有公民權的他們來説過於昂貴和難以享用. (I)據杜尚別的醫生反映,回國的移民患有與體溫降低相隱的疾病,患肺結核和艾滋病的感染者也不斷增多. ® 接受訪談的大多數國際衛生工作人員認爲,這移對健康造成消極的影響。然而,塔吉克斯坦政府的健康資料並沒有把移民作爲單獨的一類進行統計;國際組織根據有限的抽樣所作的研究則得出了不一致的結論.在此需要説明的是,本研究不是以宜稱遷移會思致健康狀況下降爲前提的,而是想觀察在俄羅斯的移民和回到塔吉克斯坦後的移民是如何應對變化的醫療衛生需要的。二、塔吉克斯坦移民可以享用的健康薔療脈務雖然俄羅斯聯邦政府與塔吉克斯坦政府之間訂有免簽證制度,但爲了在俄羅斯合法地居住和工作,移民需要獲得工作許可證。而由於俄羅斯政府控制這些勞動許可證的發放數量,因此,大多數塔吉克斯坦的移民雖然生活、工作在俄羅斯,卻沒有進行正式登記。對於其在移民中所佔的比重問題,學術界一直存在爭議,其在某種程度上也是隨溢時間不斷友生變化的,但多數研究者認爲,約有70%的移民沒有進行登記。由於移民登記身份的不同,不同類型的移民在法律層面、事實層面擁有的權利以及享受的不同類型的醫療服務(如受傷、傳染性疾病、分娩)也不同。(一)俄鑼斯政府層面爲移民提供的公共健康奮療膈務從積極的方面看,俄羅斯政府簽署並遵循了《保護所有移徙工人及其家庭成員權利國際公約)(簽署於2008年)的規定.該公約規定,移徒者不論是否具有合法身份,都享有由移入國提供緊急醫療護理的普遁權利。俄羅斯也是(國際兒童權利公約)的簽署國,該公約要求,簽署國確保爲生活在其領土內的所有適齡兒童提供教育(儘管事實上,不能提供健康證明書和預防接種證明的兒童,入學時會有阻礙)。作爲世界衛生組織 (WHO) 和其他國際衛生組織的成員,俄羅斯政府承諾遵循國際協定,爲所有確診的病人提供結核病和耐多藥菌株的治療.從消極的方面看,俄羅斯政府並沒有簽署國際勞工組織 (ILO)關於移民社會保障權利的協定。從地區層面看,儘管俄羅斯與其他獨聯體國家之間存在多邊和雙邊協定,但衹有受俄羅斯優待的少數幾個國家的移民的社會權利可以得到保障;俄羅斯政府目前還沒有與塔吉克斯坦政府簽訂管理移民、拓展移民社會權利的協定.俄羅斯的公共機構與許多歐洲國家一樣,衹爲非法移民提供最低標準的救助,即爲沒有合法身份的移民提供緊急醫療護理,但不提供其他護理三莫斯科市一名非政府組織代表指出, `即使你沒有護照,如果真的發生了緊急事故,他們也會照顧你;但你得爲其他治療而付費.. @。這一説法也爲其他人所證實·特別是在與建築相關的事故和其他事故情況下,未登記的移民得到的保護很差。正如在莫斯科的一名受訪者講述的情況, "噩生提供緊急救助,然後尋找居住許可證 .當發生事故時,我們自己籌集錢,將傷者送回家.. @ • 焦點小組訪談中的一些受訪者講述了雇主或公共磬療機構提供長期謦療照顧的經歷,一些受訪者表示,如果他們能夠負擔得起或他們可以享用公共系統提供的醫療服務,則更願意在莫斯科獲得謦療保健服務,因爲莫斯科的醫療服務質量遠好於塔吉克斯坦。然而,對於大部分移民而言 ,非緊急醫療保健的成本是非常昂貴的(由此不難理解,那些因受傷不能繼續工作的人爲何回到匾內家中)。總之,從發生事故或緊急謦療救助的實踐看 ,俄羅斯踐行了其國際責任·扣碣塌床t'^)• 域外傳真. (D H. Hemmings,Remitta11ces, Recession……ret缸nillg Home: The Effects of the 2008 BcoDomic Crisis Oil TajiJc Labor ill Moscow, 11; International LabourOrg血ization, Migratioll alld De元lopm凸tin TajildstatJ:Em硒硒, Ret缸n alld Diaspora, 18. ~International Federation for Hum血Rights, Taj極血,:Expo.呻g the Workforce - At WbatPricc?TajikMigratJt Workr:rsNeed Incteas毋Protection(2011 - 2012):16. @ Interview #1:Migration 21st Century, 5/14/12. @ International Federation for Human Rights, Taj必st血:氐porting the Workforce - At What Pricei'Tajik Migrant Workers Need ltlaeased Protectiot1(2011 - 2012):16. 147 / 尸
二 二_二0一五年算三期而碣塌民」e^-. 瑊外傳真. 傳染性疾病的狀況則大不相同·俄羅斯作爲國際衛生組織的成員國,也簽署了國際衛生組織的相關協議,因此有義務爲任何診斷出患有肺結核病的人提供治療,直到病人的檢測結果呈陰性即不再具有傳染性。但是,據在莫斯科和杜尚別的受訪者所談,被發現感染肺結核病的移民通常不會去登記接受治療,除非他們能夠付得起治療費·莫斯科的一個受訪者提到:如杲一值移民慮染了肺結核病,提法律上看他必須在俄鼉斯進行治療,但花賡昂潰。沒有人想去愔決譴件事,所以以一種非正式的方式來.愔決-他回家,為造個移民提供回家的條件。如杲他有錢,他可以在莫斯科接受治療,但花廣大昂潰了,所以他們經常不在俄矗斯治療。 0來自杜尚別的國際衛生組織的受訪者對這個問題也表示了遺憾,認爲俄羅斯的公共衛生機櫚並沒有嚴格遵守爲移民提供傳染性疾病特別是肺結核病治療的國際協議、協定和慣例·對此,焦點小組在對10名患有肺結核病已從莫斯科回到塔吉克斯坦的移民的深度訪談記錄中也得到證實。他們表示,離開莫斯科完全是因爲在莫斯科的治療成本太昂貴了,而在塔吉克斯坦的花費則便宜得多,至少在塔吉克斯坦的藥物花費是由國家提供的;其中,有兩人在醫療上的花費已經用完了他們在莫斯科工作的所有積蓄.據報道,關於在俄羅斯分娩的移民女性的案例就更加多樣化。在莫斯科的受訪者指出,醫院通常會爲移民女性提供分娩服務, `如果她們生病或臨產,無諳她們是否有錢,謦院都會提供服務" ;但那些沒有登記的移民需要支付產前保健費,當地醫院可能會拒絕接收沒有產前測試和篩査證明的女性,而將其送往專門的傳染性疾病謦院。®一些接受焦點小組的受訪者表示,醫院在接鈉臨產女性前,要求出具居住許可證·在此,登記與沒有登記移民之間的區別,似乎可以決定其能否享有分娩醫療服務。(二)俄朧斯已登記興未登記的移民畫療保健糰利之比較目前俄羅斯實行的是覆蓋公民和永久居民的"強制性醫療保險" (Mandatory Medical Insurance• 簡稱 "CMI") 制度,要求雇主繳付噩療保險税。但在2011年之前,來自塔吉克斯坦和其他圍家的移民衹有約30%在俄羅斯工作是合法登記的,開始被納入強制性醫療保險· 已登記移民的孩子通常可以在綜合謦院做要求的學前檢査丶疫苗接種及在學校進行謦療檢査,孕婦能夠享有常規的產前檢査,新生兒在其未滿一歲時可以登記享有醫療保健·2011年,俄羅斯實行社會保障税改革,免去了犀主對合法在俄羅斯工作的許多移民勞工參加节強制性醫療保險"的責任·如今,僅有那些具有居住許可證的移民享有強制性醫療保險,這些人包括少數的專業技術人才·據塔吉克斯坦衛生部官員估計,他們在移民中所佔的比重不超過5%. 他們進行了登記,合法地在俄羅斯居住、 工作,享有勞動合同和醫療保險;他們最有可能與家人一起遷徙。儘管一些犀主自顯提供保險,但大部分都不提供,使得即使登記的移民及其家庭處於沒有保險保障的狀態,甚至沒有明確的權利可以享用公共曾療保健制度的服務 0@根據弗羅林斯卡亞 (Y. F. Florinskaya) 的研究:2011年,形勞景生了急劇的變化.…..對在俄最浙合法工作的成年移民實行`強僻1性譬療保撿,, (CMI) 或策。在速一變化後…...地區性公共懵療保撿部門以往可以收到針對移民子女和孕婦謩痕保饒攢補貼的可能性被廢除了。現在,移民僅能靠自己亻寸攢去瑨瘠。 O她還指出,自改革以來,在公立學校和爲學齡兒童及孕婦提供基本醫療服務的綜合性醫院的醫療服務也減少了.(D Interview # ®Interview#; Confirm) @ P. Grenfell, Social security and international migrants: global examples and lessons for Russia(draft paper, 2011):31. (D Y. F. Florin ska ya, •Migration of the families with children to Russia: Integration problems•, Forecasting Problems 4(2012):118-126. 148 / 尸
三 匕Five Faces of Contemporary Western Literary Theory Lu Yang 而礴是床穴3eG. 績外僧真. Ab昌tract:Borrowing from Maitei Calinescu's Five Faces of Modernity, this paper takes "French Theory", cultural study, aestheticism逞ender criticism and postcolonial criticism as five faces of contemporary western literary theory. This generalization may not be a comprehensive one; nevertheless, it aims to concentrate on prospective issues with historical aware函s, especially on literature i図elf instead of hovering in abstract discussion; and therein lies the purpose of literary theory. Here''French theory" is the summation of the sundry French avant-garde theories packaged by America scholars. Through creative mis-reading and mis-interpretation, the cultural hegemony of American neo-imperialism has become the reproduction base, spreading the theory globally. Amidst the convergence of literature and culture, French Theory has witnessed the implicit and explicit role of "culture" during the development of the theory, It is hard to tell whether cultural studies and literary studies are kin or foes, Cultural study complains that his literary father, Laius, has gone er叨 and would destroy the son who is still an infant. However, the two basic approaches in cultural study, i.e., textual analysis and semiotic analysis, have come from nowhere but literature. Literature is the mother of cultural study, be it diachronic study or synchronic study. Similarly, aestheticism cannot entirely insulate itself from cultural criticism after the postmodern concussion. In the context of "theoryn nowadays, the aim for reiterating the fundam.ental rights of literature and aesthetics is to inspire new vision and direction rather than to indulge in nostalgia. On the other hand, we can say that gender criticism and postcolonial criticism came from the same root but grew up as two different flowers. However, they both face the problem of identity loss when concepts such as "queer theoryn endeavor to go beyond gender criticism and take arms against all social inequalities. Moreover, if gender, language, development, ecology and local righ認 are to be included into the theoretical framework of postcolonial criticism, does it indicate whites'ethics or an inevitable outcome of pluralistic development of theory? That is a question awaiting for an answer, Keywords: French Theo可; cultural studies; aestheticism; gender criticism; post-colonial criticism Author: Lu Yang is a PhD in literature. He was a researcher of the Institute of Philosophy at Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, and was professor of Faculty of Philosophy at Nankai University. He is now professor and doctoral supervisor of the Department of Chinese Language and Literature at Fudan University. Prof. Lu's research interests are theory of literature and arts, and cultural studies. His representative works are D而da: The Dimension of Deconstruction; Eastern and Western Aesthetics of Death; Medieval and Renaissance Aesthetics; Poetics of Medieval Europe; Aestheticization of Everyday Life; Perspective of Postmo析n Culture. 152 ] 尸
二 二_陸鑷:西方當代文鑰的五涮面孔包裝後的法國各派先鋒理論的總和,實際上也體現了理論旅行過程中一種變異的必然性一通過創造性的誤讀誤解,美國的新帝國主義霸權文化成了 U法國理論'全球化傳播的再生產基地·大衛·哈維 (David Harvey) 曾經這樣描述第二次世界大戰後美國針對`頹廢'歐洲價值的文化大攻擊,進而高揚美國文化的優越性:金錢力蚤被用來主導文化生產,左右文化價值(蓮是紐約徙巴壞"儈竊,,現代蓁術理念的時代)。在璀立全面靈攏的鬥爭中,文化帝國主織一馬嚐先。好萊塢、沆行音樂、各種文化形式,甚至所有的敵洽迷動,諸如民禮運動等等,都撥動是來,刺減欲望,追趕美國生活方式。 0這是1950—1960年代的故事。哈維指出,這就是美國文化給資本擴張塗脂抹粉的意識形態使命 ·但是, 1970年代呢?在1970年代, `法國理論"的美國化旅行又有所不同· 它更多出於-植自發的追新本能 ,由此也與舍我其誰的美利堅主流文化不可避免地發生碰撞·事實上,無論是斯皮瓦克劃時代的德里達(文字學)英譯本及其長序的面世,還是一批新鋭刊物的創辦,一開始都舉步維艱·法國學者庫塞 (Francois Cusset) 在(法國理論:福柯、德里達、德勒茲公司怎樣改造了美國的知識生活)一書中認爲,有三家雜誌是美國引進?法國理論"的先驅刊物 哥倫比亜大學的(符號文本) [Semiotext(e月,康奈爾大學的(析辨) (Diacritics) , 威斯康星大學的(潛姿態)(Substance)·1973年的(析辨)(夏季號)封底刊印了一首打油詩,惟妙惟肖地勾勒了一幅月`法國理諳n 漫畫式肖像:在請進病人之箇,拉嚴博士,饋告訴我們列維-斯特勞斯、搪里連和櫞曼的最新動向.…..黑格爾之後辯證的東西還能結禧嗎?名稱的袖亻七真的能椿亻弋麵苞匱嗎?能指是不是果其就意味羞所指呢?嘍,媽的!拉嚴,你的病人自殺瘞! (2) 雖然這也許是一幅自嘲式的遊戲自畫像,但是法國新鋭理論的遊戲世界作風顯然也並非是一路暢通·即便當年名傳一時的 U耶魯學派" ,四位主將中除了始終是同床異夢的布魯姆外,哈特曼後來也以現象學名義轉而抨擊解構主義·如果説這因人有什麼共同點的話,那就是反傳統、反偶像、去政治化和文本中心主義;此外,他們還都是德里達的朋友 。 文學批評家多諾霍(Denis Donoghue)曾在(紐約書評)上發表 (解構解檣)的文章,稱像布魯姆、德曼攘樣的才俊被解構主義吸引過去,完全是因爲它`認認真真説胡話" 。 叨豈可見,假如把`耶魯學派"僅僅視爲解構主義乃至节法國理論,的一個美國版式,那未免小看了美國本土批評的反彈力量.庫塞的結論是,如果説美國對法國理論的再創造,它在法國本土的冷落,以及它的全球普及有什麼可以借鑒的話,那就是針對人們過於熟悉的那些兩極分化表徵和二元對立話語,有必要重建一種延續鬪係:諸如德國馬克思主義對法國尼采主義 ; 法國現象學對後結構主義多元多重主體即觀點的`視角論" (perspectivism) ; 美國的社群主義對法國的普世主義等等,不一而足· 它們表面上是勢不兩立,骨子裏卻在暗送秋波·所以:扣碣塌床t'^)• 域外傳真. CD D而dH硏ey, 加NewImper」alism(Ncw York: Oxford Univc函tyPress, 2003), 56-57. ®Francois Cusset, Fr邙ch Theory: How Foucault, Derrida, Delc血e, & C. Transformed The Intellectual Life of United States (Jeff Fort, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), 63. @ De血 Do邛oghue, 鹹Deconstructing Deconsttuction•, New York Reviewo£Books6(1980): 38-41. 157 / 尸
二 二_二0一五年算三期而碣塌民」e^-. 瑊外傳真. 正是在運袤,而不是在其他地方,到20世紀末葉,在美國有妣自己的許多理出違立超一個大學褫器,來斫究某種櫬念生產,斫究一個多元化的年輕噩家,如何總是心安理得、時刻準備嚐試`追新求異,, , 以及同一時期美利堅帝國的歷史性謄利,與世紀末美國知鐵猜英愷中醞議是來的新極塏意識形憊(西方對少欺族奇),皇到它可怕的自由市場能力,將一仞試匱疏離在外的反對力量擲爲已用。但是,蓮-初很快變戎一場遊戲,純粹娛樂而巴。 0質言之, `法國理論n 誠然是借道美國實現了它全球化的文化霸權,但是一旦威脅到美國自身的價值觀念,它那似乎無堅不摧的批判鋒芒頓時就化解爲娛樂和遊戲• 1996年發端於紐約,次年又將戰火直接燒到法國本土的 U索卡爾事件" ,便是最好的説明.三、文化研究文化研究同文學意義和文學內涵毫不相干。儘管逾聽上去匪夷所思,但事實卻是,文化研究有意識叛逆高雅藝術,對經典文學和大衆文化一視同仁·它非但拒絕對文學頂禮膜拜,而且埋怨它的文學父親拉伊俄斯被神諭警告,恨不得將他這侗蠢蠢欲動的嬰兒腳跟穿釘,扔到荒山野林中去。®但是,文化研究的兩個基本方法 文本研究和符號學分析,都是來自文學;從歷時態、共時態的意義而言,文化研究也是從文學的母體中脱胎而出的 .以美國性別研究學者安· 芭· 斯尼陶 (Ann Barr Snitow ) 的一篇文章爲例 ·1979年,(激進史評論) (Radical History Review) 雜誌刊發了她的(大衆市場的羅曼司:女人的色情文學是不同的)一文·五年後,該文又收入(欲望:性政治學》一書。文章分析的是類似中國瓊瑤小説的北美洲`禾林" (Harlequin) 小説· 它從1957年開始起步, 1970年代風靡北美,由多倫多的禾林出版公司出版。雖然簽約的百餘位作者各不相同,浪漫愛情的題材也有差異,但針對的讀者都是女性圈子。禾林小説結構稍巧,套路大同小異,那就是年輕溫柔的窮女孩遇到老於世故的才高富帥" '年齡一般是男方大女方10—15歲· 女方自然渴望浪漫,但男方偏偏心被鬼胎,衹想逄場作戲,不思認真婚娶。不過,終究苦盡甘來,有情人終成巻屬· 簡·奧斯丁 (J.Austen, 1775一1817) 《傲慢與偏見)的著名開篇是: ` 一個富有的單身漢都想有一個妻子,造是一侗普遍的真理."現在禾林小説的構架倒過來是,每一個窮困的年輕女子,都想找一個英俊關氣的老公。這個傳統往上推,不消説便是18世紀英國流行一時的傷感小説,如理査遜 (s.Richardson, 1689—1761) 的 0帕美拉).`禾林"小説是大衆文化,雖然讀者數量可觀,命運卻同(傲慢與偏見)-類經典有着天壤之別,不但學術界顥得搭理,圖書館也不屑收藏。這樣看來,斯尼陶同樣是女性味道十足的分析文章,就格外令人矚目·作者説道,女性的欲望是模糊的、被壓制的;在使性欲浪漫化的過程中,快感就在於距離一等待、期盼、焦慮,這一切都指示着性體驗的至高點. 一旦女主人公知道男主人公是愛她的,故事也就結束了。雖然最後的婚姻來得並不容易,女主人公處心積慮,方纔修成正果 ·文章最後説 :雖恭有人會不薯歡禾林小說女主人公的鄉種間接的性表達,但是遽些小說的魅力正在於它們一再地堅持。對於女人來說,好的性行爲應該與感情、社會幕繫在一是。速樣,禾林小說就不會被禁止了。有人可能會不菩歡女主人公總是把社會規僥作爲自己性的前提,但看到性不是像在肉惶關係中那樣作為首要的事幘來表現,而是低一齣社會劇那樣來表現性,是很有規的。®這也許是1970年代的風情,在嗣後性別理論挾後殖民主義的批判視野中,已經顯得小家敗氣了,(D Francois Cusset, French Theory: How Foucault, Derrida, Dele邙e, &C. T. 「四sformed The Intellectual Life of United States, 334-335. 噚噪]安·芭·斯尼陶:.大衆市攝的籬曼司:女人的色情文學是不同的.' « 大衆文化研究» (上海:上海三聯書店, 2001) , 第180頁158 / 尸
二 二_陸鑷:西方當代文鑰的五涮面孔但禾林小説作爲大衆文化,或許比較奧斯丁、理査遜的同類經典,更真實地反映出了女性生活中對浪漫的期待.曾經是`耶魯學派,, 主將之一的米勒,寫過一篇題爲(跨國大學中的文學與文化研究)的長文,對今日全球化語境中,大學裏文學、文化研究的定位表示憂慮·文章開篇就説,今日大學的內部和外部都在發生劇變·大學失去了它19世紀以降德國傳統中堅持不懈的人文理念。今日的大學之中,師生員工趨之若鶩的是技術訓練,而技術訓練的服務對象已不再是匿家而是跨國公司.對此,米勒提出了一系列問題:在譴樣沒有理念的新型大學裏,文學斫究又有什廢Jij? 我們是應噹還是理慮必須依然來斫究文學?現今文學研究義務的蕢源又是什麼一是誰、是什崖要求我們譴樣做?莪們爲什麼要斫究它?爲了什麼目的?是因爲文學斫究在今日大學的教學和科斫中依然具有社會功效?還是它純粹已是夕陽西下、荷苑殘喘,終而要消失在日益成型全球化社會中一路走缸的那些實用學科之中?。米勒承認,在近年來美國的文學研究中,一個最重要的變化便是文化研究的興起。變化大致始於1980年代,以後的歲月見證了以語言爲基礎的理論研究紛紛向文化研究轉向。追裏有多種原因。一些外部的事件誠然起了舉足輕重的作用,如``越南戰爭'和民權運動.但一個至爲關鍵的因素,則是傳播新技術與日俱增的影響,即人們所説的電子時代的到來。據米勒分析,義無反顧轉向文化研究的年輕學者們,恰恰是大學教師、研究人員中被電視和商業化流行音樂薰陶長大的第一代人·他們當中許多人從孩提時代起,花在看電視和聽流行音樂上的時間就遠較讀書爲多.這不一定是壞事,但確實有所不同。而請到文化,這裏"文化"一語的含義已不再是阿諾德(M. Arnold, 1822-1888) 所説的一僭民族所思所言的最好的東西,而確切説應是全球消費主義經濟中的傳媒部分。這一新型文化很快替代了昔年的書本文化·所以,毫不奇怪,年輕一代的學者們更願意硏究他們熟悉的東西,雖然他們依然戀戀不捨在書的文化之中。而文學研究的不景氣,事實上也在推波助瀾,逼迫文學專業的學者看準門道改弦易轍,轉而來研究大衆文化、電影和流行刊物·米勒承認,所有逛些新潮 文化研究、婦女硏究、少數人話語研究等等,其目標都是值得稱道的。但有關著述大都零亂,故將它們整理出來,設置到課堂課程之中,予以分類、編輯、出版和再版,還衹是浩大工程的第一步·而另一方面,對文化多元主義的分檔歸類,恰恰有可能是損害了這些文襠原生態的耳大的文化挑戰力量.作爲當代美國屈指可數的一流資深文學批評家,米勒的憂慮當然是不無道理的 。 但文化研究本身也還是存在不少問題的·比如,當文化研究的理論分析替代階級、種族、性別、邊緣、權力政治,以及鎮壓和反抗等話題,本身成爲研究的對象文本時,也使人擔憂它從文學研究那裏傳承過來的文本分析方法反過來壓倒自身,吞沒了它的民族志和社會學研究的身份特徵 。 文化研究很長時間以"遊擊隊"自居,沉溺於在傳統學科邊緣發動突襲·就方法論而言,應是列維-斯特勞斯(C. Levi-Strauss, 1908一2009) 結構主義人類學所謂的境就地取材" (bricolage) 方法· 但誠如麥奎根 (Jim McGuigan) 在其(文化研究方法論) (1997) 序言中所言,這樣一種浪漫的英雄主義文化研究観念早巳一去不復返了。在經過葛蘭西 (A. Gramsci, 1891—1937) 轉向,假道阿爾都塞引入馬克思 (K. H. Marx, 1818—1883) 的意識形態概念之後,文化研究之熱衷於在各式各類文化"文本"中發動意識形態批判.這樣一種"泛抵抗主義' ,對於文學自身價值的是非得失,引來反彈應是勢所必然.扣碣塌床t'^)• 域外傳真. (j) J. Hillis Miller, "Litera可 and Cultural Studies in the Transnational Univer血:y, "Culture" and the Problem of the Disciplines (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998) , 45. 159 / 尸
二 二_`二二之\ Contemporary China's Image in Middle-School History-Textbooks in the Federal Republic of Germany since the New Century Meng Zhongjie Abstract: In modem countries where education system is government-driven, middle-school histo可-textbookcould be considered as an important medium bearing the functions of self-protection and self-manifestation of every single political dominating system. Whether a country cares to describe the image of another country, and how and why she does it, this matter not only reflects the country's inclusiveness and openness about its history education, but also shows a concrete externalization of her political philosophy. By performing a quantitative analysis on the length of the description, its contents and structure, the choice of pictures, the reading materials and the design of questions of a history textbook, we discover that the middle-school history-textbooks of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), compared with those in the past, have attached more importance to contemporary China; they have also paid more attention to the various aspects of contemporary Chinese society, not just political history as they did in the past. However, the descriptions and narratives concerning contemporary China are accompanied by a kind of ambivalence. These demonstrate that, on the one hand, German politicians and historians have affirmed the economic significance of the rise of China, while, on the other hand, they illustrate an attitude of doubt regarding the political correctness of China's modernization. These characteristics demonstrate how the German historical education insists, performs and extends the political functions of this education; in other words, this education of history attempts to exert cultural-oriented functions on the younger generation of German students regarding contemporary China in three aspects. FtrSt, China, being the world's most important rising power, is changing or has changed the world structure that the Germen were accustomed to, and thus the younger generation has to pay more attention to the history of the rise of contemporary China and the patterns ofits politics, economy and culture. Second, features in politics and economic developments in contemporary China may help German students understand the problems of"imbalance between political and economic development" in the history of丘owncountry. The present situation of China probably serves as a "minor''to Germen students; it virtually shows the situation of Germany one hundred years ago. Third, since there are different points of view on the understanding of contemporary China, the debates and the multi-perspective principles for historical p蝨苓gy are right there for application. Although it is unlikely that a history textbook can demonstrate the image of another country with a large coverage and comprehensive description, the inertial thinking generated from totalitarian experience, concept of "cold war" and global competition has cast an impact on the narrative framework, content and style of the middle-school history-textbooks in FRG. In the long run, this kind of history education is not beneficial for young Germen in facing the real world of pluralistic modernity. Keywords: Germany; middle-school history-textbook; China's image; political functions Author: Meng Zhongjie earned his PhD in history from the Department of History at East China Normal University. During2004-2005and2012-2013,hetookfurtherstudiesintheDepartmentofHistoryattheUniversity of Bremen and the Faculty of Philology and History at the University of Augsburg respectively. Currently he is professor of the Department of History at East China Normal University. Dr. Meng is 血.inly engaged in the studies of social history of contemporary Germany, and in the comparative studies on international history education. His representative works are Genetic History of the Law of Works Council 19 20 in Germany; Looking for the Golden Split Point: Studies on Social Partnership in FRG; A Brief History of Germany; German History on the Map. He is the chief editor of History Education in the Process of Globalization: Characteristics Comparison of Narratives in the Asian and European Textboo朊 and the translator of WeltbiiTgertum und Nationalstaat; Lexikon Geschichtswissenschaft Hun卹Grundbegri.ffe; The Failure of Illiberalism: Essays on the Political Culture of Modern Germany. 165 扣碣塌床t'^)• 域外傳真. / 尸