MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYHUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES二零二六年第二十卷第二期Vol.20 No.2 2026 ISSN-1994-4926
版權所有 翻印必究 All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. 《澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報》(人 文 社 會 科 學 版) 第 二 十 卷 第 二 期 (季 刊) JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (HUM. & SOC. SCI.) VOL.20 NO.2 主 辦 方:澳門科技大學 Distributor: Macau University of Science and Technology 編委會主席:朱健康 Chairman of Editorial Board: Zhu, Jian-Kang 主 編:朱健康 Chief Editor: Zhu, Jian-Kang 執行編輯:龐 川 Executive Editor: Pang, Chuan 編 輯 方:澳門科技大學學報(人文社會科學版)編輯部 Editorial: Editorial department, Macau University of Science and Technology 出 版 者:澳門科技大學 Publisher: Macau University of Science and Technology 地 址:中國澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 100-460號 Address: Avenida Wai Long N°S 100-460, Taipa, Macau, China 出版年月:二零二六年六月 Issued date: June, 2026 鳴 謝:澳門基金會資助出版 Acknowledgement: Publication sponsored by the Macau Foundation 聯絡電話(Phone):(853) 8897-3932 電 郵(Email):publication@must.edu.mo 印 刷(Print run):200本 規 格(Size):21cmx14cm 定 價(Price):澳門幣四十元 期 刊 號(ISSN):1994-4926 期刊網址(Website):https://www.mustjournal.com/CN/home
!""#" Contents 「澳門科技大學廿四周年校慶榮譽博士講座系專欄」 港澳如何攜手融入國家發展大局?——打造大灣區國際創新中心 How can Hong Kong and Macau work together to integrate into the national development framework? Building an International Innovation Center in the Greater Bay Area 梁振英 1 Leung, Chun-ying 世漢學會國際中文教育研究專欄 (教育部中外語言交流合作中心資助設立) 國際中文教育視域下《說文解字》〈蟲部〉上古生態文化解讀 The Interpretations of Ancient Ecological Culture in the Chong Radical of ShuoWenJieZi in the Context of International Chinese Language Education 田慧、陳曦 13 Tian, Hui; Chen, Xi 孔子學院助力中國與巴西教育合作與交流——從整體發展調查到個體案例分析 Confucius Institutes Facilitating China-Brazil Educational Cooperation and Exchange: From Overall Development Survey to Individual Case Analysis 許克柔 41 Xu, Kerou
當期文章 華人跨國移民群體宗教話語中的權力關係協商 Power Negotiation in Religious Discourse of Chinese Diaspora 沈莘莘、張靜 59 Shen, Xinxin; Zhang, Jing 基於田野調研的澳門歷史城區語言景觀研究 A Study of the Linguistic Landscape of the Historic Centre of Macao Based on Field Research 張語格、魏慧萍 83 Zhang,Yuge; Wei, Huiping 1970年代香港期刊對中國文化主潮的補闕拾遺——以《盤古》為中心的考察 Filling the Gaps: Hong Kong Cultural Periodicals’ Role in 1970s Chinese Cultural Discourse: A Case Study of Pangu 張舒霓 107 Zhang, Shuni 海外投資保險中違約險之承保範圍辨析 Analysis of the Coverage of Breach of Contract in Political Risk Insurance 董北辰 133 Dong, Bei Chen 博彩旅遊服務補救對遊客滿意與重訪意圖之影響 The Impact of Gaming Tourism Service Recovery on Tourists' Satisfaction and Revisit Intentions 陳希、殷悦、張楊 165 Chen, Xi; Yin, Yue; Zhang, Yang 西塞羅自然法思想的現實意義與啟示 The practical significance and enlightenment of Cicero’s thought on natural law 丰晟敏、羅全蒙 201 Feng, Shengmin; Luo, Quanmeng
《澳門科技大學學報》(人文社會科學版)編輯委員會 主編 Chief Editor 朱健康 澳門科技大學校長 ZHU, JIAN-KANG President, Macau University of Science and Technology 美國國家科學院院士 Member of the US National Academy of Sciences 執行編輯 Executive Editor 龐 川 澳門科技大學副校長兼研究生院院長 PANG, CHUAN Vice-President and Dean of School of Graduate Studies 編輯委員 Editorial Board Members 方 泉 澳門科技大學協理副校長兼法學院院長 FANG, QUAN Associate Vice-President and Dean of Faculty of Law 雷鼎鳴 澳門科技大學發展經濟學研究所所長 LUI, FRANCIS TING MING Director, The Institute of Development Economics 肖 瓏 澳門科技大學圖書館館長 XIAO, LONG University Librarian, Library 張洪明 澳門科技大學國際學院院長 ZHANG, HONGMING Dean of University International College 張志慶 澳門科技大學人文藝術學院院長 ZHANG, ZHIQING Dean, Faculty Humanities and Arts 吳國民 澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院院長 GOH, KOK BENG Dean, Faculty Hospitality and Tourism Management 劉成昆 澳門科技大學可持續發展研究所所長 LIU, CHENGKUN Director, Institute for Sustainable Development 林廣志 澳門科技大學社會和文化研究所所長 LIN, GUANGZHI Director, Institute for Social and Cultural Research 陳東燊 澳門科技大學商學院副院長 CHAN, TUNG SUN Vice-Dean, School of Business 孫 瑱 澳門科技大學人文藝術學院助理院長 SUN, ZHEN Assisant Dean, Faculty Humanities and Arts 王 婷 澳門科技大學國際學院助理院長 WANG, TING Assisant Dean, University International College
The Editorial Board List for Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology (Hum. &Soc. Sci) 湯開建 澳門科技大學社會和文化研究所講座教授 TANG, KAIJIAN Chair Professor, Institute for Social and Cultural Research 劉 超 澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院助理教授 LIU, CHAO Assistant Professor, Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management
梁振英 2 How can Hong Kong and Macau work together to integrate into the national development framework? Building an International Innovation Center in the Greater Bay Area LEUNG Chun-ying (Vice Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference; Former Chief Executive of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China) Abstract: Hong Kong and Macau, as Special Administrative Regions of China, play a significant role in the country’s development. In recent years, with national support, both regions are expected to actively integrate into national development, promote international exchanges, and serve as a bridgehead for the country’s dual opening-up strategy. Macau is committed to becoming a “World Tourism and Leisure Center” and a “China-Portuguese-speaking Trade Cooperation Service Platform” working alongside Hong Kong to form a vital force for international cooperation. Hong Kong and Macau possess significant advantages in terms of openness and internationalization, having accumulated rich experience in market economic development. Compared to the mainland, their experience in market rules and capital operations is more mature, enabling them to effectively address issues faced in the mainland’s marketization process, such as real estate cycles and market regulation. Additionally, there is unique potential for innovation in branding and standards. Although China has quality products like grape wines and tea, it lacks internationally recognized brands. This necessitates innovation in marketing and brand development to enhance the competitiveness of Chinese products in the global market. Moreover, Hong Kong and Macau have demonstrated innovative potential in establishing a modern trade platform for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). As an international trade center, Hong Kong can leverage its rule of law and credibility to create an independent and professional TCM trading platform that promotes transaction transparency and ensures product quality. In terms of social and cultural exchanges, both regions have also played an important role, as highlighted by President Xi Jinping regarding their unique contributions to cultural exchange and fostering mutual understanding. In summary, the innovation of Hong Kong
港澳如何攜手融入國家發展大局?——打造大灣區國際創新中心 3 and Macau extends beyond the economic realm to encompass social, educational, and international cooperation. By strengthening collaboration along the industrial chain, both regions can better leverage their advantages to assist national high-quality development and play an indispensable role in the Greater Bay Area’s growth. Keywords: Greater Bay Area; International; Hong Kong and Macau; Collaborate; Innovation
世漢學會國際中文教育研究專欄 The Column of the International Society for Chinese Language Teaching 專欄為教育部中外語言交流合作中心、世界漢語教學學會與《澳門科技大學學報》(人文社會科學版)編輯部合作設立,受中外語言交流合作中心資助,特此鳴謝。 The column is established in collaboration with the Center for Language Education and Cooperation of the Ministry of Education, the International Society for Chinese Language Teaching, and the Editorial Department of the Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), funded by the Center for Language Education and Cooperation. We hereby express our gratitude.
教育部㆗外語言交流合作㆗心 簡 介 中外語言交流合作中心(簡稱「語合中心」,英文名稱“Center for Language Education and Cooperation”,簡稱 CLEC)隸屬於中國教育部,是發展國際中文教育事業的專業公益教育機構,致力於為世界各國民眾學習中文、瞭解中國提供優質的服務,為中外語言交流合作、世界多元文化互學互鑒搭建友好協作的平台。 語合中心的主要職能為發展國際中文教育與促進中外語言交流合作提供服務,統籌建設國際中文教育資源體系,參與制定國際中文教育相關標準並組織實施;支持國際中文教師、教材、學科等建設和學術研究;組織實施國際中文教師考試、外國人中文水準系列考試,開展相關評估認定;運行漢語橋、新漢學、獎學金等國際中文教育相關項目;開展中外語言交流合作等。
世界漢語教㈻㈻會 簡 介 世界漢語教學學會(簡稱「世漢學會」,英文名稱“The International Society for Chinese Language Teaching”)成立於一九八七年八月十四日,是經中華人民共和國民政部登記註冊的國際社會組織和非營利性民間學術團體,主管單位為中華人民共和國教育部,秘書處設在教育部中外語言交流合作中心(北京市西城區德勝門外大街一二九號四零一)。二零一一年十月與聯合國教科文組織建立合作關係,會員遍佈全球七十九個國家和地區,主要由世界各地從事漢語教學、研究和推廣的人士及相關機構組成。 學會宗旨是遵守中華人民共和國憲法、法律、法規和國家政策,遵守社會道德風尚;促進國際漢語教學、研究和推廣;加強世界各地漢語教學與研究工作者之間、機構之間的聯繫。自二零二零年起,學會相繼成立「教師發展專業委員會」、「標準與認證工作委員會」、「語言理論與語言教育研究分會」、「課程與教材專業委員會」、「學術交流與出版專業委員會」、「智慧教育分會」、「中小學教育研究分會」、「專門用途中文教育專業委員會」等八個分支機搆。 學會理事會為議事決策機構。歷任會長為朱德熙、呂必松、陸儉明、許嘉璐等,現任會長為天津師範大學校長鍾英華教授(二零二二年十二月當選)。第十二屆理事會由來自二十八個國家和地區的國際中文教育學術團體、各國高等院校及中文專業院系、著名漢學家、具有較高聲望的學術帶頭人、世漢學會創會會員、永久會員和普通會員等二十一位理事(單位)組成。
田慧、陳曦 14 The Interpretations of Early China Ecological Culture in the Chong Radical of Shuowen Jiezi from the Perspective of International Chinese Language Education Tian, Hui1; Chen, Xi (1. PhD Candidate, University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: In International Chinese Language Education, the teaching of Chinese culture and characters holds significant importance. This study focuses on the 32 insect-related characters denoting agricultural and forestry pests presented in the Chong Radical of Shuowen Jiezi, exploring the ecological culture of early China reflected in these characters and offering interpretations. The objective is to examine their pedagogical value for cultural instruction and character teaching in International Chinese Language Education. The findings reveal that grain pests and tree pests were prevalent in early China. The imbalance between cereal and arboreal ecosystems, resulting from the development of agriculture, led to significant pest problems. By contrast, pests affecting bamboo were rare, primarily due to the stability of the bamboo ecosystem. In early China, locust plagues were predominantly associated with grain locust plagues, triggered by the East Asian migratory locust, while bamboo-related locust plagues, caused by the yellow-spined bamboo locust were almost absent, a phenomenon closely related to the prevailing ecological conditions of that era. Despite the presence of the system of environmental protection in early China, the system was barely effective in regulating cereal and arboreal ecosystems, while providing some degree of protection for bamboo ecosystem. Moreover, the stability of the ecosystem and the environmental protection system exerted a bidirectional influence on each other. The characters for agricultural and forestry pests in the Chong Radical not only document ecological changes in early China, but also offer textual evidence for the transmission of and reflection on ecological culture. The findings of this study enrich the content base for cultural and character instruction, thereby providing valuable support for the development of teaching resources and the enhancement of teaching practice. Keywords: Shuowen Jiezi; Chong Radical; Early China; Ecological Culture; International Chinese Language Education
許克柔 42 Confucius Institutes as Catalyst for China-Brazil Educational Cooperation and Exchange: From Overall Development Survey to Individual Case Analysis Xu, Kerou (Assistant Research Fellow, Office of International Cooperation, Central University of Finance and Economics) Abstract: The year 2024 marks the 50th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Brazil. As major developing countries and key emerging markets, the two nations have achieved fruitful outcomes through pragmatic cooperation. With President Xi Jinping’s successful state visit to Brazil in November 2024, China-Brazil relations have entered the next “Golden 50 Years”. Against this backdrop, this study focuses on China-Brazil educational cooperation and exchange, as well as the development of Confucius Institutes. Field research was conducted in Brazil, and relevant data were collected through questionnaire surveys and participant/workplace-based observation. Through analysis and review, the study provides an overall picture of the development status and future trends of China-Brazil higher education cooperation and exchange facilitated by Confucius Institutes. Additionally, selected individual case studies are examined in detail, showcasing replicable practices and strategic pathways for future development. Keywords: China; Brazil; Educational Cooperation and Exchange; Internationalization of Higher Education; Confucius Institutes
許克柔 44 巴西早期漢語教學主要依靠華⼈華僑創辦的學校,在⼤學層⾯,聖保羅⼤學於 1968年開設中國語⾔⽂學專業,是巴西乃至拉美最早開設中⽂專業的⾼校。6 2008年起,孔⼦學院開始落地巴西,在漢語教學⽅⾯起到主⼒軍的作⽤,為中巴⾼等教育合作發展與創新提供平台。隨著中巴全⾯戰略夥伴關係的持續深入,巴西作為⾦磚國家核⼼成員,中巴教育合作是深化科技、⼈⽂領域的關鍵抓⼿,但巴西中⽂教育研究存在「三少」問題:研究總量少、宏觀研究少、最新成果少。7 開展相關研究契合兩國在教育領域達成的共識及簽署協議,有助於增進雙⽅在教育領域的彼此瞭解。8 本研究關注巴西孔⼦學院發展建設情況,以及在其促進作⽤下,中巴⾼校合作與交流的發展狀況及未來趨勢,通過問卷調查收集數據並加以分析,以期總結梳理相關問題並提出優化建議。同時結合筆者赴巴西⼯作和學習觀察,擇取巴西⽰範孔⼦學院進⾏案例分析,提供可⽰範的具體做法和發展建設思路。 二、中國與巴西高校合作交流情況及巴西孔子學院發展調研 (一)、調查對象及問卷設計 根據筆者進⾏的⼯作統計(⾒表 1),巴西共建有⼗四所孔⼦學院和其他國際中⽂項⽬,如下設孔⼦課堂、網絡中⽂課堂、「語合智慧教室」等(以下統稱為孔⼦學院),從 2008年⾸所孔⼦學院在巴西設⽴至今,孔⼦學院成為巴西民眾學習中⽂、瞭解中國⽂化的重要場所,同時促進兩國教育合作與交流。 6 王蘭婷、陳晨,〈巴西中文教育的發展特徵、動因及提升策略〉,《對外漢語研究》,第 1期(2024),107-108。 7 王蘭婷、陳晨,〈巴西中文教育的發展特徵、動因及提升策略〉,106-119。 8 Ministério da Educação, 「Brasil e China firmam acordos na educação.」 Gov.br. Accessed March 1, 2025. https://www.gov.br/mec/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2024/novembro/brasil-e-china-firmam-acordos-na-educacao
孔子學院助力中國與巴西教育合作與交流——從整體發展調查到個體案例分析 45 表1. 巴西孔子學院及國際中文項目一覽表 成立時間 名稱 2008 聖保羅州立大學孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio na UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista) 2008 巴西利亞大學孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio na UnB (Universidade de Brasília) 2011 里約熱內盧天主教大學孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio na PUC-Rio (Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro) 2012 聖保羅 FAAP商務孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio de Negócios FAAP-SP (Fundação Armando Alvares Penteado) 2012 南大河州聯邦大學孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio na UFRGS (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul) 2013 伯南布哥大學孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio na UPE (Universidade de Pernambuco) 2013 米納斯吉拉斯聯邦大學孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio na UFMG (Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais) 2014 坎皮納斯大學孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio na Unicamp (Universidade Estadual de Campinas) 2016 帕拉州立大學孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio na UEPA (Universidade do Estado do Pará) 2018 弗魯米嫩塞聯邦大學孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio na UFF (Universidade Federal Fluminense) 2019 塞阿拉聯邦大學孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio na UFC (Universidade Federal do Ceará) 2022 戈亞斯聯邦大學中醫孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio de Medicina Chinesa na UFG (Universidade Federal de Goiás) 2022 帕拉伊巴州聯邦大學網絡中文課堂 Curso online de Mandarim na UFPB (Universidade Federal da Paraíba) 2023 巴伊亞聯邦大學孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio na UFBA (Universidade Federal da Bahia) 2023 北里奧格朗德聯邦大學網絡中文課堂 Curso online de Mandarim na UFRN (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte) 2024 聖瑪利亞聯邦大學「語合智慧教室」 Chinese Smart Classroom na UFSM (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria) 2025 里約熱內盧聯邦大學孔子學院 Instituto Confúcio na UFRJ (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro) 問卷調查基於定性研究的理念,涉及⼈們的主觀經驗、信念、態度和⾏為,試圖通過⼈們賦予的意義來解釋社會現象,常被稱為解釋性研究,定性研究中的問卷調查得出的數據反映現實情況,即描述現象。9 本研究旨在通過問卷收集巴西孔⼦ 9 De Jesus Soares, Simaria, “Pesquisa Cientifica: uma Abordagem Sobre o Metodo Qualitativo,” Revista Ciranda 3.1(Brasil, 2020.01): 1-13;韓廣俊,〈問卷調查法在定量與定性研究中的應用〉,《才智》,第 10期(2015),343。
許克柔 46 學院、中巴共建機構管理層、教學輔助⼈員等的觀點並加以分析。問卷根據問題導向進⾏設計,徵求業內三位專家意⾒後形成問卷初稿,共涵蓋院校基本資訊統計、中外共建孔⼦學院機構合作交流情況、孔⼦學院發展建設情況及對中外共建機構合作交流的促進作⽤等板塊,邀請三位中巴⾼校領域內管理者和從業⼈員試填寫問卷,採納其專業意⾒後形成終稿。 2023 年至 2024 年,⾯向巴西所有孔⼦學院及其共建⾼校開展問卷調查,總共收集⼗八份有效填寫問卷,其中兩份來⾃巴西共建⾼校國際處領導、七份來⾃孔⼦學院中⽅院長、兩份來⾃孔⼦學院巴⽅院長,其餘來⾃共建⾼校、孔⼦學院的專任教師和⾏政管理⼈員。 (二)、中國與巴西高校的合作與交流 問卷就中巴⾼校的合作學科、合作夥伴選擇因素、師⽣交流等進⾏調查。在合作學科⽅⾯(⾒圖 1),由於參與調查的中巴院校均為共建孔⼦學院⾼校,語⾔⽂學藝術、⽂科受到⼀致青睞,雙⽅在應⽤社會科學、⼯程與科技等學科領域也顯⽰出較⾼的合作意向。 圖1. 中巴高校合作學科意向 圖 1 學科領域劃分參考巴西教育部⾼等⼈才培養協調會(Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, 簡稱 Capes)制定並開展的巴西⾼等院校國際化問卷調查。10 排序題的選項平均綜合得分是系統根據所有填寫者對選項的 10 Capes, “A Internacionalização na Universidade Brasileira: Resultados do Questionário Aplicado pela
孔子學院助力中國與巴西教育合作與交流——從整體發展調查到個體案例分析 57 http://big5. www.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202408/content_6968613.htm,瀏覽⽇期為2025年3⽉1⽇。 [11] 新浪財經,「 2024年全國⼗⼤教育新聞解讀來了」,微⾔教育,https://baijiahao.baidu. com/s?id=1820648701955223460&wfr=spider&for=pc,瀏覽⽇期為2025年3⽉1⽇。 [12] 北京航空航太⼤學,「北航⾸個海外創新研究院落⼾巴西校長王雲鵬出席儀式並揭牌」,北京航空航太⼤學新聞,https://news.buaa.edu.cn/info/1002/65830.htm,瀏覽⽇期為2025年11⽉1⽇。 二、英文書目 [1] De Jesus Soares, Simaria. “Pesquisa Cientifica: uma Abordagem Sobre o Metodo Qualitativo.” Revista Ciranda 3.1(Brasil, 2020.01): 1-13. [2] Capes. “A Internacionalização na Universidade Brasileira: Resultados do Questionário Aplicado pela CAPES.” Relatório Questionário Internacionalização, October, 2017, Accessed March 1, 2025. https: //www.gov.br/capes/pt-br/centrais-de-conteudo/a-internacionalizacao-nas-ies-brasileiras-pdf.
沈莘莘、張靜 60 Power Negotiation in the Religious Discourse of Chinese Diaspora Shen, Xinxin1; Zhang, Jing (1. PhD Candidate, University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: In the context of globalization, the religious linguistic practices of diaspora communities have become a crucial site for the negotiation of power relations and identity. This study combines Margaret Berry’s Exchange Structure model within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) with Foucault’s microphysics of power to analyze how the preacher and interpreter dynamically negotiate power relations through linguistic strategies in bilingual sermons of Putian dialect and Mandarin at Hinghwa Methodist Church in Singapore. The findings reveal that religious authority is not statically bestowed but is constructed moment-by-moment through the control of turn allocation, the configuration of moves, and the negotiation of knowledge-power mechanisms. The preacher predominantly occupied the “primary-knower” (k1) position, controlling propositional agendas and doctrinal exegesis. By deploying micro-power techniques such as hierarchical observation and examination, the preacher regulated discursive power while simultaneously negotiating both institutional religious authority and personal authority. The interpreter covertly participated in power negotiation through the realization of semantic adjustments and shifts in agency and recipiency. Enacting as “secondary knowers” (k2), the interpreter reconfigures religious logics and reinforces collective identity. Our findings demonstrate that religious discourse is not merely a medium for expressing faith but a critical arena for the operation of micro-power and the construction of identity. This study provides an alternative theoretical lens for understanding language-power interactions and identity construction within Chinese diaspora communities, offering implications on the sustainability of overseas Chinese dialect preservation. Keywords: Chinese diaspora; Religious discourse; Power relation; Exchange Structure Model; Microphysics of power
華人跨國移民群體宗教話語中的權力關係協商 61 一、引言 在全球化進程中,跨國移民群體的語⾔實踐與身份重構是社會語⾔學研究的核⼼議題。宗教話語作為⼀種⾼度制度化、儀式化且富含權威性的社會語⾔實踐,不僅是信仰表達的媒介,更是權⼒關係與身份認同得以集中展演和動態協商的關鍵場域。1 然⽽,宗教語境下的微觀權⼒運作與話語互動機制尚未得到充分關注:既有研究或聚焦宗教話語的⽂本特徵與社會功能分析,較少追蹤話語輪換中的即時權⼒流動︔2 或偏重單語語料,對雙語佈道等複雜語⾔⽣態關注不⾜。新加坡作為多元族群與語⾔共存的典型區域,是中國福建莆⽥移民群體的主要聚居地之⼀,其特有的莆仙⽅⾔成為僑民社群維繫⽂化記憶與情感聯結的紐帶,在新加坡興化崇拜教會中承擔著強化身份認同的核⼼作⽤。3 莆仙⽅⾔—普通話的雙語佈道成為該教會的核⼼宗教實踐形式,傳道者以普通話闡釋教義,⼜譯者轉換為莆仙⽅⾔,其話語結構不僅是語⾔轉換的過程,更是微觀權⼒關係的即時協商場域,體現宗教權威與話語權⼒的動態重構,為研究華⼈跨國移民群體宗教話語中的權⼒關係協商、身份認同及海外⽅⾔續存提供典型案例。 要同時捕捉宗教話語中的「意義建構」與「權⼒流動」我們需要⼀種兼顧宏觀語義與微觀話步的分析⼯具。福柯的微觀權⼒(Micro-physics of power)模型指出,權⼒並非集中於某⼀主體或機構,⽽是彌漫於話語、身體、空間與制度之中,通過微觀權⼒技術如檢查、層級監視與規範化裁決等,持續地塑造個體與群體主體性。4 系統功能語⾔學(Systemic Functional Linguistics, SFL)為分析宗教話語中微觀語步的意義建構與權⼒運作提供有⼒的理論⼯具。為此, 1 Conrad, Ruth and Roland Hardenberg, “Religious Speech as Resource. A Research Report,” International Journal of Practical Theology 24 (2020): 165 - 195. 2 Lempert, Michael. “Discourse and Religion,” in the Handbook of Discourse Analysis, 2nd ed., edited by Deborah Tannen, Heidi E. Hamilton, and Deborah Schiffrin, 902-919. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015). 3 國務院僑務辦公室,「福建莆田有海外僑胞 150 萬主要聚集在東南亞」,https://www.gqb.gov.cn/news/2014/1113/34417.shtml,瀏覽日期為 2025年 11月 4日。 4 Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, translated by Alan Sheridan (New York: Penguin, 1991, Originally published 1975).
沈莘莘、張靜 62 本⽂引入 Margaret Berry 的輪換結構模型(Exchange Structure Model),構建⼀個動態、多層次的話語分析框架。5 該模型紮根於 SFL 傳統,但將分析單位從句⼦擴展至輪換(Exchange),並借鑒 Sinclair 和 Coulthard(1975)的 I-R-F(Initiation-Response-Feedback, 發起—回應—反饋)三段式課堂話語結構,通過語步(Move)類型、輪換結構與角⾊編碼,揭⽰宗教話語參與者如何通過輪換控制、語步設定等話語策略動態協商權⼒關係與權威建構,從⽽直觀展現權⼒關係的流動性與構建性。6 本研究以新加坡興化崇拜教會的⼀場佈道活動的視頻語料為基礎,結合系統功能語⾔學下的 Margaret Berry 的輪換結構模型與福柯的微觀權⼒模型,分析傳道者與⼜譯者的宗教話語互動如何在每⼀次輪換中實現權⼒關係的分配、協商與再⽣產。因此,本⽂提出以下兩個研究問題:⼀、在華⼈跨國移民群體的宗教話語中,哪些話語輪換結構表徵傳道者與⼜譯者的權⼒關係的協商過程?⼆、這些話語輪換結構如何表徵宗教話語中權⼒關係的意義構建?研究旨在揭⽰宗教話語中語⾔與權⼒之間的互動機制,拓展輪換結構模型和微觀權⼒模型在宗教語境中的應⽤邊界,並為理解華⼈跨國移民社群中的語⾔實踐與權⼒協商以及身份認同提供新的理論視角與實證⽀援。 二、文獻綜述 (一)、華人跨國移民群體 華⼈跨國移民群體語⾔研究是⼀個多維度的領域,研究聚焦以家庭與語⾔社區為場域的華⼈移民的語⾔接觸、7語⾔使⽤與⽂化認同、 8祖語(Heritage language)傳承與海外華⽂教育以及海外漢語⽅⾔,且多以華⼈移民至不同國 5 Berry, Margaret, “Dynamism in Exchange Structure,” English Text Construction 9.1 (2016): 33-55. 6 Sinclair, John, and Malcolm Coulthard, Towards an Analysis of Discourse: The English Used by Teachers and Pupils, (London: Oxford University Press, 1975). 7 李素瓊,〈移民與語言演變:英國約克華人社區兩代移民普通話新變體〉,《中國語言戰略》,第 1期(南京:2024.02),175-188。 8 鮑蕊、周捷慧、金夢唯,〈溫州籍海外新移民後代語言使用與文化認同研究〉,《華僑華人學研究》,第 00期(北京:2023.12),88-105。
華人跨國移民群體宗教話語中的權力關係協商 63 家的家庭或語⾔社區為場域,是華⼈跨國移民群體語⾔研究的重要組成部分。9 在全球化背景下,宗教語境作為僑民社群⽂化傳播的特殊場域,為該群體的語⾔研究提供獨特的語境。在這⼀場域中,語⾔不僅是溝通的⼯具,更是語⾔⽂化傳承和身份認同的重要載體。通過宗教儀式,僑民社群得以在新的社會環境中保持和傳遞其獨特的⽂化傳統和語⾔習慣,從⽽在全球化的浪潮中維持其⽂化身份和群體認同感。然⽽,現有華⼈跨國移民群體語⾔研究都極少聚焦宗教情境這⼀特殊話語場域。 (二)、宗教話語 宗教話語作為宗教實踐與信仰表達的核⼼載體,其研究歷經從聚焦⽂本到關注社會實踐的演變,逐步構建起跨語⾔學、⼈類學、社會學等多學科領域的研究體系。早期研究主要聚焦宗教⽂本的修辭結構、佈道策略及儀式語⾔的功能性特徵,10關注其如何通過特定語⾔形式建構神聖權威與宗教體驗。隨著⼈類學和社會學視角的融入,研究重⼼轉向宗教話語在具體儀式與社會互動中的動態功能。11 另外,宗教話語與世俗話語的互動成為另⼀重要維度,包括醫學、⼼理健康與性別身份等領域,體現宗教話語作為社會權⼒資源的多重⾯向。12 在批判性話語分析(CDA)和系統功能語⾔學(SFL)的影響下,研究進⼀步聚焦宗教話語與權⼒、身份的關聯。宗教話語中的權⼒關係研究以「語⾔ 9 姜文英,〈澳大利亞布里斯班華裔小學生漢語保持研究〉,《世界漢語教學》,第 4期(北京:2015.10),541-550;郭熙,〈海外華語傳承的歷史經驗與國際中文在地化傳播〉,《雲南師範大學學報(哲學社會科學版)》,第 1 期(昆明:2023.01),46-55;陳曉錦、徐傑、莊初升、李嵬、周明朗、朱媞媞、嚴修鴻,〈「全球視野下的閩粵客方言流布史」多人談〉,《語言戰略研究》,第 2 期(北京:2025.03),56-60;何洪霞、吳應輝,〈新加坡華語社區語言使用情況研究〉,《民族教育研究》,第 3期(北京:2021.06),154-160。 10 Zainal Ariff, Tengku Nur Aina, “Ethnographic Discourse Analysis: Conversion to Islam Ceremony.” Discourse & Communication 6.3 (2012): 295-322; Du Bois, John W. “Self-Evidence and Ritual Speech.” in Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology, edited by Wallace Chafe and Johanna Nichols, 55-83, (Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1986). 11 García, Jonathan, Maximo M. Laboy, Valnizia da Almeida, and Richard Parker. “Local Impacts of Religious Discourses on Rights to Express Same-Sex Sexual Desires in Peri-urban Rio de Janeiro.” Sexuality Research & Social Policy 6.3 (2009): 44-60. 12 孫譽倫、王義桅,〈公共外交的宗教話語與世俗話語之爭〉,《公共外交季刊》,第 1期(北京:2021.3),48-58+121。
沈莘莘、張靜 64 如何成為宗教權威建構與協商的⼯具」為核⼼,圍繞誰掌握話語控制權和話語如何通過形式、策略與技術被正當化或抵抗展開。13 然⽽,儘管現有研究從宏觀層⾯揭⽰宗教話語與權⼒結構的關聯,但其主流理論與研究⽅法在捕捉權⼒在微觀話語互動中的即時性、動態性與構建性⽅⾯仍存在顯著局限。 (三)、福柯的微觀權力模型 福柯明確提出⼀種權⼒概念,⾸先,權⼒指的是權⼒關係︔其次,權⼒關係是指個體試圖⽤來指導和控制他⼈⾏為的策略,普遍存在⼈類關係之中。在這個意義上,權⼒關係並不是靜態的,固定不變的,⽽是動態的、可逆的和不穩定的。14 在宗教佈道與⼜譯的話語互動中,權⼒並非靜態地附著於傳道者身份,⽽是通過話語選擇、輪換結構等微觀機制,被即時地建構與流動。福柯指出,知識產⽣權⼒,權⼒⽣產真理。15 在宗教語境中,對聖經⽂本的解釋權、對神學概念的理解權構成知識—權⼒的結合體。傳道者通過設定命題基礎控制話語⾛向,⽽⼜譯者則在知識轉換過程中獲得某種程度的話語權⼒。 從福柯微觀權⼒的理論視角來看,權⼒通過持續的評價、分類和比較來運作,最終⽬標是讓個體成為「⾃⼰⾏為的看守者」。福柯的「規訓」概念也揭⽰現代社會如何通過規範化⼿段,包括層級監視(Hierarchical observation)、規範化裁決(Normalizing judgement)、檢查(Examination)、空間的編排、時間的劃分以及動作的規定,來塑造個體和群體主體性。16 在本⽂的話語案例中,Margaret Berry 的輪換結構模型所分析的語步類型、角⾊編碼,能系統地分析解釋這種微觀權⼒運作的構建協商過程。傳道者與⼜譯者之間的每⼀個輪換, 13 Antoun, Richard T, Muslim Preacher in the Modern World: A Jordanian Case Study in Comparative Perspective, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014);鄧紅順、龔建平,〈從權力話語理論視角看《紅樓夢》譯本對宗教文化的處理〉,《學術論壇》,第 34卷第 8期(北京:2011.08),158-160;Carvalhaes, Cláudio. “Forms of Speech, Religion, and Social Resistance.” Cross Currents 66.2 (2016): 136-153. 14 福柯(Michel Foucault)著、汪民安編,《福柯文選Ⅲ:自我技術》,(北京:北京大學出版社,2016)。 15 Foucault, Michel, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977, edited by Colin Gordon. (New York: Pantheon, 1980). 16 Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison, 1991.
華人跨國移民群體宗教話語中的權力關係協商 65 都是⼀次微觀的權⼒運作,通過這些輪換,參與者被定位到各⾃的主體位置上。 (四)、系統功能語言學與Margaret Berry的輪換結構模型 Margaret Berry 的輪換結構模型(Exchange Structure Model)⽴⾜於系統功能語⾔學的理論視角,分析解釋交流的動態性,即交流過程中參與者的選擇和⾏為會隨著互動的進⾏⽽變化。這種動態性體現在交流的各個環節,包括發起交流、回應、回饋等。該模型已被廣泛應⽤至教育學和社會應⽤學的交際情境,主要⽤於分析話語中權⼒關係的框架,關注不同社會角⾊在交流中的互動模式以及這些互動如何反映和影響參與者之間的角⾊地位差異。17 在系統功能語⾔學中,韓禮德(Halliday)將語⾔分為三個主要層次:語境(Context)、語義(Semantics)和詞彙語法(Lexicogrammar)。18 每個層次又細分為不同的功能或系統,並相互關聯。其中,語境是語⾔使⽤的環境,三⼤語境因素決定語⾔的形式和功能:語場(Field)指語篇的主題或內容︔語旨(Tenor)指語篇中參與者之間的社會關係和互動⽅式︔語式(Mode)指語篇的形式或媒介,例如是⼜頭的還是書⾯的,是對話還是獨⽩等。語義層是語⾔的意義層⾯,它體現為三⼤元功能:概念功能(Ideational Function)包括經驗功能和邏輯功能,表達⼈們對外部世界和內⼼世界的體驗和認識︔⼈際功能(Interpersonal Function)表達說話者與聽話者之間的社會關係和互動⽅式︔語篇功能(Textual Function)組織語⾔使其具有連貫性和整體性,說明構建語篇結構。詞彙語法層則是語⾔的形式層⾯。Margaret Berry 在這些基礎上,進⼀步提出交流以經驗⽅式(即內容)、⼈際⽅式(即互動者所扮演的角⾊和地位)以及語篇⽅式(即經驗意義和⼈際意義如何組織成語篇)展開。 權⼒關係在語篇層表現在關注對話的開端與結束,以及話語的流程控制。在課堂或司法會議中,地位⾼的角⾊(如教師、醫⽣)通常佔據更多的話語權, 17 Berry, Margaret, “Dynamism in Exchange Structure,” 33-55; Togher, Leanne, Laura Hand, and Chris Code, “A New Perspective on the Relationship between Communication Impairment and Disempowerment Following Head Injury in Information Exchanges,” Disability and Rehabilitation 18.11 (1996): 559-566. 18 Halliday, M. A. K., and Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen, Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar 4th ed, (London: Routledge, 2014).
沈莘莘、張靜 66 控制對話的開始和結束,模型在這⼀層的編碼借鑒 Sinclair 和 Coulthard 的 I-R-F 話語結構。19 該結構如摘錄 1 所⽰,教師(說話者)通過詢問學⽣是否知道「accent」的意思發起(I)對話。學⽣(聽話者)回答「accent」是指說話的⽅式從⽽對教師的發起做出回應(R)。最後,教師通過對學⽣的回應進⾏反饋或確認(F)完成輪換。 摘錄1 Teacher: Do you know what we mean by accent I Pupil: It’s the way you talk R Teacher: The way we talk F (Sinclair & Coulthard 1975:48) ⼈際層⾯上,輪換結構模型中根據⽬的將互動類型分為知識(k)和⾏動(a)交換,這與系統功能語⾔學中的命題(proposition)與提議(proposal)提供兩種互補的視角。知識交換在輪換結構模型中圍繞信息(命題)的傳遞與確認,例如教師提問(I)、學⽣回答(R)、教師確認答案的正確性(F),其⽬的往往在於驗證或傳遞知識,確保信息的準確性與權威性。⽽⾏動交換圍繞⾏為的協商與執⾏,例如醫⽣要求患者服藥、患者同意或拒絕,旨在推動具體⾏為的實施或調整。本研究關注的互動主要是信息交流,因此主要的概括性分析單位包括 k1(主要知者)、k2(次要知者)、dk1(延遲的主要知者)以及後續的 k1f(主要知者的後續語步)和 k2f(次要知者的後續語步)。 k1 和 k2 語步發⽣的順序已被開發為⼀個公式,由 Ventola 進⾏調整。對於信息交換,該公式為: ((dk1)k2)k1(k2f k1f))20 其中 k1 是進⾏信息交換的唯⼀必需元素。每個元素(如果出現)必須按照給定的順序出現。本研究通過對雙語佈道話語的輪換結構分析證實,儘管該公式傳統上被⽤於描繪教育或醫患互動中的知識傳遞,但其結構同樣適⽤於宗 19 Sinclair, John, and Malcolm Coulthard, Towards an Analysis of Discourse: The English Used by Teachers and Pupils, 1975. 20 Ventola, Eija, The Structure of Social Interaction: A Systemic Approach to the Semiotics of Service Encounters, (London: Pinter, 1987).
華人跨國移民群體宗教話語中的權力關係協商 67 教語境,能夠精准描述傳道者與⼜譯者之間知識權威的流動與確認過程。21 這⼀發現突破該公式和輪換結構模型原有的應⽤邊界,揭⽰知識交換結構在不同制度性話語中的普適性。 經驗層的權⼒關係主要表現在交流中的命題內容,⾼地位角⾊設定對話的「命題基礎」(pb),決定討論的主題,另⼀⽅完成命題內容,即「命題完成」(pc),最後,⾼地位角⾊通過「命題⽀持」(ps)接受命題內容。 總體⽽⾔,當代宗教話語研究已從⽂本闡釋擴展至社會實踐分析,強調其在多元語境中的話語建構機制、動態意義構建功能。在運⽤福柯的微觀權⼒模型時,現有研究並非依賴傳統意義上的數據分析(如統計、量化、編碼),⽽是採⽤話語分析或譜系學分析的⽅法,揭⽰權⼒如何通過話語、制度、空間、身體等微觀機制運作。22 特別是在華⼈跨國移民社群中,針對⽅⾔與普通話在宗教話語這⼀特殊「權⼒場域」內的動態權⼒協商,尚缺乏理論與量化兼備的實證探索。相關研究往往側重靜態的語⾔結構或宏觀的社會功能,缺乏對話語互動中權⼒關係即時性、構建性協商的深入揭⽰。因此,本研究引⽤ Margaret Berry 的輪換結構模型,旨在揭⽰華⼈跨國移民群體宗教話語如何即時且動態地建構和協商福柯提出的微觀權⼒關係。這⼀理論框架的整合不僅彌補單⼀理論的局限性,更拓展輪換結構模型和微觀權⼒模型的應⽤邊界,為華⼈跨國移民社群的⽅⾔存續、權⼒關係協商與身份認同提供創新的分析範式和實證⽀援。 三、研究方法 (一)、數據收集與研究對象 本研究的語料來⾃新加坡興化崇拜教會的宗教儀式視頻,主要以 2024 年 21 Togher, Leanne, Linda Hand, and Chris Code, “Analysing Discourse in the Traumatic Brain Injury Population: Telephone Interactions with Different Communication Partners.” Brain Injury 11.3 (1997): 169-90. 22 董晶,〈權力與自由:從福柯的微觀權力理論視角解讀索爾仁尼琴的《癌症樓》〉,《今古文創》,第 44期(北京:2023.11),36-38;于春燕,〈我國學校場域權力關係運作及其後果分析——基於福柯微觀權力理論的視角〉,《理論與改革》,第 1期(成都:2013.01),94-96。
沈莘莘、張靜 68 9 ⽉ 29 ⽇的⼀次宗教儀式視頻中的宗教話語作為個案研究,時長為八⼗三分鐘,覆蓋佈道、禱告、讚美詩等不同儀式環節。本⽂聚焦佈道這⼀環節,因為在這⼀環節中,宗教話語參與者的互動較多,話語具有創造性和動態性,顯著表徵「勸誡話語」特徵。23 該教會從 1911 年創⽴以來⼀直致⼒於新加坡莆仙⽅⾔的傳承和接續,在教會崇拜的多個儀式中或配以莆仙⽅⾔⼜譯者或⼀⼈兼顧傳道與翻譯,促進教會參與者的⽅⾔身份表達,增強其凝聚⼒。 作為同鄉,研究者之⼀通過中間⼈聯繫到⼜譯者⿈女⼠。她在新加坡⽣活廿六年,在該教會從事翻譯活動已有⼗六年,長期參與教會語⾔實踐使其成為代表華⼈跨國移民群體宗教話語研究的理想案例。 新加坡興化崇拜教會的主⽇崇拜過程通過教會的專業設備在 YouTube 上進⾏實時直播,並⾃動⽣成公開重播,該視頻由現場莆仙⽅⾔⼜譯員⿈女⼠轉發給研究者之⼀。由於視頻本身已被設置為「公開」,故未再另⾏簽署書⾯同意書,研究者在⼆次使⽤前,通過微信向⿈女⼠確認視頻僅⽤於學術研究,不作商業或政治⽤途︔並做到僅分析語⾔現象,不評價教義真偽。視頻數據為研究提供豐富的實證基礎,使得研究者能夠反復觀察和分析傳道者和⼜譯者在實際宗教情境中的語⾔使⽤情況,為全⾯分析宗教話語中的權⼒動態提供多角度的視角。 (二)、數據分析 從系統功能語⾔學的三個語⾔層次來分析,該宗教儀式視頻話語中的場域(Field)是宗教崇拜中的證道環節,主題為「詩歌作為蒙恩途徑」。語旨(Tenor)由傳道者(C)、⼜譯者(K)和聽眾組成,其中,傳道者為權威話語源,擁有神學解釋權︔⼜譯者為語⾔中介者,承擔語⾔轉換與話語重構的角⾊︔聽眾為興化語群體,處於接受端。語式(Mode)是普通話—莆仙⽅⾔的雙語講道,⼜語為主,輔以 PPT 書⾯形式,⼜譯為莆仙⽅⾔的同步轉換。從福柯的微觀權⼒ 23 Longacre, Robert E, The Grammar of Discourse 2nd ed, (New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 1996); Longacre, Robert E, “The Discourse Strategy of an Appeals Letter,” in Discourse Description: Diverse Analyses of a Fund Raising Text, edited by William C. Mann and Sandra A. Thompson, 109-130. (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2011).
華人跨國移民群體宗教話語中的權力關係協商 69 模型來分析,該教會實質上運⽤時間、空間、檢查等規範化⼿段來塑造個體和協商權⼒,如規定哪個時間來參加崇拜,⼜譯者和傳道者以及教眾的站位與座位,以及檢查過程中傳道者掌握知識也掌控著權⼒。 為便於後續的深入量化分析,我們使⽤ ELAN 6.8 軟件對所收集的視頻進⾏轉寫與多層級標注,構建三個平⾏層級:包括 L1 傳道者普通話轉寫層︔L2⼜譯者莆仙⽅⾔轉寫層︔L3 ⼜譯者莆仙⽅⾔國際⾳標層。24 其後,將標註內容導出為 Excel ⽂件,對其執⾏進⼀步標註,參考 Margaret Berry 的輪換結構模型對語⾔材料進⾏編碼,在對話展開的每個階段,說話者都有哪些選擇,這些選擇為接下來的對話設定預期,是分析不同情境下話語交流及其背後社會權⼒關係的重要⼯具。需要注意的是,該場域下的權⼒關係不僅僅體現在對話參與者的「⾃我」與「他者」之間,更包括非物質化的「上帝」等宗教權威。 四、研究結果與討論 (一)、總體編碼與數據統計情況 為系統揭⽰華⼈跨國移民群體宗教話語中權⼒關係的協商機制,本⽂對雙語佈道視頻語料進⾏輪換結構編碼,按照話輪結構從簡單到複雜的梯度規整出表格 1 的總體編碼統計結果。話語輪換結構在語篇上以 I-R-F-R「發起—回應—反饋—回應」(F-R-F-R)佔比 71.2%(46.7+24.5),⽀持福柯(1991)的「規訓技術」——通過結構化互動實現對參與者⾏為與思想的塑造。因為傳道者在⼤多數情況(71.2%)下不僅需要⾃⼰完成命題內容(pc),⽽且需要對⾃⼰發起的語步進⾏回應和回饋(F)︔⽽⼜譯者只在進⾏⼜譯活動的回應(R)。 24 ELAN (version 6.8). Computer software, Nijmegen: The Language Archive, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 2019. https://archive.mpi.nl/tla/elan.
華人跨國移民群體宗教話語中的權力關係協商 71 占 26.7%,表明雖然傳道者常通過「dk1-k2-k1-k2f」的話語輪換結構營造參與感,引導教眾思考,將單向灌輸變為共同探索,既增加信徒的參與感,又能強化他們對教義的理解。但實則保留最終解釋權,體現輪換結構中微觀權⼒的「層級監視」和「檢查」機制。最後,「a1 lead」(傳道者作為主要⾏動者發起輪換)占比 2.2%,僅發⽣⼀次,這⼀⽅⾯印證節選視頻中傳道者與⼜譯者絕⼤多數的語步都是以命題的形式出現,另⼀⽅⾯,傳道者以主要⾏動者的角⾊發起語步,旨在引導信徒採取具體⾏動,宗教活動中,這可能表現為號召信徒參與宗教儀式等。我們將在下⼀節通過提供具體例⼦展開具體分析。 表2. 輪換中發起語步類型統計 語步類型 頻數 佔比(%) k1 lead 31 68.9 k2 lead 1 2.2 dk1 lead 12 26.7 a1 lead 1 2.2 a2 lead 0 0 總數 45 100 (二)、傳道者與口譯者的話語輪換結構 當語⾔⽤以交流信息時,⼩句是以命題的形式出現的,成為可以討論的對象。25 總體的語料編碼結果表明,傳道者(C)通常作為對話發起者(I),承擔主要知者(k1)的角⾊,並設定命題內容︔⽽⼜譯者(K)在傳道者說話後⽅知曉命題內容,承擔次要知者(k2)的角⾊,且⼀般是對主要知者的上⼀個語步進⾏回應(R)⽽非回饋(F)。譬如,摘錄 3 的語篇編碼為:I-R︔⼈際編碼為:k1-k2f。經驗層上,⼜譯者需要在傳道者設定命題內容後予以⽀援,⽽非完成命題內容,若是傳道者只通過⼀個語步就結束命題,那麼經驗編碼為:pb-ps。這時,在佈道環節剛開始時,傳道者就將⾃⼰定位為主要的知情者,⽽教眾成員只需接受信息即可,明確體現宗教話語中話語權的分配和角⾊設定, 25 Halliday, M. A. K., and Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen, Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 2014.
沈莘莘、張靜 72 強調「傳道者—⼜譯者—教眾」分層管理、逐級監視的權⼒機制。26 摘錄3 C:各位長輩,各位弟兄姐妹,大家主日平安! I k1 pb K:各位頂輩,各位主日的弟兄姐妹平安! R k2f ps 為成功完成信息傳遞, k1 說話者權威地提供或確認信息這個步驟是不可或缺的。k2 說話者僅僅表明其知道該信息是不夠的︔該信息還需要得到 k1 的確認。次要知情者(k2)和主要知情者(k1)是否採取後續⾏動的選擇在⼀定程度上取決於當時的話語情境。理論上它們是可選的,但若忽略它們,有時會被視為不禮貌。27 因此,傳道者在摘錄 2 中不僅需要⾃⼰完成佈道的命題內容,還需要對⾃⼰發起的語步進⾏回饋︔⽽⼜譯者只在進⾏⼜譯活動的回應。此時,經驗層上,傳道者還需要由⾃身來完成命題內容。 摘錄2 C:非常榮幸可以來到興化音崇拜,這是我第一次聽到興化話。 I k1 pb K:傳道講非常歡喜來到㑚輩天主教堂做禮拜,伊是第一次聽興化話。 R k2f ps C:非常好聽,好像唱歌一樣。 F k1f pc K:盡好聽,好像唱歌一樣。 R k2f ps 次要知情者和主要知情者是否採取後續⾏動的選擇是交流過程中發⽣的次要選擇。主要選擇則體現在發起者⾸先選擇是扮演次要知情者(k2)還是主要知者(k1)。如果發起者選擇扮演主要知者,那麼其還有另⼀個選擇,是⽴即扮演該角⾊,還是如摘錄 4 ⼀般推遲扮演該角⾊(dk1),直到發現次要知情者是否知道該信息。28 摘錄4 C:蒙恩途徑是什麼意思呢? I dk1 pb K:蒙恩途徑是甚麼意思呢? R k2 ps C:就是一種透過上帝賜的管道,我們可以親近神,更經歷祂的恩典。 F k1 pc 26 Berry, Margaret, “Dynamism in Exchange Structure,” 33-55. 27 Berry, Margaret, “Dynamism in Exchange Structure,” 33-55. 28 Berry, Margaret, “Dynamism in Exchange Structure,” 33-55.
華人跨國移民群體宗教話語中的權力關係協商 73 K:透過上帝給㑚輩的管道,㑚輩跟上帝更加親近,更敬拜上帝。 R k2f ps C:而詩歌是其中一個很重要的蒙恩途徑。 F k1f pc K:詩歌是一個盡重要的蒙恩途徑。 R k2f ps 在上述摘錄 2 中,k1 說話者⽴即權威地提供信息︔⽽摘錄 4 中,kl 說話者則將權威確認延遲到 k2 講話之後。傳道者以⼀個延遲知者的角⾊來設定命題,⽽後⾃⼰進⾏回答和命題完成。這⼀話語輪換結構呈現出權⼒關係的「擱置—確認—回收」的權⼒協商過程。尤其在第⼀個 F 語步中,傳道者的⾃我權威通過對宗教概念的定義得以彰顯的同時,這⼀定義的內容又完全依託於宗教權威,實現宗教、⾃我以及教眾之間權⼒關係的不斷協商過程。 摘錄 5 中傳道者作為主要⾏動者發起輪換(a1)號召教眾⼀起唱詩,體現宗教佈道不僅是知識的傳授,還注重引導信徒將宗教理念轉化為實際⾏動,促進宗教信仰在⽇常⽣活中的實踐。傳道者作為這⼀以⾏動交換為核⼼的話語輪換的發起者,通過從「講解教義」轉為「指揮身體」完成對⾃我權威的建構過程。 摘錄5 C:來我們一起來唱那紅色的部分,就那副歌就好。 I a1 pc K:㑚輩齊唱紅的副歌部分。 R k2f ps 同時,這种動作的規定強化在教會這個空間中權⼒的掌控者和被掌控者之間的權⼒關係,權⼒在⽀配⾁體的同時,也將某種規範滲透進⼈的思想之中,從⽽構成⼀個完整的規訓主體。29 但 2.2%的占比還是說明在該語境下的輪換主要還是以知識交換為主,⽽非⾏動協商,這符合佈道可以被描述為勸誡話語的典型特徵——命令在更多情況下如摘錄 6 中,被包裝成知識的灌輸或情感上的邀請,從⽽降低對抗性,因為隱藏權⼒也是⾏使權⼒的⼀種⼿段。30 29 劉家歡,〈福柯的微觀權力論及其運作〉,《齊齊哈爾大學學報(哲學社會科學版)》,第 1期(齊齊哈爾:2016.01),36-38+50。 30 Longacre, The Grammar of Discourse, 1996; Longacre, Robert E, “The Discourse Strategy of an Appeals Letter,” 109-130; Cipriani, Alessandro C, Power in Religious Discourse: A Discourse Analysis of Two Sermons from the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, (Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2002).
沈莘莘、張靜 74 摘錄6 C:保羅說我們要用各樣的智慧把基督的道存在心裡。 I k1 pb K:保羅講當用各樣的智慧將基督的道存在心裡向。 R k2f ps (三)、傳道者與口譯者話語中宗教權威與自我權威的意義構建 在宗教話語研究中,「宗教權威」並非孤⽴概念,⽽是通過語⾔被不斷提及、建構、表演與協商的核⼼對象。Lempert 發現,藏傳佛教僧侶們在辯論中經常引⽤傳統的權威聲⾳,這種報告話語風格類比聲⾳之間的對話性⽴場,這些⽴場使無形代理,即⼀個擴散的、權威的教義「傳統」,在此時此地的⾔語事件中變得內在。31 Du Bois 對宗教儀式⾔語中常⾒的特徵進⾏有⽤的總結,其中包括個⼈意志放棄,即將⾃⼰的話語歸功於傳統來源以及避免使⽤第⼀和第⼆⼈稱代詞等。Du Bois 認為這些特徵傾向於將對⾔語的明顯控制權從說話時在場的個體近端說話者轉移到某個在空間、時間或本體論上更遠的主體。32在福柯的微觀權⼒模型中,知識作為真理,具有權⼒的效應。在檢查的過程中,掌握知識的⼈同時也就掌控著權⼒,在知識的傳播過程中,知識成為⼀種裁決的標準,從⽽賦予掌握知識者以監視的權⼒。33 在宗教場域,聖經⽂本與神學概念就是「宗教知識」,傳道者與⼜譯者對這些知識的掌控,是獲取權⼒的核⼼前提。本研究中的傳道者和⼜譯者主要通過引⽤聖經⽂本(摘錄 7)或將超驗概念「物質化」(摘錄 4)等的話語策略建構宗教權威。摘錄 7 中傳道者通過引⽤聖經⽂本開啟命題(pb),利⽤這⼀權威宗教知識,牢牢佔據主要知者(k1)位置︔⼜譯者作為 k2f 回應的同時僅作語⾔轉換⽽不觸及命題內容,完成「傳道者設定命題、⼜譯者負責傳譯」的權⼒分配結構。引⽤權威宗教⽂本也是⼀種「規範化裁決」,聖經⽂本成為評判「正確信仰」與「錯誤認知」的標準,傳道者因掌握「聖經解釋權」,⾃然獲得對信徒信仰的「監視權⼒」。 31 Lempert, Michael, “Discourse and Religion,” In The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, 2nd ed., edited by Deborah Tannen, Heidi E. Hamilton, and Deborah Schiffrin, 902-919, (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015). 32 Du Bois, John W, “Self-Evidence and Ritual Speech,” 55-83. 33 劉家歡,〈福柯的微觀權力論及其運作〉,36-38+50。
華人跨國移民群體宗教話語中的權力關係協商 75 摘錄7 C:保羅在《歌羅西書》整個第三章一直提起,一些的身份。 I k1 pb K:保羅在《歌羅西書》第三章一直提起許下多的身份。 R k2f ps C:三章十節他說我們穿上新人。 F k1f pc K:三章十節講穿上新的人。 R k2f ps 在摘錄 8 中,傳道者作為宗教權威的代理⼈和宗教正統話語的「官⽅發⾔⼈」,在發起「上帝賞賜給我們」這⼀語步(I)時,其命題內容強調動作者(上帝)對⽬標(我們)實施某個具體的動作(賞賜),是⼀種⾃上⽽下的恩典邏輯,突出上帝作為施予者的主動性與主體性,將「上帝」這⼀超驗概念物質化,教眾則處於被動接受的位置。⽽⼜譯者在回應(R)的同時完成命題內容,將「上帝賞賜給我們」翻譯為「㑚輩獻給上帝」,轉移主體之間的施受關係,意思也有⼀定程度的變化。該翻譯重新編碼信仰的邏輯,使宗教權威不再依賴於「神的恩賜」,⽽依賴於「⼈的奉獻」。從權⼒角度分析,這種轉變使信徒從被動接受權⼒的⼀⽅,變為主動實施⾏為的主體,這种話語輪換中宗教權威與教眾權⼒之間的隱性協商表明權⼒不僅是⾃上⽽下或集中於某些機構或階級,⽽是有無數的作⽤點。 摘錄8 C:特別是我們衛理宗的信徒,詩歌更是上帝賞賜給我們的蒙恩的途徑。 I k1 pb K:特別是㑚輩衛理公會的,詩歌是㑚輩獻給上帝蒙恩的途徑。 R k2f ps 與前⽂所提及的「已被賦予的宗教權威」如聖經、傳統等不同,⾃我權威是來源於個⼈體驗、情緒和⾒證的⼀種在話語中被主動協商和建構的權威形式。傳道者在摘錄 9~10 中數次強化⾃身權威,主要體現在:傳道者通過直接設定佈道環節的議題以及語步命題(如「今天是聖約主⽇」)、以⾃我體驗為基礎得出結論(如「我剛才感受到……」),以及通過「我為你們感謝上帝」這類以第⼀⼈稱單數來處理其地位所帶來的權⼒話語,將⾃身置於神聖與聽眾之間的「代理⼈」位置,實質上完成對⾃我權威的「加冕」過程。34 這⼀過程印證福柯的觀點:權威是在話語中被主動協商和建構的,⽽非僅僅是被賦予的。35 當 34 Lempert, Michael, “Discourse and Religion,” 902-919. 35 Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1980.
沈莘莘、張靜 76 傳道者使⽤「我相信」、「我剛才感受到」等表述時,她正在將「被賦予的宗教權威」(如聖經、上帝)與個⼈體驗這⼀「⾃我知識」相結合,再⽣產出⼀個新的權⼒/知識節點。 摘錄9 C:是,今天是聖約主日 I k1 pb K:今天是聖約主日 R k2f ps C:顧名思義,逃不開我們要談一些關於我們一直唱的詩歌呀,或者是我們的敬拜的課題 F k1f pc K:逐個人一算就知向,今天要講的跟音樂有關係,跟㑚輩所唱的詩歌有關係。 R k2f ps 摘錄10 C:而提到讚美上帝,我相信唱歌是我們不陌生而且很喜歡的方式。 I k1 pb K:㑚輩講讚美上帝,唱歌是一個不生份的物乇(東西),㑚輩是常常做的。 R k2f ps ⾃我權威不僅體現傳道者在宗教話語中的主體性,也揭⽰宗教權威並非靜態存在,⽽是在具體語境中通過話語實踐被不斷協商與重塑。36 傳道者強化⾃我權威的⽬的,不僅為鞏固其在宗教共同體中的領導地位,更在於通過語⾔的凝聚作⽤,將教眾整合為具有共同信仰、⾏為規範與情感認同的宗教群體,實現宗教的社會功能。37 在這⼀過程中,傳道者並非單純依賴傳統教義或聖經⽂本等「被賦予的宗教權威」,同時通過語⾔策略將「⾃我」建構為神聖意志的傳達者與解釋者,從⽽在宗教共同體中確⽴其合法性。這種權威建構機制揭⽰宗教話語不僅是信仰內容的傳遞⼯具,更是權⼒關係的展演場域、身份建構的實踐空間。通過對話語細節的深入分析,我們可以更好地理解傳道者如何在語⾔中「成為權威」,⽽非僅僅「擁有權威」。 36 Keane, Webb. “Religious Language,” Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997): 47-71. 37 Conrad, Reinhard, and Rüdiger Hardenberg, “Religious Speech as Resource: A Research Report,” International Journal of Practical Theology 24.1 (2020): 165-195.
沈莘莘、張靜 78 徵引書目 一、英文書目與期刊 [1] Antoun, Richard T. Muslim Preacher in the Modern World: A Jordanian Case Study in Comparative Perspective. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014. [2] Berry, Margaret. “Dynamism in Exchange Structure.” English Text Construction 9.1 (2016): 33-55. [3] Carvalhaes, Cláudio. “Forms of Speech, Religion, and Social Resistance.” Cross Currents 66.2 (2016): 136-153. [4] Charwi, Mustapha Zahir. “Semantic Expressions of Conflict and Emotion in African Religious Prayers: A Cross-Tradition Analysis.” Cogent Arts & Humanities 12.1 (2025): 2489859. [5] Cipriani, Alessandro C. Power in Religious Discourse: A Discourse Analysis of Two Sermons from the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God. Florianópolis: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 2002. [6] Conrad, Reinhard, and Rüdiger Hardenberg. “Religious Speech as Resource: A Research Report.” International Journal of Practical Theology 24.1 (2020): 165-195. [7] Du Bois, John W. “Self-Evidence and Ritual Speech.” In Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology, edited by Wallace Chafe and Johanna Nichols, 55-83. Norwood, NJ: Ablex, 1986. [8] Foucault, Michel. Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972-1977. Edited by Colin Gordon. New York: Pantheon, 1980. [9] Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. New York: Penguin, 1991. [10] García, Jonathan, Maximo M. Laboy, Valnizia da Almeida, and Richard Parker. “Local Impacts of Religious Discourses on Rights to Express Same-Sex Sexual Desires in Peri-urban Rio de Janeiro.” Sexuality Research & Social Policy 6.3 (2009): 44-60.
華人跨國移民群體宗教話語中的權力關係協商 79 [11] Halliday, M. A. K., and Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen. Halliday’s Introduction to Functional Grammar. 4th ed. London: Routledge, 2014. [12] Keane, Webb. “Religious Language.” Annual Review of Anthropology 26 (1997): 47-71. [13] Lempert, Michael. “Discourse and Religion.” In The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, 2nd ed., edited by Deborah Tannen, Heidi E. Hamilton, and Deborah Schiffrin, 902-919. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2015. [14] Longacre, Robert E. The Grammar of Discourse. 2nd ed. New York: Springer Science & Business Media, 1996. [15] Longacre, Robert E. “The Discourse Strategy of an Appeals Letter.” In Discourse Description: Diverse Analyses of a Fund Raising Text, edited by William C. Mann and Sandra A. Thompson, 109-130. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2011. [16] Palangyos, Ariel C., and Mark B. Ulla. “Persuasion, Proclamation, and Power: The Role of Language and Rhetoric in Sermon Delivery.” Cogent Arts & Humanities 12.1 (2025): 2481756. [17] Sinclair, John, and Malcolm Coulthard. Towards an Analysis of Discourse: The English Used by Teachers and Pupils. London: Oxford University Press, 1975. [18] Togher, Leanne, Laura Hand, and Chris Code. “A New Perspective on the Relationship between Communication Impairment and Disempowerment Following Head Injury in Information Exchanges.” Disability and Rehabilitation 18.11 (1996): 559-566. [19] Togher, Leanne, Linda Hand, and Chris Code. 1997. “Analysing Discourse in the Traumatic Brain Injury Population: Telephone Interactions with Different Communication Partners.” Brain Injury 11.3 (1997): 169-90. [20] Ventola, Eija. The Structure of Social Interaction: A Systemic Approach to the Semiotics of Service Encounters. London: Pinter, 1987. [21] Wijsen, Frans. “Discourse Analysis in Religious Studies: The Case of Interreligious Worship in Friesland.” Anthropos 105 (2010): 539-553. [22] Zainal Ariff, Tengku Nur Aina. “Ethnographic Discourse Analysis: Conversion to
張語格、魏慧萍 84 A Study of the Linguistic Landscape of the Historic Centre of Macao Based on Fieldwork Zhang, Yuge; Wei, Huiping1 (1. Associate Professor, University College, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: The Historic Centre of Macao bears the imprint of over four centuries of cultural exchange between China and foreign nations. Its linguistic landscape, blending historical and contemporary multicultural connotations, holds significant and unique value as a sample. This study employed fieldwork methods to collect 160 signage samples across five sampling sites within the Historic Centre of Macao. Utilizing the entity dimension of the three-dimensional analysis model, the study described and analyzed the code distribution patterns, variations across sampling sites, and contrasts between official and unofficial signage within the language landscape of the Historic Centre of Macao. Furthermore, the study examined code usage patterns within the language landscape through the lens of place semiotics theory. The findings reveal that the current linguistic landscape of the Historic Centre of Macao is characterized by a salient multilingual profile, with Chinese as the primary dominant code, while maintaining the Sino-Portuguese bilingual policy, making Portuguese a mandatory code. To align with English’s status as an international lingua franca, the linguistic landscape of Macao’s Historic Centre primarily employs English as the main auxiliary code alongside Chinese and Portuguese, with Japanese serving as a secondary auxiliary East Asian code. The researcher also identified a small number of Latin samples during the investigation, representing the lowest proportion of the total sample. Regarding code placement, Chinese consistently serves as the most salient code on signage, with the multilingual code hierarchy being: Chinese, Portuguese, English, Japanese, Latin. Techniques such as “vertical placement with font variation”, “vertical placement with font variation and cultural information”, and “horizontal placement with directional variation” are employed to reinforce the prominence of salient codes spatially, visually, and conceptually. The historical layers of the linguistic landscape in the Historic Centre of Macao are profoundly rich, densely reflecting nearly five centuries of temporal elements within a limited spatial scope. It achieves a linguistic landscape characterized by the continuous dialogue between history and the contemporary, as well as the diverse yet mutually integrated cultural origins, thereby realizing a culturally inscribed narrative brought about by high space-time cohesion. Keywords: Historic Centre of Macao; Linguistic Landscape; Multilingualism; Salient Codes; Space-Time Cohesion
張語格、魏慧萍 88 二、研究設計 (一)、理論視角:「實體維度」分析和場所符號學分析相結合 三維分析模型是 Trumper-Hecht在 2010年基於空間理論所提出的。該模型認為語⾔景觀可以從三個維度進⾏梳理,分別為:實體維度、政治維度、體驗維度,其中,實體維度主要考察語⾔景觀的的實際分佈情況︔政治維度主要考察語⾔景觀創設者及語⾔意識如何塑造語⾔景觀︔體驗維度主要考察民眾或語⾔景觀使⽤者對語⾔景觀的印象和評價。18 本⽂研究者以收集到的第⼀⼿樣本資料為素材,將重點聚焦於三維度中的「實體維度」進⾏分析。場所符號學的研究關注語碼取向、字刻、置放等分析視角,這些視角能夠觸發語⾔景觀背後影響語碼突顯重要因素和社會語義⽣成機制的闡釋。 本⽂研究者將融合語⾔景觀實體維度分析和場所符號學分析視角,針對所收集的可被受眾觀察、可被記錄並保存的標牌語⾔樣本,描述分析澳⾨歷史城區語⾔景觀的語碼選擇取向、語碼使⽤、分佈狀況、官⽅和非官⽅標牌對比、字刻置放等情況,以充分描寫澳⾨歷史城區的多元化語碼和標牌特徵。同時,考慮到歷史城區考察的特殊性,本研究將⼗分重視語⾔景觀置放場所的歷史⽂化資訊解讀,從⽽真正觸及這些景觀背後的社會歷史語境和⽂化特⾊。 (二)、研究對象 1、樣本界定 本⽂以澳⾨歷史城區五個抽樣點的語⾔景觀為研究對象。具體⽽⾔,本⽂的研究對象包括澳⾨歷史城區中的建築名稱牌、解說牌、介紹牌、警⽰牌、指⽰牌、店鋪招牌、看板、以及歷史建築本身的⽂字等。以上各類標牌在澳⾨歷史城區的設置 18 Nira Trumper-Hecht, “Linguistic Landscape in Mixed Cities in Israel from the Perspective of ‘Walkers’: The Case of Arabic,” Linguistic Landscape in the City, Bristol: Multilingual Matters (2010): 235-251.
基於田野調研的澳門歷史城區語言景觀研究 103 徵引書目 一、英文專書與期刊論文 [1] Landry, R. & R. Y. Bourhis, “Linguistic Landscape and Ethnolinguistic Vitality an Empirical Study.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16.01 (1997): 23-49. [2] Libo Yan, Maria Younghee Lee, “Tourist Perceptions of the Multi Linguistic Landscape in Macau.” Journal of China Tourism Research, 10:4 (UK: 2014.10): 432-447. [3] Nira Trumper-Hecht, “Linguistic Landscape in Mixed Cities in Israel from the Perspective of ‘Walkers’: The Case of Arabic.” Linguistic Landscape in the City, Bristol: Multilingual Matters, (2010): 235-251. [4] Scollon, R., & Scollon. S. W. Discourses in Place: Language in the Material World, London: Routledge, 2003. 二、中文專書與期刊論文 [1] 程祥徽,〈三⽂四語在澳⾨和諧相處〉,《語⾔戰略研究》,第4期(北京:2021),1。 [2] 李琛,〈西安歷史⽂化街區多模態語⾔景觀研究——基於⽂化資本理論視角〉,《⽂化學刊》,第10期(瀋陽:2022.10),218-221。 [3] 劉羨冰,〈澳⾨開埠前後的語⾔狀況與中外的語⾔溝通〉,《中國語⽂》第1期(北京:1994.01),53-56。 [4] 劉鍵,《⾹港地區語⾔景觀研究》,西安:陝西師範⼤學博⼠學位論⽂,2020,25。 [5] 尚國⽂、趙守輝,〈語⾔景觀研究的視角、理論與⽅法〉,《外語教學與研究》,第2期(北京:2014.03),214-223+320。 [6] 巫喜麗、戰菊,〈歷史⽂化街區語⾔景觀研究——以店名標牌為例〉,《中國外語》,第4期(北京:2022.07),53-61。
張舒霓 108 Hong Kong Cultural Periodicals’ Role in Filling Gaps in Mainstream Chinese Cultural Discourse in the 1970s: A Case Study of Pangu Zhang, Shuni (PhD Student, University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) Abstract: The Hong Kong cultural periodical Pangu was published from March 1967 to July 1978. Amid the leftist cultural fervor of the 1970s, Pangu centered its intellectual discourse on “anti-independence” and “return”, embodying the idealist passion of the overseas Baodiao (Defend Diaoyu Islands Movement) generation. Firmly rooted in Chinese cultural essentialism, the periodical resisted the Westernizing tendencies of modernist trends in Taiwan and Hong Kong while critically reflecting on the ideological biases of the New Asia spirit. Poetically, Pangu emphasized the application of expressive and pragmatic theories in Chinese New Poetry criticism; historically, it rediscovered and carried forward the cultural legacy of early modernist poets such as He Qifang and Bian Zhilin, as well as the Nine Leaves School. Amid the trend of “Fang Ren Guan Zheng” (global vision; national identity; social concern; rights advocacy), Pangu’s fellows demonstrated a youthful commitment to critiquing capitalism and serving marginalized communities. These literary and social movements collectively functioned as an intellectually independent historical intermediary, supplementing and enriching the mainstream currents of 1970s Chinese culture. Keywords: Pangu; Defend Diaoyu Islands Movement; Cultural essentialism; 20th-century Chinese New Poetry; Fang Ren Guan Zheng
董北辰 134 Analysis of the Coverage of Breach of Contract in Overseas Investment Insurance Dong Bei Chen (PhD Student, Faculty of Law, Xiamen University) Abstract: Breach of contract insurance in overseas investment insurance is a type of political risk insurance that guarantees against the breach of contract risk by the host country. Its scope of coverage is relevant to both safeguarding China’s overseas interests and improving the political risk insurance system. However, there is no unified international standard regarding its coverage, and further clarification is needed in this regard. Although China has introduced breach of contract insurance, its triggering conditions are strict. Insurance claims depend on the favorable judgment obtained by investors, yet fails to cover scenarios where investors have no means of seeking compensation or where judicial injustice occurs, thereby limiting the insurance protection function of the insurance. To address this, Sinosure should incorporate denial of justice into its political risk insurance framework. Specifically, denial of justice should be clearly defined as a core triggering condition within the existing breach of contract insurance structure. This would help improve China’s political risk insurance system and strengthen risk protection for investments under the “Belt and Road” Initiative. Keywords: Political Risk Insurance; Coverage; Breach of Contract; Expropriation; Denial of Justice
董北辰 136 理三個層⾯對違約險進⾏探討。2 通過本研究,以期為完善我國海外投資保險制度、助⼒中國企業規避和應對「⼀帶⼀路」沿線國家的政府違約風險、服務⾼⽔平對外開放提供理論⽀撐。 二、東道國政府違約風險的界定 違約險(Breach of Contract Insurance),或稱政府違約險,雖然在國際投資法領域尚無統⼀定義,且各國保險機構對其承保範圍的規定不盡相同,但都指向同⼀前提,即發⽣「東道國政府違約風險」。對其內涵的界定是明晰違約險承保範圍的基礎。以下從「東道國政府」「約」「違」三⽅⾯解構。 第⼀,「違約」的⾏為主體通常是東道國政府及其分⽀機構、授權機構或受其控制的實體,其中「實體」包括東道國政府所擁有或控制的公司。3 這些實體作為違約⾏為主體的判斷關鍵在於其是否⾏使公權⼒。根據國家責任理論,經國家依法授權的非國家機關的個⼈或實體⾏使特定政府權⼒要素的⾏為歸於國家。4 但需滿⾜經國家依法授權、⾏使特定政府權⼒要素兩個要件。5 國際投資仲裁庭認為,就國家擁有和控制的公司或企業的⾏為並非直接認定⾏為歸於國家,除非其在事實或法律上⾏使政府權⼒要素,並在有關事件發⽣時以這⼀身份⾏事。6 因此在實踐中,對國有實體的⾏為是否歸因於國家需經個案的判定。7 例如美國 OPIC在 Dabhol電 2 本文是基於 2023年 10月至 2024年 5月期間對中國信保調研後所做研究的基礎上形成,研究參考的保單文本為〈海外投資股權保險單(2015年 3月版)〉。2025年中國信保對保單進行了修訂,新舊條款的適用設置一年過渡期。2025年版保單對違約險和徵收險作出一定程度的修改和更新,也印證本文部分觀點。因此,本文涉及到中國信保部分仍以 2015年版保單為基礎研究對象,並在適當部分納入新條款作為對比,或在腳註中予以明確,特此說明。 3 在 1961年的〈對外援助法案〉和 2018年 BUILD法案關於「徵收」的定義中,都含有外國管理機構(Foreign Governing Authority)的表述,「……包括但不限於外國政府、外國政府的分支機構或外國政府擁有或控制的公司……」。 4 聯合國國際法委員會,〈國家對國際不法行為的責任條款草案〉,第 5條。 5 經國家依法授權是指,國家的國內法授權該實體行使某些政府權力要素。同時需要依據授權方式、行使權力的目的、向政府負責的程度以及一國的社會、歷史和傳統等綜合判斷;行使政府權力要素就必須要涉及政府活動,而非從事其他私人活動或商業活動,因而私人或私人實體在「受到一國的指揮或控制」情況下的行為歸於國家。參見聯合國國際法委員會,〈國家對國際不法行為的責任條款草案〉,第 8條。 6 Republic of Italy v. Republic of Cuba, Ad hoc Arbitration, Award, 2008, para.161. 7 聯合國國際法委員會,〈國家對國際不法行為的責任條款草案〉,第 5條。
海外投資保險中違約險之承保範圍辨析 137 廠案中明確實施純商業合同⾏為的國有企業並非投資合同的締約主體。8 第⼆,違約險中的「約」通常是指東道國政府及其代表機構與投資者之間簽訂的具有投資屬性的協議和具有法律性質的投資承諾,是傳統國家契約(State Contract)或權利特許協議(Concession Agreement)的延伸,並排除純商業屬性的合同,也非指國際條約。9 在各國承保機構保單中,MIGA的「約」是指「與投保⼈或項⽬公司簽訂的合同」。10 中國信保定義「約」為「與被保險⼈或項⽬企業就投資項⽬簽署的具有法律約束⼒的協議或合同」。11 德國 PwC 增加「除投資合同外具有法律約束⼒的承諾(Legally Binding Commitments)」。12 ⽇本 NEXI限定「約」為「能夠依法以⾦錢賠償形式追究違約責任的合同,例如發電項⽬中的電⼒購買協議(PPA)」。13 美國承保的政府違約風險規定「約」為「與投資者就投資項⽬簽訂的合同」。14 概⾔之,違約險中的「約」普遍認可的內涵是指與投資項⽬相關的合同和承諾。 第三,政府違約風險下,「違」特指東道國政府違反投資合同和法律承諾的⾏為,且必須是東道國基於主權⾏為(Sovereign Acts)實施。其表現形式可歸納為四種:廢除合同(Abrogation)、拒絕履⾏合同(Repudiation)、違反合同(Breach) 8 Memorandum of Determinations, Expropriation Claim of Bank of America, N.A. v. India, Contract of Insurance No. F041. 9 權利特許協議(Concession Agreement)是指外國投資者在東道國經過特別許可,在指定的區域和期限內享有國家專屬的某些權利,在該國境內從事自然資源開發或公用事業建設等特殊經濟活動的法律協議。參見方之寅,〈試論國家契約的性質及適用的法律〉,《法學》,第 7期(北京:1983),27。 10 MIGA公約原文中沒有項目公司,但在MIGA〈投資擔保指南(2021)〉關於違約險的定義中寫入項目公司。MIGA Convention (2018), Article 11(iii). 11 中國出口信用保險公司,〈海外投資股權保險單(2015年 3月版〉,第 6條第 2款、第 3款。中國出口信用保險公司,〈海外投資股權保險單(2025年版〉,第 3.5.1條。 12 包括「使項目公司有權獲得一般法律促進計劃批准範圍以外的特殊利益而作出的合同義務或單方面的正式義務,涵蓋東道國政府單邊和個別聲明以及雙邊合同規定的義務」。“Investment Guarantees of the Federal Republic of Germany, Breach of Contract by Authorities”, https://www.investitionsgarantien.de/_Resources/Persistent/b/7/f/e/b7fed47a190d40408e0e2e5c27550779655aeec0/DIA_3-Breach-en-160925-WEB.pdf,瀏覽日期為 2025年 12月 3日。 13 NEXI,〈貿易保險介紹(2023年 10月)〉,20。 14 Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018, p72, Sec.238(b); Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, (P.L. 87-195), p104, Sec. 238(b); DFC official website, https://www.DFC.gov/what-we-offer/our-products/political-risk-insurance, 瀏覽日期為 2026 年 4 月25日。
董北辰 138 和減損合同(Impairment of Contract)。15 在具體場景中,通常以直接違約與間接違約形式表現。前者如不履⾏合同義務和承諾,後者如通過法律廢⽌合同,或通過⽴法使合同失去價值、單⽅⾯變更合同、利⽤國內法賦予的權⼒廢除合同,或以違反本國法律的⽅式廢⽌合同等。16 綜上,在國際投資法視閾下可將「東道國政府違約風險」的內涵歸納為:東道國⾏政機關或⾏使國家公權⼒的企業實體基於國家主權廢除、違反、不履⾏與投資者簽訂的投資協議或法律承諾致使投資者損失的風險。 三、違約險承保範圍之國際比較 1988年〈多邊投資擔保機構公約〉(簡稱〈漢城公約〉)設⽴MIGA之前,美國已於 1948年創建海外投資擔保制度,並於 1964年設⽴專⾨的海外私⼈投資公司(OPIC),1971年正式營運。MIGA投資保證體制既源於美國 OPIC,又有所區別。在險種設置上,美國 OPIC 及當時已設⽴的各國海外投資保險機構通常只在徵收險或貨幣兌換險中承保東道國政府違約⾏為,⽽單獨設⽴違約險是MIGA獨創,其擔保對象為東道國政府違約⾏為發⽣後的拒絕司法情形。17 參考MIGA的規定,部分海外投資保險機構也開始獨⽴承保違約險,如中國信保、德國 PwC、⽇本 NEXI、非洲貿易和投資發展保險公司(ATIDI)、亞洲開發銀⾏(ADB)、阿拉伯投資和出⼜信貸擔保公司(Dhaman)、伊斯蘭投資和出⼜信貸保險公司(ICIEC)等。美國OPIC已於 2018年變更為美國國際開發⾦融公司(DFC),但對於東道國政府違約 15 廢除合同(Abrogation),指東道國政府單方終止投資合同的行為;拒絕履行合同(Repudiation),指締約一方以言語或行動表示其將來不再履行合同,放棄全部合同責任。中國信保規定的「不履行合同」應與「拒絕履行合同」作相同理解。Bryan A. Garner, Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th ed., (New York: Thomson Reuters, 2009), 1418;違反合同(Breach),指合同締約方不履行合同義務或履行義務不符合合同約定;減損合同(Impairment of Contract),指對合同條款進行實質性變更的行為,包括強迫重新談判合同條款。也作 Impairment of the Obligation of Contracts,即合同義務的損害,指在訂立合同後實施的法律通過下列方式產生的使合同無效或改變其條款的後果:增加或刪除實質性條件、條款或規定,或改變違約補救的內容,使新的補救與原來的發生實質性差異,從而降低合同的價值。 See DFC official website, https://www.DFC.gov/what-we-offer/our-products/political-risk-insurance, 瀏覽日期為 2026年 4月 25日。 16 Duke Energy International Peru Investments No. 1 Ltd. v. Republic of Peru, ICSID Case No. ARB/03/28. 17 陳安,《MIGA與中國——多邊投資擔保機構述評》,(福州:福建人民出版社,1995),246。
董北辰 140 括但不限於外國政府、外國政府的分⽀機構或外國政府擁有或控制的公司廢除、拒絕履⾏或減損其與投資者就投資項⽬簽訂的合同,這種廢除、拒絕履⾏或減損合同並非因投資者⾃身過錯或不當⾏為造成,且這些⾏為對項⽬的繼續運營造成重⼤不利影響。19 2018 年 BUILD 法案對徵收定義未做修改。20 DFC 官網規定的徵收(Expropriation)是指保護投資者免受東道國政府剝奪其在項⽬中的基本權利的徵收⾏為和其他形式的政府非法⼲預。政府對項⽬的⼲預有多種形式,包括國有化︔沒收和蠶食性徵收︔廢除(Abrogation)合同、拒絕履⾏(Repudiation)合同或合同減損(Impairment of Contract),包括強迫重新談判合同條款。21 DFC可為投資者提供不履⾏(Default)仲裁裁決和司法拒絕(Denial of Justice)保險,保護投資者免受東道國政府不⽀付仲裁裁決的影響。22 對比國際典型保險機構承保政府違約風險的模式及具體的承保情形與條件(⾒表 1),可知在設⽴違約險的多數海外投資保險制度中,違約險的承保核⼼並非東道國違約⾏為本身,⽽是東道國政府的拒絕司法⾏為或約定的其他適⽤條件。DFC承保的也並非單純的政府違約⾏為,⽽是聚焦東道國政府的違約⾏為給投資項⽬造成的後果,即對投資項⽬有重⼤不利影響並導致其無法繼續經營,造成類似徵收的損害後果。可以說,東道國違約⾏為僅構成觸發違約險的基礎前提,⽽非直接獲賠的依據。投資者在此基礎上,還需進⼀步滿⾜各保險機構明確設定的額外理賠條件⽅可獲得保險⾦賠付。 一部分,體現美國海外投資保險制度的發展過程,且關於徵收的規定基本沒有變化,因此都作陳述。 19 Foreign Assistance Act of 1961(P.L. 87-195), p104, Sec. 283. 20 Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018, Sec.238. 21 也作 Impairment of the obligation of contracts,即合同義務的損害,指在訂立合同後實施的法律通過下列方式產生的使合同無效或改變其條款的後果:增加或刪除實質性條件、條款或規定,或改變違約補救的內容,使新的補救與原來的發生實質性差異,從而降低合同的價值。 22 DFC official website, https://www.DFC.gov/what-we-offer/our-products/political-risk-insurance, 瀏覽日期為 2025年 12月 4日。
海外投資保險中違約險之承保範圍辨析 141 表1. 典型保險機構承保情形對照表 擔保機構 是否設立獨立違約險 承保情形 觸發條件 中國信保23 是 確有違反投資協議的行為並造成損失 投資者取得司法機關勝訴裁決且包含賠償金額24 NEXI25 是 但作為特約規定 東道國政府拒絕投資者損害賠償請求 違約行為發生後,投保人解除合同並向東道國請求損害賠償,遭到拒絕賠付 德國 PwC26 是 因政府違約導致的損害達到構成徵收程度 專案公司無法繼續運營導致資產、股權和相關權益全部或部分損失 MIGA27 是 構成拒絕司法 無法訴諸司法或仲裁,或不在合理期限內裁決,或裁決無法執行 ADB28 是 構成拒絕司法 因仲裁程式受挫和/或無法執行裁決 Dhaman29 是 構成拒絕司法 無法執行對投資者有利的裁決 ICIEC30 是 構成拒絕司法 無法訴諸司法或仲裁,或不在合理期限內裁決,或裁決無法執行 ATIDI31 是 構成拒絕司法 不履行仲裁裁決 DFC/OPIC32 否 將違約行為歸入徵收險的範疇,對構成拒絕司法情形承保 造成投資專案重大、不利影響,使專案無法繼續經營、剝奪投資者經營權;為投資者提供不履行仲裁裁決和拒絕司法的保險 註:上表由筆者自行整理。 23 中國出口信用保險公司,https://www.sinosure.com.cn/。 24 新版違約險條款主要對出發條件作出變更,明確投資者取得勝訴裁決後還需進一步請求東道國執行裁決。參見中國出口信用保險公司,〈海外投資股權保險單(2025年版〉,第 3.5.1條。 25 Nippon Export and Investment Insurance, https://www.nexi.go.jp/,瀏覽日期為 2026年 4月 25日。 26 PricewaterhouseCoopers Gmbh, https://www.investitionsgarantien.de/en,瀏覽日期為 2026年 4月 25日。 27 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, https://www.miga.org/,瀏覽日期為 2026年 4月 25日。 28 Asian Development Bank, https://www.adb.org/,瀏覽日期為 2026年 4月 25日。 29 The Arab Investment & Export Credit Guarantee Corporation, https://www.dhaman.net/en/,瀏覽日期為 2026年 4月 25日。 30 The Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit, https://iciec.isdb.org/,瀏覽日期為 2026年 4月 25日。 31 African Trade & Investment Development Insurance, https://www.atidi.africa/,瀏覽日期為 2026年 4月 25日。 32 U.S. International Development Finance Corporation, https://www.dfc.gov/,瀏覽日期為 2026年 4月25日。
董北辰 144 收⾏為在⼀定程度上的關聯性。 (一)、違約行為與間接徵收的關係 東道國政府違反投資合同的具體⾏為⽅式包括不履⾏合同義務和承諾、通過⽴法使合同失去價值(如限制出⼜或貨幣兌換)、單⽅⾯變更合同、利⽤國內法賦予的權⼒廢除合同,或以違反本國法律的⽅式廢⽌合同等。法律意義上的徵收是「政府對私⼈財產權利的徵⽤或變更」。35 構成不法徵收的⾏為包括直接徵收和間接徵收兩種。典型的直接徵收,是採取直接扣押、奪取或強制性地將所有權轉讓給東道國的⾏為,如國有化。36 間接徵收形式相對隱蔽、⼿段相對多樣化,⼤多國際投資協定中都使⽤「類似措施」⼀詞指代間接徵收。其⾏為表現⽅式包括:⼲預或終⽌投資經營協議、拒絕授予或撤銷許可證、通過⽴法或政策使投資者喪失投資權益等。37 將兩種⾏為⽅式對比可得,東道國違約⾏為並不能直接等同於徵⽤、沒收和國有化⾏為,但與間接徵收在⼲預或終⽌投資經營協議、拒絕授予或撤銷許可證及執照、通過⽴法使合同失去價值或使投資者喪失權益等⾏為相重疊。徵收可以是合法的,⽽徵收險只承保非法徵收導致的風險。38 ⼤多數徵收險的規定雖未明確將東道國違反投資合同的⾏為歸入徵收險範圍,但「類似措施」說明徵收險呈開放性態度,其側重於不法⾏為導致損害後果⽽非何種⾏為。評判國家的⼀系列⾏為是否構成徵收,主要看⼀系列⾏為最終導致的結果是否造成投資者所有權、占有權或其他獲得 35 Bryan A. Garner, Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th ed., (New York: Thomson Reuters, 2009), 662. 36 國有化,是國家通過頒布國有化法令將私人財產收歸國有的措施,直接改變財產所有權的主體。參見裴普,《涉外民事關係法律適用實務》,(廈門:廈門大學出版社,2017),253。 37 Waste Management v. United Mexican States, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/00/3, 2004, Award; Wena Hotels Limited v. Arab Republic of Egypt, ICSID Case No. ARB/98/4, 2000, Award; H&H Enterprises Investments, Inc. v. Arab Republic of Egypt, ICSID Case No. ARB/09/15, 2012, The Tribunal’s Decision on Respondent’s Objections to Jurisdiction; Middle East Cement Shipping and Handling Co. S.A. v. Arab Republic of Egypt, ICSID Case No. ARB/99/6, 2002, Award; Perenco Ecuaor Ltd. v. Republic of Ecuador and Petroecuador, ICSID Case NO.ARB/08/6; Urbaser S.A. and Consorcio de Aguas Bilbao Bizkaia, Bilbao Biskaia Ur Partzuergoa v. The Argentine Republic, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/26. 38 只要其符合大多數國際投資協定中規定的合法徵收的四項要件:(1)為公共利益目的;(2)按照正當法律程序進行;(3)非歧視性措施;(4)給予充分、及時、有效的補償。See Energy Charter Treaty, Article 13.
海外投資保險中違約險之承保範圍辨析 145 經濟或其他利益的權利的喪失,⽽不在於其具體的⾏為⽅式。39 因此,至少就⾏為⽅式⽽⾔,違約⾏為與徵收存在⼀定程度的競合,可以說,非法間接徵收包含東道國政府違反投資合同或承諾的⾏為。 (二)、違約險與徵收險承保範圍的規則分析 徵收險與違約險皆為海外投資保險中核⼼政治風險之險種,⼆者在風險覆蓋範圍上既存在明確區分,也存在潛在競合,釐清其邊界是優化險種設計、精準保障投資風險的關鍵。本節擬通過縱向對比同⼀機構下徵收險和違約險的規則,與橫向對比不同機構間規定,分析MIGA、德國 PwC、中國信保對於違約險和徵收險的界定,以及美國 DFC將相關情形歸入徵收險的單⼀規則。在此基礎上,從規則層⾯探討兩個問題:違約險的承保範圍能否歸入徵收險中統⼀承保︖承保拒絕司法情形的模式選擇和差異︖最終聚焦於釐清兩險的承保邊界,明確⼆者在何種場景下產⽣交集、及其各⾃適⽤範圍。 1、MIGA違約險和徵收險規則對比 MIGA 對徵收險與違約險的規則界定存在明確差異,⼆者在⾏為類型、效果要求及承保核⼼上各有側重,同時也存在潛在適⽤疑問,具體在以下維度。 MIGA 承保的徵收及類似措施風險是指:「任何可歸咎於東道國政府的⽴法⾏為或⾏政作為或不作為,具有剝奪投保⼈對投資擁有權、控制權或從該投資獲取實質性利益的效果,但東道國政府通常為管理其領⼟內的經濟活動⽽採取的普遍適⽤的非歧視措施除外」。40 可知,徵收險的承保範圍包含三個要素:其⼀,在⾏為主體與類型上,MIGA 徵收險僅針對的是可歸因於東道國政府的⽴法或⾏政⾏為,包括國有化(Nationalization)、沒收(Confiscation)、暫時查封(Sequestration)、查封(Seizure)、 扣押(Attachment)和凍結資產(Freezing of Assets)等⽅式。其中 39 Tippetts, Abbett, McCarthy, Stratton v. TAMS-AFFA Consulting Engineers of Iran, IUSCT Case No. 7; Compañia del Desarrollo de Santa Elena S.A. v. Republic of Costa Rica, ICSID Case No. ARB/96/1. 40 MIGA Convention (2018), Article 11(a)(ii).
海外投資保險中違約險之承保範圍辨析 147 的主權⾏為,致使投資者完全或部分喪失參股權益本身、已轉換為債權的參股權益、源⾃類似投資貸款的債權、本身符合資產定義的權利、因符合資產定義的權利⽽產⽣的債權或因已分配利潤⽽產⽣的債權」。43 可⾒,德國的徵收險聚焦於因主權⾏為導致的投資剝奪,核⼼要素明確:其⼀,⾏為類型僅限東道國的國有化、徵收或「效果等同徵收」的主權⾏為,排除非主權性質的商業或民事⾏為︔其⼆,損失標準需達到「完全或部分剝奪投資者權益」的程度,與MIGA徵收險的「剝奪擁有權或控制權」要求本質⼀致。 德國 PwC規定的違約風險是指:「違反政府或由國家指導或國家控制的授權機構作出的具有法律約束⼒的承諾,只要投資者有權獲得這些承諾,並且擔保政策中提到這些承諾」;44 且「因在東道國發⽣違約風險,導致投資專案公司等從長遠來看無法不遭受損失地繼續經營,使得股權參與、捐贈資本或能作為資產的權利必須被視為損失(全部損失),或由股權參與轉換的債權、類似投資貸款產⽣的債權、能作為資產的權利債權或收益產⽣的債權無法以任何形式全部或部分得到清償或收取」。45 可知,德國違約險聚焦因違約⾏為導致的投資剝奪,核⼼要素明確:其⼀,⾏為類型不僅包括違反⼀般性的投資合同,還包括違反東道國政府作出的具體承諾。此類承諾,包括單⽅⾯的聲明和義務,需為專案公司帶來超出⼀般法律促進計劃批准範圍的特殊利益,如新基礎設施連接的建設、供應和採購承諾、使⽤權或特許權,由此投資專案獲得超出傳統擔保範圍(如徵收險和戰爭風險)的額外承保。46 此外,聯邦政府同意在某些條件下,承保東道國政府的付款承諾以及下屬機構的承諾,並明確排除商業承諾,僅承保基於主權⾏為作出的義務。其⼆,要求因違反⾏為導致 投資項⽬的持續經營受損,達到與徵收風險同樣損失的程度。 德國 PwC 承保違約險的⽬的在於保護德國投資者免受在法律體系仍不完善的東道國出現的不可預⾒法律事件的影響。徵收險和違約險存在規則共性,⼀是都要求東道國必須基於主權做出不法⾏為︔⼆是都要求不法⾏為導致投資財產「全部或部分喪失」的後果。因此,德國 PwC對違約險的定位更像是將東道國政府違反投資 43 Investment Guarantees of the Federal Republic of Germany, General Terms and Conditions, §4(1)、§5.1、5.2. 44 Investment Guarantees of the Federal Republic of Germany, General Terms and Conditions, §4(1). 45 Investment Guarantees of the Federal Republic of Germany, General Terms and Conditions, §5.3. 46 Investment Guarantees of the Federal Republic of Germany, Breach of Contract by Authorities, p. 2.
董北辰 148 合同和投資承諾這⼀特定⾏為類型從徵收險中分離出來單獨承保。實踐中,東道國政府的⾏政⾏為同時可能構成對投資合同和具體承諾的違反,此種情形下⼆者在⾏為⽅式上邊界模糊,當東道國以主權⾏為違反投資合同或承諾,且損失效果達到徵收程度,徵收險的覆蓋範圍實則可包含違約險的承保情形。 3、美國DFC的徵收險 美國DFC的徵收險保護投資者免受東道國政府「剝奪其在項⽬中的基本權利」,⾏為⽅式包括直接徵收⾏為及其他形式的非法⼲預,涵蓋「廢除合同、拒絕履⾏合同或合同減損,包括強迫重新談判合同條款等」。同時,「為投資者提供不履⾏仲裁裁決和司法拒絕保險,保護投資者免受東道國政府不⽀付仲裁裁決的影響」。47 相較於 MIGA 承保的違約後拒絕司法情形,美國 DFC 承保拒絕司法情形更廣,涵蓋徵收⾏為後的拒絕司法和違約⾏為後的拒絕司法。本質是對「東道國政府違約後拒絕司法」情形的不同處理。 DFC不單獨設⽴違約險可能包含以下兩點考量。其⼀,徵收險的成熟性與覆蓋優勢。在海外投資保險體系中,徵收險的規定最為詳細且受到國際社會的接受和認可程度最⾼。DFC的徵收險已涵蓋違約後拒絕司法情形,無需新增險種即可實現風險覆蓋,從制度效率角度無需單獨設違約險。其⼆,是美國海外投資保險制度的內在必然性。實踐中,違約⾏為與間接徵收具有重疊性,DFC有意迴避關於投資合同的性質和效⼒、政府違約⾏為的法律屬性、以及違約⾏為和徵收的區別等爭議問題,更有利於投資保護。另外,國外有學者提出,將違反合同納入徵⽤保險範圍還是作為單獨的風險保險類型,是起草時的偏好問題,⽽不是國際法上的法律地位問題。48 綜上所述,通過對 MIGA、德國 PwC及美國 DFC三⼤保險機構徵收險與違約險承保範圍的比較分析,可以清晰地觀察到海外投資保險對於政府違約及拒絕司法 47 DFC official website, https://www.DFC.gov/what-we-offer/our-products/political-risk-insurance, 瀏覽日期為 2025年 12月 3日。 48 Choharis. Peter Charles, “U.S. Courts and the International Law of Expropriation: Toward a New Model for Breach of Contract.” Southern California Law Review, 80 (Los Angeles: 2006): 55.
海外投資保險中違約險之承保範圍辨析 151 約⾏為重疊,但違約⾏為未達到徵收效果的情形並不在徵收險的承保範圍︔⽽違約險中,違反投資合同的⾏為雖不要求達到剝奪投資者財產的程度,但需取得勝訴司法裁決作為獲得保險⾦補償的前提︔其⼆,徵收險中的「未予充分賠償」天然地包含東道國拒絕賠償、拒絕司法或賠償不充分的情況,但其只是作為構成不法徵收的要件,⽽非承保的情形,⽽違約險中並無此規定。因此,若東道國違反投資合同的⾏為達到「剝奪」財產權的程度,且東道國未予以充分賠償或拒絕賠償,可適⽤徵收險︔但若未達到「剝奪」程度,且未獲得勝訴司法裁決,則也無法適⽤違約險。 綜上,就⾏為本身⽽⾔,政府違約⾏為與間接徵收有⼀定程度的競合,但就規範本身⽽⾔⼆者為交集關係,徵收險可覆蓋⼤部分因政府違約⾏為導致的徵收後果,但就未達到徵收效果的違約情形⽽⾔,徵收險並不能完全覆蓋。但違約險的適⽤仍處於尷尬的境地,因其適⽤嚴重依賴於投資者取得勝訴裁決,局限性明顯,既未能補⾜其他險種的承保範圍,又未能針對政府違約情形給予投資者特殊保護。有鑒於此,應進⼀步考量中國設⽴違約險的⽬的和職能,以及應當將拒絕司法情形納入中國海外投資保險的承保範圍。 五、中國實踐與拒絕司法情形的納入 當前中國海外投資保險制度中並未明確承保東道國拒絕司法的情形。廣義上的拒絕司法是指⼀國司法機關以及⾏使司法權的任何其他機構違反正當程序原則,或者做出的實體判決違反國際最低待遇標準,給外國投資者造成損害的司法⾏為。國際投資實踐中的具體⽅式包括拒絕受理訴訟或不適當地阻撓或拖延訴訟,司法或補救程序的管理存在嚴重缺陷,未能提供⼀般認為的適當司法所不可或缺的保障,以嚴重不適當的⽅式執⾏司法,或作出明顯不公正的判決和惡意地錯誤適⽤法律的⾏為。54「禁⽌拒絕司法」是國際法規定的國家義務之⼀,⼀國法院違反國際法的⾏為就是國家違反國際法的⾏為。55 因東道國拒絕司法導致投資者損失,應承擔國家責 54 James Crawford, Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law, 8th ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 619. See also: RosInvestCo UK Ltd. v. Russia, SCC Case No. V079/2005, Award on Merits, para.277; Waste Management Inc. v. United Mexican States II, ICSID Case No. ARB(AF)/00/3, Award, para.98. 55 Jan Paulsson, Denial of Justice in International Law, 1st ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
董北辰 152 任。56 這構成海外投資保險承保拒絕司法情形的前提。 對於中國海外投資實踐⽽⾔,有鑑於東道國拒絕司法的發⽣頻率與可能性較⾼,無論是從海外投資者風險保障的現實需求出發,還是從中國海外投資保險制度與國際規則接軌的發展邏輯來看,將拒絕司法納入海外投資保險的承保範圍都具有必要性。 (一)、中國違約險的實踐現狀及不足 中國學界曾圍繞是否設⽴違約險展開討論,觀點主要聚焦於國家主權與國家責任層⾯的考量。⽀持者認為:其⼀,應保護投資者的私有財產和既得權益和反對東道國不當得利,堅持國際法中誠實信⽤原則和契約必守原則︔其⼆,我國是〈漢城公約〉的締約國,我國的海外投資保險險種應當與MIGA承保的險種相⼀致。57 其三,應保護投資者的合理期待,強調對東道國政府責任的監督,遵守承諾。58 反對者認為:其⼀,國家與投資者簽訂的合同應屬於⼀國國內法管轄的範疇,依照國家主權原則,⼀國有權按照⾃⼰的意志處理投資合同,即便違反合同約定也只應適⽤其國內法管轄,⽽不構成違反國際法︔其⼆,⼀國與投資者簽訂的合同屬於國家契約,對於其效⼒、性質以及單⽅改變、廢除等都屬於⼀國內政,且⼀國政府違約的原因較為複雜,多出於對公共利益、國家安全等⽅⾯考量。其三,從現實考量,違約險時常與其他險種區分度不夠,應⾸先設⽴國際公認的險種。但實踐中違約險迴避國家主權及責任承擔問題,⼀⽅⾯避免對東道國國家主權和國家規制權的侵犯,遵守國際禮讓原則,避免⽭盾和衝突; 另⼀⽅⾯,基於政府違約⾏為的商業屬性和政治屬性難以區分。中國信保違約險的理賠依賴投資者向東道國尋求救濟並取得勝訴裁決。這⼀制度設計留下保護空⽩,當投資者遭遇東道國政府違約後訴諸當地法院,卻⾯臨無正當理由駁回或無限期拖延時,既難以被認定為徵收,也不符合違約險的賠付要求,導致投資者陷入無法獲賠的困境。若東道國拒絕提供司法救濟或惡 2005), 4-5. 56 Jan Paulsson, Denial of Justice in International Law, 96. See also, Liman Caspian Oil BV and NCL Dutch Investment BV v. Republic of Kazakhstan, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/14, Excerpts of Award, para.277. 57 欒平平,〈論我國海外投資保險制度的構建〉,《政法論壇》,第 2期(北京:2012),124-128。 58 丁瑞,〈設立政府違約險問題探究〉,《山西省政法管理幹部學院學報》,第 3期(太原:2017),9-12。
董北辰 154 別只在於承保期限,違約險可承保長期風險,特定合同保險僅覆蓋短期風險。 綜上,在中國海外投資保險實踐中,事實上能被違約險承保的海外投資專案較少,其主要針對特定的、由中國信保確認的違反投資合同情形。⽽其觸發條件除保險⼈資源理賠外全然依賴於投資者取得勝訴裁決。此外,短期出⼜信⽤保險中的特定合同保險事實上可以發揮現有違約險的功能。因此,為更有效地發揮違約險的功能,對於中國實踐,有必要進⼀步探討是否應將拒絕司法納入海外投資保險的承保範圍以及應當如何承保。 (二)、中國海外投資保險承保拒絕司法的必要性 將拒絕司法情形納入中國海外投資保險承保範圍具有法理合理性和現實必要性。這⼀制度安排不僅符合海外投資保險制度發展的國際趨勢,更是應對中國投資者海外權益保護嚴峻挑戰的必然選擇。 第⼀,從法理層⾯,承保拒絕司法情形符合海外投資保險制度分散政治風險的宗旨和政策性保險職能。拒絕司法本身構成⼀項可歸責於東道國的國際不法⾏為,其本質是國家未能履⾏提供公正司法救濟的國際法義務,屬於典型的政治風險範疇。這類⾏為不僅侵害投資者的程式性權利,更可能構成對實體權利的變相剝奪。同時,海外投資保險制度本質上是執⾏國家對外經濟政策的⼯具,保障國家戰略資源和資本的安全輸出。若將拒絕司法排除在承保範圍之外,將導致海外投資保險制度功能出現結構性缺陷。因此,將其納入海外投資保險的承保範圍,實質上是對東道國法治缺位所導致的風險進⾏有效管控,符合海外投資保險制度的設⽴宗旨。 第⼆,將拒絕司法情形納入海外投資保險的承保範圍是保護投資者權益的必然要求。承保拒絕司法構成投資者向東道國求償的最後防線,在其⽤盡當地救濟遭遇司法不公或無法執⾏仲裁裁決時能夠提供及時補償。如果不承保拒絕司法,當投資者因東道國司法系統腐敗、歧視或惡意⽽無法獲得救濟時,將⾯臨投訴無⾨或裁決無法執⾏的的困境,投資者仍需⾃⾏承擔風險。在國際投資仲裁中,通常以拒絕司法作為認定是否構成違反公平公正待遇的核⼼。61 ⽽國際投資仲裁庭對是否構成拒 或恐怖主義和與之相關的破壞活動;(5)保險人認定的屬於政治風險的其他事件。」 61 OECD, Fair and Equitable Treatment in International Investment Law, Working Papers on International Investment, (2004), 30-31, 34.
海外投資保險中違約險之承保範圍辨析 155 絕司法判定要求極⾼的證明標準,投資者必須證明東道國法院系統出現根本性錯誤。62 正如國際法院在 ELSI v. Italy案中所強調,只有司法系統的嚴重缺陷才構成國際不法⾏為。63 仲裁庭在 Genin v. Estonia案中指出:「若要構成對雙邊投資條約的違反,已經出現的任何程式不當必須達到惡意、故意漠視法律正當程式或⾏為極端不當的程度」。64 並且 Loewen v. United Sates案仲裁庭要求投資者必須「⽤盡」東道國當地救濟後才可能被認定為構成違反司法公正。65 可⾒,在投資仲裁實踐中投資者若以拒絕司法或違反公平公正待遇提起仲裁需負擔較⾼的證明標準。66 ⽽海外投資保險中承保拒絕司法情形,雖然拒絕司法天然地要求投資者需先尋求當地救濟,但可以觸發條件規定適當放寬「⽤盡」的要求,降低投資者證明責任。 第三,將拒絕司法納入承保範圍是我國海外投資保險制度精細化、科學化發展的要求。其⼀,從風險本質來看,拒絕司法與東道國先⾏不法⾏為具有內在邏輯關聯。在投資者權利保護鏈條中,東道國不法⾏為是初始風險,⽽東道國政府拒絕司法則是導致投資者權利無法救濟的最終環節,⼆者共同構成對投資者合同權利的全⾯侵害。只有將拒絕司法明確納入保障範圍,才能對政治風險的保護形成完整閉環。其⼆,全球成功運作的海外投資保險制度均對拒絕司法給予充分關注,形成可供借鑒的經驗。MIGA等將拒絕司法作為違約險的獨⽴觸發條件︔美國 DFC將其明確列為徵收險的承保要素︔⽇本 NEXI 的違約險特約中雖未明確寫明「拒絕司法」,但其承保「東道國政府拒絕賠償」實質體現對拒絕司法情形的關注。實踐表明,將拒 62 Liman Caspian Oil BV and NCL Dutch Investment BV v. Republic of Kazakhstan, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/14, Excerpts of Award, para. 274. 63 Sean D. Murphy, “The ELSI Case: An Investment Dispute at the International Court of Justice,” Yale Journal of International Law, 16 (New Haven: 1991): 391-452. 64 Alex Genin, Eastern Credit Limited, Inc. and A.S. Baltoil v. The Republic of Estonia, ICSID Case No. ARB/99/2, Award, para.371. 65 仲裁庭認為,美國初審法院對該案的審理和判決都明顯不公,不具可信度,違反公平與公正待遇標準。但該法院的審判程式只是 Loewen 公司所能利用的美國整個審判系統的一部分,意即Loewen公司仍未用盡當地救濟,所以仲裁庭最終裁決美國並未違反公平與公正待遇標準。 66 絕大多數仲裁庭認為,只有東道國的行為達到「故意忽視仲裁程式」、「判決及其不公」或「惡意」的程度才可構成拒絕司法。M. Sornarajah, The International Law on Foreign Investment, 3rd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012) , 357. See also International Thunderbird Gaming Corporation v. Mexico, Ad Hoc tribunal, UNCITRAL, Award, para.194; Joseph Charles Lemire v. Ukraine II, ICSID Case No. ARB/06/18, Decisions on Jurisdiction or Preliminary Questions, para.253; Liman Caspian Oil BV and NCL Dutch Investment BV v. Republic of Kazakhstan, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/14, Excerpts of Award, para.279.
海外投資保險中違約險之承保範圍辨析 157 (一)、制度適配性分析 世界銀⾏報告⼀篇⽂章曾論及「仲裁裁決險(Arbitration Award Coverage)」的設⽴問題,似乎為將拒絕司法情形納入海外投資保險中提供思路。仲裁裁決險承保東道國拒絕履⾏對其不利的仲裁裁決的風險。根據這⼀定義,仲裁裁決險只承保投資者取得勝訴裁決但未能順利執⾏裁決的情形,⽽不包含投資者救濟無⾨或司法不公的情形。⽂章認為,即便投資者取得勝訴裁決,事實上⼤部分違約東道國均不會承認和執⾏。仲裁裁決險可以在幫助投資者獲得有利的仲裁裁決後,及時得到保險機構的理賠款,減少投資損失。67 這⼀模式從理論上看具有⼀定創新性,但也意味著需重新構建專⾨的保險合同條款,包括明確其定義、承保範圍、保險責任、除外責任和理賠程序等。構建專⾨條款需要充分考慮與現有海外投資保險法律體系的兼容性。 與獨⽴仲裁裁決險相比,MIGA模式以及美國 DFC模式在承保拒絕履⾏仲裁裁決風險的基礎上還覆蓋投資者救濟無⾨或司法嚴重不公的情形。但⼆者承保的拒絕司法內涵並不完全等同。MIGA 之所以名為「違約險」在於其承保情形聚焦於「違約後拒絕司法」,其前置不法⾏為僅限於東道國政府違約⾏為。美國 DFC承保的拒絕司法的前置⾏為範圍更廣,不僅包括東道國政府違約,還包括任何可構成徵收的不法⾏為,例如以拒絕司法⽅式剝奪投資者權利的可能歸於間接徵收範疇。在Dahbol 電廠案中,美國認為違反合同規定的仲裁權就是違反國際法的司法拒絕。OPIC 認定印度政府及相關部⾨、司法機構使⽤公權⼒阻⽌投資者通過仲裁⽅式尋求救濟致使投資者無法獲得賠償進⽽導致投資者無法償還貸款的⼀系列⾏為構成拒絕司法,屬於對投資者所持權利的不當剝奪。68 美國更傾向於採納「純粹效果標準」來判斷是否構成間接徵收,將東道國政府拒絕司法、阻礙投資者通過法律途徑維護權益導致財產損失無法追回這類情形歸入「間接徵收」的範圍,是⼀種擴⼤解釋。但當前我國並沒有明確「間接徵收」的定義及其具體表現形式,尤其對於拒絕司法 67 Hansen, Kenneth W, “Tales from the Dark Side: Lessons Learned from Troubled Investments,” In T. H. Moran and G. T. West, International Political Risk Management: Looking to the Future, 3 (Washington, DC: World Bank Publications: 2005), 18. 68 OPIC Memorandum of Determinations, Expropriation Claim of Bank of America, N.A.- India, Contract of Insurance No. F041, 19-25.
董北辰 158 導致投資者權利喪失的情形能否構成徵收在理論建構上仍存在困難。此外,在現有徵收險框架下增加拒絕司法情形會使得中國信保⾯臨較⼤幅度修改和適⽤的困境。當前中國信保已以徵收險承保⼤多數的海外投資項⽬,承保期限長、⾦額⼤,因此⼤規模修改條款可能影響存量項⽬的風險界定與理賠規則,引發制度銜接問題,實操性較低。⽽將拒絕司法納入違約險中承保,無需突破現有框架,是成本最低、執⾏阻⼒最⼩的選擇。雖然現⾏違約險規則存在不⾜,但已搭建對投資者合同權利保障的基礎架構,無需新增險種或⼤規模重構制度,只需修訂現有違約險條款規定,明確將「違約後拒絕司法」列為理賠的核⼼觸發條件,改⾰阻⼒最⼩,制度適配性最⾼。 (二)、投資保護與實踐成效評估 在投資保護⽅⾯,獨⽴仲裁裁決險雖然承保邏輯清晰且能為投資者提供最專屬性的保護,但其保護效果受限於⼀個前提,即要求投資者需先⾏向東道國求償並取得勝訴裁決,且隱含地要求投資者進⼀步申請執⾏勝訴裁決並遭到拒絕。在這個過程中投資者將⾯臨兩項困難:69其⼀,訴請投資仲裁的程序易受阻,投資者尋求當地救濟需⾃⾏承擔救濟不能的風險,包括敗訴或根本救濟不能。仲裁裁決險承保拒絕司法中不能執⾏仲裁裁決的風險,實質上與中國現有違約險下以取得勝訴仲裁裁決的條件類似,即投資者需要先獨⾃承擔從發起仲裁到取得裁決的全部時間、⾦錢和敗訴風險。對於中⼩投資者⽽⾔,這條路徑的成本和不確定性依然很⾼,保護效果具有局限。其⼆,對做出違約⾏為的東道國「政府」的內涵及外延爭議。在海外投資實踐中,投資合同的締約⽅通常並非東道國政府本身,⽽是某些準政府機構(quasi-governmental institution),例如公共事業部⾨、地區管理機構以及國有公司。這些實體可能代表東道國政府⾏事或根據其指⽰⾏事但可能不屬於特定保單項下「東道國政府」的定義範圍。如此這些投資合同不會導致針對東道國政府的裁決,那麼仲裁裁決險的承保便會毫無價值。 將拒絕司法情形納入徵收險中承保在⽅便投資者理賠⽅⾯具有⼀定的優勢。⼀體化的制度設計降低承保範圍的碎⽚化,在可能出現責任競合的情況下,投資者無 69 Hansen, Kenneth W, “Tales from the Dark Side: Lessons Learned from Troubled Investments,” 18-20.
海外投資保險中違約險之承保範圍辨析 159 需區分選⽤何種救濟,只需證明符合徵收險的理賠要求即可。但其徵收險中「實質性剝奪投資財產」的要求可能使得遭遇明顯不公但經濟損失尚難量化,或存在拒絕司法但未達到剝奪投資財產⾨檻的投資者無法獲得賠付。拒絕司法對投資者權益的侵害不僅在於可能導致直接的財產損失,更在於東道國通過破壞司法程序、剝奪投資者合法救濟途徑,違背投資保護的正當程序原則。但徵收險的承保邏輯是聚焦「實質性財產剝奪」這⼀最終結果,即便先前的不法⾏為難以認定⽽需單獨判定拒絕司法時,投資者仍需滿⾜「實質性剝奪投資財產」的條件,才能觸發徵收險理賠。 將拒絕司法情形歸入違約險能直接填補現有違約險的保障空⽩。其⼀,中國信保現⾏違約險條款將「投資者獲得勝訴裁決」作為賠付的前置要件,⽬的是強調東道國的責任歸屬、⽅便理賠⾦額的計算和後續代位追償。但其核⼼缺陷在於將東道國司法不公、司法不能的風險完全轉嫁給投資者,使得違約險的設⽴⽬的和功能打折扣,導致只有存在對東道國政府不利裁決且拒絕賠償的情況下才能發揮違約險的價值。此外,雖然在理論上「有勝訴裁決且裁決中包含賠償⾦額」這⼀要件⽅便中國信保對理賠⾦額作出認定,但實踐中仲裁裁決往往將賠償⾦額打包計算,對其中可能包含的與違約險理賠相關的⾦額並不單獨列明,因此中國信保對於違約險理賠⾦額認定即便有勝訴裁決依然存在困難。 其⼆,從投資者保護角度,保險機構對於構成拒絕司法認定標準,無需也不應完全等同於國際投資仲裁庭所要求的嚴苛標準。70 保險制度的核⼼優勢在於其理賠決策的靈活性與效率,這為投資者提供比國際仲裁更及時、更容易的保護。保險機構可以在保險合同中設定清晰的觸發條件,例如明確規定東道國法院在受理案件後,無正當理由超過特定期限未作出裁決,即可視為「不當拖延」︔或在保險合同中列明構成拒絕司法的具體⾏為⽅式。由此,投資者無需證明東道國司法系統的根本性錯誤,只需證明其發⽣保險條款中明確規定的具體⾏為,即可滿⾜理賠條件。 有鑑於此,筆者建議依託現有違約險框架,通過條款修訂與解釋,取消獲得勝訴裁決才能獲得賠付這⼀要件,將違約後拒絕司法明確定義為其核⼼承保情形和觸發條件,使得因未能仲裁或因裁決不公未能取得勝訴裁決的投資者也能受到保護。 70 在以構成拒絕司法提起的仲裁實踐中,國際投資仲裁庭對於構成拒絕司法的認定標準很高,投資者必須證明東道國法院系統出現根本性的錯誤。Liman Caspian Oil BV and NCL Dutch Investment BV v. Republic of Kazakhstan, ICSID Case No. ARB/07/14, Excerpts of Award, para. 274.
海外投資保險中違約險之承保範圍辨析 161 徵引書目 一、中文專書與期刊論文 [1] 陳安,《MIGA與中國—多邊投資擔保機構述評》,福州:福建⼈民出版社,1995。 [2] 裴普,《涉外民事關係法律適⽤實務》,廈⾨:廈⾨⼤學出版社,2017。 [3] 欒平平,〈論我國海外投資保險制度的構建〉,《政法論壇》,第2期(北京:2012),124-128。 [4] 丁瑞,〈設⽴政府違約險問題探究〉,《山西省政法管理幹部學院學報》,第3期(太原:2017),9-12。 [5] 單⽂華,〈國有化補償理論與實踐的發展及中國的對策〉,《法律科學(西北政法學院學報)》,第4期(西安:1995),65-73。 [6] ⽅之寅:〈試論國家契約的性質及適⽤的法律〉,《法學》,第7期(北京:1983),27。 二、英文專書與期刊論文 [1] Jan Paulsson. Denial of Justice in International Law, 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. [2] James Crawford. Brownlie’s Principles of Public International Law, 8th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. [3] M. Sornarajah. The International Law on Foreign Investment, 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. [4] Bryan A. Garner. Black’s Law Dictionary, 9th ed. New York: Thomson Reuters, 2009. [5] Hansen, Kenneth W. “Tales from the Dark Side: Lessons Learned from Troubled Investments.” In T. H. Moran and G. T. West, International Political Risk Management: Looking to the Future, 3 (Washington, DC: 2005): 12-29. [6] Sean D. Murphy. “The ELSI Case: An Investment Dispute at the International Court of Justice.” Yale Journal of International Law, 16 (New Haven: 1991): 392-452.
董北辰 162 [7] Choharis. Peter Charles. “U.S. Courts and the International Law of Expropriation: Toward a New Model for Breach of Contract.” Southern California Law Review, 80 (Los Angeles: 2006): 1-88. [8] OECD, “Fair and Equitable Treatment in International Investment Law, Working Papers on International Investment.” 2004, 1-40. 三、電子網絡資源 [1] Germany investitionsgarantien, https://www.investitionsgarantien.de. [2] U.S. International Development Finance Corporation, https://www.DFC.gov/what-we-offer/our-products/political-risk-insurance. [3] 中國出⼜信⽤保險公司,https://www.sinosure.com.cn/. [4] Nippon Export and Investment Insurance,https://www.nexi.go.jp/. [5] PricewaterhouseCoopers Gmbh,https://www.investitionsgarantien.de/en. [6] Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency,https://www.miga.org/. [7] Asian Development Bank,https://www.adb.org/. [8] The Arab Investment & Export Credit Guarantee Corporation, https://www.dhaman.net/en/. [9] The Islamic Corporation for the Insurance of Investment and Export Credit, https://iciec.isdb.org/. [10] African Trade & Investment Development Insurance, https://www.atidi.africa/.
陳希、殷悅、張楊 166 The Impact of Gaming Tourism Service Recovery on Tourists’ Satisfaction and Revisit Intentions Chen, Xi1; Yin, Yue; Zhang, Yang (1. PhD. Candidate, Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: Based on prospect theory and service recovery theory, this study investigates the impact mechanism of service recovery on tourist satisfaction and revisit intention within the context of Macau gaming tourism. Key variables such as tolerance, loss aversion, and sensation-seeking personality trait are incorporated into the research framework. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 470 tourists who participated in gaming activities, and the data were analyzed using partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that service recovery (including procedural justice and interactional justice) significantly enhances tourist satisfaction. Both tolerance and loss aversion exert significant positive effects on satisfaction, which in turn positively predicts revisit intention. Furthermore, the sensation-seeking personality trait strengthens the relationship between satisfaction and revisit intention. The findings provide theoretical support and practical implications for designing service recovery strategies in gaming tourism, highlighting the importance of differentiated management considering tourists’ psychological traits and financial loss contexts. Keywords: Gaming tourism; Service recovery; Loss aversion; Prospect theory; Tourist satisfaction
博彩旅遊服務補救對遊客滿意與重訪意圖之影響 167 一、引言 在服務管理和旅遊酒店⾏業中,服務體驗的不可預測性⼀直是⼀個核⼼挑戰。1尤其是在酒店和旅遊業,由於強烈的社會互動,這類企業通常被稱為⼈際企業。2 ⽽服務的無形性、異質性和⾼客⼾接觸頻率,也使服務表現常常波動不定。3 這類波動容易導致顧客對服務失敗的感知,若此類失敗未能得到有效補救,可能進⼀步損害顧客滿意度和忠誠度。4 在此背景下,服務失敗與補救問題在學術界引起越來越多的關注,研究焦點逐漸涵蓋服務失敗的類型、頻率、嚴重性、服務階段、⽂化差異以及顧客周邊環境等情境變數。5 這些研究表明服務失敗與補救現象的複雜性與 1 Grönroos, Christian, “Service Management and Marketing: A Customer Relationship Management Approach,” (2000). 2 Gyung Kim, Min, Chenya Wang, and Anna S. Mattila, “The Relationship between Consumer Complaining Behavior and Service Recovery: An Integrative Review,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 22.7 (2010): 975-991. 3 Loo, Poh Theng, Huey Chern Boo, and Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore, “Profiling Service Failure and Customer Online Complaint Motives in the Case of Single Failure and Double Deviation,” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 22.7 (2013): 728-751; Koc, Erdogan, ed. Service Failures and Recovery in Tourism and Hospitality: A Practical Manual, (CABI, 2017). 4 Craighead, Christopher W., Kirk R. Karwan, and Janis L. Miller, “The Effects of Severity of Failure and Customer Loyalty on Service Recovery Strategies,” Production and Operations Management 13.4 (2004): 307-321.; Komunda, Mabel, and Aihie Osarenkhoe, “Remedy or Cure for Service Failure? Effects of Service Recovery on Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty,” Business Process Management Journal 18.1 (2012): 82-103.; Nikbin, Davoud, et al, “Relationships of Perceived Justice to Service Recovery, Service Failure Attributions, Recovery Satisfaction, and Loyalty in the Context of Airline Travelers,” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 20.3 (2015): 239-262. 5 Smith, Amy K., Ruth N. Bolton, and Janet Wagner, “A Model of Customer Satisfaction with Service Encounters Involving Failure and Recovery,” Journal of Marketing Research 36.3 (1999): 356-372.; Namkung, Young, and Soocheong Jang, “Service Failures in Restaurants: Which Stage of Service Failure is the Most Critical?,” Cornell Hospitality Quarterly 51.3 (2010): 323-343.; McQuilken, Lisa, and Nichola Robertson, “The Influence of Quarantees, Active Requests to Voice and Failure Severity on Customer Complaint Behavior,” International Journal of Hospitality Management 30.4 (2011): 953-962.; Chuang, Shih-Chieh, et al., “The Effect of Service Failure Types and Service Recovery on Customer Satisfaction: a Mental Accounting Perspective,” The Service Industries Journal 32.2 (2012): 257-271.; Kim, Jong-Hyeong, and SooCheong Shawn Jang, “A Scenario-based Experiment and a Field Study: A Comparative Examination for Service Failure and Recovery,” International Journal of Hospitality Management 41 (2014): 125-132.; Sivakumar, K., Mei Li, And Beibei Dong, “Service Quality: The Impact of Frequency, Timing, Proximity, and Sequence of Failures and Delights,” Journal of Marketing 78.1 (2014): 41-58.; Kim, Min Gyung, Chung Hun Lee, and Anna S. Mattila, “Determinants
陳希、殷悅、張楊 168 特殊性,強調繼續考量各種研究情景和⽬標⼈群的重要性,需要在更豐富的接待業場景中被探索和深化討論。 澳⾨,作為世界知名的博彩旅遊⽬的地,正在經歷迅速回暖。統計暨普查局資料顯⽰,2024 年全年的隨團入境旅客按年上升 63.8%至 210.3 萬⼈次,酒店業場所的客房平均入住率按年上升 4.9個百分點至 86.4%。6 在旅遊業持續恢復的背景下,澳⾨博彩業也在逐漸恢復:澳⾨六家博彩企業中的美⾼梅、永利澳⾨、⾦沙中國相繼發佈的 2024 年度上半年業績報告顯⽰,這三家博企的經營收益較上⼀年同期均有明顯增長。7 雖然博彩旅遊業的迅速回暖為澳⾨起到提振各種消費、增加就業崗位、提⾼經濟收入的作⽤,但也強調負責任博彩的重要性。 博彩旅遊業,作為旅遊與接待業的分⽀,具有⼀般的⾼接觸服務業易產⽣衝突的特性,甚至因為貨幣兌換更頻繁、交易⾦額更⼤、⼀次服務的顧客數量比其他接待業實體更多,⽽使得這些問題更加突出。8 Kahneman & Tversky的前景理論為理解這⼀現象提供理論視角,個體對損失的敏感遠⾼於對收益的敏感,這使得博彩旅遊活動引發的遊客情緒受挫和服務失敗具有區別於⼀般旅遊活動的特質。9 然⽽,以往的關於澳⾨旅遊和服務失敗的研究,並沒有嚴格區分博彩旅遊環境下服務失敗的特殊性,因⽽缺乏因博彩活動損失⽽引發的服務失敗和補救的研究。為針對這⼀博彩旅遊⽬的地服務發展與研究不可忽視的問題,本研究基於前景理論、以往的服務失敗與補救的⽂獻,結合博彩旅遊場景中遊客的⼼理特徵(損失厭惡)和⼈格特質(尋求感覺),構建⼀個博彩旅遊活動所引發的⼤量或連續損失服務補救後的⼼理決策模型。並通過在澳⾨這⼀代表性的博彩旅遊⽬的地進⾏實地資料收集和分析,以期為健康博彩旅遊業的發展提供實證經驗和管理啟⽰。 of Customer Complaint Behavior in a Restaurant Context: The Role of Culture, Price Level, and Customer Loyalty,” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 23.8 (2014): 885-906. 6 澳門統計暨普查局,《旅遊統計:2024年全年及第 4季》,2025年 2月,1。 7 經濟觀察報,「澳門博彩業持續恢復 博企積極推動業務多元化」,微信公眾號,瀏覽日期為 2025年 6月 10日。 8 Fong, Lawrence Hoc Nang, Amy Siu Ian So, and Rob Law, “Exploring Jaycustomer Behavior and Handling Approach in Casinos,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 29.5 (2017): 1403-1425. 9 Daniel Kahneman, and Tversky, Amos, “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk,” Econometrica 47.2 (1979): 363-391.
博彩旅遊服務補救對遊客滿意與重訪意圖之影響 169 二、文獻綜述 (一)、博彩旅遊業中的服務失敗與服務補救 服務失敗與服務補救是服務管理領域中廣泛研究的重要主題。服務失敗的定義有多種視角。從服務提供者角度來看,服務失敗是指在服務提供過程中出現的任何形式的錯誤、缺陷或問題,這些問題妨礙或延遲客⼾需求的滿⾜。10 從顧客角度來看,服務失敗則是指顧客對服務的某些⽅⾯表⽰不滿。11 綜合來看,服務失敗既包括服務未能達到顧客的最低期望,也包括出現服務故障。12 與此同時,學者們對服務失敗的分類提供較為系統的框架。Bitner et al.利⽤關鍵事件法,將可能影響顧客滿意度的事件劃分為三⼤類:⼀是與服務系統本身的可⽤性或效率相關的問題,如服務緩慢或中斷︔⼆是與顧客需求和個性化偏好相關的問題︔三是與服務⼈員⾏為相關的問題,如注意⼒不夠或⽂化偏差。13 這⼀分類在後續研究中不斷得到驗證。服務失敗帶來的後果是多⽅⾯的,除直接導致顧客不滿外,還可能增加顧客感知到的多重風險,包括⽣理、⼼理、社會和時間等⽅⾯的風險。14 這些負⾯感知不僅可能導致顧客流失,還會引發負⾯情緒和負⾯⼜碑傳播、顧客不良⾏為意圖、提⾼運營成本,甚至影響員⼯績效和⼠氣。15 因此,如何應對服務失敗成為企業在提⾼顧 10 Koc, Erdogan. Ed, Service Failures And Recovery in Tourism and Hospitality: A Practical Manual, (CABI, 2017). 11 Lewis, Barbara R., and Sotiris Spyrakopoulos, “Service Failures and Recovery in Retail Banking: The Customers’ Perspective,” International Journal of Bank Marketing 19.1 (2001): 37-48. 12 McColl-Kennedy, Janet R., and Beverley A. Sparks, “Application of Fairness Theory to Service Failures and Service Recovery,” Journal of Service Research 5.3 (2003): 251-266. 13 Bitner, Mary Jo, Bernard H. Booms, and Lois A. Mohr, “Critical Service Encounters: The Employee's Viewpoint,” Journal of Marketing 58.4 (1994): 95-106. 14 Koc, Erdogan. Ed, Service Failures and Recovery in Tourism and Hospitality: A Practical Manual, (CABI, 2017). 15 Bitner, Mary Jo, Bernard H. Booms, and Lois A. Mohr, “Critical Service Encounters: The Employee’s Viewpoint,” Journal of Marketing 58.4 (1994): 95-106.; Lewis, Barbara R., and Pamela McCann, “Service Failure and Recovery: Evidence from the Hotel Industry,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 16.1 (2004): 6-17.; Wen, Biyan, and Christina Geng‐qing Chi, “Examine the Cognitive and Affective Antecedents to Service Recovery Satisfaction: A Field Study of Delayed Airline Passengers.” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 25.3 (2013): 306-327.; Lee, Yun Lok, Beverley Sparks, and Ken Butcher, “Service Encounters and Face Loss:
陳希、殷悅、張楊 170 客滿意度和忠誠度⽅⾯之關鍵。16 在應對服務失敗⽅⾯,服務補救是⼀個至關重要的機制。Miller,Craighead & Karwan將服務補救定義為企業為解決服務問題、修復顧客態度、避免負⾯⼜碑和防⽌顧客流失所採取的⾏動。17 Grönroos則認為服務補救是服務提供者對服務失敗的回應⾏為,⽽ Parasuraman,Berry & Zeithaml強調服務補救是第⼆次履⾏服務的權利。18 因此,服務失敗也被視作潛在的服務提供者與客⼾建⽴更牢固關係的機會。19 服務提供者對服務失敗的適當回應可以增強客⼾與服務提供者之間的關係,這種類型的反應也能夠將⼀個嚴重的問題變成⼀個微不⾜道的問題。20 然⽽,服務補救並非總能滿⾜顧客的期望,若補救措施不當,還可能引發⼆次失敗,進⼀步損害顧客的信任和滿意度。21 因此,服務補救的核⼼在於有效管理顧客的期望,並採取適當的措施來解決問題,從⽽實現顧客的情感補償和公平感。22 賭場通常被視為吸引遊客到⽬的地的有效⼯具。23 作為享樂的產品,在賭場購 Issues of Failures, Fairness, and Context,” International Journal of Hospitality Management 34 (2013): 384-393.; Wang, Kai-Yu, Li-Chun Hsu, and Wen-Hai Chih, “Retaining Customers after Service Failure Recoveries: a Contingency Model,” Managing Service Quality 24.4 (2014): 318-338. 16 Cheng, Boon Liat, et al, “Service Recovery, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty: Evidence from Malaysia’s Hotel Industry,” International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 11.2 (2019): 187-203. 17 Miller, Janis L., Christopher W. Craighead, and Kirk R. Karwan. “Service Recovery: A Framework and Empirical Investigation.” Journal of Operations Management 18.4 (2000): 387-400. 18 Grönroos, Christian, “Service Management and Marketing: A Customer Relationship Management Approach,” (2000).; Parasuraman, Arun, Leonard L. Berry, and Valarie A. Zeithaml, “Understanding Customer Expectations of Service,” MIT Sloan Management Review (1991). 19 Berry, Leonard L., and Anantharanthan Parasuraman, Marketing Services: Competing through Quality, (Simon and Schuster, 2004). 20 Blodgett, Jeffrey G., Donna J. Hill, and Stephen S. Tax, “The Effects of Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional Justice on Post Complaint Behavior,” Journal of Retailing 73.2 (1997): 185-210.; Tax, Stephen S., Stephen W. Brown, and Murali Chandrasekaran, “Customer Evaluations of Service Complaint Experiences: Implications for Relationship Marketing,” Journal of Marketing 62.2 (1998): 60-76. 21 Bitner, Mary Jo, Bernard H. Booms, and Mary Stanfield Tetreault, “The Service Encounter: Diagnosing Favorable and Unfavorable Incidents,” Journal of Marketing 54.1 (1990): 71-84. 22 McColl-Kennedy, Janet R., and Beverley A. Sparks, “Application of Fairness Theory to Service Failures and Service Recovery,” 251-266.; Kwon, SoYeon, and SooCheong Shawn Jang, “Effects of Compensation for Service Recovery: From the Equity Theory Perspective,” International Journal of Hospitality Management 31.4 (2012): 1235-1243. 23 Wong, Ipkin Anthony, and Mark S. Rosenbaum, “Beyond Hardcore Gambling: Understanding Why Mainland Chinese Visit Casinos in Macau,” Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research 36.1 (2012): 32-51.
博彩旅遊服務補救對遊客滿意與重訪意圖之影響 171 物、⽤餐和娛樂吸引遊客訪問博彩⽬的地。24 舒適的、精⼼佈置的賭場環境建⽴⼀種氛圍體驗,可以加強遊客的滿意度,從⽽提⾼忠誠度。25 賭場度假村也在轉型,看起來更像度假場所和綜合度假村,以更好地滿⾜客⼾需求。26 並且,博彩旅遊⽬的地之間的激烈競爭使得運營商特別關注客⼾滿意度和忠誠度。27 博彩旅遊業,作為旅遊與接待業的分⽀,具有⼀般的⾼接觸服務業易產⽣衝突的特性,甚至因為貨幣兌換更頻繁、交易⾦額更⼤、⼀次服務的顧客數量比其他接待業實體更多(如酒店和餐館),使得這些問題更加突出。28 但過去的博彩旅遊研究較少探討這⼀特殊市場分⽀中的服務失敗與補救。Johnson的研究較早地關注博彩旅遊領域的服務失敗與補救,他們強調關注博彩旅遊⾏業中服務的成功和失敗,並制定具體的⽅法來提⾼博彩旅遊服務品質的必要性。29 Seo, Yoon & Shin 的研究以中⽇韓三國賭場的⾼淨值客⼾為對象,調查博彩旅遊服務中的服務失敗與補救。30 結果表明,全額⽀付和額外獎勵等有形的補救策略被證明可以提⾼賭場的形象,並留住顧客。但諸如體貼的回應、可靠的問題管理、真誠的道歉和準確的解釋等無形的補救策略更受顧客青睞。Fong, So & Law重點關注博彩旅遊中的「問題顧客(Jay-Customer)」和員⼯的處理⽅法,對以往「顧客做什麼都是對的」的觀點進⾏反思。31 研究結果發現,博彩服務場景導致「問題顧客」產 24 Rosenbaum, Mark S., and Ipkin Anthony Wong, “When Gambling is Healthy: the Restorative Potential of Casinos,” Journal of Services Marketing 29.6/7 (2015): 622-633. 25 Lam, Long W., et al, “Does the Look Matter? The Impact of Casino Servicescape on Gaming Customer Satisfaction, Intention to Revisit, and Desire to Stay,” International Journal of Hospitality Management 30.3 (2011): 558-567. 26 Eadington, William R., and Eugene Martin Christiansen, “Tourist Destination Resorts, Market Structures, and Tax Environments for Casino Industries: An Examination of the Global Experience of Casino Resort Development,” Proceedings. Annual Conference on Taxation and Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the National Tax Association. Vol. 100. National Tax Association, 2007. 27 Masiero, Lorenzo, et al, “Gambling Destinations and the Effect of Gambling Results on Tourist Satisfaction and Loyalty,” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 35.5 (2018): 678-689. 28 Fong, Lawrence Hoc Nang, Amy Siu Ian So, and Rob Law, “Exploring Jay-customer Behavior and Handling Approach in Casinos,” 1403-1425. 29 Johnson, Lesley. “An Application of the Critical Incident Technique in Gaming Research.” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 12.2-3 (2002): 45-63. 30 Seo, Mi-Ok, Sung-Wook Yoon, and Seongyeon Shin. “Critical Incidents of Casino Services: Qualitative Evidence from Asian VIP Customers.” Journal of Distribution Science 15.9 (2017): 63-74. 31 Fong, Lawrence Hoc Nang, Amy Siu Ian So, and Rob Law, “Exploring Jaycustomer Behavior and Handling Approach in Casinos,” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 29.5 (2017): 1403-1425.
陳希、殷悅、張楊 172 ⽣的特有的原因是遊客參與博彩活動所引發的⼤量或連續的虧損。因此賭場的⼯作⼈員應該更加訓練有素,為遊客提供明確的指引,以減少他們對於博彩遊戲和交易程式的誤解,⽽非⼀味縱容。 這些有限的研究反應博彩旅遊中服務失敗和補救的複雜性與特殊性,但對這個⾼接觸接待領域服務失敗與補救的探討明顯是不⾜的。遊客可能經歷的經濟損失是博彩旅遊業區別其他傳統旅遊業的特性,⽽在這種⾼壓之下遊客更加容易增加負⾯情緒,如果沒有得到有效的服務補救與管理,可能產⽣不良⾏為意圖,並可能造成實際的負⾯後果。因此,探索在這種特殊服務情景下的服務補救顯得尤為重要和具有現實意義。本⽂所關注的服務失敗為博彩旅遊中因博彩活動損失⽽帶來的遊客不滿的現象,將通過服務補救相關概念、損失厭惡及遊客⼈格特質的差異來概念化理解這⼀旅遊現象。 (二)、服務補救與遊客滿意度、重訪意圖 顧客滿意度⼀直是⾏銷與服務研究中備受關注的主題,因為它與客⼾忠誠度、企業績效及可持續發展密切相關。32 在服務⾼度競爭、消費者選擇權增強的市場環境中,滿意度的決定機制愈加受到學界關注。Tse & Wilton 將滿意度定義為消費者對消費後感知到的先前期望與實際績效之間差異的評價反應。33 與之類似,Oliver將滿意度定義為消費者的履⾏反應和⼀種判斷,即產品或服務的特徵,或產品或服務本身,提供⼀種令⼈愉快的消費相關的履⾏⽔準。34 Giese & Cote進⼀步指出,滿意度具有三個基本構成維度:它是⼀種情緒反應︔具有明確焦點︔同時具有時效性。35 這些定義傳遞出⼀種從認知到情感反應的過程,即顧客的期望得到滿⾜從⽽ 32 Fornell, Claes, et al, “The American Customer Satisfaction Index: Nature, Purpose, and Findings,” Journal of Marketing 60.4 (1996): 7-18.; Hackl, Peter, and Anders H. Westlund, “On Structural Equation Modelling for Customer Satisfaction Measurement,” Total Quality Management 11.4-6 (2000): 820-825.; Anderson, Eugene W., Claes Fornell, and Sanal K. Mazvancheryl, “Customer Satisfaction and Shareholder Value,” Journal of Marketing 68.4 (2004): 172-185. 33 Tse, David K., and Peter C. Wilton. “Models of Consumer Satisfaction Formation: An Extension.” Journal of Marketing Research 25.2 (1988): 204-212. 34 Oliver, Richard L. Satisfaction: A Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer: A Behavioral Perspective on the Consumer. Routledge, 2014. 35 Giese, Joan L., and Joseph A. Cote. “Defining Consumer Satisfaction.” Academy of Marketing Science Review 1.1 (2000): 1-22.
博彩旅遊服務補救對遊客滿意與重訪意圖之影響 173 引發情感上的滿⾜效應,從⽽加強與服務提供者的連結。 在旅遊和酒店背景中,顧客滿意度這個概念被廣泛研究和驗證。服務失敗的不可避免使服務補救成為影響滿意度的重要變數。成功的服務補救不僅有助於緩解顧客的不滿,更可能引發所謂的「服務補救悖論」(Service Recovery Paradox),即在服務失敗後通過有效的補救⼿段,顧客對企業的滿意度反⽽超過未發⽣失誤的情況。36 Díaz指出,服務失敗情境常引發顧客更強烈的情緒反應和投入,因此補救策略對顧客感知影響更⼤。37 Krishna et al.也強調系統化的服務補救流程在提⾼滿意度和忠誠度中的戰略意義。38 Chen, Huang & Petrick的研究證明,假期的服務補救體驗不僅會影響遊客的滿意度,甚至會影響他們對⽣活的總體滿意度。39 Cheng et al.的研究結果表明服務補救與客⼾滿意度顯著相關,客⼾滿意度與客⼾忠誠度之間存在正相關關係。40 過去的研究已經反復驗證有效的服務補救策略與遊客滿意度之間的關係。甚至這種作⽤會進⽽發展為更加積極的⾏為意圖回應,如重訪意願。研究發現,當顧客的期望得到滿⾜或被超越時,更可能產⽣重訪與再購買意圖,⽽這種積極體驗又直接關聯到客⼾保留率和忠誠度。41 Kim,Kim & Kim的研究評估服務補救對滿意度及後續顧客⾏為意圖之間的關係。他們發現補救滿意度是⼀個重要的仲介變數,服務補救通過補救滿意度顯著影響遊客的信任、⼜碑和重訪意圖。42 Ghalandari 36 McColl-Kennedy, Janet R., and Beverley A. Sparks, “Application of Fairness Theory to Service Failures and Service Recovery,” 251-266.; Hart, Christopher WL, and James L. Heskett, “The Profitable Art of Service Recovery,” Harvard Business Review 68.4 (1990): 148-156. 37 Díaz, Estrella. “The Effects of Perceived Satisfaction with Service Recovery Efforts: A Study in a Hotel Setting.” (2017). 38 Krishna, Anupam, G. S. Dangayach, and Sonal Sharma. “Service Recovery Paradox: The Success Parameters.” Global Business Review 15.2 (2014): 263-277. 39 Chen, Chun-Chu, Wei-Jue Huang, and James F. Petrick. “Holiday Recovery Experiences, Tourism Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction–is there a Relationship?.” Tourism Management 53 (2016): 140-147. 40 Cheng, Boon Liat, et al, “Service Recovery, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty: Evidence from Malaysia’s Hotel Industry,” International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 11.2 (2019): 187-203. 41 Alam, Syed Shah, and Norjaya Mohd Yasin, “An Investigation into the Antecedents of Customer Satisfaction of Online Shopping,” Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness 5.1 (2010): 71-78.; Ranaweera, Chatura, and Jaideep Prabhu, “The Influence of Satisfaction, Trust and Switching Barriers on Customer Retention in a Continuous Purchasing Setting,” International Journal of Service Industry Management 14.4 (2003): 374-395. 42 Kim, Taegoo Terry, Woo Gon Kim, and Hong-Bumm Kim, “The Effects of Perceived Justice on Recovery Satisfaction, Trust, Word-Of-Mouth, and Revisit Intention in Upscale Hotels,” Tourism Management 30.1 (2009): 51-62.
陳希、殷悅、張楊 174 &Babaeinia的⼀項對航空公司服務補救的調查證明,服務補救不僅影響遊客滿意度,也直接影響遊客的重訪意圖。43 這些前⼈的研究結果表明,服務補救是提⾼滿意度的有效策略,⽽滿意度則是進⼀步忠誠表現(如重訪意圖)的前因。博彩旅遊業隸屬於酒店與旅遊業的框架,但過去的研究鮮有對博彩旅遊情境下服務補救對遊客滿意度及後續⾏為意圖的影響。本研究將這種因果關係延展到博彩旅遊領域,並提出如下假設: H1. 服務補救顯著正向影響博彩旅遊遊客的滿意度。 H2. 博彩旅遊遊客的滿意度顯著正向影響遊客的重訪意圖。 (三)、遊客容忍度與滿意度 顧客容忍度是服務管理和消費者⾏為研究中廣泛探討的⼀個核⼼概念,儘管該結構在不同研究中有著略有差異的命名和定義,但其基本內涵是⼀致的,即顧客在評估服務時存在⼀個可接受的性能範圍,它被⽤於模擬不同期望⽔準之間的關係。44 這⼀區域的提出為理解顧客滿意度與服務品質之間的關係提供重要視角。⾸先,它被⽤作對服務結果狀態的描述。顧客的感知可以落入「不滿意」(負向不確認)、「滿意」(確認)或「⾼興」(正向不確認)三種狀態,其中「滿意」常常被等同於容忍區的表現。45 其次,容忍區還⽤於描述顧客在服務過程中的感知評估,即顧客認為服務表現令⼈滿意的範圍。46 低於此區間的表現可能引發挫敗感並降低 43 Ghalandari, Kamal, Leila Babaeinia, and Maryam Ghorbani Ghale Jogh, “Investigation of the Effect of Perceived Justice on Post-Recovery Overall Satisfaction, Post-Recovery Revisit Intention and Post-Recovery Word-Of-Mouth Intention from Airline Industry In Iran: The Role of Corporate Image,” World Applied Sciences Journal 18.7 (2012): 957-970. 44 Oliver, Richard L, “A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction decisions,” Journal of Marketing Research 17.4 (1980): 460-469.; Zeithaml, Valarie A., Leonard L. Berry, and Arantharanthan Parasuraman, “The Nature and Determinants of Customer Expectations of Service,” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 21.1 (1993): 1-12.; Johnston, Robert, “The Zone of Tolerance: Exploring the Relationship between Service Transactions and Satisfaction with the Overall Service,” International Journal of Service Industry Management 6.2 (1995): 46-61. 45 Johnston, Robert, “The Zone of Tolerance: Exploring the Relationship between Service Transactions and Satisfaction with the Overall Service,” 46-61. 46 Parasuraman, Arun, Leonard L. Berry, and Valarie A. Zeithaml, “Understanding Customer Expectations of Service,” MIT Sloan Management Review (1991).
博彩旅遊服務補救對遊客滿意與重訪意圖之影響 175 忠誠度,⽽⾼於此區間的表現則可能帶來驚喜並增強忠誠度。因此,準確識別顧客的容忍範圍,對服務品質管制至關重要。 Trianasari, Butcher & Sparks的研究將滿意度和容忍度作為兩個獨⽴因變數來來探討服務失敗對遊客⼼理的影響。47 這項研究符合以往學者的觀點,將滿意度視為⼀個發展的過程,並以層次結構的觀點將容忍度限定為顧客最⾼和最低期望結合的區域,以探索顧客反應的複雜性。Chang et al.在服務失敗的場景中探討遊客對類⼈機器⼈溫暖和能⼒的感知如何影響其對服務失敗的容忍度。48 這些過往的定義與實證結果反應出⼀種在時間維度上理解服務失敗和服務補救對滿意度影響的重要性。然⽽多數研究關注的是容忍度作為⼀個區間本身的動態變化,容忍度所描述的期望範圍對滿意度影響的因果關係卻未得到充分論證。因此,在博彩旅遊服務補救的這⼀與顧客期望⾼度相關的場景中,本研究提出如下假設: H3. 博彩旅遊遊客對服務失敗的容忍度顯著影響遊客的滿意度。 (四)、損失厭惡度(Loss Aversion)與遊客滿意度 損失厭惡是⾏為經濟學中的⼀個核⼼概念,由 Kahneman 和 Tversky 在他們提出的前景理論(Prospect Theory)中⾸次系統闡述,也是前景理論和後來的累積前景理論(Cumulative Prospect Theory)的重要組成部分。通過⼀系列實驗發現,他們提出損失所帶來的負效⽤甚至達到等量收益所帶來的正效⽤的 2至 2.5倍。49 簡⽽⾔之,損失所帶來的⼼理衝擊⼤於獲得。傳統的經濟學認為⼈是理性的經濟⼈,其決策只關注最終結果︔⽽損失厭惡概念強調的是⼈的情緒和⼼理因素會強烈影響決策,尤其是在⾯對損失時,會表現出非理性和規避⾏為。50 47 Trianasari, Nana, Ken Butcher, and Beverley Sparks. “Understanding Guest Tolerance and the Role of Cultural Familiarity in Hotel Service Failures.” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 27.1 (2018): 21-40. 48 Chang, Ying, et al. “Social Cognition of Humanoid Robots on Customer Tolerance of Service Failure.” International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management 36.7 (2024): 2347-2366. 49 Tversky, Amos, and Daniel Kahneman, “Advances in Prospect Theory: Cumulative Representation of Uncertainty,” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5.4 (1992): 297-323.; Daniel Kahneman, and Tversky, Amos, “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk,” Econometrica 47.2 (1979): 363-391. 50 Umapathy, T, “Behavioral Economics: Understanding Irrationality in Economic Decision-Making,” Migration Letters 21.S2 (2024): 923-32.
陳希、殷悅、張楊 176 博彩旅遊作為旅遊業的特殊分⽀,其最突出的特性之⼀在於博彩遊戲體驗所帶來的⾼風險。之前關於博彩旅遊⽬的地的研究指出在博彩旅遊體驗中獲勝的機會會極⼤影響遊客的滿意度。51 Masiero et al.的⼀項對澳⾨博彩遊客的調查反應出博彩旅遊體驗結果對遊客滿意度影響的不確定性,即輸的負⾯效應⼤於贏的正⾯效應。他們由此建議,旅遊組織和賭場經營者可以開發⼀種「安慰獎勵」,以減輕在賭博中遭受損失的遊客的不滿。52 這符合損失厭惡的概念表述,也反映出在博彩旅遊遊客⾏為的研究中,對其博彩⾏為和⼼理研究的必要性,⽽這⼀點恰恰是在以往的研究中鮮少關注的。 本研究認為在博彩旅遊場景中討論服務失敗與補救,不應將其⼀般化為普遍⾏業的服務失敗與補救,必須考慮遊客因損失所引發的不良情緒反應,也應將與博彩旅遊活動相關的前因納入到研究框架中。綜合以上關於損失厭惡與博彩旅遊遊客滿意度的討論,本研究提出以下假設: H4. 博彩旅遊遊客的損失厭惡度顯著影響遊客的滿意度。 (五)、人格特質的調節作用 MacKinnon 將⼈格定義為解釋⼈們⾏為的內在因素,這些因素包括驅動⼈們社會⾏為的性格和⼈際策略。53 Lazarus 指出⼀個⼈的⾏為不僅受到短暫的外部刺激的⽀配,⽽且還受到他所攜帶的穩定屬性的⽀配,這就是⼈格特質的作⽤。54 ⼈格不是指特定時期的特定⾏為,⽽是涉及個⼈的過去、現在和未來。55 根據 Roy & 51 Mayer, Karl J., et al. “Gaming Customer Satisfaction: An Exploratory Study,” Journal of Travel Research 37.2 (1998): 178-183.; Kneesel, Erin, Seyhmus Baloglu, and Michelle Millar, “Gaming Destination Images: Implications for Branding,” Journal of Travel Research 49.1 (2010): 68-78.; Masiero, Lorenzo, et al. “Gambling Destinations and the Effect of Gambling Results on Tourist Satisfaction and Loyalty,” 678-689.; Tsai, Henry, and Lawrence Hoc Nang Fong, “Casino-induced Satisfaction of Needs and Casino Customer Loyalty: The Moderating role of Subjective Norms and Perceived Gaming Value,” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 38.5 (2021): 478-490. 52 Masiero, Lorenzo, et al. “Gambling Destinations and the Effect of Gambling Results on Tourist Satisfaction and Loyalty,” 678-689. 53 MacKinnon, Donald W. “The Structure of Personality.” 1944. 54 Lazarus, Richard S. “Personality and Adjustment.” 1963. 55 Caspi, Avshalom, and Brent W. Roberts, “Personality Development Across the Life Course: The Argument for Change and Continuity,” Psychological Inquiry 12.2 (2001): 49-66.
博彩旅遊服務補救對遊客滿意與重訪意圖之影響 177 Goswami的觀點,⼈格是通過訓練、教育、⽂化和⽣活各個階段的經歷⽽發展起來的,它⽀配著個⼈對任何物體或情況的感覺或感知。56 到⽬前為⽌,最廣為⼈知的⼈格分類法是五⼤⼈格模型,包括外向性、宜⼈性、盡責性、經驗開放性和神經質五個測量類⽬。57 在過去的服務業研究中,五⼤⼈格模型被廣泛使⽤觀察不同消費者的反應。過去的關於服務失敗與補救的研究也強調將⼈格特質納入討論的重要性。Lin 以餐飲連鎖店消費者為調查對象,探討消費者⼈格特質是否對服務補救率、補救⽅式及不同服務失敗程度的知覺有重要影響。58 實證結果表明,消費者的⼈格特質與企業主對服務補救速度的要求相關,並且由於具有內控⼈格特質的消費者具有較⾼的⾃我意識,因此對服務失敗的補救期望相對較強。Yavas, Karatepe & Babakus檢驗⼀套組織⽀援機制和⼈格特質在預測⼀線員⼯服務補救和⼯作績效⽅⾯的相對有效性,驗證特定⼈格特質(如客⼾導向)的顯著作⽤,並提出酒店經理應招聘具有相關⼈格特徵的個⼈擔任⼀線服務⼯作以提⾼績效。59 Agarwal, Mehrotra & Barger的研究調查如何使⽤個性特徵和態度來將顧客分類,從⽽表明他們對餐館服務失敗的反應。60 通過對五⼤⼈格特徵的調查,確定不同⼈格特徵與重訪意願之間的關係。Oentoro, Popaitoon & Kongchan從員⼯⼈格特質的視角來探討服務補救,研究發現具有情緒穩定的⼈格特質調節員⼯主觀幸福感和服務補救投入之間的關係,⽽外向性 56 Roy, Sudas, and Paromita Goswami. “Structural Equation Modeling of Value-Psychographic Trait-Clothing Purchase Behavior: A Study on the Urban College‐Goers of India.” Young Consumers 8.4 (2007): 269-277. 57 Yoo, Kyung-Hyan, and Ulrike Gretzel, “Influence of Personality on Travel-Related Consumer-Generated Media Creation,” Computers in Human Behavior 27.2 (2011): 609-621.; Azucar, Danny, Davide Marengo, and Michele Settanni, “Predicting the Big 5 Personality Traits from Digital Footprints on Social Media: A Meta-Analysis,” Personality and Individual Differences 124 (2018): 150-159. Lounsbury, John W., et al. “An Investigation of the Personality Traits of Scientists Versus Nonscientists and Their Relationship with Career Satisfaction,” R&D Management 42.1 (2012): 47-59. 58 Lin, Wen-Bao. “Construction of a Service Failure Severity and Recovery Model.” Expert Systems with Applications 38.10 (2011): 12221-12230. 59 Yavas, Ugur, Osman M. Karatepe, and Emin Babakus. “Relative Efficacy of Organizational Support and Personality Traits in Predicting Service Recovery and Job Performances: A Study of Frontline Employees in Turkey.” Tourism Review 65.3 (2010): 70-83. 60 Agarwal, Reeti, Ankit Mehrotra, and Victor A. Barger. “Personality Traits and re-patronage intentions after service failure.” Journal of Consumer Satisfaction, Dissatisfaction and Complaining Behavior 29 (2016): 31-52.
陳希、殷悅、張楊 178 的⼈格特質在這個研究場景中沒有發揮作⽤。61 由此可⾒,過往服務失敗與補救領域的⼈格特質研究主要集中在員⼯的⼈格特質如何影響其⾏為意圖⽅⾯,對消費者的調查仍然是不夠充分的。並且,五⼤⼈格特質作為最通⽤的⼈格特質被廣泛應⽤,⼀定程度上也忽視⼀些特殊情景中特殊⼈格的重要性。 尋求感覺的⼈格特徵(Personality Trait of Sensation Seeking)被定義為「各種各樣的、新奇的、複雜的、強烈的感覺和體驗⽽冒險的傾向」。62 近年來,它被認為是各種冒險⾏為的潛在內表型,包括危險駕駛、身體風險運動、攻擊性⾏為,尤其是與過度賭博的⾏為相關。63 先前的研究表明,⾼感覺尋求者相對於低感覺尋求者表現出對經濟獎勵的敏感度增強或對經濟懲罰的敏感度降低。與低感覺尋求者相比,⾼感覺尋求者具有增強的⼤腦對⾦錢獎勵和情緒⾼喚醒刺激的反應,並且對貨幣損失的刺激表現出更遲鈍的反應。64 因此,⾼感覺尋求者比低感覺尋求者更容易做出冒險性⾏為,尤其是與博彩性質相關的事情上。65 本研究認為在博彩旅遊服務場景中應該考慮消費者的⼈格特質對服務補救的影 61 Oentoro, Wanny, Patchara Popaitoon, and Ananchai Kongchan. “Perceived Supervisory Support and Service Recovery Performance: The Moderating Role of Personality Traits.” Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Administration 8.3 (2016): 298-316. 62 Zuckerman, Marvin, Behavioral Expressions and Biosocial Bases of Sensation Seeking, (Cambridge University Press, 1994). 63 Coventry, Kenny R., and R. Iain F. Brown, “Sensation Seeking, Gambling and Gambling Addictions,” Addiction 88.4 (1993): 541-554.; Parke, Adrian, Mark Griffiths, and Paul Irwing, “Personality Traits in Pathological Gambling: Sensation Seeking, Deferment of Gratification and Competitiveness as Risk Factors,” Addiction Research & Theory 12.3 (2004): 201-212.; Harris, Nicholas, Jennifer Newby, and Rupert G. Klein, “Competitiveness Facets and Sensation Seeking as Predictors of Problem Gambling among a Sample of University Student Gamblers,” Journal of Gambling Studies 31.2 (2015): 385-396. Mann, Frank D., et al., “Sensation Seeking and Impulsive Traits as Personality Endophenotypes for Antisocial Behavior: Evidence from Two Independent Samples,” Personality and Individual Differences 105 (2017): 30-39.Jonah, Brian A, “Sensation Seeking and Risky Driving: a Review and Synthesis of the Literature,” Accident Analysis & Prevention 29.5 (1997): 651-665.Ruedl, Gerhard, et al., “Self Reported Risk Taking and Risk Compensation in Skiers and Snowboarders are Associated with Sensation Seeking,” Accident Analysis & Prevention 48 (2012): 292-296.Wilson, Laura C., and Angela Scarpa, “The Link between Sensation Seeking and Aggression: A Meta‐Analytic Review,” Aggressive Behavior 37.1 (2011): 81-90. 64 Kruschwitz, Johann D., et al., “Nothing to Lose: Processing Blindness to Potential Losses Drives Thrill and Adventure Seekers,” Neuroimage 59.3 (2012): 2850-2859. 65 Holt, Daniel D., Leonard Green, and Joel Myerson, “Is Discounting Impulsive?: Evidence from Temporal and Probability Discounting in Gambling and Non-Gambling College Students,” Behavioural Processes 64.3 (2003): 355-367.
博彩旅遊服務補救對遊客滿意與重訪意圖之影響 179 響,尤其是與⾦錢敏感程度相關的⼈格特質。如上所述,尋求感覺的⼈格特質不僅與參與博彩的⾏為相關,也影響遊客對於⾦錢損失和獎勵的不同反應。因此,本研究提出如下假設,本研究的概念模型如圖 1所⽰: H5. 尋求感覺的人格特質調節遊客滿意度與重訪意願之間的關係。 圖1. 研究概念模型 三、研究方法 (一)、量表構建 使⽤ 5-李克特量表(從 1-強烈不同意到 5-強烈同意),本研究設計⼀份結構化的紙質問卷。問卷包括博彩旅遊業的服務補救、遊客容忍度、遊客損失厭惡度、遊客滿意度、遊客重訪意圖、尋求感覺的⼈格特質和⼈⼜統計學特徵。服務補救的量表採⽤ Cheng et al.的量表,根據本研究所關注的主題刪除分配正義這個維度,保留程式正義和交互正義兩個個⼦維度的共八個題項。66 容忍度的量表(五個題項)來⾃ Trianasari, Butcher & Sparks的研究。67 損失厭惡度使⽤ Li et al.開發的量表,共 66 Cheng, Boon Liat, et al, “Service Recovery, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty: Evidence from Malaysia’s Hotel Industry,” International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 11.2 (2019): 187-203. 67 Trianasari, Nana, Ken Butcher, and Beverley Sparks. “Understanding Guest Tolerance and the Role of Cultural Familiarity in Hotel Service Failures.” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 27.1 (2018): 21-40.
陳希、殷悅、張楊 180 七個題項,包含⼀個反向編碼題。68 遊客滿意度(四個題項)和重訪意圖(兩個題項),使⽤ Kuo & Wu和 Kim, Kim & Kim的量表。69 最後尋求感覺的⼈格特質根據 Haynes, Miles & Clements的研究,使⽤其簡化的⼈格特質測量量表,共包含⼗三個題項。70 ⼈⼜統計學特徵反映遊客的特點,因此將遊客的年齡、受教育程度、⽉收入、職業、婚姻狀況等因素納入討論。通過⽅便抽樣的⽅式,邀請在澳⾨有參加博彩旅遊活動體驗的遊客進⾏填寫。所有受訪者都獨⽴參與,並根據⾃⼰的判斷填寫問卷。 (二)、資料收集與處理 數據通過線下紙質問卷髮放的⽅式來收集。於 2025年 6⽉ 1⽇至 21⽇期間在澳⾨收集,⽬標受訪者是參與過博彩旅遊活動的遊客。採⽤隨機抽樣法和便利抽樣法,本研究共發放五百份問卷,回收四百七⼗八份。然後對於回收問卷中存在漏選、多選、回答⾃相⽭盾等問題對問卷有效性進⾏刪選,獲得四百七⼗份有效問卷,問卷合格回收率為 94.0%。所有參與者都獨⽴參與,根據⾃⼰的判斷填寫問卷。 為評價結構模型中的路徑,本研究採⽤統計⼯具 Smart-PLS 4.0和 SPSS 24.0,深入研究模型成分對博彩遊客服務補救後重返意圖的影響。選擇 PLS-SEM 是因為它是⼀種更合適的統計⽅法,特別是在檢查最近變數之間的關係和使⽤⼩樣本時。為求解中間係數的乘積法,本研究採⽤ bootstrapping分析⽅法。71 ⾸先,利⽤ SPSS 68 Li, Jin, et al. “Development of a Loss Aversion Scale.” Journal of Managerial Issues 33.1 (2021). 69 Kuo, Ying-Feng, and Chi-Ming Wu. “Satisfaction and Post-Purchase Intentions with Service Recovery of Online Shopping Websites: Perspectives on Perceived Justice and Emotions.” International Journal of Information Management 32.2 (2012): 127-138.; Kim, Taegoo Terry, Woo Gon Kim, and Hong-Bumm Kim, “The Effects of Perceived Justice on Recovery Satisfaction, Trust, Word-of-Mouth, and Revisit Intention in Upscale Hotels,” Tourism Management 30.1 (2009): 51-62. 70 Haynes, C. A., J. N. Miles, and K. Clements. “A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Two Models of Sensation Seeking.” Personality and Individual Differences 29. 5 (2000): 823-839. 71 Mooney, Christopher Z., Robert D. Duval, and Robert Duvall, Bootstrapping: A Nonparametric Approach to Statistical Inference. No. 95. (Sage, 1993).; Streukens, Sandra, and Sara Leroi-Werelds, “Bootstrapping and PLS-SEM: A Step-By-Step Guide to Get More out of Your Bootstrap Results,” European Management Journal 34.6 (2016): 618-632. Dash, Ganesh, and Justin Paul, “CB-SEM vs PLS-SEM Methods for Research in Social Sciences and Technology Forecasting,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 173 (2021): 121092 Chin, Wynne W., Barbara L. Marcolin, and Peter R. Newsted, “A Partial Least Squares Latent Variable Modeling Approach for Measuring Interaction Effects: Results from a Monte Carlo Simulation Study and an Electronic-Mail
陳希、殷悅、張楊 186 圖2. 尋求感覺的人格特質的調節作用 五、討論與結語 通過建⽴服務補救對遊客滿意度和重遊意圖影響的模型,本研究探討博彩旅遊場景中因⼤量或連續損失⽽引發遊客情緒受損時,服務補救對遊客滿意度及重訪意圖的影響,並且考慮到遊客對於服務失敗的容忍度、損失厭惡度和遊客尋求感覺的⼈格特質的作⽤。該模型的有效性得到研究結果的⽀援。 ⾸先,服務補救對遊客滿意度有顯著正向影響的作⽤,這與之前其他旅遊場景中的研究結果⼀致。80 這與⽬前博彩旅遊發展已經具備相對成熟的反應機制相關, 80 Ghalandari, Kamal, Leila Babaeinia, and Maryam Ghorbani Ghale Jogh, “Investigation of the Effect of Perceived Justice on Post-Recovery Overall Satisfaction, Post-Recovery Revisit Intention and Post-Recovery Word-Of-Mouth Intention from Airline Industry in Iran: The Role of Corporate Image,” World Applied Sciences Journal 18.7 (2012): 957-970.; Cheng, Boon Liat, et al., “Service Recovery, Customer Satisfaction and Customer Loyalty: Evidence from Malaysia’s Hotel Industry,” International Journal of
博彩旅遊服務補救對遊客滿意與重訪意圖之影響 187 ⼀般來說博彩場景中的服務提供者都經受過專業培訓,掌握處理突發情況的能⼒,能夠比較及時發現遊客異常情況的發⽣,並根據標準化處理流程做出反應,使服務補救⼦維度中的程式正義與交互正義能夠及時發揮作⽤。 其次,遊客對服務失敗的容忍度也被驗證顯著正向影響遊客的滿意度。與過往研究不同,本研究將容忍度所描述的期望範圍對滿意度影響的因果關係作為重點,⽽非具體討論遊客的期望區間。結果表明,在博彩旅遊場景中遊客對服務失敗的容忍度是遊客滿意度的前因,可以視作是對 Trianasari, Butcher & Sparks 研究的延伸。81 再者,博彩旅遊中發⽣的服務失敗不僅具有其他⼀般旅遊場景中服務失敗的共性,還與⾦錢損失的⾼風險有更為緊密的關係。本研究將損失厭惡度這⼀概念引入到博彩旅遊場景種服務補救的探討中來,並且驗證遊客的損失厭惡度也會影響遊客的滿意度,這⼀結果也符合前⼈的討論。82 遊客的滿意度在本研究中被證實是遊客重訪意圖的前因。過往的研究已經在多種旅遊場景中驗證這⼀點,本⽂在博彩旅遊場景中的結果仍然與之前相符。83 這說明通過各種提⾼遊客滿意度的各種機制,能夠有效地刺激他們提升重訪意圖。 最後,除開以上對服務補救的外部作⽤的考察,本研究亦考慮⼈格特質發揮的作⽤。不同於以往研究習慣於使⽤五⼤⼈格特質的標準,本研究採⽤與博彩活動和服務補救更為緊密相關的尋求感覺的⼈格特質作為考量調節作⽤的測量依據。結果顯⽰,當遊客尋求感覺的⼈格特質的程度更⾼時,他們重訪的意圖更強,這也再次驗證 Holt et al.的觀點,體現出重視不同類型的遊客⼈格特質的重要性。84 Quality and Service Sciences 11.2 (2019): 187-203. 81 Trianasari, Nana, Ken Butcher, and Beverley Sparks. “Understanding guest tolerance and the role of cultural familiarity in hotel service failures.” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 27.1 (2018): 21-40. 82 Mayer, Karl J., et al., “Gaming Customer Satisfaction: An Exploratory Study,” 178-183. 83 Kim, Taegoo Terry, Woo Gon Kim, and Hong-Bumm Kim, “The Effects of Perceived Justice on Recovery Satisfaction, Trust, Word-of-Mouth, and Revisit Intention in Upscale Hotels,” Tourism Management 30.1 (2009): 51-62. 84 Holt, Daniel D., Leonard Green, and Joel Myerson, “Is Discounting Impulsive?: Evidence from Temporal and Probability Discounting in Gambling and Non-Gambling College Students,” Behavioural Processes 64.3 (2003): 355-367.
博彩旅遊服務補救對遊客滿意與重訪意圖之影響 189 Masiero et al.研究所⽰,博彩旅遊開發者和經營者需要重視「安慰獎勵」的開發。85最後,尋求感覺的⼈格特質表明這⼀⼈格特質程度更⾼的遊客類型更容易在經歷⼤量或連續的損失,並獲得服務補救之後仍然有較⾼的重返意圖,博彩旅遊影響可以考慮對特定⼈格特質類型遊客的⾏銷策略。 (三)、研究局限及對未來研究的啟示 本研究仍然存在⼀些局限性。⾸先是本研究的資料收集地為中國澳⾨,未來研究可以在更多博彩旅遊⽬的地中進⾏驗證,以增加對不同博彩旅遊⽬的地服務補救的理解。其次,本研究只重點觀察博彩旅遊場景中的⼀種服務失敗類型,未來研究可以討論更多類型,以求和其他⼀般旅遊場景進⾏比較,豐富對博彩旅遊場景中服務失敗與補救的理解。最後,本研究只考慮⼀種⼈格特質的調節作⽤,未來可以將⼈⼜統計學的更多要素納入探討,以觀測如遊客性別、年齡、受教育程度等不同條件對其最終⾏為意圖的調節作⽤。 85 Masiero, Lorenzo, et al. “Gambling Destinations and the Effect of Gambling Results on Tourist Satisfaction and Loyalty,” 678-689.
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丰晟敏、羅全蒙 202 The Practical Significance and Enlightenment of Cicero’s Natural Law Thought Feng, Shengmin1; Luo, Quanmeng (1. Lecturer of Nanchang Normal University) Abstract: From ancient Rome to modern times, Cicero’s natural law philosophy has profoundly influenced global legal development and philosophical thought through its core concepts: “goodness” and “responsibility”, “reason” and “truth”, “justice” and “patriotism”. The pursuit of goodness naturally fosters a sense of responsibility, the quest for truth calls for rationality, and upholding justice requires courage and patriotic spirit. This article examines the theoretical and practical significance of Cicero’s natural law philosophy for China’s judicial practice, legal development, and social governance by integrating contemporary Chinese social realities. Its ideas of goodness, equality, and patriotism offer valuable insights for cultivating civic virtues in the new era. Keywords: Cicero’s thought on natural law; Responsibility; Rationality; Justice; Patriotism
西塞羅自然法思想的現實意義與啟示 203 一、引言:從自然法現代爭議釐清西塞羅自然法思想當代價值 古羅⾺著名的思想家、哲學家、法學家和政治家西塞羅(Marcus Tullius Cicero,BC 106-BC 43)在《論法律》(De Legibus)中,認為⾃然法,亦即正確的理性,是真正的法律,是衡量⼀切是非的標準。在他看來,⾃然法、理性和上帝是統⼀的,公正、善和成⽂法都是它的體現。所有的⼈在這種神聖的⾃然法⾯前都是平等的,但不是財產的均等,⽽是理性的共有。1 西塞羅的⾃然法思想在其著作中多有體現,如《論演說家》(De oratore)、《論共和國》(De re publica)、《論至善和至惡》(De finibus bonorum et malorum)、《論神性》(De natura deorum)、《論⽼年》(De Senectute)、《論友誼》(De Amicitic)與《論責任》(De Livinatione)等著作,西塞羅因此被後世稱為⾃然法之⽗。法律思想是⼀個⼈⼈格和本質的⾃然引申,從西塞羅的⽣平事蹟、演說和著書⽴說去考證,可以將其⾃然法思想歸納為良善和責任、理性和真知、正義和愛國。西塞羅這位古羅⾺先賢⾃然法思想的智慧之光時至今⽇依然照亮我們前⾏的路。 西塞羅很早就系統論證⾃然法和實在法之間的關係,他認為⾃然法在國家產⽣之前就存在,任何實在法都必須符合⾃然法,否則就不配稱之為法律。⾃然法理論發展到現代,出現關鍵爭議:哈特「最低限度⾃然法」強調實證法與道德分離性繼承,富勒「程式⾃然法」主張法律內在道德性。⼆者對西塞羅理性範疇進⾏差異化發展。2 學者對西塞羅所強調的理性有兩種理解,⼀種是理性超然法律之外對法律進⾏評價,另⼀種觀點認為理性是法律本身的內在品質。對哈特和富勒對於西塞羅⾃然法理性範疇的差異性發展進⾏分析,要從西塞羅的原著原⽂中找尋答案,要從紐倫堡審判引⽤西塞羅⾃然法思想的觀點中尋找答案,理性本身就是法律的內在品質,沒有理性就不是法律。 約翰․菲尼斯(John Finnis, 1940-)在《⾃然法與⾃然權利》中重構「基本善」理論,以實踐理性取代西塞羅的形⽽上學理性基礎。菲尼斯則以實踐理性為基礎重構⾃然法,跳脫傳統形⽽上學框架。實踐思維是關於(⼈應當)做什麼的思維。實踐 1 西塞羅,《論法律》,(上海:上海人民出版社,2005),39。 2 強世功,《法律的現代性劇場哈特與富勒論戰》,(北京:法律出版社,2005),8。
丰晟敏、羅全蒙 204 合理性是在做出決定、採納承諾、選擇並執⾏計畫時以及通常在⾏動時表現出的合理性。實踐哲學是關於諸種善(它們能在⼈類⾏動中實現)與實踐合理性諸要求的訓練有素的批判性反思。菲尼斯的實踐理性更為具體且有操作性,譬如說他提出融貫的⼈⽣計畫,不得在價值之間有任意的偏愛……尊重每⼀個⾏動中的每⼀種基本價值,共同善的要求,服從⼈的良⼼和這些要求的產物:道德性等等。3 菲尼斯的實踐理性繼承西塞羅關於「道德性」的思想,也發展出⼀套有實踐意義的⾏為準則。但我們要認識到西塞羅⾃然法中關於理性的思想是源頭活⽔,該思想看似非常簡單和直接,卻擁有最原始最⾃然最強⼤的價值給⼈以⼒量,就藏於西塞羅流傳於後世的⽂稿、演講和對話中,是無法取代的存在。約翰·洛克(John Locke, 1632-1704)在⼗七世紀闡述的⾃由和⾃然權利的許多要素,實際上早在西元前⼀世紀的西塞羅對⾃然法的描述中就已經存在。4 西塞羅⾃然法思想不僅對法律發展有巨⼤貢獻,對於現代⼈更多的是法律精神和法律思想的啟⽰、⼈⽣哲學的啟⽰,給予在苦難中深刻、在迷茫中痛苦和在現實中掙扎的⼈們更多的⼒量前⾏。因此,時至今⽇西塞羅⾃然法思想仍有很多學習者和思考者。5 二、西塞羅自然法思想中關於「善」和「責任」 (一)、善良的行為是最高尚的美德 1、良善是對人性美好的堅守 西塞羅認為⾃然法是⼀種價值判斷和價值規範,遵守⾃然法是⼀種美德。真實的⾃我往往都有光明和陰暗兩⾯,從邏輯上來說,所有的邪惡是對良善的背離,真正的勇敢是對良善的堅持。相信良善,是對⼈性美好的堅守,只有良善才能讓我們的⼈⽣⾃洽,才能讓我們告別虛無、虛偽和虛榮,我們每個⼈都要意識到⾃⼰內⼼ 3 約翰·菲尼斯,田夫譯,《自然法與自然權利》,(北京:商務印書館,2025),24。 4 Thornton Lockwood, “The Partial Coherence of Cicero’s De officiis,” The Monist 4.2 (2025). 5 Marcus Tullius Cicero, “Roman Thinker and Philosopher: ‘To Live is to Think’,” CE Noticias Financieras English 12.31 (2025).
丰晟敏、羅全蒙 212 三、西塞羅自然法思想中關於「理性」和「真知」 蘇格拉底提醒我們承認⾃⼰的無知,乃是開啟智慧的⼤⾨,我們又稱其為「愛智慧」。西塞羅在古羅⾺時代頗有聲望,他的哲學⽂章通俗易懂、流傳很廣,在當時古羅⾺影響很⼤,對於後世法哲學思想特別是⾃然法思想產⽣深刻⽽有益的影響。西塞羅認為⾃然賦予⼈類理性,理性主義是西塞羅⾃然法思想的精髓,法律應是正確的理性、真正的理性,正確的理性是永恆的、不變的、唯⼀的。14 西塞羅以為真知是追求至善的第⼀條途徑,追求真知也是第⼀美德,要在實踐中追求真知,還要善於運⽤深奧的道理。正因為⼈是理性的,所以追求真理是⼈⼀⽣的使命。 (一)、理性是生命中的光和燈 法律是⾃然的⼒量,是明理之⼈的智慧和理性,也是衡量合法和非法的尺度。在西塞羅的著作中,理性不僅是⾃然法的核⼼,也是⼈類社會和政治制度的基⽯,在西塞羅看來,理性不僅是個⼈⾏為的準則,也是社會法律源泉。15 西塞羅的⾃然法思想,正是以理性為核⼼構建的,在⼀個追求正義和法治的社會中,西塞羅的理性觀仍然具有重要的啟⽰價值。16 1、法律是最低底線的道德 我們常常憤怒和抱怨:「這不就是⼈嗎?沒有什麼東西比⼈更壞!⼈性的幽暗沒有⽌境」。因此更應明⽩好的法律制度應該是激起⼈性之善,⽽引導⼈們克服內⼼的陰暗⾯,成為更有品質更理性更陽光的⼈。⼈不要無視⾃⼰內⼼的⿊暗,如果我們 14 Paul Kengor, The Reality of Natural Law. Tribune-Review, (Greensburg, PA, 2017). 1.馬克·萊文的書《重新發現美國主義:以及進步主義的暴政》是暢銷書排行榜非虛構類書籍的榜首。萊文寫道「自然法提供了一個道德指南針或秩序——正義、美德、真理、謹慎等——一種基本的、普遍的、永恆的道德和諧,超越了人類法律。通過正確的理性發現的自然法,人們知道對錯善惡。」 15 Benjamin Straumann, “Enforceable Duties: Cicero and Kant on the Legal Nature of Political Order,” Jus Cogens 5 (2023): 258. 16 西塞羅著,李寅譯,《論共和國》,(南京:譯林出版社,2013),6-7。
丰晟敏、羅全蒙 214 樂觀豁達。19 這些理性思考和樂觀豁達的精神對於⽼年⼈⼼靈的疏導和慰藉尤為必要,以之化解我們社會中關於家庭關係、⽼⼈贍養和⽼年⼈⽣命財產安全保障等諸多⽭盾衝突中能夠發揮其正⾯的作⽤。 3、理性否定惡法 以德國〈告密者法案〉為例,為什麼從⾃然法的角度去分析,我們認為其背離⾃然法原則和精神,是惡法,不應當被遵照執⾏。當我們回歸到西塞羅《論友誼》這篇著作中,他認為理性本身就要求有朋友,擁有朋友就擁有信⼼,就能夠堅定地盼望快樂,友誼是保證我們的朋友以及我們⾃⼰獲得快樂的最可靠的保護者和創造者,西塞羅非常精彩的論述便是「我們若不愛我們的朋友如同愛我們⾃⼰,就不可能維護友誼本身。我們為朋友的喜樂⽽喜樂,如同我們⾃⼰的喜樂⼀樣,為朋友的悲愁⽽悲愁,如同⾃⼰的悲愁⼀樣,與朋友同⽢共苦。因⽽,智慧者對待朋友如同對待⾃⼰⼀樣,也就是待⼈如⼰,為朋友的快樂盡⼼盡⼒,如同為⾃⼰的快樂⼀樣」。20 「⾃然希望友誼是美德的輔佐,不是罪惡的伴侶」,⼆戰時期的德國〈告密者法案〉頒佈實施代表古⽼的⾃然法精神已然逝去。⼈類社會引以為傲的精神財富都不及這樣卑劣陰損告密者(Snitch)的靈魂觸⽬驚⼼,⼀個正直體⾯的⼈不會為前途⽽出賣任何⼈—特別是⾃⼰的家⼈和朋友。西塞羅之惡法非法的觀點被其他學者繼承發展,譬如說根據聖保羅的觀點,愛是產⽣法律權威所必需的,⽽信仰是實現有愛的法的必要條件。愛的法律能夠產⽣主體中的服從——法律的權威。21 在紐倫堡審判這場對納粹德國公開和公正的審判中,⼤法官重新肯定良⼼重要性,推動⾃然法學派復興,⼈們承認有⼀種超越於⼀切具體法律之上的正義標準,它植根於⼈們的道德觀念和宗教信仰,⽽這恰好是西塞羅⾃然法思想的延續和繼承。 紐倫堡審判為國際法樹⽴重要原則。審判正式確⽴〈羅⾺規約〉第 33條「上級命令不免責」原則,實質上肯定每個⼈都是⼀個獨⽴的個體,每個⼈都有獨⽴⼈格和 19 西塞羅著,徐奕春譯,《論老年、論友誼、論責任》,14。 20 米歇爾·德·蒙田著,高黎平譯,《論友誼》,(北京:中國對外翻譯出版公司,2010),12。 21 Deagon, Alex, “Rendering to Caesar and God: St Paul, the Natural Law Tradition, and the Authority of Law,” Law, Culture and the Humanitie 3.13 (2017): 491.
丰晟敏、羅全蒙 222 質是勇敢,真正的勇敢是⼀種堅持⽽不是無畏,能夠拒絕誘惑,這種勇敢在我們這個時代是極其缺乏的。我們常常嚮往勇敢,在⼈⽣的字典中,勇敢是最⾼級的辭彙,可就當命運之神將⾃⼰推向勇敢之時,希望我們能像想像中那麼勇敢。有的⼈深處逆境,但改變不了⾃⼰處境,只能勇敢地⾯對,勇敢地⾯對你所處在不利的情況,就像⾛在⼤雪封山的困境中依然尋求⽣機。在⼈類所有的美德中,勇敢是最稀缺的,⼈類最偉⼤的品質是勇敢,祝願每⼀個⼈⾃信⽽勇敢得活著。⼈要勇敢活出⾃⼰,要勇敢做⾃⼰,⼀個勇敢的⼈是⼀個保持⾃⼰信念的⼈,⽤⾃⼰⽣命恪守⾃⼰的信念,正如西塞羅所⾔「⼀個勇敢的⼈,也就是滿懷信⼼的⼈」,所以拿出點勇氣來,⼈⽣路還很長,慢慢來,不慌張。⼀個勇敢的⼈應當具備誠實、正義、節制和智慧等其他美德。勇氣不是孤⽴存在的,⽽是與其他美德相互作⽤,共同構成⼀個完整⼈格。 勇敢意味著遵循⾃然⼈性的指引,在正義範圍內,做出正確的⼈⽣選擇。在《論法律》中對⾃然法和共同⼈類理性的討論變得更為清晰。普遍⼈性的道德責任提供正義的界限,超越這些界限是不道德的。在這些界限內,他們不同的本性正確地引導他們選擇不同道路。⼈類有權在⾃⼰的身上培養⾃然中其他地⽅發現的秩序和恒定性。34 勇敢地為⾃⼰的⼈⽣做出正確的選擇,無論婚姻、⼯作還是友情等等。遵從⾃⼰的內⼼,不要違背⾃⼰的價值觀,⼀個怯懦的⼈是無法追求幸福的。 (三)、愛國主義是公民責任和義務的核心 西塞羅說:「為國家忠誠是⼀種⾼尚和值得尊敬的價值」。35 他認為愛國主義是公民責任和義務的核⼼,在《論共和國》中,西塞羅通過對話形式闡述理想國家構想,其中公民的愛國情感是維繫國家和諧與秩序的關鍵。西塞羅定義:「共和國是『屬於⼈民的』,但⼈民不是任何以任何形式聚集在⼀起的⼈,⽽是接受相同法律並有共同利益的⼈的聯合體」。36 愛國主義體現在對法治的堅守上,愛國體現為遵守法律,並且對法律的不⾜能夠提出⾃⼰的意⾒和建議,希望國家能夠向善向上發展, 34 Hawley, MC, “Individuality and Hierarchy in Cicero’s De Officiis,” European Journal of Political Theory 1.19 (2020): 99. 35 “Loyalty,” CE Noticias Financieras English, March 1, 2025. 36 “About our Republic” CE Noticias Financieras English (Miami: 2025.04): 1.
丰晟敏、羅全蒙 224 徵引書目 一、中文書目與期刊 [1] 西塞羅著,王煥⽣譯,《論法律》,上海:上海⼈民出版社,2005。 [2] 強世功,《法律的現代性劇場哈特與富勒論戰》,北京:法律出版社,2005。 [3] 約翰‧菲尼斯著,⽥夫譯,《⾃然法與⾃然權利》,北京:商務印書館,2025。 [4] 徐國棟,《地⽅論研究——從西塞羅到當代》,北京:京⼤學出版社出版,2016。 [5] 西塞羅著,張⽵明、龍莉譯,《論義務》,南京:譯林出版社,2015。 [6] 西塞羅著,⽯敏敏譯,《論至善和至惡》,北京:中國社會科學出版社,2005。 [7] 西塞羅著,王曉朝譯,《西塞羅全集‧演說詞》,北京:⼈民出版社,2008。 [8] 西塞羅著,《論責任》,北京:北京簡讀互動⽂化有限公司,2025。 [9] 漢娜‧阿倫特,安尼譯,《艾希曼在耶路撒冷:⼀份關於平庸的惡的報告》,南京:譯林出版社,2017。 [10] 覃鴻漸,《西塞羅⾃然法思想研究》,四川:四川外國語⼤學,國際法學與社會學院碩⼠論⽂,2019。 [11] 西塞羅著,李寅譯,《論共和國》,南京:譯林出版社,2013。 [12] 西塞羅著,徐奕春譯,《論⽼年、論友誼、論責任》,北京:商務印書館,2006。 [13] ⽶歇爾‧德‧蒙⽥著,⾼黎平譯,《論友誼》,北京:中國對外翻譯出版公司,2010。 [14] 羅翔,《圓圈正義》,北京:中國法制出版社,2019。 [15] 拉德布魯赫著,《法律的不法與超法律的法》,1946。 [16] 張⽂顯,《法理學》,北京:⾼等教育出版社,2018。 [17] 西塞羅著,李蜀⼈譯,《圖斯庫蘭論辯集》,北京:中國社會科學出版社,2021。 二、英文書目與期刊 [1] Winton Bates.“How Did Beliefs About Individual Rights Travel from Cicero to Locke”, Newstex Blogs Freedom and Flourishing (2019):1-4.
西塞羅自然法思想的現實意義與啟示 225 [2] Paul Meany. “Why the Founders’ Favorite Philosopher Was Cicero.” Foundation for Economic Education (2018): 1-3. [3] Benjamin Straumann.“Enforceable Duties: Cicero and Kant on the Legal Nature of Political Order.” Jus Cogens 5 (2023): 255-275. [4] By Paul Kengor. “The Reality of Natural Law.” Tribune-Review (2017): 1-2. [5] Deagon, Alex. “Rendering to Caesar and God: St Paul, the Natural Law Tradition, and the Authority of Law.” Law, Culture and the Humanitie 3.13 (2017): 469-492. [6] Hawley, MC. “Individuality and Hierarchy in Cicero’s De Officiis.” European Journal of Political Theory (2020): 87-105. [7] “Loyalty.” CE Noticias Financieras English, March 1, 2025. [8] “About our Republic.” CE Noticias Financieras English (Miami: 2025.04): 1-2. [9] Thornton Lockwood. “The Partial Coherence of Cicero’s de Officiis.” The Monist 4.2 (2025). [10] Marcus Tullius Cicero. “Roman thinker and philosopher: ‘To live is to think’”. CE Noticias Financieras English 12.31 (2025).
229 The Submission Guidelines of Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology (Humanities and Social Sciences) (Revised in January 2026) 1. The Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology (Humanities and Social Sciences), hereinafter referred to as the MUST Journal (Hum. & Soc. Sci.), is a professional academic publication published by Macau University of Science and Technology. It covers various fields of humanities and social sciences, including humanities, arts, history, social sciences, business, economics, management science, linguistics, and international Chinese education research. The MUST Journal (Hum. & Soc. Sci.) welcomes manuscript submissions from experts and scholars both domestically and internationally, particularly those that demonstrate awareness of issues, have rich data, solid arguments, refined writing, and original contributions, in order to promote professional knowledge exchange. 2. Make sure submit final version of manuscript. Once your manuscript is accepted for publication and received at the Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology no further changes can be made. 3. Do not submit papers to MUST Journal (Hum. & Soc. Sci.) if they have been published somewhere else, or are being considered for publication elsewhere. 4. Submit your paper only as a Word file. The article must use Traditional Chinese and English and cannot be over 15,000 words (except for the special article which cannot be over 20,000 words). MUST Journal (Hum. & Soc. Sci.) is a Quarterly one published in March, June, September and December. 5. Additionally, We will conduct an initial review within approximately ten working days. If the manuscript is marked as “under initial review,” it means it has passed the initial assessment and has been entered into the database.
230 Following this procedure, depending on the volume of submissions, the manuscript will enter a double-blind peer review process. Generally, this process takes about fifty to sixty working days (subject to the availability of review experts). If a submission has not received any notification after six months (one hundred eighty working days), the manuscript may be processed accordingly; conversely, withdrawals will not be accepted without reasonable justification. 6. The article must provide no more than 500 words of Chinese and English abstract and five keywords. Define all non-standard abbreviations when they first appear. Remember to include a title, all author names and affiliations, and the corresponding author’s email address. 7. If your paper uses figures, tables, or parts of text that have been published elsewhere, you need permission from the copyright holder. Number tables and figures, ensure they all have a legend. Define the meaning of any bold or italic formatting in your tables. Figures should be high-resolution and in a common image format. (e.g. .eps or .tif) 8. All references and contents should be readable and accurate. The article must need to follow the format references to the MUST Journal (Hum. & Soc. Sci.) style when you first submit your paper. 9. Include acknowledgements, conflict-of-interest declarations and details of funding sources and grant numbers at the end of your paper. Include the full funder name. Use author initials to indicate which authors received grants. 10. Include all supplementary data files, which is the application from, with your submission. Use Word’s ‘Insert equation’ and ‘Insert symbol’ functions to insert symbols or special characters. Do not use images. Times New Roman and Arial Unicode MS typically provide the widest range of symbols and special
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236 (2)英文書目之引用(Bibliography) † 英文徵引書目之引用需留意作者/譯者/編者名字先(First Name)而姓氏後(Last Name)。如遇多位作者,只需調整第一位作者即可。如出現四位或以上作者,於註釋第一作者後以 et al.表示,但在徵引書目必須詳列所有作者。 I. 西文專書(Books) Ø 作者─書名─版次 ed.─(出版地點: 出版公司, 出版年分)─頁碼。 初引:Brendan Henry, The History of Fashion, 1500-1900, 2nd ed. (Hongkong: University of Hongkong Press, 2024), 50-80. 再引:Brendan, The History of Fashion, 1500-1900, 50-70. 徵引書目:Henry, Brendan. The History of Fashion, 1500-1900, 2nd ed. Hongkong: University of Hongkong Press, 2024. Ø 作者—書名—, ed./trans.編⁄譯者姓名—(出版地點: 出版公司, 出版年分)—頁碼。 初引:Walter Bagehot, The English Constitution, ed. Miles Taylor (Oxford: University of Oxford, 2001), 32-80. 再引:Bagehot, The English Constitution, 20-25. 徵引書目:Bagehot, Walter. The English Constitution. Edited, Miles Taylor. Oxford: University of Oxford, 2001. Ø 章節作者—“章節標題”—in 書名—,ed(s).編者—(出版地: 出版者, 年份)—頁碼。(譯者亦如是—,trans譯者) 初引:Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, “Prince Philip: Sportsman and Youth Leader,” in The Man Behind the Queen: Male Consorts in History, eds. Charles Beem and Miles Taylor. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 223-239. 再引:Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, “Prince Philip: Sportsman and Youth Leader,” 223-239. 徵引書目:Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. “Prince Philip: Sportsman and Youth Leader.” in The Man Behind the Queen: Male Consorts in History. Eds. Charles Beem and Miles Taylor, 223-239. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. †只需調整單一章節作者即可,編者不需調整姓氏與名字次序。
237 II. 期刊論文(Journals and Articles) Ø 作者—“篇名,” —期刊名稱—期.卷數—(出版地: 年份/月份)—: 頁數。 初引: Yan, Hao-Chen, Lam, Man-Yue, Lee, Joseph Hun-Wei, “Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Transients in HDPE Pipeline with PRV Interaction,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 147.6 (ASCE: 2021.06): 67. 再引:Yan, Hao-Chen, Lam, Man-Yue, Lee, Joseph Hun-Wei, “Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Transients in HDPE Pipeline with PRV Interaction,” 67. 徵 引 書 目 : Hao-Chen, Yan, Lam, Man-Yue, Lee, Joseph Hun-Wei, “Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Transients in HDPE Pipeline with PRV Interaction.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 147.6 (ASCE: 2021.06): 1-67. 研討會或論文集,未經正式出版之成果(Unpublished manuscripts, Lectures and Working papers),引註如下: ◎作者—“篇名”—(研討會名稱/參與地: 參與場所, 日期)—頁數。 初引: 1. David G. Harper, “The Several Discoveries of the Ciliary Muscle” (PowerPoint presentation, 25th Anniversary of the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society, Bethesda, MD, March 31,2012), 24. 2. Deborah D. Lucki and Richard W. Pollay, “Content Analyses of Advertising: A Review of the Literature” (working paper, History of Advertising Archives, Faculty of Commerce, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1980), 46. 再引: 1. David G. Harper, “The Several Discoveries of the Ciliary Muscle”, 24. 2. Deborah D. Lucki and Richard W. Pollay, “Content Analyses of Advertising: A Review of the Literature”, 46. 徵引書目: 1. David G. Harper, “The Several Discoveries of the Ciliary Muscle” PowerPoint presentation, 25th Anniversary of the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society, Bethesda, MD, March 31, 2012. 2. Deborah D. Lucki and Richard W. Pollay, “Content Analyses of Advertising: A Review of the Literature” Working paper, History of Advertising Archives, Faculty of Commerce, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1980.
238 III. 電子書(Electronic Books) Ø 作者—書名—(出版地: 出版社, 年份)—電子書類型—頁數. 初引:John Jowett, et al, The Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works, 2nd ed, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005), EPUB, 60. 再引:John Jowett, et al, The Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works, 2nd ed, EPUB, 60. 徵引書目:Jowett, John, William Montgomery, Gary Taylor, Stanley Wells. The Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005, EPUB. IV. 報紙(Newspapers) Ø 作者/機構—“標題”—報刊名稱—月日, 年/期數—版數(如有)—URL/資料庫(如有). 初引:Georgina Rannard, “Five planets to line up in rare planetary conjunction” BBC News Climate & Science, June 24, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61910977. 再引:Georgina Rannard, “Five planets to line up in rare planetary conjunction”, BBC News Climate & Science, June 24, 2022. 徵引書目:Rannard, Georgina, “Five planets to line up in rare planetary conjunction” BBC News Climate & Science, June 24, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61910977. V. 碩博士學位論文(thesis and dissertations.) Ø 作者—“論文名稱” —章節—(碩 /博士論文 , 畢業大學 , 年份)—頁數—URL(如有). 初引:Melanie Subacus, “Duae Patriae: Cicero and Political Cosmopolitanism in Rome,” abstract (PhD diss., New York University, 2015), v, http://pqdtopen.pro quest.com/pubnum/3685917.html. 再引:Melanie Subacus, “Duae Patriae: Cicero and Political Cosmopolitanism in Rome,” abstract, v. 徵引書目:Subacus, Melanie, “Duae Patriae: Cicero and Political Cosmopolitanism in Rome.” PhD diss., New York University, 2015, http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/pubnum/3685917.html.
239 VI. 檔案與政府文件(public and Legal documents) Ø 作者—檔案匯編名稱/卷/冊數—(出版地: 出版商, 年份)—頁數. Ø 作者(如有)—檔案/文件名稱—日期(如有)—檔案/文件編號—收藏機構(如有)—頁數(如有). 初引: 1. Arthur Christopher, Viscount Esher, The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondent between the Years 1837-1861, Vol. III(London: John Murray, 1908, Published by Authority of Her Majesty the King), 163-178. 2. Act of Settlement, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2. 再引: 1. Arthur Christopher, Viscount Esher, The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondent between the Years 1837-1861, Vol. III, 163-178. 2. Act of Settlement, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2. 徵引書目: 1. Christopher, Arthur, Viscount Esher. The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondent between the Years 1837-1861, Vol. III. London: John Murray, 1908, Published by Authority of Her Majesty the King. 2. Act of Settlement, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2. VII. 其他網絡資源(Websites resources) Ø 作者/機構/其他名稱—“標題” 網站名稱—瀏覽/最後修改日期—網址. 初引、再引與徵引書目: 1. Alliance for Linguistic Diversity, n.d. “Balkan Romani.” Endangered Languages. Accessed April 6,2016. http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342. 2. Google. 2016. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified March 25,2016. http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYHUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES