二零二六年第二十卷第一期Vol.20 No.1 2026 ISSN-1994-4926MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYHUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
版權所有 翻印必究 All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. 《澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報》(人 文 社 會 科 學 版) 第 二 十 卷 第 一 期 (季 刊) JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (HUM. & SOC. SCI.) VOL.20 NO.1 主 辦 方:澳門科技大學 Distributor:Macau University of Science and Technology 主 席:朱健康 Chairman:Zhu, Jian-Kang 執行編輯:龐 川 Executive Editor:Pang, Chuan 編 輯 方:澳門科技大學學報(人文社會科學版)編輯部 Editorial:Editorial department, Macau University of Science and Technology 出 版 者:澳門科技大學 Publisher:Macau University of Science and Technology 地 址:澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 Address:Avienda Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 出版年月:二零二六年三月 Issued date:March, 2026 鳴 謝:澳門基金會資助出版 Acknowledgement:Publication sponsored by the Macau Foundation 聯絡電話(Phone):(853) 8897-3932 電 郵(Email):publication@must.edu.mo 印 刷(Print run):200本 規 格(Size):21cmx14cm 定 價(Price):澳門幣四十元 期 刊 號(ISSN):1994-4926 期刊網址(Website):https://www.mustjournal.com/CN/home
!""#" Contents 澳門科技大學廿四周年校慶榮譽博士講座系專欄 中國與東亞的崛起及其對發展經濟學的影響 China and East Asia’s Rise and It’s Implication for Development Economics 林毅夫 1 Justin Yifu Lin 世漢學會國際中文教育研究專欄 (教育部中外語言交流合作中心資助設立) 基於第二語言能力描述語庫的國際中文教育閱讀能力描述框架建構研究 Research on the Construction of a Descriptive Framework for Reading Ability in International Chinese Education Based on the Second Language Competency Descriptor Corpus 王鴻濱、呂海輝 33 Wang, Hongbin; Lü, Haihui 國際中文教師在虛擬教研室中的身份認同建構研究 A Study on Teacher Identity Construction in Virtual Teaching Research Community 許迎春、方芳 61 Yingchun Xu; Fang Fang
當期文章 住宅內正當防衛的城堡原則:法理與適用 The Castle Doctrine of Self-Defense in Dwellings: Legal Doctrines and Applications 陳 芹 81 Chen, Qin 澳門傳統水井系統的歷史價值與活化利用 The Historical Value and Revitalization of Macau’s Traditional Well System 沈鴻才 105 Shen, Hongcai 構築「詩城」:五月詩社與澳門現代主義詩歌的運動面向 Building the “City of Poetry”: The Movement Direction of May Poetry Society and Modernist Poetry in Macau 霍超群 127 Huo, Chaoqun 跨媒體製作知識產權創作之轉化敘事美學探討 Exploring the Narrative Aesthetics in the Transformation of Intellectual Property Creation in Cross-Media Production 鄭應峰 151 Zheng, Yingfeng 從遊戲地圖到旅行計劃:揭示臨場感與目的地形象對旅行意圖的作用機制 From Game Map to Trip Plan: Unraveling the Mechanism of Presence and Destination Image on Travel Intention 杜婧曄、王雪迎、黃穎祚 167 Jingye Du; Xueying Wang; Jose Weng Chou Wong An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 發展中國家城市循環性監測與評估的綜合回顧 鄒顯亞、陳東燊 199 Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S
《澳門科技大學學報》(人文社會科學版)編輯委員會 主編 Chief Editor 朱健康 澳門科技大學校長 ZHU, JIAN-KANG President, Macau University of Science and Technology 美國國家科學院院士 Member of the US National Academy of Sciences 執行編輯 Executive Editor 龐 川 澳門科技大學副校長兼研究生院院長 PANG, CHUAN Vice-President and Dean of School of Graduate Studies 編輯委員 Editorial Board Members 方 泉 澳門科技大學協理副校長兼法學院院長 FANG, QUAN Associate Vice-President and Dean of Faculty of Law 雷鼎鳴 澳門科技大學發展經濟學研究所所長 LUI, FRANCIS TING MING Director, The Institute of Development Economics 肖 瓏 澳門科技大學圖書館館長 XIAO, LONG University Librarian, Library 張洪明 澳門科技大學國際學院院長 ZHANG, HONGMING Dean of University International College 張志慶 澳門科技大學人文藝術學院院長 ZHANG, ZHIQING Dean, Faculty Humanities and Arts 吳國民 澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院院長 GOH, KOK BENG Dean, Faculty Hospitality and Tourism Management 劉成昆 澳門科技大學可持續發展研究所所長 LIU, CHENGKUN Director, Institute for Sustainable Development 林廣志 澳門科技大學社會和文化研究所所長 LIN, GUANGZHI Director, Institute for Social and Cultural Research 陳東燊 澳門科技大學商學院副院長 CHAN, TUNG SUN Vice-Dean, School of Business 孫 瑱 澳門科技大學人文藝術學院助理院長 SUN, ZHEN Assisant Dean, Faculty Humanities and Arts 王 婷 澳門科技大學國際學院助理院長 WANG, TING Assisant Dean, University International College
The Editorial Board List for Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology (Hum. &Soc. Sci) 湯開建 澳門科技大學社會和文化研究所講座教授 TANG, KAIJIAN Chair Professor, Institute for Social and Cultural Research 劉 超 澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院助理教授 LIU, CHAO Assistant Professor, Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management
林毅夫 2 China and East Asia’s Rise and It’s Implication for Development Economics Justin Yifu Lin (Dean, Institute of New Structural Economics, Peking University) Abstract: This paper explores the issue of developing countries catching up with developed nations. It points out that most developing countries have fallen into the poverty trap or middle-income trap since World War II due to the influence of mainstream theories such as structuralism and neo-liberalism, while some East Asian economies and China have achieved rapid development. The paper proposes the theory of New Structural Economics, emphasizing that economic structure is endogenous to factor endowment structure. Development should follow comparative advantages, requiring the coordination of an effective market and a proactive government, supplemented by appropriate industrial policies. This theory not only explains the failure of previous mainstream development ideas but also aligns with the common characteristics of successful economies, providing new theoretical guidance and practical paths for developing countries to achieve sustainable growth and catch-up by leveraging their own endowments and latecomer advantages. Keywords: Development; Transition; Structuralism; Neo-liberalism; Viability
林毅夫 一、引言:發展中國家追趕的希望與陷阱 經濟如何發展,無疑是當今世界最重要的問題之⼀。當前,全球仍有約百分之八⼗五的⼈⼜⽣活在發展中國家,提升其⽣活⽔準已成為這些國家普遍⽽迫切的追求。與此同時,世界也⾯臨著諸多挑戰,涵蓋經濟、社會與政治等多個⽅⾯。在中國,有⼀句廣為流傳的觀點:「發展是解決⼀切問題的基礎和關鍵(Development is the Foundation and Key to Address All Problems)。」這句話深刻地揭⽰發展的核⼼地位。唯有具備更多的發展資源,國家才能擁有更強的能⼒和更多⼿段來應對複雜多變的問題。作為中國的知識份⼦,本⼈與廣⼤同仁⼀樣,始終懷抱著以⾃身的學術和實踐貢獻,推動國家發展與民族復興的初⼼與使命。 正如諾⾙爾經濟學獎獲得者盧卡斯(Robert E. Lucas)在 2007年於劍橋⼤學發表⾺歇爾講座時所⾔:「⼀位經濟學家⼀旦開始思考發展問題,便再也無法擺脫這⼀問題︔從早到晚,他都會被這個問題所縈繞。」這句話道出發展問題對經濟學研究者的深刻吸引⼒,也正是本⼈長期以來持續關注的重要議題。 當前常被引⽤的「世界是平的(The World is Flat)」這⼀表述,⽤來形容⼗八世紀以前的全球經濟格局是頗為貼切的。在⼗八世紀初期,全球各國之間的⼈均收入⽔準差異相對較⼩。例如,根據著名經濟史學家⿆迪森(Angus Maddison)提供的資料,在 1700 年時,收入⽔準最⾼的國家是荷蘭,其⼈均 GDP(即每⼈平均產出的產品或服務的價值),以 1990年的國際購買⼒平價計算,僅為 2130國際元(約等於 2130美元)。當時發展相對落後的非洲,其⼈均 GDP也達到 421國際元,兩者差距不到五倍。就中國⽽⾔,1700 年時⼈均 GDP 約為 600 國際元,約為荷蘭的三分之⼀。由此可⾒,當時世界各主要地區在⼈均收入⽅⾯的差距尚屬有限。 相比之下,今天的情況已發⽣根本性變化。⼀些最貧困的非洲國家⼈均 GDP仍徘徊在五百至六百美元之間,⽽美國等發達國家的⼈均 GDP已達七萬至八萬美元,兩者之間的差距可⾼達⼀百倍。因此,從收入分佈的角度來看,⼗八世紀初的世界在相對意義上確實可以被視為「平的」︔⽽與之相比,當今世界的經濟差距則顯得更加懸殊。 然⽽,⾃⼗八世紀中葉以來,世界經濟格局發⽣顯著變化。這⼀時期,以英國為起點,⼯業⾰命率先興起。⼯業⾰命通常被視為⼈類歷史上的重⼤轉折,其帶來
中國與東亞的崛起及其對發展經濟學的影響 5 的科學技術進步⽇新⽉異,經濟發展也呈現出前所未有的加速度。最初實現⼯業化的⼗⼀個國家主要集中在西歐,這些國家率先完成從傳統農業社會向現代化⼯業社會的轉型。隨後,隨著西歐殖民者將制度與技術擴散至北美,美國也步入⼯業化進程。⽽與此同時,世界上⼤多數其他國家和地區則未能趕上這⼀技術與制度變⾰的浪潮,仍以傳統的農業和⼿⼯業⽅式維持經濟運⾏。正是這種⼯業化進程的不均衡推進,逐步拉⼤不同國家之間的發展差距。實現⼯業⾰命的國家在經濟上迅速崛起,與未⼯業化地區之間的差距不斷擴⼤,這⼀歷史現象被稱為“the Great Divergence”(⼤分差)。發達國家在完成⼯業化的基礎上,積累強⼤的經濟與軍事實⼒,成為世界強國︔⽽包括非洲、南亞、東南亞等地區在內的⼤多數發展中地區,逐漸淪為這些⼯業化國家的殖民地或半殖民地。以中國為例,儘管在形式上未被完全殖民,但⾃⼗九世紀中葉以來,⼤陸地區逐步被列強納入其勢⼒範圍,淪為事實上的半殖民地,⾹港更成為英國殖民地。這⼀歷史背景深刻地改變全球發展格局,也為後續發展不平衡埋下伏筆。 儘管在⼯業⾰命之後,世界經濟逐漸出現分化,但追趕發達國家始終是發展中國家的共同願望。實現經濟現代化、縮⼩差距、提升國民⽣活⽔準,是所有發展中地區普遍⽽平等的追求。從世界歷史的演進來看,第⼀次世界⼤戰期間,民族主義思潮在全球範圍內興起,推動原有殖民體制鬆動。第⼆次世界⼤戰結束後,眾多原本處於殖民或半殖民地狀態的國家陸續實現政治獨⽴,國家命運開始掌握在本國⼈民⾃⼰⼿中。這⼀歷史轉捩點促使廣⼤新獨⽴國家紛紛推進⼯業化和現代化進程,⼒圖後來居上實現對發達國家的趕超,與其在國際舞臺上平起平坐。這⼀戰略⽬標在戰後時期成為發展中國家普遍的發展⽬標。 若要理解這⼀發展追求的現實路徑,必須回到⼀個根本問題:為何⼯業⾰命之後經濟發展突然進入加速階段?正如前⽂所述,在⼗八世紀以前,世界是「平的」——各國普遍貧困,社會以農業經濟為主。彼時全球 90%多的⼈⼜⽣活在農業部⾨,⽣產率極為低下,平均預期壽命也僅在三⼗歲左右。⼯業⾰命的發⽣帶來根本性的變化。科技的持續進步催⽣新產業,推動從農業向製造業的結構轉型。各國沿著「製造業階梯」(Manufacturing Ladder)逐步向上發展,採⽤新技術不斷提升產業的⽣產效率。這⼀進程構成經濟快速增長的重要動⼒機制。尤其在當前,以⾼技術含量、⾼附加值為特徵的新產業持續推動技術創新和產業升級,成為現代經濟持續增長的
中國與東亞的崛起及其對發展經濟學的影響 9 阻礙經濟發展。 ⾃五四運動、新⽂化運動以來,儒家⽂化便長期被批評為阻礙中國現代化的根源。批評者認為,儒家思想中存在「吃⼈的禮教」(Cannibalistic Nature of Confucian Ethics),缺乏科學精神,提倡「差不多先⽣(Mr. About-the-Same)」式態度,因此無法⽀撐現代經濟的發展。這種觀點不僅在⼤陆本⼟廣為流傳,在臺灣亦然。 後來本⼈赴美留學,接觸到許多韓國同學,發現他們對儒家⽂化也有類似批評。他們認為正是儒家⽂化導致韓國長期落後,特別是在 1980年以前的韓國社會。類似的⽂化歸因也出現在印度的問題分析中。印度存在種姓制度,因此⼈們將其經濟發展緩慢歸因於「印度教式增長」(Hindu Rate of Growth),認為⽂化結構限制其年增長率上限,不易突破百分之三。 除⽂化因素,還有⼀些學者提出「地理決定論」(Geographical Determinism)。例如,認為歐洲國家位於溫帶地區,氣候適宜,因此⼈們勤勞、積累資本,⽽非洲、南亞等熱帶國家則⾃然條件優渥,無需勤奮勞動即可維持⽣存,因⽽缺乏經濟發展的內在動⼒。這些觀點甚至發展出相應理論模型和數學模型,⽤以論證⽂化或地理對發展的決定性影響。 這些解釋在過去具有⼀定說服⼒,然⽽,當本⼈真正開始從事教學與研究⼯作後,單純以⽂化因素解釋發展差異的說法已顯得難以成⽴。在⼆⼗世紀 80年代,本⼈仍然相信⽂化因素是導致中國經濟落後的主要原因。然⽽,進入 90年代乃至 2000年以後,這⼀觀點逐漸受到事實的挑戰。隨著時間推移,東亞多個國家和地區顯著縮⼩與發達國家之間的差距,甚至在某些指標上實現趕超。例如,澳⾨和新加坡的⼈均 GDP已超過美國。這些地區不僅深受儒家⽂化影響,⽽且地理位置接近⾚道。由此可⾒,傳統將儒家⽂化或熱帶地理環境視為發展障礙的解釋,在現實⾯前已逐漸失去解釋⼒。 在發展的關鍵節點上,中國有⼀句廣為流傳的話:「思路決定出路」(Ideas Determine the Wayout),這體現中國智慧。事實上,凱恩斯也持有相似的觀點。他在其代表作《就業、利息和貨幣通論》(The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money)的最後⼀章、最後⼀段、最後⼀句話中寫道:“It is ideas, not vested interests, which are dangerous for good or evil.”(真正具有影響⼒的,不是既得利益,⽽是思路理念本身,不論其導向善或惡。)凱恩斯指出,許多⼈在解釋⼀個國家的發展問題
中國與東亞的崛起及其對發展經濟學的影響 15 是指回到《國富論》中的各種理論觀點。《國富論》中強調市場的重要性,認為貿易是推動國富的關鍵,並提出「⼀隻看不⾒的⼿」(An Invisible Hand)能夠促使資源實現最優配置等理論,同時也提出許多政策建議。 本⼈所說「回歸亞當‧斯密」,並不是回到他提出的具體的理論和政策建議,⽽是要回到他提出這些理論和政策建議時所使⽤的⽅法。也就是說,回到亞當·斯密是提出這些理論和政策建議的⽅法。實際上,亞當·斯密將其⽅法無保留地作為書名⽽揭⽰出來。The Wealth of Nations只是我們對這本書的簡稱,它的完整標題是“An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations”,即「對國民財富的性質與原因的研究」。 亞當‧斯密在⼗八世紀中葉開始關注國家之間經濟發展⽔準的差異。他觀察到,英國、荷蘭等國家的財富和經濟發展相對較⾼,⽽同期的法國、德國相對落後,義⼤利、中國等曾經繁榮的國家在當時普遍處於停滯或衰退狀態。正是在這種背景下,斯密提出對於「國民財富」(National Wealth)的系統性探究。他所思考的核⼼問題,實際上與發展經濟學所關注的主題⾼度⼀致:即國民財富的本質是什麼?為什麼有些國家經濟增長迅速,⽽另⼀些國家則長期處於落後狀態,其決定因素是什麼?斯密正是從這些現實出發,展開其經濟理論的奠基性思考。 亞當‧斯密之所以能夠提出《國富論》中的⼀系列理論和政策建議,是因為他⾸先研究國民財富的本質是什麼,分析當時成功地實現財富增長的國家與相對不成功國家之間的差異背後的決定性因素。他通過對現象的系統觀察與比較,歸納出推動國家財富增長的核⼼決定因素。正是基於這種實證研究和因果分析的⽅法,斯密最終得出能夠解釋現象和指導實踐的理論。因此,若我們希望理解發展問題,同樣應當回到這⼀基本⽅法:探討發展的本質是什麼,它由哪些因素決定,這些決定因素又如何隨時間和環境⽽變化,並進⼀步分析其對發展過程所產⽣的影響。唯有如此,發展經濟學⽅能為國家和社會的進步提供更為有效的理論⽀撐與政策依據。 前⽂指出,現代經濟增長的核⼼特徵在於技術的持續創新與產業的不斷升級,帶來⽣產⼒和收入⽔準的不斷提⾼。那麼,究竟是什麼因素決定技術創新與產業升級?這類演進又會對經濟體系產⽣怎樣的影響?這些問題的本質在於對經濟結構持續演變的探究。在實際發展過程中,經濟結構並非靜態不變,⽽是不斷調整和轉型。例如,在傳統農業階段,基礎設施與制度安排往往圍繞農業⽣產需求展開︔⽽當經
林毅夫 16 濟進入現代製造業階段,產業結構發⽣變遷,便需要匹配相應的基礎設施、法律體系以及⾦融制度。由此可⾒,⽣產結構、基礎設施結構與制度結構等多種經濟結構的形成機制、演化動⼒及其變遷帶來的後果,構成理解發展過程的關鍵切入點。因此,深入研究這些結構的決定機制及其動態演化,對於揭⽰經濟發展的內在邏輯具有重要意義。 基於上述思考,本⼈希望運⽤現代經濟學的⽅法來研究經濟結構的演化問題。按照現代經濟學對各⼦學科的命名邏輯,若研究農業發展則稱為農業經濟學,研究⾦融問題則稱為⾦融經濟學,研究健康議題則稱為健康經濟學。依此類推,對經濟結構進⾏系統研究的學科,應當命名為「結構經濟學」(Structural Economics)。然⽽,鑒於已有「結構主義」(Structuralism)理論體系的存在,為明確區分研究範式與政策含義,本⼈將所提出的⽅法來研究結構變遷所形成的理論體系命名為「新結構經濟學」(New Structural Economics)。這⼀命名⽅式不僅體現出與既有結構主義理論的差異,也符合現代經濟學在學科分類上的通⾏慣例。 例如,本⼈此前提到的新制度經濟學即是⼀例。該理論體系由經濟學家道格拉斯‧諾斯(Douglass North)於⼆⼗世紀 60 年代發起,他運⽤現代經濟學的⽅法研究制度及其變遷的原因與經濟影響,因⽽按理應該稱為制度經濟學。然⽽,由於⼗九世紀末至⼆⼗世紀初,美國曾存在⼀個「制度學派」(Institutionalism),其研究內容雖然同樣聚焦於制度的演化,但⽅法論與研究視角顯著不同。為與前者加以區分,諾斯等⼈將其理論命名為「新制度經濟學」(New Institutional Economics)。新結構經濟學的命名⽅式與此類似。結構主義經濟學雖也關注結構因素,但其分析⽅法和政策主張與新結構經濟學存在根本差異。 (二)、結構、結構變化和收入陷阱的決定因素 新結構經濟學作為⼀個完整的理論體系,內容豐富,可以延伸至⼀個甚至兩個學期的課程。但正如雷鼎鳴教授所⾔,「⼤道至簡」(Great Truths Are Always Simple),任何學術體系都有其最根本、最簡明的出發點和第⼀推動⼒。 新結構經濟學的核⼼理論假說之⼀是:⼀個經濟體的經濟結構內⽣於該經濟體的要素稟賦及其結構(Factor Endowments and their structure)。要素稟賦是指資本、
中國與東亞的崛起及其對發展經濟學的影響 21 個企業家所能完成,必須由政府推動建⽴。因此,從經濟發展視角看,若希望將由要素稟賦決定的比較優勢轉化為現實的產業競爭⼒,制度安排至關重要:⼀是建⽴有效競爭的市場機制,以準確反映要素的相對稀缺性和價格信號︔⼆是構建積極有為的政府角⾊,完善基礎設施與⾦融體系,協助企業家識別並進入符合比較優勢的產業領域。只有市場與政府形成互補,⽅能有效釋放經濟潛⼒,實現持續發展。 (四)、產業政策 在經濟發展的過程中,產業政策扮演著極為關鍵的角⾊。本⼈曾在世界銀⾏擔任⾸席經濟學家,作為⾸位來⾃發展中國家的⾸席經濟學家,到任後即主張在推動發展的努⼒中應重視產業政策。然⽽,當時的⼀些同事對此持懷疑甚至排斥態度,認為產業政策註定失敗,甚至諷刺本⼈「脫離現實」(Unrealistic)。對此,本⼈明確指出並不否認⼤多數產業政策可能以失敗告終,這種失敗的可能性本身正如科研與創新中的不確定性,是發展過程中的常態。但這並不構成否定產業政策的理由。對於發展中國家⽽⾔,儘管產業政策存在失敗的風險,但歷史經驗表明,幾乎所有成功實現趕超的發展中國家,都在⼀定程度上依賴過產業政策︔同樣,也幾乎沒有哪個發達國家在不運⽤產業政策的前提下能夠持續維持其領先地位。 儘管產業政策在實踐中常常⾯臨失敗,但這並不應成為否定其必要性的理由。在新⾃由主義盛⾏的時期,恰恰由於許多產業政策未達預期,便有⼈主張「既然容易失敗,就乾脆不要做」(Avoidance of Action Due to Fear of Failure)。然⽽,這種觀點忽視⼀個基本事實:多數科研專案也以失敗告終,但沒有⼈因此主張停⽌科研⼯作。相反,我們普遍認同科研儘管失敗率⾼,卻是推動科學知識進步的根本路徑。正如科研專案失敗率⾼但依然必要,創業活動也儘管失敗居多。但這並不妨礙政府持續⿎勵創業精神和企業家精神,⽽不是採取完全相反的策略,勸導所有⼈轉向傳統雇傭勞動。同理,產業政策的重要性不應因失敗率⽽被低估。其關鍵在於,比較優勢所決定的只是潛在的⽣產成本較低,若要真正實現市場競爭⼒,還必須降低總成本。總成本的降低不僅依賴企業⾃身,更有賴於配套的基礎設施建設以及合理的制度安排。 不同產業對基礎設施的需求各不相同,這不僅包括物理基礎設施(如交通、電
中國與東亞的崛起及其對發展經濟學的影響 27 ⽣產⼒⽔準和制度安排作為前提條件。在這些理論框架中,通常只聚焦於⼀個主要因果關係,⽽忽略現實中存在成千上萬個社會經濟變數。雖然這些變數未被直接納入理論模型,但這並不意味著它們不存在,成為⼯程或宏觀經濟學的最優控制理論中所說的「狀態變數」(State Variables)。簡⽽⾔之,任何理論都是簡化的模型,它無法囊括所有實際存在的變數,但這並不妨礙那些被忽略的因素對經濟發展起著決定性作⽤。 發展中國家的發展階段、⽣產⼒⽔準、基礎設施和制度安排等「狀態變數」,與發達國家有顯著不同。因此,發達國家的理論直接應⽤到發展中國家時,就會出現「淮南為橘,淮北為枳」(The Same Seed Grows Different Fruits in Different Soils)的問題——即同樣的理論在不同環境下產⽣截然不同的效果。基於這種現實,我們必須從發展中國家⾃身的經驗出發,總結其背後的本質和規律,才能形成真正適合發展中國家的理論體系。過去的⼀個普遍問題是,我們往往以發達國家的特有優勢和表現作為發展參照,來衡量⾃身的不⾜。例如,⼆⼗世紀 50年代的結構主義理論,就主張發展中國家應擁有發達國家那樣的先進製造業,僅僅因為發達國家擁有先進製造業。80年代新⾃由主義興起、新制度經濟學發展的時期,發達國家擁有完善的市場制度,⽽發展中國家普遍缺乏這樣的制度。於是,學界和政策制定者就建議發展中國家去建⽴與發達國家同樣完善的市場制度。儘管其初衷可取,但他們忽視這些產業與制度形成所依賴的特定前提條件。 因此,在這樣的現實背景下,發展中國家若想實現良好發展,必須改變參照系——不應簡單照搬發達國家的經驗,⽽應結合⾃身的要素稟賦和發展階段,探索與本國要素稟賦與發展階段相契合的制度和產業路徑。發展中國家要從⾃身實際出發,先看⾃⼰擁有什麼資源和條件,基於已有的優勢找到能做得好的產業領域。在市場經濟體制下,政府應配合私營企業,推動這些具有比較優勢的產業從潛在變成現實,實現由⼩到⼤、由弱變強的產業升級。發展國家⾸要關注的應是⾃身具備何種要素稟賦——包括資本、勞動⼒等資源。不同的要素稟賦決定你在哪些產業和技術上具有比較優勢。政府的職責是營造良好的市場環境,同時提供必要的⽀援和幫助,助⼒企業家發揮比較優勢,推動經濟發展。如果能夠做到這⼀點,任何經濟體都有望實現經濟的穩定與快速增長,進⽽在⼀代或兩代⼈時間裡改變國家命運,實現從發展中國家到發達經濟體的轉變,就像澳⾨的經驗⼀樣。
林毅夫 28 徵引書目 [1] Arndt, H.W. “The Origin of Structuralism.” World Development 13.2 (1985): 151-159. [2] Commission on Growth and Development. Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2008. [3] Easterly, W. “The Lost Decades: Developing Countries’ Stagnation in Spite of Policy Reform 1980-1998”. Journal of Economic Growth 6 (2001): 135-157. [4] Gerschenkron, A. Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective, A Book of Essays. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1962. [5] Ju, J. and J.Y. Lin and Y. Wang. “Endowment Structures, Industrial Dynamics, and Economic Growth.” Journal of Monetary Economics 76 (2015): 244-263. [6] Keynes, J.M.. The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1935 [1964]. [7] Kuznets, S. Modern Economic Growth: Rate, Structure and Speed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966. [8] Lin, J.Y. Economic Development and Transition: Thought, Strategy, and Viability. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009. [9] Lin, J.Y. “New Structural Economics: A Framework for Rethinking Economic Development.” The World Bank Observer 26 (2011): 193-221. [10] Lin, J.Y. “Demystifying the Chinese Economy,” The Australian Economic Review, 46 (2013a): 259-68. [11] Lin, J.Y. “Global Infrastructure Initiative and Global Recovery,” Journal of Policy Modeling 35.3 (2013): 400-411. [12] Lin, J.Y. “Industrial Policies for Avoiding the Middle-income Trap: A New Structural Economics Perspective.” Journal of Chinese Economic and Business studies 15.1 (2017): 5-18. [13] Lin, J.Y., X. Sun, and Y. Jiang, “Endowment, Industrial Structure and Appropriate Financial Structure: A New Structural Economics Perspective,” Journal of Economic
中國與東亞的崛起及其對發展經濟學的影響 29 Policy Reform 16.2 (2013): 1-14. [14] Murphy, K, A. Schleifer, and R. Vishny. “The Tradition to a Market Economy: Pitfall of Partial Reform,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 107(1992): 889-906. [15] Rodrik, D. “The Future of Economic Convergence,” NBER Working Paper (2011) #17400. [16] Williamson, J. “What Washington Means by Policy Reform.” In: J. Williamson (ed.), Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? Washington, D.C, Institute for International Economics (1990).
世漢學會國際中文教育研究專欄 The Column of the International Society for Chinese Language Teaching 專欄為教育部中外語言交流合作中心、世界漢語教學學會與《澳門科技大學學報》(人文社會科學版)編輯部合作設立,受中外語言交流合作中心資助,特此鳴謝。 The column is established in collaboration with the Center for Language Education and Cooperation of the Ministry of Education, the International Society for Chinese Language Teaching, and the Editorial Department of the Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), funded by the Center for Language Education and Cooperation. We hereby express our gratitude.
教育部㆗外語言交流合作㆗心 簡 介 中外語言交流合作中心(簡稱「語合中心」,英文名稱“Center for Language Education and Cooperation”,簡稱 CLEC)隸屬於中國教育部,是發展國際中文教育事業的專業公益教育機構,致力於為世界各國民眾學習中文、瞭解中國提供優質的服務,為中外語言交流合作、世界多元文化互學互鑒搭建友好協作的平台。 語合中心的主要職能為發展國際中文教育與促進中外語言交流合作提供服務,統籌建設國際中文教育資源體系,參與制定國際中文教育相關標準並組織實施;支持國際中文教師、教材、學科等建設和學術研究;組織實施國際中文教師考試、外國人中文水準系列考試,開展相關評估認定;運行漢語橋、新漢學、獎學金等國際中文教育相關項目;開展中外語言交流合作等。
世界漢語教㈻㈻會 簡 介 世界漢語教學學會(簡稱「世漢學會」,英文名稱“The International Society for Chinese Language Teaching”)成立於一九八七年八月十四日,是經中華人民共和國民政部登記註冊的國際社會組織和非營利性民間學術團體,主管單位為中華人民共和國教育部,秘書處設在教育部中外語言交流合作中心(北京市西城區德勝門外大街一二九號四零一)。二零一一年十月與聯合國教科文組織建立合作關係,會員遍佈全球七十九個國家和地區,主要由世界各地從事漢語教學、研究和推廣的人士及相關機構組成。 學會宗旨是遵守中華人民共和國憲法、法律、法規和國家政策,遵守社會道德風尚;促進國際漢語教學、研究和推廣;加強世界各地漢語教學與研究工作者之間、機構之間的聯繫。自二零二零年起,學會相繼成立「教師發展專業委員會」、「標準與認證工作委員會」、「語言理論與語言教育研究分會」、「課程與教材專業委員會」、「學術交流與出版專業委員會」、「智慧教育分會」、「中小學教育研究分會」、「專門用途中文教育專業委員會」等八個分支機搆。 學會理事會為議事決策機構。歷任會長為朱德熙、呂必松、陸儉明、許嘉璐等,現任會長為天津師範大學校長鍾英華教授(二零二二年十二月當選)。第十二屆理事會由來自二十八個國家和地區的國際中文教育學術團體、各國高等院校及中文專業院系、著名漢學家、具有較高聲望的學術帶頭人、世漢學會創會會員、永久會員和普通會員等二十一位理事(單位)組成。
王鴻濱、呂海輝 34 Research on the Construction of a Descriptive Framework for Reading Ability in International Chinese Education Based on the Second Language Competency Descriptor Corpus Wang, Hongbin1; Lü, Haihui (1. Professor, College of International Chinese Studies, Beijing Language and Culture University) Abstract: To date, research on second language reading ability has predominantly employed qualitative analysis methods, with relatively insufficient attention to quantitative analysis. This study establishes a descriptor corpus based on nine domestic and international language proficiency standards. Through term frequency statistics, n-gram extraction, and word position analysis, we reveal the characteristics of the descriptor corpus and construct a fundamental framework for second language reading ability. The framework comprises 6 dimensions with 83 indicators: scope of reading materials, range of topics, cognitive level, linguistic elements, reading speed, and degree of comprehension. The construction of this second language reading ability framework yields three key insights: emphasizing the description of learners' cognitive levels, prioritizing the specification of linguistic element scopes, and enhancing quantitative and level-based descriptions in reading ability descriptors. This study actively explores the application of language information processing techniques in the development of standards for International Chinese Language Education, offering new perspectives for research on various standards in this field. Keywords: Language Proficiency Descriptors; Second-Language Reading Ability; Characteristics of Descriptor Corpus; Descriptive Framework
王鴻濱、呂海輝 52 Kendall提出的「認知系統結構」,系統將「認知」分為「提取(Retrieval)」「理解(Comprehension)」「分析(Analysis)」「知識運⽤(Knowledge Utilization)」四類。32 從不同等級提取的⾏為動詞來看,「獲得」「獲取」「找到」「找出」「定位」這些詞語,這些詞對應「認知系統」結構中的「提取」︔「理解」⼀詞,對應「認知系統」結構中的「理解」︔「總結」「整合」「確定」對應「認知系統」結構中的「分析」︔「推理」「推測」「決定」對應「認知系統」結構中的「知識運⽤」。因此,低等級的讀者對於⽂本信息主要能夠做到「獲得」「獲取」「找到」「找出」「定位」︔之後開始「理解」信息︔在之後開始「總結、整合」信息,並且「確定」⽂章的寫作意圖與寫作者的觀點、態度︔最後,⾼等級的讀者能夠運⽤知識對⽂本中的隱含信息進⾏「推理」「推測」,並且「決定」是否繼續閱讀⼀篇⽂本。 其次,在閱讀技巧上,低等級的讀者往往依賴于「圖像」來輔助理解⽂本,隨著閱讀能⼒的提升,較⾼等級的讀者可以利⽤「語境」線索來輔助理解⽣詞或信息,更⾼等級的讀者則更善於運⽤⾃⼰的「知識」與「策略」解讀⽂本。最後,在詞典的使⽤上,低等級的讀者往往較為依賴雙語詞典,隨著閱讀能⼒的提升,讀者開始轉向使⽤單語詞典,並且對於詞典的依賴程度逐漸降低。 4、語言要素維度 該部分旨在描述不同⼆語學習者對於各語⾔要素的掌握能⼒,包括語彙量、語法結構、語篇結構等⽅⾯。此類⾼頻詞及短語共⼗七個,包括「語法、短語、單詞、結構、熟悉的詞(/單詞)、具體的詞彙、常⾒短語、簡單的短語、語法知識、複雜句⼦、⽂章結構、結構清晰、複雜、複雜程度、複雜的……⽂本、複雜的……⽂章、適當複雜」。相關指標如: (1)理解個別單詞、簡單的已學過的短語以及一些與直接需求有關的短小簡單的句子。(CLB) (2)能識別與個人或日常生活密切相關的簡短信息材料中的少數單字或 32 Robert J. Marzano, John S. Kendall. The New Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, eds. California: Corwin Press, 2006.
王鴻濱、呂海輝 60 [28] 朱正才、李俊敏,〈《中國英語能⼒等級量表》描述語偏差研究〉,《現代外語》,第1期(2021.10),113-122。 [29] Robert J. Marzano, John S. Kendall. The New Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, eds. California: Corwin Press, 2006. 第一作者簡介 王鴻濱,北京語言大學國際中文學院教授,博士生導師,研究領域為國際中文教育標準研究、分級閱讀教育 通訊地址:北市海淀區學院路 15號 通訊電郵: binhw85@163.com 第二作者簡介 呂海輝,北京語言大學國際中文學院博士生。研究領域為國際中文教育閱讀測驗、教學資源研究 通訊地址:北市海淀區學院路 15號 通訊電郵:qzyxyangyuhui@foxmail.com
許迎春、方芳 62 A Study on Teacher Identity Construction in Virtual Teaching Research Community Yingchun Xu; Fang Fang (Lecturer, College of International Education, Anhui Normal University) Abstract: Teacher’s identity is the core and important driving force in teacher’s professional development. Employing a narrative inquiry approach, and drawing on reflective journals, classroom observations, and in-depth interviews, this study explores the trajectory of identity transformation experienced by an international Chinese teacher within the multilingual-teaching-reform virtual teaching-research community. It is found that teacher identity changes from marginal participants to active participants, from theoretical adherents to theory-informed practitioners, from skilled teachers to teaching researchers. The construction of teacher identity was shaped by teachers’ development needs and agency, the environment of virtual teaching-research community, and the interaction between teaching theory and practice. The conclusions of the study offer insights for the construction of virtual teaching-research community and for the professional development of international Chinese language teachers. Keywords: Virtual teaching research community; Teacher identity; Sociocultural theory; Narrative study
國際中文教師在虛擬教研室中的身份認同建構研究 65 基於⼀位⾼校國際中⽂教師在虛擬教研室中歷時兩年的學習活動,探究其身份認同的變化過程及影響因素。 (二)、社會文化理論與雲連結論 社會⽂化理論由蘇聯⼼理學家維果茨基(Vygotsky)提出,基本觀點是⼈的認知發展是個體與其所在社會⽂化環境不斷交互的結果。9 社會⽂化理論強調學習具有情境性和社會性特徵,是研究處於特定社會環境中的教師身份認同和實踐共同體的重要理論框架,近年來逐漸應⽤於教師發展研究。10 社會⽂化理論的重要概念包括仲介、動機、能動性和⽣態給養。11 社會⽂化理論認為,⼈類主要通過仲介⼿段,比如⽂化製品、⼯具和符號等與世界互動。動機即做某事的原因,受到個體⼼理和社會⽂化的共同影響,體現為⾏為希望達成的⽬標。能動性則是主體在追求⽬標時進⾏⾃我控制和調節的能⼒,指導⼈的具體⾏動,是重要⼼理調節⼯具,受社會環境的促進或鉗制,並依據不同的社會環境⽽變化,在教育教學變⾰中,教師能動性是其如何看待並選擇怎樣的⽅式應對教學變⾰、實現教師可持續性職業發展的關鍵,體現在教師對所從事活動的選擇和⾏動。12 ⽣態給養主要關注個體與周圍環境的關係,個體可能從周圍環境中獲得積極或消極的⽀持,從⽽影響其認知和能動性發揮。 社會⽂化理論強調⼯具的仲介作⽤以及個體與環境的互動,對數字化轉型背景下教師在虛擬教研室中的身份認同發展有較強的解釋⼒和適切性。基於社會⽂化理論,數智技術助推教育教學向個性化、精細化、整合式⽅向發展的同時,為教師跨越時空參與教研共同體提供仲介條件,虛擬教研室成為促進教師專業發展、提升教學品質的新路徑。⽽教師對⾃身職業發展和教育教學變⾰的理解,教師所處⽣態環 9 Vygotsky. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978),105-117. 10 黃曉林,黃秦安,〈實踐共同體(COPS)中教師學習的角色衝突與教師專業發展紮根理論研究〉,《教師教育研究》,第 1期(北京:2021),86-92。 11 秦麗莉,《二語習得社會文化理論概論》,(北京:北京大學出版社,2017),37-52。 12 Engeström, Y. “From Stabilization Knowledge to Possibility Knowledge in Organization Learning,” Management Learning 38.3 (2007): 271-275.;高雪松,陶堅等,〈課程改革中的教師能動性與教師身份認同——社會文化理論視野〉,《外語與外語教學》,第 1期(遼寧省大連市:2018),19-28。
許迎春、方芳 66 境(如虛擬教研室)對教師專業發展的⽀持,都會影響教師的身份認同,進⽽影響其專業成長。研究⽅法⽅⾯,社會⽂化理論要求研究者⾛進課堂實踐,與教師深度溝通,分析⾏為背後的深層原因,對探索教師的身份認同狀況和影響因素具有指導意義。13 實踐共同體可以幫助教師實現跨界學習併發展身份。14 然⽽,作為線上實踐共同體的虛擬教研室成員關係較鬆散,活動具有時空分離性、隱蔽性和情感交互間接性等特徵,參與者的⾃我調控能⼒、學習情緒、共同體的⼈⽂關懷等因素顯得格外重要。對此,⽂秋芳提出「雲連接論」作為虛擬教研室建設的理論架構,以促進活動成效。雲連接論包括認知連接、社會連接和情感連接三個假設,其中認知連接是基礎,也是教師參加共同體的⽬標︔社會連接是線上學習的關鍵,也是促進認知連接的⼿段︔情感連接是認知和社會連接的結果和潤滑劑︔三個層⾯的連接共同保障教師在虛擬教研室中的學習成效。 三、研究設計 (一)、研究方法 敘事研究強調與⼈類經驗的聯繫,⽬標是從具體的事件中理解⼈的⾏為和經驗,表達和解釋⼈的感受,以開展更加清晰、深層的思考。15 隨著教師專業發展從「知識傳遞」模式轉向「解釋性、社會協商和持續重構」模式,越來越多的研究者傾向於採⽤敘事研究這⼀質性的、闡釋性的⽅法,通過理解教師的「故事」,揭⽰其對「我是誰」的複雜理解。 本研究採⽤敘事研究⽅法,以⼀位國際中⽂教師 C⽼師為研究對象,展⽰其參與多語種教學改⾰虛擬教研室(POA雲共同體)過程中與他⼈、共同體及所處環境的關係與互動,通過揭⽰教師的⼼路歷程,解讀教師的身份認同變化。 13 魏戈,《教師實踐性知識的生成》,(北京:教育科學出版社,2020),31。 14 Hobbs, L. “Teaching Out of Field as a Boundary-crossing Event: Factors Shaping Teacher Identity,” International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 11.2 (2011): 271-297. 15 D.瑾•克蘭迪寧,《從故事到研究:敘事探究如何做》,(重慶:重慶大學出版社,2023),10。
許迎春、方芳 74 判斷,以促研員為榜樣進⾏更深層次的⾃我反思。21 再次,共同體「互惠共進、互學共建、互信共勉」的集體⽂化,引導 C⽼師逐漸克服做學術分享的忐忑,在交流中產⽣「⼀線教師學術群體」歸屬感和身份認同感。 (三)、虛擬教研室中國際中文教師身份認同模型構建 C ⽼師的身份認同轉變是資訊技術發展和⽀持下,個體主觀能動性與虛擬教研室⼒量相互交織、協同作⽤的結果。「教學研究者」的⽬標身份是⽅向和動⼒源︔教師能動性發揮是核⼼⼒量,體現在時間投入、實踐反思和探究式學習中︔虛擬教研室是環境給養,包括內在和外在的認知、情感和社會⽀持,以及 POA教學理論學習與實踐的引導。研究結論印證教師身份具有動態性、情境性和多維度特徵,表明國際中⽂教學與外語教學可以共⽤理論,資訊技術⽀持下的虛擬教研室是教師身份認同建構的重要仲介,能夠幫助教師克服學科邊界,實現跨界學習,促進教師系統性的專業發展和身份認同。22 研究對教師身份建構過程中衝突分析,⼀定程度上彌補實踐共同體理論忽視教師過往經歷和專業未來展望對個體在共同體活動中的影響的缺陷,印證教師身份認同受個體能動性影響,同時也影響個體能動性發揮。23 研究還印證教師與虛擬教研室相⼀致的發展⽬標可以指導教師⾏動,是確保虛擬教研室活動成效重要條件。24 教師身份認同是教師在教研室活動中不斷協商和調整角⾊的過程。教師個體專業發展和理想身份構建需求推動其積極投入教研室的各項活動,⽽教研室為深化教師身份認同提供開放、平等和協商的場域,通過認知、社會和情感⽀持多維度激發 21 李茂森,《教師身份認同研究》,(北京:北京師範大學出版社,2014),106。 22 尋陽,鄭新民,〈十年來中外外語教師身份認同研究述評〉,《現代外語》,第 1期(廣東省廣州市:2014),118-126;文秋芳,〈「產出導向法」與對外漢語教學〉,《世界漢語教學》,第3期(北京:2018),387-400;張虹,孫曙光,〈雲共同體西部教師身份認同的轉變類型:一項多案例研究〉,《外語界》,第 2期(上海:2023),30-37。 23 Storberg-Walker, J. “Wenger’s Communities of Practice Revisited: A (failed?) Exercise in Applied Communities of Practice Theory-building Research,” Advances in Development Human Resources 10(2008): 555-577.;高雪松,陶堅等,〈課程改革中的教師能動性與教師身份認同——社會文化理論視野〉,《外語與外語教學》,第 1期(遼寧省大連市:2018),19-28。 24 Levine, H. T. & Marcus, S. A. “How the Structure and Focus of Teachers’ Collaborative Activities Facilitate and Constrain Teacher Learning,” Teaching and Teacher Education 3(2010): 389-398.
許迎春、方芳 78 [15] 魏⼽,《教師實踐性知識的⽣成》,北京:教育科學出版社,2020,31。 [16] ⽂秋芳,〈「雲連接論」修訂、闡釋與應⽤——兼述虛擬教研室建設〉,《外語電化教學》,第6期(上海:2022),5-10。 [17] ⽂秋芳,〈「產出導向法」與對外漢語教學〉,《世界漢語教學》,第3期(北京:2018),387-400。 [18] 許悅婷,穀紅麗等,〈英語師範⽣在教育精准幫扶活動中的教師身份認同構建研究〉,《中國外語》,第3期(北京:2023),87-96。 [19] 許迎春,錢⽟蓮,〈「產出導向法」線上上漢語⼜語教學中的應⽤研究〉,《對外漢語研究》,第2期(上海:2024),42-52。 [20] 尋陽,鄭新民,〈⼗年來中外外語教師身份認同研究述評〉,《現代外語》,第1期(廣東省廣州市:2014),118-126。 [21] 張虹,孫曙光,〈雲共同體西部教師身份認同的轉變類型:⼀項多案例研究〉,《外語界》,第2期(上海:2023),30-37。 [22] 張克俊,伍⽂棋等,〈數字化視野下虛擬教研室建設的歷程、內容與路徑〉,《⾼等⼯程教育研究》,第4期(湖北省武漢市:2024),147-152。 [23] 張蓮,〈外/⼆語教師專業身份認同敘事研究:概念、理論與問題〉,《中國外語教育》,第4期(北京:2016),70-77。 [24] 趙楊,〈國際中⽂教育中的主體間性研究——兼論國際中⽂教育中的「⾃我」與「他者」〉,《民族教育研究》,第5期(北京:2022),170-176。 [25] Beauchamp, C. & Thomas L. 2009. “Understanding Teacher Identity: An Overview of Issues in the Literature and Implications for Teacher Education,” Cambridge Journal of Education 39.2 (2009): 175-189. [26] Engeström, Y. “From Stabilization Knowledge to Possibility Knowledge in Organization Learning ,” Management Learning 38.3 (2007): 271-275. [27] Hobbs, L. “Teaching out of Field as a Boundary-crossing Event: Factors Shaping Teacher Identity,” International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education 11.2 ( 2011): 271-297. [28] Levine, H. T. & Marcus, S. A. “How the Structure and Focus of Teachers’ Collaborative Activities Facilitate and Constrain Teacher Learning,” Teaching and
國際中文教師在虛擬教研室中的身份認同建構研究 79 Teacher Education 3 (2010): 389-398. [29] Storberg-Walker, J. “Wenger’s Communities of Practice Revisited: A (failed?) Exercise in Applied Communities of Practice Theory-building Research,” Advances in Development Human Resources 10 (2008): 555-577. [30] Vygotsky. Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1978, 105-117. [31] Wenger, E. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. 第一作者簡介 許迎春,安徽師範大學國際教育學院講師,研究方向為國際中文教育、教師發展、數字化教學 通訊地址:安徽省蕪湖市弋江區文津花園 通讯雷郵:364316634@qq.com 通訊作者簡介 方芳,安徽師範大學國際教育學院講師,研究方向為國際中文教育、教師發展、語料庫語言學 通訊地址:安徽省蕪湖市鏡湖區華强國際公館 通訊電郵:fredagrape@126.com
陳芹 82 The Castle Doctrine of Self-Defense in Dwellings: Legal Doctrines and Applications Chen, Qin (Assistant Professor, School of Law, Macao University of Science and Technology) Abstract: The imminence and necessity requirements are common conundrums in the adjudication of self-defense, both of which are prominently manifested in the context of defense within dwellings. The Castle Doctrine is a doctrinal achievement that addresses these two issues. Originating from the Anglo-American legal system, the Castle Doctrine had the broadest defensive right in the common law period, but was progressively limited in the statute period, yet both phases pertain to the interpretation of criminal law rather than its amendment. The Castle Doctrine is also reflected in the cases in China, and while drawing from it, we should distill indigenous expressions within the context of Chinese law. In terms of legal doctrines, the “reasonable belief” of the Castle Doctrine is equivalent to the “ordinary person standard” in China. In specific application, the imminence requirement for self-defense is satisfied upon an illegal entry into the dwelling, while the necessity requirement for the use of deadly force is met when the occupants' personal safety is threatened with serious violence. Keywords: Self-defense; Castle doctrine; Dwellings; Reasonable belief; Reasonable person standard
住宅內正當防衛的城堡原則:法理與適用 85 致其死亡。 法律處理:2019年 3⽉,在多⽅關注下,保定市⼈民檢察院認定王新元夫婦構成正當防衛,作出不起訴決定。理由是:該案發⽣於深夜的住宅內,不法侵害⼈攜帶兇器翻牆進入⾏為⼈住宅,⾏為⼈案發時精神⾼度緊張,⼼理極度恐懼,無法要求其對防衛限度作出精准判斷,因此,其反殺⾏為對於⼀般⼈⽽⾔具有合理性。 以上三個案例的案情相似,但處理結果截然不同。分歧在於時間條件與限度條件的認定不同,這也是正當防衛案件分歧的⼀個典型縮影。 鑒於住宅內防衛的特殊性,英美刑法經過長期摸索,形成⼀套教義學⽅案——城堡原則(castle doctrine)。5 住宅本是個⼈的「城堡」,是⾏為⼈⾃我保護的最後⼀道屏障,若不及時防衛,⼀旦侵害⼈進入住宅,這座城堡就成為限制⾏為⼈逃避侵害或獲得外⼒幫助的牢籠︔然⽽,若在對⽅的侵害意圖尚不明確時就防衛,就有可能假想防衛或過當防衛。因此,如何平衡⼆者,是城堡原則要解決的重要問題。 我國學者在討論住宅內防衛時,已提及對城堡原則的借鑒。6 然⽽,這些研究⼤多局限於對該原則進⾏的簡單介紹,強調無過當防衛的正當性,但鮮有注意到城堡原則已經歷相應的發展變化,早已不是最初的樣⼦︔更未揭⽰城堡原則的法理基礎,由於語境及⽴法的差異,規則移植意義上的借鑒存在困難,我們有必要將該原則進⾏本⼟化,只有這樣,才能在我國刑法中正當防衛的規定下,真正解決中國問題。 因此,本⽂⾸先從城堡原則的發展變化中分析其法理基礎,再將其進⾏本⼟化改造,並探討該原則在我國的具體適⽤規則。 二、 城堡原則的制度變遷 對住宅內防衛認定的困難源於其法益保護的雙重性,既包括住宅法益(或居住安寧法益),也包括⼈身法益︔侵入住宅對法益的侵害是輕微的,但往往也緊接著 5 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (USA: University of Chicago Press, 1979), 184-185. 6 例如:姜敏,〈正當防衛制度中的「城堡法」:淵源、發展與啟示〉,《法學評論》,第 5期(武漢:2018.05),47-60;陸淩、劉曉明,〈美國刑事立法中的防衛住宅及啟示〉,《黑龍江省政法管理幹部學院學報》,第 2期(哈爾濱:2020.04),22-28等。
陳芹 86 發⽣對⼈身法益的侵害,後⼀種法益侵害則是重⼤的。這在英美刑法中是比較特殊的,因為,英美刑法將正當防衛區分為兩類:⼀類是對⼈身法益的防衛(包括⾃衛和為他⼈防衛),另⼀類是對財產權的防衛︔前者允許⾏為⼈在必要時使⽤致命武⼒,⽽後者則不允許使⽤致命武⼒進⾏防衛。住宅既是⼀種財產,同時也是保障⼈身安全的堡壘,若⼀個⼈的城堡被攻擊,其財產安全及⼈身安全就同時處於威脅之中。7 基於此,住宅內防衛就有必要進⾏單獨探討。 城堡原則起源於普通法,後在制定法中獲得認可︔最初充分允許使⽤致命武⼒進⾏無過當防衛,之後對此進⾏限縮,這些發展變化均有其法理基礎。 (一)、城堡原則的起源:住宅內防衛權的擴張 1、城堡原則的法理基礎 最初,普通法賦予公民最⼤化的住宅內防衛權,允許住宅法益⼈使⽤致命武⼒來保護⾃⼰的家園。只要⾏為⼈合理相信不法侵害⼈正在非法進入其住所,且使⽤致命武⼒是必要的,就可以使⽤致命武⼒進⾏防衛。8 在這種原則下,住宅防衛是⼀種幾乎不加限制的抗辯事由,在時間上,⼀旦侵入者非法(即未經同意)進入住宅,防衛即可發動︔在限度上,這種防衛是可以使⽤致命武⼒的。⽽侵入者進入住宅的⽬的,以及他對屋內⼈員的⼈身安全所構成的威脅程度如何,在所不問。其法理基礎在於: (1)憲法規定。美國憲法在各種場合下保護個⼈的隱私,明確規定「公民的權利……在家中……不得被侵犯」。9 此規定的本意針對的是公民免受政府非法搜查的權利,但英美學者認為,這⼀憲法權利本身是建⽴在普通法對住宅作為安全之地的尊重之上的。因此,當不法分⼦試圖進入⼀個⼈的住所時,其侵犯的不僅僅是財 7 Benjamin Levin, “A Defensible Defense: Reexamining Castle Doctrine Statutes,” Harvard Journal on Legislation 47.2 (Summer 2010): 523-554. 8 Fair v. State, 702 S.E.2d at 429; State v. Reid, 210 N.E.2d 142 (Ohio Ct. App. 1965). 9 Payton v. New York, 445 U.S. 573, 589 (1980).
住宅內正當防衛的城堡原則:法理與適用 87 產,更是對個⼈的⼈身安全造成威脅。10 (2)政策需求。肯定城堡原則之⽬的在於增強住宅內居民的安全感。11 美國⼤多數地區地廣⼈稀,許多住宅散落於樹林或農⽥之間,這種居住模式加之警⽅回應能⼒的局限性,國家機器無法及時保護每個公民,公眾⾃然地萌⽣強烈的⾃我保護意識,渴望在「⾃家城堡」遭受侵擾之際,能夠擁有使⽤致命武⼒保護⾃⼰的權利,城堡原則剛好契合這⼀需要。 2、城堡原則所面臨的批判 城堡原則從⼀開始就是存在爭議的,它所受到的批判在於:在肯定住宅內防衛的抗辯時,幾乎未對使⽤致命武⼒的權利進⾏限制,這在實踐中容易導致無辜者的傷亡。12 例如,在 State v. Peairs案中,被害⼈ Yoshi是⼀名來⾃⽇本的留學⽣,萬聖節當天,他與⼀名同學應邀參加晚會(地址為 10131號房),但他們⾛錯房⼦,誤闖入被告⼈ Peairs的房⼦(同⼀條街的 10311號房)。他們按下⾨鈴,但無⼈應答,便朝住宅⾞庫⾛去。被告⼈發現後,拿起⼿槍沖出房⾨,警告他們出去。然⽽,Yoshi沒有聽懂屋主的話,繼續朝⾞庫⾛去。最後,被告⼈向 Yoshi的胸部開槍,致其死亡。13 法院認定該被告⼈成⽴正當防衛,因為,Yoshi為非法侵入住宅者,在經警告無效後,被告⼈合理相信其開槍對於阻⽌其進入住宅是緊迫且必要的。14 實踐中,為限縮這種住宅內防衛的權利,有些法院在認定住宅內防衛的抗辯時,對「非法侵入」的概念進⾏限制。他們認為,只有當侵入者以暴⼒⼿段強⾏進入住宅時,住宅權利⼈⽅可援引住宅內防衛作為抗辯理由。15 然⽽,仍有法院堅持認為,任何未經同意的進入均構成非法侵入,住宅權利⼈是否有權使⽤致命武⼒,不應單純依據其是否關⾨來判定。16 10 See Joshua Dressler, Understanding Criminal Law, (Carolina Academic Press, 2018): 262. 11 Sanford H. Kadish, “The Crisis of Overcriminalization,” American Criminal Law Quarterly 7.1 (Fall 1968): 17-34. 12 See Joshua Dressler, Understanding Criminal Law, (Carolina Academic Press, 2018): 263. 13 Hattori v. Peairs, 662 So. 2d 509, 511 (La. Ct. App. 1995). 14 Official Code Ga. Ann. § 16-3-23 (2011). 15 People v. Stombaugh, 284 N.E.2d 640, 643 (111. 1972). 16 Fair v. State, 702 S.E.2d 420 (Ga. 2010); State v. Lumpkin, 850 S.W.2d 388 (Mo. Ct. App. 1993). State
沈鴻才 106 The Historical Value and Revitalization of Macau’s Traditional Well System Shen, Hongcai (Ph.D. candidate, Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: Before the mid-20th century, the Macao Peninsula faced a scarcity of freshwater resources, making wells the core infrastructure that sustained the functioning of society and influenced the urban industrial layout and community patterns of Macao. This article elucidates the reliance on wells in certain social and civil industries, such as the water-carrying vendors, tea houses and eateries, slaughterhouses, and laundry services. It also illustrates that wells were not only a source of daily water for the populace at the time but also the foundational guarantee for the social and industrial development of the Macao Peninsula during the pre-industrialization period. The traditional well system in Macao underwent a triple value transformation, evolving from a means of livelihood to a factor of production, and ultimately into a cultural symbol. This approach to sustainable utilization of historical spaces through functional repurposing rather than simple preservation can serve as a paradigm for the conservation of cultural industrial heritage in micro-cities. Keywords: Water wells in Macao; Historical value; Industrial development; Revitalization
霍超群 128 Building the “City of Poetry”: The Movement Direction of May Poetry Society and Modernist Poetry in Macau Huo, Chaoqun (Lecturer, University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: The May Poetry Society is the first literary group in Macau to actively champion modernism, disseminate modern poetic theories, and promote the practice of modernist composition. When reflecting on the historical position of the May Poetry Society, discussions often focus on its role in introducing and disseminating modernist trends, while rarely delving deep into how its members, who carried different cultural backgrounds, incorporated their unique poetic pursuits into a shared literary ideal. The members of the May Poetry Society often wandered between “encouraging creativity” and “pursuing avant-garde”. Although caught in this paradox, they remained unshaken due to their passionate pursuit towards Macau's literary image. Through the efforts of the May Poetry Society, the “City of Poetry” gradually took shape. By describing the literary practices of the May Poetry Society, this article seeks to highlight the overlooked aspects of the modernist poetry movement in Macau. Keywords: Macau; May Poetry Society; Modernist Poetry; Paradox; City of Poetry
鄭應峰 152 Exploring the Narrative Aesthetics in the Transformation of Intellectual Property Creation in Cross-Media Production Zheng, Yingfeng (Assistant Professor, University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: Contemporary cross-media Intellectual Property (IP)-based creative practices have posed significant challenges to traditional paradigms of literary criticism, chiefly because IP creation links textual works with commercial product chains, thereby requiring criticism to confront non-textual yet literature-related creative outputs. In response to these new forms of criticism, non-textual phenomena may be reconceptualized as forms of narrative phenomena that remain semantically affiliated with the textual work. This non-textual narrative phenomenon may be interpreted through the concept of “narrative performance”. However, the concept only summarizes the non-textual narrative of a single segment within an IP production chain. A comprehensive understanding of the entire chain necessitates the perspective of “narrative event combination”, which integrates non-textual narrative processes with textual creation. Building upon this framework, this article proposes the notion of Dynamic Narrative Aesthetic. This idea not only constitutes a critical response to IP literature creation, but also offers a forward-looking reflection on AI-generated art as an emergent technological and aesthetic trend. Keywords: IP; Literary Criticism; Narrative; Cross Media
跨媒體製作知識產權創作之轉化敘事美學探討 153 一、引言:IP創作與文學指認困境 當代⽂學創作與傳統創作不同的是常常要考慮到產業市場的下游⽣成,即在上游其重點是創作有意味的⽂學作品,並在創作中已經考慮⽂化消費市場的讀者接受視野,同時這樣的創作還要不失創意,以盡可能地與低質量的通俗作品區別開來。這樣的⽂學創作,已經具備 IP 轉化的因素,或者其⼀早就被創作者設計進 IP 轉化的產業鏈條。也就是我們通常所認為的上游 IP 培育,中游 IP 授權及營運介入,再到下游的 IP產業變現,為議論⽅便,本⽂稱其為「跨媒體製作知識產權創作⽂學,以下簡稱『IP⽂學』」。「如今,出版社的⽂學出版物是影遊改編、藝術展演的主要內容資源,IP(Intellectual Property, 知識產權)跨媒介衍⽣,成為⽂學與藝術互動⽣產的常態。」1 IP ⽂學其創作具有跨業界,多媒介融合和超⽂本特徵的因素已經成為越來越常⾒的現象。這⼀現象的發⽣同時也給⽂學理論和⽂學批評帶來新的挑戰,即如何看待當代 IP⽂學所產⽣的審美泛化。 這種 IP⽂學現象可以稱之為 IP創作現象。當 IP創作出現之後,從研究的角度,不得不考慮的問題是,如果⼀種⽂學現象超越母⽂本範疇,比如⽂學進入各樣的虛擬空間和線下實體營運,那麼原來的美學觀照⽅式是否應該放棄,抑或可以作出新的調整?從⽂化現象產⽣的⼀般過程來說,先有⽂學後才有 IP產業轉化,因此傳統的⽂學批評常常是把⽂學和產業進⾏切分,分離 IP產業甚至無視後者的存在,然⽽,它在發⽣⼀些變化。「它開始⾛出紙媒⽂學寫作中⼼,以創意為衡量作品的價值本位,堅持寫作的⼈民性⽴場,⾼度認可⽂學的產業屬性,著眼⽂學創作的⽣成敘事與⽣成抒情,⿎勵新的作者與寫作活動的產⽣。但這個轉型並未完成。」2 這其中的「它」指的就是傳統的⽂學批評。 隨著多媒介時代的到來和⽂學產業化的趨勢,⼈們對⽂學的接受⽅式和認知⽅式發⽣很⼤改變,⽂學的動機和創作的⽅式也在不同程度地變換著,IP⽂學創作稱之為 IP ⽂學產品似乎更為合適。這裏並無否定 IP ⽂學產品的意思,如果⽂學需要 1 陳一諾,〈文學 IP「影遊衍生」的三個創新轉向〉,《編輯學刊》,第 4期(上海:2025.07),32。 2 許道軍,〈當代文學的創意寫作化與文學批評範式的轉型〉,《當代文壇》,第 2 期(成都:2025.02),97。
杜婧曄、王雪迎、黃穎祚 168 From Game Map to Trip Plan: Unraveling the Mechanism of Presence and Destination Image on Travel Intention Jingye Du; Xueying Wang; Jose Weng Chou Wong1 (1. Assistant Dean, Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: In modern society, travel and video games serve as important means for alleviating life stress. This study aims to explore whether players’ gaming experiences can transcend virtual boundaries and extend into the real world, thereby triggering travel intentions to visit the real-world prototypes of game settings. Taking the phenomenal game Black Myth: Wukong as the research object, this game not only draws inspiration from the natural landscapes of multiple Chinese provinces, but also deeply integrates elements of traditional Chinese culture into its game design. Based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) theoretical framework, this study systematically examines the influence mechanisms of spatial presence and social presence as stimulus variables, and cognitive image and affective image as mediating variables, on players' travel intentions. Analysis of 459 valid questionnaires revealed that presence positively influences players' cognitive and affective images, with cognitive image significantly driving travel intention. This study not only verifies the intrinsic mechanisms through which video games enhance tourism intent, but also provides crucial insights for the development of various cultural IP tourism initiatives. The findings offer empirical support for destination marketing strategies while proposing concrete pathways for cross-sector collaboration between game companies and tourism authorities, thereby providing universal guidance for deepening the integration of digital entertainment with the real economy. Keywords: Game-induced tourism; Spatial presence; Social presence; Cognitive image; Affective image; Travel intention; SOR model
從遊戲地圖到旅行計劃:揭示臨場感與目的地形象對旅行意圖的作用機制 169 一、引言 在數字娛樂與⽂化旅遊深度融合的全球趨勢下,旅遊業正經歷著由技術驅動的顯著變⾰。傳統上,旅遊體驗依賴於實際前往⽬的地,但隨著虛擬現實(VR)、增強現實等⾼科技技術的廣泛應⽤,⼀種新興的旅遊形式——電⼦遊戲旅遊逐漸受到學術與實務界的關注。這種新型態的旅遊⾏為指的是玩家在參與電⼦遊戲後,因遊戲中虛擬世界與真實場所的連結,⽽產⽣實際造訪這些地點的動機與⾏為。1 電⼦遊戲透過沉浸式敘事、逼真的圖像與互動性,不僅強化玩家與虛擬地點的情感聯繫,更激發其對現實世界中相應景點的好奇與探索欲望。2 這⼀現象不僅反映數位娛樂與實體旅遊之間的動態交融,也為⽬的地營銷和⽂化傳播提供新契機。3 在此背景下,《⿊神話:悟空》作為⼀款根植於中國神話的動作角⾊扮演遊戲,成為探討電⼦遊戲旅遊的典型案例。該遊戲以中國超過七⼗處真實景點為藍本,構建出⼀個充滿⽂化底蘊的虛擬世界,使玩家在遊玩過程中形成對這些地點的認知與情感形象。4 本研究以《⿊神話:悟空》為研究對象,採⽤ SOR(刺激—機體—反應)模型作為理論框架,重點探討空間臨場感與社會臨場感如何透過認知形象與情感形象的中介作⽤,影響玩家最終的旅⾏意圖。5 空間臨場感強調玩家在虛擬環境中的臨場感,社會臨場感則涉及與其他玩家互動所產⽣的社會連結,這兩者共同深化玩家對遊戲世界的沉浸體驗,並可能轉化為對現實地點的探索動機。6 1 Dubois, Louis-Etienne, and Chris Gibbs. “Video Game–induced Tourism: A New Frontier for Destination Marketers.” Tourism Review 73.2 (2018): 186-198. 2 Ramos-Vega, Maria C., Victor M. Palma-Morales, Diana Pérez-Marín, and Javier M. Moguerza. “Stimulating Children’s Engagement with an Educational Serious Videogame using Lean UX co-design.” Entertainment Computing 38 (2021): 100405. 3 Choi, Eunhye, Suk-Ho Shin, Jeh-Kwang Ryu, Kyu-In Jung, Shin-Young Kim, and Min-Hyeon Park. “Commercial Video Games and Cognitive Functions: Video Game Genres and Modulating Factors of Cognitive Enhancement.” Behavioral and Brain Functions 16 (2020): 2; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12993-020-0165-z. 4 Mao, Hengbo. “A Study on Cross-cultural Communication Factors of Black Myth Wukong.” In 2024 3rd International Conference on Social Sciences and Humanities and Arts (SSHA: 2024): 700-708. 5 Wu, Xiaohong, and Ivan Ka Wai Lai. “Identifying the Response Factors in the Formation of a Sense of Presence and a Destination Image from a 360-degree Virtual Tour.” Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 21 (2021): 100640. 6 Pu, Haozhou, Jeeyoon Kim, and Corinne Daprano. “Can Esports Substitute Traditional Sports? The
杜婧曄、王雪迎、黃穎祚 170 本研究旨在通過問卷調查與訪談,系統性地檢視上述機制,並回應三個核⼼問題:電⼦遊戲中的空間臨場感如何塑造玩家對真實⽬的地的感知?遊戲內景點所引發的情感與認知反應如何影響旅⾏意圖?社會臨場感又如何促進這些意圖的發展?這些問題的探討不僅有助於深化對遊戲旅遊⼼理機制的理解,亦具有重要的理論與實踐貢獻。在理論上,本研究整合臨場感理論與形象理論,驗證數位沉浸體驗如何驅動實際消費⾏為︔在實務上,則為遊戲開發商與旅遊⽬的地提供可⾏的營銷策略與合作模式,例如透過虛實整合的體驗設計與社群互動,進⼀步激發玩家的旅遊動機,推動⽂化旅遊的創新發展。 二、 理論背景與假設 (一)、電子遊戲旅遊 電⼦遊戲在電⼦設備平台上運⾏,亦被定義為「借助視聽設備以實現遊玩體驗的基於遊戲的活動」。7 其可透過電腦、⼿機等不同平臺運作,既是為娛樂⽽設計的電腦程序,亦具教育功能,可扮演教師角⾊。8 ⾃ 1958年⾸款公開遊戲“Pong”問世以來,電⼦遊戲歷經街機至主機的演變,並隨 90年代中期互聯網普及進入家庭,徹底改變⼈類⾏為與遊戲定義。9 如今,電⼦遊戲已發展為跨類別、跨平臺的全球⽂化現象,其在經濟與⽂化層⾯影響深遠。以中國為例,2020年電⼦遊戲市場價值達四⼗四⼆億美元,玩家規模超過五億,成為全球最⼤遊戲市場。10 技術進步使得遊戲環境越趨真實與沉浸,玩家得以在虛擬世界中進⾏社交與活動,拓展其世界觀、 Convergence of Sports and Video Gaming During the Pandemic and Beyond.” Societies 11.4 (2021): 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11040129. 7 Shaw, Adrienne. “What is Video Game Culture? Cultural Studies and Game Studies,” Games and Culture 5.4 (2010): 403-424. 8 Oliver, et.al. “Video Games as Meaningful Entertainment Experiences,” Psychology of Popular Media Culture 5.4 (2016): 390-405; Gentile, Douglas A., and J. Ronald Gentile. “Violent Video Games as Exemplary Teachers: A Conceptual Analysis.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 37.2 (2008): 127-141. 9 Ferguson, Christopher J. “Does Movie or Video Game Violence Predict Societal Violence? It Depends on What you Look at and When.” Journal of Communication 65.1 (2015): 193-212. 10 Montiel, et.al. “Loot Box Engagement: A Scoping Review of Primary Studies on Prevalence and Association with Problematic Gaming and Gambling.” PLoS One 17.1 (2022): e0263177.
從遊戲地圖到旅行計劃:揭示臨場感與目的地形象對旅行意圖的作用機制 171 建⽴社群連結並培養多樣技能。11 學者亦指出,電⼦遊戲不僅與社會暴⼒無明確因果關聯,更可能對⽂化遺產保護與旅遊⽬的地發展產⽣積極作⽤。12 電⼦遊戲旅遊作為新興研究領域,關注玩家因遊戲體驗⽽產造訪真實世界地點的動機與⾏為。旅遊作為無形服務產品,需創造體驗價值以吸引消費者,⽽電⼦遊戲作為極具影響⼒的娛樂媒介,可與旅遊產⽣深刻連結。13 玩家透過遊戲形成對景點的情感依戀,並在實際旅⾏中尋求重溫遊戲敘事與場景之體驗。14 此類旅遊模式滿⾜消費者的多重需求:⼀⽅⾯使玩家能夠親身探索遊戲中的真實場景,提升其對遊戲與景點的消費意願︔另⼀⽅⾯,旅遊企業亦可藉此設計合作或競爭活動,增強旅客參與感。電⼦遊戲在⽬的地營銷中扮演積極角⾊,可提供景點預覽與推廣,若玩家在旅遊過程中獲得深刻體驗,將對⽬的地留下長期正⾯印象。15 電影旅遊與電⼦遊戲旅遊在特徵與⽬標上具明顯重叠與關聯性。16 這種旅遊形式特別受到年輕族群青睞,因其結合遊戲與旅⾏兩種⽣活⽅式,強調⽂化體驗與記憶共鳴。遊戲本身根植於⽂化內涵,其宣傳亦具⽂化推廣效⽤,使玩家在遊歷中感受歷史與⽂化影響⼒。從實踐角度來看,電⼦遊戲旅遊有助提⾼⽬的地品牌知名度、促進銷售轉化、增強旅客忠誠度,並透過玩家社群形成創意⼤使效應。17 儘管學者指出遊戲對⽬的地形象影響深遠,但其對實際旅遊決策的作⽤仍可能有限,顯⽰這⼀新興領域具進⼀步探索之價值與潛⼒。 11 Zhong, Zhi-Jin. “The Effects of Collective MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games) Play on Gamers’ Online and Offline Social Capital.” Computers in Human Behavior 27.6 (2011): 2352-2363. 12 Shaheer, Ismail. “The Nexus of Video Games and Heritage Attractions.” Current Issues in Tourism 25. 9 (2022): 1356-1360. 13 Dubois, et.al. “The Impact of Video Games on Destination Image.” Current Issues in Tourism 24.4 (2021): 554-566. 14 Florido-Benítez, Lázaro. “Film-induced Tourism-the Impact the of Animation, Cartoon, Superhero and Fantasy Movies.” Tourism Review 78.5 (2023): 1298-1314. 15 Xu, Feifei, Dimitrios Buhalis, and Jessika Weber. “Serious Games and the Gamification of Tourism.” Tourism Managemen 60 (2017): 244-256; Luong, Van Ha, and Aikaterini Manthiou, “Video Game-inspired Tourism: A Synergistic Framework,” Tourism Management 112 (2026): 105282. 16 Graça, André Rui, Francisco Banha, and Francisco Miguel Banha. “Video-Induced Tourism in Central Portugal: Production and Impact of Promotional Videos.” Tourism & Management Studies 18.1 (2022): 41-50. 17 Coghlan, Alexandra, and Lewis Carter. “Serious Games as Interpretive Tools in Complex Natural Tourist Attractions.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 42 (2020): 258-265.
杜婧曄、王雪迎、黃穎祚 172 (二)、空間臨場感(Spatial presence)和社會臨場感(Social presence) 臨場感於學術領域中具多重意涵,其概念可應⽤於不同情境,並源⾃於個體對環境的感知。18 Bulu將其理解為⼀種代表虛擬世界的體驗。19 在實證研究中,臨場感常被區分為社會臨場感與空間臨場感兩個基本維度,此分類不僅反映⼈類感知的主導性,亦廣泛應⽤於各類媒介環境中。20 本研究採⽤該構念,旨在評估電⼦遊戲情境中玩家所感知的空間與社會臨場感,並將其置於 SOR 理論框架中,作為影響玩家⼼理與⾏為反應的前因刺激因素。 空間臨場感被視為⼀種⼼理狀態,指個體透過感官或非感官⽅式,將虛擬物體體驗為實際對象的現象。此概念強調⼈在虛擬環境中的⼼理取向,並關注真實世界與虛擬環境之間的共性。21 學者認為,空間臨場感涉及個體處於中介環境中的感覺,且與物理環境密切相關。22 媒介在創造空間臨場感中扮演關鍵角⾊,當使⽤者完全投入意識時,可達到⾼度沉浸狀態。23 ⽣動性與互動性是引發空間臨場感的核⼼要素,對參與者具有深遠影響。24 在電⼦遊戲中,玩家透過視覺與聽覺感知類似真實景點的環境,並在遊戲世界中建⽴虛擬身份,從⽽形成強烈的空間在場感。25 這種 18 Yung, Ryan, Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore, and Leigh Ellen Potter. “Virtual Reality and Tourism Marketing: Conceptualizing a Framework on Presence, Emotion, and Intention.” Current Issues in Tourism 24.11 (2021): 1505-1525. 19 Bulu, Saniye Tugba, “Place Presence, Social Presence, Co-presence, and Satisfaction in Virtual Worlds,” Computers & Education 58.1 (2012): 154-161. 20 Lee, Kwan Min. “Presence, Explicated.” Communication Theory 14.1 (2004): 27-50. 21 Wu, Xiaohong, and Ivan Ka Wai Lai. “The Psychological Premise of Spatial Presence in 360 Virtual Tours: The Role of the Spatial Situation in First-time and Repeat Users.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 14.4 (2023): 523-539. 22 Kim, Seehyung, and Yooshik Yoon. “The Hierarchical Effects of Affective and Cognitive Components on Tourism Destination Image.” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 14.2 (2003): 1-22. 23 Breves, Priska, and Jan-Philipp Stein, “Cognitive load in Immersive Media Settings: The Role of Spatial Presence and Cybersickness,” Virtual Reality 27.2 (2023): 1077-1089. 24 Lyu, Jiaying, Xi Leung, Billy Bai, and Marla Stafford. “Hotel Virtual Reality Advertising: A Presence-mediated Model and Gender Effects.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 12.3 (2021): 409-422. 25 Kim, Jihoon, Thitapa Shinaprayoon, and Sun Joo Ahn. “Virtual Tours Encourage Intentions to Travel and Willingness to Pay via Spatial Presence, Enjoyment, and Destination Image.” Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising 43.1 (2022): 90-105.
從遊戲地圖到旅行計劃:揭示臨場感與目的地形象對旅行意圖的作用機制 173 感知進⼀步影響態度、享受感與⽬的地形象,並因⽤⼾積極參與⽽更加顯著。26 儘管過去研究多聚焦於 VR環境,隨著媒體技術發展,空間臨場感研究範疇正不斷擴展。27 社會臨場感最初由 Short 等⼈定義為「⼈們在互動中的顯著程度及⼈際關係的顯著性」,其後被廣泛應⽤於衡量個體在媒介環境中的感知臨場程度。28 該概念強調互動性與⼈際連結,認為當互動能量得以實現時,將吸引參與者注意⼒並形成社會臨場感。29 在商業與溝通情境中,社會臨場感有助於傳遞語⾔與非語⾔線索,增強⼈際印象與親密感。30 於旅遊消費情境中,當消費者意識到其他旅⾏者或服務提供者的存在時,即會產⽣社會臨場感,進⽽影響其對⽬的地與服務的敏感性體驗。研究表明,在旅遊中融入技術元素可提升消費者對品牌的好感度,並形成更積極的⽬的地印象與推廣意願。31 隨著媒介形式從書⾯⾛向技術化,社會臨場感的⽔平亦逐漸提⾼,進⼀步促進⼈際互動。32 社會臨場感於旅遊研究中應⽤廣泛,涵蓋機器⼈對品牌管理之影響,以及社會性旅遊購物⾏為分析。33這些研究顯⽰,技術發展不僅提升媒體中介的質量,亦持續強化社會臨場感在創造⽣動社會環境中的關鍵角⾊。 26 Hofer, Matthias, Werner Wirth, Rinaldo Kuehne, Holger Schramm, and Ana Sacau. “Structural Equation Modeling of Spatial Presence: The Influence of Cognitive Processes and Traits.” Media Psychology 15. 4 (2012): 373-395. 27 Bogicevic, Vanja, Soobin Seo, Jay A. Kandampully, Stephanie Q. Liu, and Nancy A. Rudd. “Virtual Reality Presence as a Preamble of Tourism Experience: The Role of Mental Imagery.” Tourism Management 74 (2019): 55-64. 28 Short, John. The Social Psychology of Telecommunications. (London: Jhon Wiley & Sons, 1976), 25-36. 29 Gunawardena, Charlotte N. “Social Presence Theory and Implications for Interaction and Collaborative Learning in Computer Conferences.” International Journal of Educational Telecommunications 1.2 (1995): 147-166. 30 Kreijns, Karel, Kate Xu, and Joshua Weidlich. “Social Presence: Conceptualization and Measurement.” Educational Psychology Review 34.1 (2022): 139-170. 31 Kim, Sang Jin, Yung Kyun Choi, Kyung Hoon Kim, and Honglei Liu, “Country of Origin and Brand Image Influences on Perceptions of Online Game Quality,” Journal of Consumer Behaviour 14.6 (2015): 389-398. 32 Bulu, Saniye Tugba. “Place Presence, Social Presence, Co-presence, and Satisfaction in Virtual Worlds.” Computers & Education 58.1 (2012): 154-161. 33 Hew, Jun-Jie, Lai-Ying Leong, Garry Wei-Han Tan, Voon-Hsien Lee, and Keng-Boon Ooi. “Mobile Social Tourism Shopping: A Dual-stage Analysis of a Multi-mediation Model.” Tourism Management 66 (2018): 121-139.
杜婧曄、王雪迎、黃穎祚 174 (三)、認知形象(Cognitive Image)和情感形象(Affective Image) ⽬的地形象係指⼈們對某⼀地⽅或旅遊⽬的地所持有之想法、印象與信念的總和,此概念廣泛應⽤於營銷、品牌溝通與旅遊研究領域。34 Gartner強調形象對⽬的地選擇與旅遊⾏為具有關鍵影響。35 形象不僅反映個⼈或群體對⽬的地的評價與認知,亦隨資訊接觸與體驗過程⽽動態演變,成為理解消費者⾏為與制定⽬的地營銷策略的重要基礎。 認知形象指個體對⽬的地屬性的感知與信念,涵蓋有形設施與無形特質,並可透過多項屬性如景點吸引⼒、環境品質與基礎設施等進⾏衡量。36 認知形象受遊客個⼈需求、偏好與其他特質影響,協助制訂有效營銷策略。研究進⼀步指出,⾼科技媒介所創造的空間臨場感可強化⽤⼾對虛擬環境的感知,進⽽影響其對真實⽬的地的認知評估。 情感形象則為個體對⽬的地所產⽣之情緒反應與感覺,在⽬的地選擇過程中扮演重要角⾊。37 積極地情感形象能激發訪問動機,且隨旅遊體驗不斷演變與調整。38 學者指出情感常以認知為基礎,兩者具相互依賴關係:情感形象源⾃認知維度中所呈現之屬性評估,⽽遊客與⽬的地的直接互動亦會持續重塑其情感形象。39 認知形象涵蓋⽬的地的有形與無形特徵,可透過遊客對屬性的感知傳達並吸引其到訪。認知形象受個⼈需求、偏好等個體因素影響,並能提供⽬的地獨特資訊,協助營銷⼈員制定針對性策略。近年研究表明,⾼科技媒介所營造的空間臨場感與 34 Chen, Joseph S., and Cathy HC Hsu. “Measurement of Korean Tourists’ Perceived Images of Overseas Destinations.” Journal of Travel Research 38.4 (2000): 411-416. 35 Gartner, William C. “Image Formation Process.” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 2.2-3 (1994): 191-216. 36 Pike, Steven, and Chris Ryan. “Destination Positioning Analysis Through a Comparison of Cognitive, Affective, and Conative Perceptions.” Journal of Travel Research 42.4 (2004): 333-342. 37 Woosnam, Kyle Maurice, Dimitrios Stylidis, and Milan Ivkov. “Explaining Conative Destination Image through Cognitive and Affective Destination Image and Emotional Solidarity with Residents.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 28.6 (2020): 917-935. 38 Russell, James A., Lawrence M. Ward, and Geraldine Pratt. “Affective Quality Attributed to Environments: A Factor Analytic Study.” Environment and Behavior 13.3 (1981): 259-288. 39 Zhou, Xue, Siew Imm Ng, and Weiwei Deng. “Why I Revisit a Historic Town in Chengdu? Roles of Cognitive Image, Affective Image and Memorable Tourism Experiences.” Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 36.11 (2024): 2869-2888.
從遊戲地圖到旅行計劃:揭示臨場感與目的地形象對旅行意圖的作用機制 175 認知形象密切相關。依據 SOR理論,空間臨場感作為⼀種關鍵的外部刺激(Stimulus),能夠激發個體內在的認知處理過程(Organism)。空間臨場感可整合⽤⼾感知與對象呈現,強化技術環境中的認知評估。40 因此,本研究提出以下假設: H1:空間臨場感對認知形象有正向影響。 在旅⾏過程中,感知的服務質量結合個⼈因素會對遊客對⽬的地的形象產⽣影響。41 如果消費者感知到更多的社會臨場感,他們可以對其進⾏積極的思考或反應。消費者可以通過多種渠道解⽬的地信息,體驗相關產品和服務,社會臨場感的感知也由此衍⽣。42 已有⽂獻記載,電⼦遊戲所建構的社會氛圍能強化玩家之社會臨場感,進⼀步塑造其對⽬的地的屬性認知與形象評估。因此,提出以下假設: H2:社會臨場感對認知形象有正向影響。 先前的⽂獻研究消費者對臨場感的感知、對消費者⾏為的控制以及購買態度的積極⽅⾯。電⼦遊戲創造超越時空限制的環境,讓玩家沉浸在逼真的世界中。空間臨場感可以描述臨場感知在設備特徵和⽤⼾感知之間關係中的作⽤,當玩家沉浸在電⼦遊戲中時,其感知到的遊戲體驗和空間臨場感也會存在差異。43 玩家可以通過提⾼空間臨場感意識來獲得更多探索的樂趣,並促使他們體驗關於遊戲場景的各種情緒。良好的情緒會影響玩家對⽬的地的評價,使他們對空間臨場感有不同的看法。因此,提出以下假設: H3:空間臨場感對情感形象有正向影響。 研究表明,遊客對⼀個地⽅的熟悉程度會導致認知和情感形象。⼈們也可以在電⼦遊戲中找到快樂和滿⾜感來影響他們的交流,並且他們對分享遊戲體驗和成就 40 Jalilvand, Mohammad Reza, Neda Samiei, Behrooz Dini, and Parisa Yaghoubi Manzari. “Examining the Structural Relationships of Electronic Word of Mouth, Destination Image, Tourist Attitude Toward Destination and Travel Intention: An Integrated Approach.” Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 1.1-2 (2012): 134-143. 41 Kayat, Kalsom, and Md Abdul Hai. “Perceived Service Quality and Tourists’ Cognitive Image of a Destination.” Anatolia 25.1 (2014): 1-12. 42 Liu, Juan, Chaohui Wang, and Tingting Christina Zhang. “Exploring Social Media Affordances in Tourist Destination Image Formation: A Study on China’s Rural Tourism Destination.” Tourism Management 101 (2024): 104843. 43 Wirth, Werner, Tilo Hartmann, Saskia Böcking, Peter Vorderer, Christoph Klimmt, Holger Schramm, Timo Saari et al. “A Process Model of the Formation of Spatial Presence Experiences.” Media Psychology 9.3 (2007): 493-525.
杜婧曄、王雪迎、黃穎祚 176 充滿熱情。當玩家與遊戲中的場景產⽣共鳴時,他們可以與他⼈建⽴聯繫,這是⼀個可以幫助他們發展情感和建⽴聯繫的機會。情感是對個⼈體驗感知的反應,它也是⼀種社會意識,通過⼈們說話、⼿勢和⾯部表情等⼀系列⽅式進⾏交流。44 玩家沉浸在⽣動逼真的遊戲環境中,使他們能夠與他⼈建⽴深厚的情感聯繫。45 因此,研究提出以下假設: H4:社會臨場感對情感形象有正向影響。 (四)、旅行意圖 旅⾏意圖作為旅遊研究中的核⼼概念,指潛在遊客訪問某⼀⽬的地的意願,並涉及對替代⽬的地成本與收益的理性評估。46 旅⾏者意圖是⼈們從先前旅⾏經歷中感知的結果,當遊客感知到缺乏特定的旅遊需求時,旅⾏意圖就會產⽣。47 在本研究中,旅⾏意圖對應 SOR 理論中的「反應」(Response),代表個體在接收刺激並經內在處理後所產⽣的⾏為傾向。 實證研究表明,旅⾏意圖受多種因素影響,包括遊客對⽬的地的信任、⽬的地感知,以及個⼈特質與過往經歷的認知。此外,消費者的臨場感、信念、互動體驗與真實性感知等因素,亦可互相作⽤並增強整體旅⾏意圖。48 在眾多影響因素中,⽬的地形象扮演關鍵角⾊。形象質量不僅是旅遊决策的重要因素,也會影響旅⾏意圖。49 良好的形象能強化旅客對⽬的地的偏好,其中認知 44 Lim, Joon Soo, et.al. “How Social Media Engagement Leads to Sports Channel Loyalty: Mediating Roles of Social Presence and Channel Commitment.” Computers in Human Behavior 46 (2015): 158-167. 45 Hong, Xueting, et.al. “How Social Presence Affects Potential Tourists’ Purchase Intention: Integrating Cognitive, Emotional and Behavioral Paths.” Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism (2024): 1-24; https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2024.2378716. 46 Abubakar, Abubakar Mohammed, and Mustafa Ilkan. “Impact of online WOM on Destination Trust and Intention to Travel: A Medical Tourism Perspective.” Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 5.3 (2016): 192-201. 47 Horng, Jeou-Shyan, et.al. “Understanding the Impact of Culinary Brand Equity and Destination Familiarity on Travel Intentions.” Tourism Management 33.4 (2012): 815-824; Zhang, Yucheng, et.al. “The Effect of Novelty on Travel Intention: The Mediating Effect of Brand Equity and Travel Motivation.” Management Decision 59.6 (2021): 1271-1290. 48 Zheng, Shiyong, Mingyue Wu, and Junyun Liao. “The Impact of Destination Live Streaming on Viewers’ Travel Intention.” Current Issues in Tourism 26.2 (2023): 184-198. 49 Lee, Tsung Hung. “A Structural Model to Examine how Destination Image, Attitude, and Motivation
從遊戲地圖到旅行計劃:揭示臨場感與目的地形象對旅行意圖的作用機制 177 形象與情感形象共同決定⽬的地吸引⼒。50 認知形象反映旅客對屬性的理性評估,影響其滿意度、消費⾏為與旅⾏意圖︔積極的認知感知可強化態度與旅⾏意願。51 情感形象則代表情緒反應與情感連結,是驅動訪問意圖的深層要素。因此,本研究提出以下假設: H5:認知形象對旅行意圖有正向影響。 H6:情感形象對旅行意圖有正向影響。 圖一、研究模型 三、研究方法 (一)、研究框架概述 本研究採⽤混合研究法,包含兩個階段性的研究設計。研究⼀採⽤問卷調查法,旨在檢驗遊戲旅遊的影響機制及路徑關係︔基於研究⼀的實證結果,研究⼆進⼀步採⽤追蹤訪談法,深入探討玩家從遊戲體驗到旅⾏決策的動態過程及深層動因。兩個研究相互銜接、互為補充,共同構成完整的研究框架。 Affect the Future Behavior of Tourists.” Leisure Sciences 31.3 (2009): 215-236. 50 Wu, Gang, and Lifang Liang. “Examining the Effect of Potential Tourists’ Wine Product Involvement on Wine Tourism Destination Image and Travel Intention.” Current Issues in Tourism (2020): 1-16. 51 Beerli, Asuncion, and Josefa D. Martin. “Factors Influencing Destination Image.” Annals of Tourism Research 31.3 (2004): 657-681.
杜婧曄、王雪迎、黃穎祚 178 (二)、問卷調查研究設計 本研究以網路電⼦遊戲《⿊神話:悟空》為研究對象,鑑於其玩家群體廣泛分布於線上社群,無明確線下問卷發放場所,故採⽤網絡問卷⽅式進⾏數據收集。2024年 10⽉至 12⽉期間,本研究通過遊戲社區平台“Hey Box”發放問卷。該平台為遊戲玩家交流與內容分享的主要社區之⼀,⽇活躍⽤⼾數量龐⼤,內容更新頻繁,並具備按遊戲篩選⽤⼾的功能,便於定向招募本研究對象。 問卷包括兩個部分:第⼀部分測量玩家對空間臨場感、社會臨場感、認知形象、情感形象及旅⾏意圖的感知,共涵蓋五個維度、⼗九個題項︔第⼆部分為⼈⼜統計資訊。題項設計均基於已有⽂獻中經過驗證的量表:空間臨場感與社會臨場感題項參考 Shu等⼈,情感形象與認知形象題項借鑑Wu等⼈,旅⾏意圖則採⽤Wu等⼈所提出的題項。52 除⼈⼜統計部分外,主要題項均採⽤七點李克特量表(1表⽰「非常不同意」,7表⽰「非常同意」)進⾏測量。最終問卷共包從理論構念與實證⽬標兩⽅⾯,保證測量⼯具的⽅法嚴謹性與⼼理計量學效能。 本研究經過篩選後收集四百五⼗九份有效問卷。第⼀步,研究使⽤ SPSS 27.0進⾏全⾯的數據處理,利⽤其模塊系統地識別調查參與者之間的社會⼈⼜統計模式。通過多維頻率分佈分析,該⽅案表徵幾個關鍵社會分層維度上的⼈⼜參數:性別、年齡、教育程度、婚姻⽔平、職業和⽉收入。表 1顯⽰各⼈⼜統計特徵具體數量和百分比。 表1、受訪者人口統計特徵 變量名稱 項目 樣本數 百分比 性別 男 231 50.3% 女 228 49.7% 年齡 18-20歲 180 39.2% 21-30歲 149 32.5% 31歲以上 130 28.3% 受教育程度 高中及以下 70 15.2 大學/專科 334 72.8 52 Shu, Boyang, Wenxiu Wu, and Minglong Li. “‘Preview to Positive’ : Field Visit Intention as Consequences of Presence in Tourism Short videos-the Role of Optimism Bias.” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 28.7 (2023): 763-776.
從遊戲地圖到旅行計劃:揭示臨場感與目的地形象對旅行意圖的作用機制 187 認知形象 整體感覺是興奮和好奇,一直想探索下一個場景會有什麼,不會覺得無聊。(T1) 我本來以為山西是古樸的,但遊戲完全顛覆我的想像,原來這麼壯觀、這麼有歷史感,整個感覺很史詩。(T3) 情感形象 遊戲裡的生態很細緻,森林、雲海都做得很美,讓人有種想親近大自然、去那裡走一走的衝動。(T12) 不只是風景漂亮,你能感覺到那些建築是有故事、有溫度的,會讓人靜下心來欣賞,有一種寧靜放鬆的感覺。(T5) 旅行意圖 遊戲很棒,場景也很吸引人,但現在工作太忙,很難特地為了這個去旅行。不過我依然有在網上搜索景點的信息,希望下次能成行。(T7) 我本身對中國神話就很感興趣,玩了這款遊戲後更想親自去看看這些景點,感覺像是完成一個心願,已經在查行程了。(T10) 我喜歡遊戲裡的風景,也會在網上討論,但可能不會真的去,畢竟有些地方比較偏遠,交通不太方便。(T5) 資料來源:本研究整理 五、討論與結語 (一)、討論 本研究探討電⼦遊戲如何透過空間臨場感、社會臨場感、認知形象與情感形象等因素,影響玩家前往遊戲場景實景地的旅⾏意圖。透過對四百五⼗九份有效樣本及追蹤訪談資料的分析,驗證所提出理論模型中多數假設的成⽴。 研究結果顯⽰,空間臨場感對認知形象的影響強於社會臨場感,顯⽰遊戲所建構的沉浸式環境對於玩家認知真實景點具有關鍵作⽤,此發現與 Mirzaei 等⼈在虛擬旅遊營銷研究中的結論相符。54 另⼀⽅⾯,社會臨場感對情感形象的影響略⾼於空間臨場感,顯⽰玩家在遊戲過程中的社會互動與共感體驗,顯著強化其對⽬的地情感形象的形成,⽀持 Liu等⼈與Wu和 Lai的觀點。 在預測旅⾏意圖⽅⾯,認知形象呈現顯著正向影響,情感形象則未達統計顯著。顯⽰儘管情感體驗在遊戲中極為豐富,卻未必直接轉化為實際旅⾏意願,可能與玩 54 Mirzaei, Roozbeh, Shiva Chakerreza, and Nazanin Tabrizi. “The Role of Virtual Reality in Tourism Marketing: Virtual Destination Image Formation and Behavioral Intentions.” International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration 26.5 (2025): 964-986.
杜婧曄、王雪迎、黃穎祚 188 家在現實中所⾯臨之限制因素有關,例如時間、成本及地理可及性等。此結果與部分⽂獻存在差異(如 Beerli和Martin),卻更貼近本研究所聚焦之⾼沉浸動作角⾊扮演遊戲情境中玩家決策的實際樣貌。 綜上所述,本研究不僅驗證多數假設路徑,更突顯電⼦遊戲作為引發旅遊意圖媒介的潛⼒與局限,尤其認知層⾯及社會互動為促成旅⾏意圖之關鍵機制,⽽情感形象雖深刻卻未必直接引發現實⾏動。 (二)、理論貢獻 本研究開創性地將臨場感理論應⽤於電⼦遊戲旅遊領域,拓展該理論的傳統應⽤範疇。相較於既有研究多聚焦於 VR 技術或在線教育,本研究驗證空間臨場感與社會臨場感在引發玩家旅遊意圖中的關鍵作⽤,為臨場感理論在數位娛樂與⽂化旅遊交叉領域的應⽤提供實證⽀持。55 在機制層⾯,本研究揭⽰兩種臨場感對玩家認知與情感形象的差異化影響。空間臨場感對認知形象的影響顯著⾼於社會臨場感,表明《⿊神話:悟空》透過⾼度還原的古建築場景、沉浸式敘事與東⽅美學設計,有效增強玩家對虛擬空間的感知真實性,使遊戲場景成為具象化的⽂化載體。另⼀⽅⾯,社會臨場感對情感形象的影響略⾼於空間臨場感,玩家透過“Hey Box”等社交媒體平台進⾏的互動與分享,顯著促進情感共鳴與⽂化認同的建⽴,進⽽強化對⽬的地的情感投射。 從形象建構的角度,本研究進⼀步驗證電⼦遊戲作為⽂化傳播媒介的有效性。遊戲透過融合神話角⾊(如孫悟空)與真實場景,成功將傳統⽂化符號轉化為玩家的⽣動認知形象,呼應 Gartner的⽬的地認知模型。⽽在情感層⾯,遊戲藉由敘事節奏、⾳樂設計與戰⾾成就等元素,激活玩家對現實景點的情感聯想,體現 SOR模型在遊戲情境中的延伸與創新。 (三)、實踐貢獻 本研究之結果對遊戲開發與旅遊營銷實踐提供具體且具普適性的貢獻。⾸先, 55 Reio Jr, Thomas G., and Susan J. Crim. “Social Presence and Student Satisfaction as Predictors of Online Enrollment Intent.” American Journal of Distance Education 27.2 (2013): 122-133.
從遊戲地圖到旅行計劃:揭示臨場感與目的地形象對旅行意圖的作用機制 191 徵引書目 [1] Dubois, Louis-Etienne, and Chris Gibbs. “Video Game-induced Tourism: A New Frontier for Destination Marketers.” Tourism Review 73.2 (2018): 186-198. [2] Ramos-Vega, Maria C., Victor M. Palma-Morales, Diana Pérez-Marín, and Javier M. Moguerza. “Stimulating Children’s Engagement with an Educational Serious Videogame Using Lean UX Co-design.” Entertainment Computing 38 (2021): 100405. [3] Choi, Eunhye, Suk-Ho Shin, Jeh-Kwang Ryu, Kyu-In Jung, Shin-Young Kim, and Min-Hyeon Park. “Commercial Video Games and Cognitive Functions: Video Game Genres and Modulating Factors of Cognitive Enhancement.” Behavioral and Brain Functions 16 (2020): 2; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12993-020-0165-z. [4] Meng, Qianwen. “Black Myth: Wukong-The Internationalization of Chinese Games.” Journal of Modern Social Sciences 2.1 (2025): 13-19. [5] Wu, Xiaohong, and Ivan Ka Wai Lai. “Identifying the Response Factors in the Formation of a Sense of Presence and a Destination Image from a 360-degree Virtual Tour.” Journal of Destination Marketing & Management 21 (2021): 100640 [6] Pu, Haozhou, Jeeyoon Kim, and Corinne Daprano. “Can Esports Substitute Traditional Sports? The Convergence of Sports and Video Gaming during the Pandemic and Beyond.” Societies 11.4 (2021): 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc11040129. [7] Shaw, Adrienne. “What is Video Game Culture? Cultural Studies and Game Studies.” Games and Culture 5.4 (2010): 403-424. [8] Oliver, Mary Beth, Nicholas David Bowman, Julia K. Woolley, Ryan Rogers, Brett I. Sherrick, and Mun-Young Chung. “Video Games as Meaningful Entertainment Experiences.” Psychology of Popular Media Culture 5.4 (2016): 390-405. [9] Gentile, Douglas A., and J. Ronald Gentile. “Violent Video Games as Exemplary Teachers: A Conceptual Analysis.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 37.2 (2008): 127-141.
杜婧曄、王雪迎、黃穎祚 192 [10] Ferguson, Christopher J. “Does Movie or Video Game Violence Predict Societal Violence? It Depends on What You Look at and When.” Journal of Communication 65.1 (2015): 193-212. [11] Montiel, Irene, Aránzazu Basterra-González, Juan M. Machimbarrena, Jéssica Ortega-Barón, and Joaquín González-Cabrera. “Loot Box Engagement: A Scoping Review of Primary Studies on Prevalence and Association with Problematic Gaming and Gambling.” PLoS One 17.1 (2022): e0263177. [12] Zhong, Zhi-Jin. “The Effects of Collective MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games) Play on Gamers’ Online and Offline Social Capital.” Computers in Human Behavior 27.6 (2011): 2352-2363. [13] Shaheer, Ismail. “The Nexus of Video Games and Heritage Attractions.” Current Issues in Tourism 25.9 (2022): 1356-1360. [14] Dubois, Louis-Etienne, Tom Griffin, Christopher Gibbs, and Daniel Guttentag. “The Impact of Video Games on Destination Image.” Current Issues in Tourism 24.4 (2021): 554-566. [15] Florido-Benítez, Lázaro. “Film-induced Tourism-the Impact the of Animation, Cartoon, Superhero and Fantasy Movies.” Tourism Review 78.5 (2023): 1298-1314. [16] Xu, Feifei, Dimitrios Buhalis, and Jessika Weber. “Serious Games and The Gamification of Tourism.” Tourism Management 60 (2017): 244-256. [17] Luong, Van Ha, and Aikaterini Manthiou. “Video Game-inspired Tourism: A Synergistic Framework.” Tourism Management 112 (2026): 105282. [18] Graça, André Rui, Francisco Banha, and Francisco Miguel Banha. “Video-Induced Tourism in Central Portugal: Production and Impact of Promotional Videos.” Tourism & Management Studies 18.1 (2022): 41-50. [19] Coghlan, Alexandra, and Lewis Carter. “Serious Games as Interpretive Tools in Complex Natural Tourist Attractions.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 42 (2020): 258-265. [20] Yung, Ryan, Catheryn Khoo-Lattimore, and Leigh Ellen Potter. “Virtual Reality and Tourism Marketing: Conceptualizing a Framework on Presence, Emotion, and
從遊戲地圖到旅行計劃:揭示臨場感與目的地形象對旅行意圖的作用機制 193 Intention.” Current Issues in Tourism 24.11 (2021): 1505-1525. [21] Bulu, Saniye Tugba. “Place Presence, Social Presence, Co-Presence, and Satisfaction in Virtual Worlds.” Computers & Education 58.1 (2012): 154-161. [22] Lee, Kwan Min. “Presence, Explicated.” Communication Theory 14.1 (2004): 27-50. [23] Wu, Xiaohong, and Ivan Ka Wai Lai. “The Psychological Premise of Spatial Presence in 360 Virtual Tours: The Role of The Spatial Situation in First-Time and Repeat Users.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 14.4 (2023): 523-539. [24] Kim, Seehyung, and Yooshik Yoon. “The Hierarchical Effects of Affective and Cognitive Components on Tourism Destination Image.” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 14.2 (2003): 1-22. [25] Breves, Priska, and Jan-Philipp Stein. “Cognitive Load in Immersive Media Settings: The Role of Spatial Presence and Cybersickness.” Virtual Reality 27.2 (2023): 1077-1089. [26] Lyu, Jiaying, Xi Leung, Billy Bai, and Marla Stafford. “Hotel Virtual Reality Advertising: A Presence-mediated Model and Gender Effects.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 12.3 (2021): 409-422. [27] Kim, Jihoon, Thitapa Shinaprayoon, and Sun Joo Ahn. “Virtual Tours Encourage Intentions to Travel and Willingness to Pay via Spatial Presence, Enjoyment, and Destination Image.” Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising 43.1 (2022): 90-105. [28] Hofer, Matthias, Werner Wirth, Rinaldo Kuehne, Holger Schramm, and Ana Sacau. “Structural Equation Modeling of Spatial Presence: The Influence of Cognitive Processes and Traits.” Media Psychology 15.4 (2012): 373-395. [29] Bogicevic, Vanja, Soobin Seo, Jay A. Kandampully, Stephanie Q. Liu, and Nancy A. Rudd. “Virtual Reality Presence as a Preamble of Tourism Experience: The Role of Mental Imagery.” Tourism Management 74 (2019): 55-64. [30] Short, John. The Social Psychology of Telecommunications. London: Jhon Wiley & Sons, 1976, 25-36. [31] Gunawardena, Charlotte N. “Social Presence Theory and Implications for Interaction
杜婧曄、王雪迎、黃穎祚 194 and Collaborative Learning in Computer Conferences.” International Journal of Educational Telecommunications 1.2 (1995): 147-166. [32] Kreijns, Karel, Kate Xu, and Joshua Weidlich. “Social Presence: Conceptualization and Measurement.” Educational Psychology Review 34.1 (2022): 139-170. [33] Kim, Sang Jin, Yung Kyun Choi, Kyung Hoon Kim, and Honglei Liu. “Country of Origin and Brand Image Influences on Perceptions of Online Game Quality.” Journal of Consumer Behaviour 14.6 (2015): 389-398. [34] Bulu, Saniye Tugba. “Place Presence, Social Presence, Co-Presence, and Satisfaction in Virtual Worlds.” Computers & Education 58.1 (2012): 154-161. [35] Hew, Jun-Jie, Lai-Ying Leong, Garry Wei-Han Tan, Voon-Hsien Lee, and Keng-Boon Ooi. “Mobile Social Tourism Shopping: a Dual-Stage Analysis of a Multi-Mediation Model.” Tourism Management 66 (2018): 121-139. [36] Chen, Joseph S., and Cathy HC Hsu. “Measurement of Korean Tourists’ Perceived Images of Overseas Destinations.” Journal of Travel Research 38.4 (2000): 411-416. [37] Gartner, William C. “Image Formation Process.” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 2.2-3 (1994): 191-216. [38] Pike, Steven, and Chris Ryan. “Destination Positioning Analysis Through a Comparison of Cognitive, Affective, and Conative Perceptions.” Journal of Travel Research 42.4 (2004): 333-342. [39] Woosnam, Kyle Maurice, Dimitrios Stylidis, and Milan Ivkov. “Explaining Conative Destination Image Through Cognitive and Affective Destination Image and Emotional Solidarity with Residents.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 28.6 (2020): 917-935. [40] Russell, James A., Lawrence M. Ward, and Geraldine Pratt. “Affective Quality Attributed to Environments: A Factor Analytic Study.” Environment and Behavior 13. 3 (1981): 259-288. [41] Zhou, Xue, Siew Imm Ng, and Weiwei Deng. “Why I Revisit a Historic Town in Chengdu? Roles of Cognitive Image, Affective Image and Memorable Tourism Experiences.” Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 36.11 (2024): 2869-
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杜婧曄、王雪迎、黃穎祚 196 of Novelty on Travel Intention: The Mediating Effect of Brand Equity and Travel Motivation.” Management Decision 59.6 (2021): 1271-1290. [51] Zheng, Shiyong, Mingyue Wu, and Junyun Liao. “The Impact of Destination Live Streaming on Viewers’ Travel Intention.” Current Issues in Tourism 26.2 (2023): 184-198. [52] Lee, Tsung Hung. “A structural Model to Examine How Destination Image, Attitude, and Motivation Affect the Future Behavior of Tourists.” Leisure Sciences 31.3 (2009): 215-236. [53] Wu, Gang, and Lifang Liang. “Examining the Effect of Potential Tourists’ Wine Product Involvement on Wine Tourism Destination Image and Travel Intention.” Current Issues in Tourism (2020): 1-16. [54] Beerli, Asuncion, and Josefa D. Martin. “Factors Influencing Destination Image.” Annals of Tourism Research 31.3 (2004): 657-681. [55] Shu, Boyang, Wenxiu Wu, and Minglong Li. “‘Preview to Positive’: Field Visit Intention as Consequences of Presence in Tourism Short Videos-the Role of Optimism Bias.” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 28.7 (2023): 763-776. [56] Hair, Joseph F. A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage, 2014. [57] Mirzaei, Roozbeh, Shiva Chakerreza, and Nazanin Tabrizi. “The Role of Virtual Reality in Tourism Marketing: Virtual Destination Image Formation and Behavioral Intentions.” International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration 26.5 (2025): 964-986. [58] Reio Jr, Thomas G., and Susan J. Crim. “Social Presence and Student Satisfaction as Predictors of Online Enrollment Intent.” American Journal of Distance Education 27. 2 (2013): 122-133. [59] 李⽂亮,漆家進,厲新建,〈遊戲旅遊的動機:誘發因素與作⽤機制——以《⿊神話:悟空》為例〉,《燕山⼤學學報(哲學社會科學版)》,第2期,(北京:2025),60-70。 [60] ⿈穎祚,杜婧曄,吳肇邦,曾碧慧,〈粵港澳⼤灣區康養旅游的需求、供給及發
The Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology VOL.20 NO.1 March 2026, pp.199-252 DOI: 10.58664/mustjournal.2026.03.009 199 An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries* Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S.1 (1. Vice Dean & Chair Professor, School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: As centers of economic activity, cities face pressures from population growth, resource depletion, and pollution. The Circular Economy (CE) provides a greener alternative to the traditional model, facilitating the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, blindly pursuing circularity may undermine long-term sustainability. Compared to advanced economies, the CE remains sparsely implemented in emerging economies. There is still controversy surrounding the relationship between urban CE and sustainability. This study analysed the CE principles adopted in developing countries, aiming to monitor and assess the consistency between urban circularity and the SDGs. The findings suggest that the number of CE principles mentioned in definitions has increased over time. Environmental indicators closely align with various SDGs, while economic indicators are linked to SDGs 8 and 9, and social indicators to SDGs 2 and 3. Furthermore, the study notes that digital technologies have great potential to improve efficiency and advocates a multi-dimensional approach. The novelty of the research lies in deepening the insight of urban circularity, identifying linkages between indicators and SDGs in emerging economies, and spotlighting the key role of digital technologies. Keywords: Urban Circular Economy (CE); Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); Circularity; Monitoring; Evaluation. * Submission Date: 26 March 2025; Acceptance Date: 10 February 2026.
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S. 200 發展中國家城市循環性監測與評估的綜合回顧 鄒顯亞、陳東燊1 (1. 澳門科技大學商學院副院長兼講座教授) 摘要:城市作為經濟活動的中心,面臨著人口增長、資源枯竭和污染帶來的壓力。迴圈經濟為傳統模式提供一種更綠色的替代方案,有助於實現可持續發展目標。然而,盲目追求迴圈性可能損害長期可持續性。與發達經濟體相比,新興經濟體的迴圈經濟實施仍然較少。關於城市迴圈經濟與可持續性之間的關係仍存在爭議。本研究分析發展中國家所採用的迴圈經濟原則,旨在監測和評估城市迴圈性與可持續發展目標的一致性。研究結果表明,隨著時間推移,定義中提及的迴圈經濟原則數量有所增加。環境指標與多項可持續發展目標高度契合,經濟指標與可持續發展目標第八項和第九項相關,社會指標則與第二項和第三項相關。此外,研究指出,數字技術在提高效率方面具有巨大潛力,並宣導採用多維度的方法。本研究的創新之處在於深化對城市迴圈性的理解,識別新興經濟體中各項指標與可持續發展目標之間的聯繫,並突出數字技術的關鍵作用。 關鍵詞:城市迴圈經濟、可持續發展目標、迴圈性、監測、評估
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 201 1. Introduction Circular economy (CE), recognised as a model for eco-friendly economics which promotes the coordination of economic improvement and environmental protection, has received extensive attention. In 1989, Pearce and Turner originally introduced the notion of ‘circularity’ to examine the interrelatedness between environmental and economic domains.1 In 2016, Ghisellini proposed that in a closed system, always exists a state of equilibrium between the resources consumed and the waste generated.2 The theory of CE represents a contrasting solution to the linear (acquisition-manufacturing-disposal) economy. 3 The CE's core principle involves decarbonizing economic activities and minimizing environmental impacts. Dwivedi et al. have recognised the urgency of the shift towards a CE model and the potential for sustainable development.4 Over the past few years, some scholars have also explored how CE performance contributes to the SDGs.5 Although Kara has examined micro-level contributions to the SDGs,6 the link between CE principles and SDGs at the city level still remains to be further explored. Over recent years, the principles of CE have evolved to further expand from the 3Rs principles to the 10Rs principles,7 and the urban CE requires adjusting to the connotative demands of CE in the 1 Pearce, D. W., & Turner, R. K. Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989. 2 Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S., “A Review on Circular Economy: The Expected Transition to a Balanced Interplay of Environmental and Economic Systems,” Journal of Cleaner Production 114.5 (2016): 11-32. 3 Bocken NM, De Pauw I, Bakker C, Van Der Grinten B., “Product Design and Business Model Strategies for a Circular Economy,” Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering 33.5 (2016): 308-20. 4 Dwivedi, A., Chowdhury, P., Paul, S. K., & Agrawal, D, “Sustaining Circular Economy Practices in Supply Chains during a Global Disruption,” The International Journal of Logistics Management 34.3 (2023): 644-673. 5 Panchal, R., Singh, A., & Diwan, H. “Does Circular Economy Performance Lead to Sustainable Development? —A Systematic Literature Review,” Journal of Environmental Management 293.17 (2021): 112811. 6 Tezyapar Kara, I., Kremser, K., Wagland, S. T., & Coulon, F., “Bioleaching Metal-bearing Wastes and By-products for Resource Recovery: A Review,” Environmental Chemistry Letters, 21.6 (2023): 3329-3350. 7 Reike, D., Vermeulen, W. J., & Witjes, S., “The Circular Economy: New or Refurbished as CE 3.0?—Exploring Controversies in the Conceptualization of the Circular Economy through a Focus on History
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 202 new era. Simultaneously, the increase in urban CE does not necessarily attain urban sustainability.8 The blind pursuit of urban circularity can easily succumb to the temptation of circularity for the purpose of circularity.9 The complex transition to CE requires a comprehensive evaluation of urban circularity, including definitions, indicators, and evaluation methods. Furthermore, while developed countries are intensifying the implementation of circular principles across various sectors, developing countries encounter skepticism regarding the sustainability and CE agenda due to constraints such as a lack of funding and public awareness. In this connection, it is imperative to comprehensively monitor and assess the urban circularity and sustainability in developing countries. Current scientific research has several limitations. First, the concept of the urban CE is ambiguous. Many scholars have studied the consensus notion of the CE, but the notion itself remains controversial.10 The theory of CE is fundamentally connected to its core principles.11 Nevertheless, further clarification on how the urban CE definition aligns with the essential principles of the CE is needed to improve our understanding of its application. Secondly, there is an absence of a thorough evaluation system of urban circularity to examine the contribution to the SDGs.12 Saidani has argued that there is a ‘mismatch’ between the evaluation tool and the criteria for evaluating circular practices and sustainable and Resource Value Retention Options,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 135.8 (2018): 246-264. 8 Cortés, A., Esteve-Llorens, X., González-García, S., Moreira, M. T., & Feijoo, G., “Multi-product Strategy to Enhance the Environmental Profile of the Canning Industry towards Circular Economy,” Science of The Total Environment 791.42 (2021), 148249. 9 Harris, S., Martin, M., & Diener, D., “Circularity for Circularity’s Sake? Scoping Review of Assessment Methods for Environmental Performance in the Circular Economy,” Sustainable Production and Consumption 26.2 (2021): 172-186. 10 Kirchherr, J., Yang, N. H. N., Schulze-Spüntrup, F., Heerink, M. J., & Hartley, K., “Conceptualizing the Circular Economy (Revisited): An Analysis of 221 Definitions,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 194.7 (2023): 107001. 11 Paiho, S., Mäki, E., Wessberg, N., Paavola, M., Tuominen, P., Antikainen, M., Heikkilä, J., Rozado, C. A., & Jung, N., “Towards Circular Cities-Conceptualizing Core Aspects,” Sustainable Cities and Society 59.8 (2020): 102143. 12 Shevchenko, T., Esfandabadi, Z. S., Ranjbari, M., Saidani, M., Mesa, J., Shevchenko, S., Yannou, B., & Cluzel, F., “Metrics in the Circular Economy: An Inclusive Research Landscape of the Thematic Trends and Future Research Agenda,” Ecological Indicators 165 (2024): 112182.
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 203 development.13 Furthermore, there exists a notable focus on environmental and economic aspects, which often overshadows the social dimension.14 Moreover, many scholars have monitored the circularity of cities in developed countries,15 while there is less monitoring and evaluation in developing countries. Third, current studies may not adequately consider the contribution of novel technologies to monitoring and evaluating the CE of cities in developing countries. With the development of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), and blockchain, increasing numbers of studies have initiated investigations into how these technologies can contribute to the application and monitoring of the CE.16 Despite the recognized potential of technologies for monitoring and evaluating the CE, it is still not clear what role these emerging technologies will be in assessing the CE in cities of developing countries. In view of these limitations, the research will tackle the following issues: RQ1: To what extent are cities of developing countries currently implementing CE principles? RQ2: What are the connections between the SDGs and urban CE in developing countries? RQ3: What monitoring indicators and tools exist to assess progress towards an urban CE in developing countries, and are they appropriate and effective? RQ4: What role do digital technologies play in monitoring and evaluating the urban CE in developing countries, and how do they promote the attainment of SDGs? This research intends to examine and interpret definitions, indicators and methods for monitoring and evaluating the urban CE in developing countries towards the execution of 13 Saidani, M., Yannou, B., Leroy, Y., Cluzel, F., & Kendall, A., “A Taxonomy of Circular Economy Indicators,” Journal of Cleaner Production 207.2 (2019): 542-559. 14 Mies, A., & Gold, S., “Mapping the Social Dimension of the Circular Economy,” Journal of Cleaner Production 321.44 (2021): 128960. 15 Kopp, M., Petit-Boix, A., & Leipold, S., “Municipal Circular Economy Indicators: Do They Measure the Cities’ Environmental Ambitions?,” Sustainable Production and Consumption 50.7(2025): 431-444. 16 Chauhan, C., Parida, V., & Dhir, A., “Linking Circular Economy and Digitalisation Technologies: A Systematic Literature Review of Past Achievements and Future Promises,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 177.4 (2022): 121508.
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 204 the CE principles and the SDGs by conducting a review. Our goal is to provide an integrated perspective to assess the current research, existing challenges and future trends. The innovative aspects of this research compared to other previous research efforts in this area are demonstrated by the following: Firstly, by adopting the 10Rs principles as a new framework for urban circularity evaluation, this paper deepens the conceptual understanding of urban circularity. Secondly, this study analyses how urban CE indicators in developing countries measure CE principles with direct links to the SDGs, and reveals the links between city-level environmental, economic, and social indicators and the SDGs in developing countries. Thirdly, this study conducted a comprehensive evaluation of existing methods in developing countries to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each existing methodology, concentrating on clarifying the role of digital technology tools. Fourthly, based on the findings, directions for future research are proposed. The subsequent sections are organized as follows: Section 2 clarifies the method used to select and evaluate the literature; Section 3 demonstrates the results; Section 4 discusses the key findings and constraints, and provides a perspective on upcoming studies. Section 5 summarises the conclusions. 2. Methods The research employed an integrative review methodology to supply a deepening comprehension of the urban CE, examining definitions, indicators, and methods. Quantitative analysis of publications encompasses detailed facts, including authorship, article titles, publication dates, geographical scope, and methodological frameworks. This was followed by a manual content analysis. This approach greatly enhances the comprehensiveness of the examination of the literature.
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 205 2.1 Retrieval Scope and Procedure The research follows the PRISMA framework for literature search and screening. The literature selection methodology is outlined in Figure 1. This search included entries from the Scopus and Web of Science databases, focusing on articles relevant to our study from inception to 2024. Figure 1. PRISMA Flow Diagram of Eligible Studies Firstly, Boolean logic using the operators (AND/OR) was applied to search for terms such as ‘urban circular economy’ integrated with ‘monitoring’, ‘evaluation’, or ‘assessment’ in the title, abstract, and keywords. This initial search yielded 621 results. Then, a targeted
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 206 search in the Web of Science database using the same thematic search criteria of ‘urban circular economy’ AND (‘monitoring’ OR ‘evaluation’ OR ‘assessment’) was conducted. At the same time, the search was extended to include the keywords ‘circular economy’ and ‘city’, which yielded an additional 315 entries. Finally, a comprehensive search strategy yielded a total of 936 results. Secondly, an initial screening process was carried out. Conference papers, book chapters, editorials (n=169), and commentaries (n=78) were excluded. Non-English language papers (n=15) and duplicate entries found in both databases (n=15) were also excluded. This refinement process resulted in a total of 591 English-language journal articles. Thirdly, the second round of screening was conducted to identify articles that were aligned with the research theme. Initially, articles that did not encompass the urban level and circularity within their subject matter (n=328) are excluded. Subsequently, we further eliminated articles that lacked monitoring or evaluative tools or indicators (n=36). Ultimately, studies not conducted in developing countries were excluded (n=167). Consequently, this resulted in a selection of 60 articles. 2.2 Coding framework 2.2.1 Definition coding The development of a clear definition for the urban CE required a systematic framework, which utilised the academic contributions of Kirchherr, Reike, and Hekkert.17 Among the selected articles, there are a total of 30 related to the concept of urban CE. In Appendix Table A1, a detailed overview of the definitions related to CE is provided. Although these definitions exhibit linguistic variability, they share an underlying congruence in meaning. Consequently, a meticulous process of manual coding to distill a definition that captures the universal essence of urban circular economies was conducted. 17 Kirchherr, J., Reike, D., & Hekkert, M., “Conceptualizing the Circular Economy: An Analysis of 114 Definitions,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 127.12 (2017): 221-232.
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 207 To better define the notion of urban CE, the research integrates the 10Rs principles as a foundational guide for the practical application of urban CE. The 10Rs framework is demonstrated in Table 1. Table 1. Principles of CE R-principles Description Source 3Rs Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Lieder and Rashid (2016)18 4Rs Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover Kirchherr et al. (2017)19 5Rs Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repair Wenbo (2011)20 6Rs Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, Remanufacture, Redesign Yan and Feng (2014)21 7Rs Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, Rethink, Resilient, Regulate Xing et al. (2017)22 8Rs Rethink, Redesign, Reduce, Reuse, Return, Repair, Recycle/Recovery, Refuse Maia et al. (2019)23 9Rs Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Refurbish, Remanufacture, Repurpose, Recycle, Recover Van Buren et al. (2016)24 10Rs Refuse, Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Potting et al. (2017)25 18 Lieder, M., & Rashid, A., “Towards Circular Economy Implementation: A Comprehensive Review in Context of Manufacturing Industry,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 115.6 (2016): 36-51. 19 Kirchherr, J., Reike, D., & Hekkert, M., “Conceptualizing the Circular Economy: An Analysis of 114 Definitions,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 127.12 (2017): 221-232. 20 Wenbo, L., “Comprehensive Evaluation Research on Circular Economic Performance of Eco-industrial Parks,” Energy Procedia 5.3 (2011): 1682-1688. 21 Yan, J., & Feng, C., “Sustainable Design-oriented Product Modularity Combined with 6R Concept: A Case Study of Rotor Laboratory Bench,” Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 16.1 (2014): 95-109. 22 Xing, J., Silva, J. M. V. B., & Almeida, I., “A New Conceptual Perspective on Circular Economy: Preliminary Confirmation of the 7R Principle by a Descriptive Case Study in Eastern China,” A New Conceptual Perspective on Circular Economy: Preliminarily Confirmation of the 7R Principle by a Descriptive Case Study in Eastern China, 2017. 23 Maia, L. C., Alves, A. C., & Leão, C. P., “Implementing Lean Production to Promote Textile and Clothing Industry Sustainability,” Lean Engineering for Global Development (2019): 319-343. 24 Van Buren, N., Demmers, M., Van der Heijden, R., & Witlox, F., “Towards a Circular Economy: The Role of Dutch Logistics Industries and Governments,” Sustainability 8.7 (2016): 647. 25 Potting, J., Hekkert, M. P., Worrell, E., & Hanemaaijer, A., “Circular Economy: Measuring Innovation in
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 208 Refurbish, Remanufacture, Repurpose, Recycle, Recover 2.2.2 Indicator coding Indicators are integral components that make up specific concepts, and they are used to assess urban circularity in developing countries. These indicators must satisfy a set of criteria, including validity, reliability, and utility. Validity denotes the level at which an indicator actually captures the progress of urban CE. Reliability focuses on the dependability and stability of the results. Utility refers to the practical applicability of the indicator. Furthermore, as this paper examines the relationship between urban CE and the SDGs, the relevant indicators should also be coded for their alignment with the SDGs and CE principles. Initially, a total of 98 indicators from the literature were amassed. Subsequently, duplicate indicators were eliminated to ensure that each indicator appears only once. Then, these indicators were manually coded according to the principles of the CE and the 102 indicators of the SDGs.26 The selection criteria included: (i) alignment with the 10Rs framework of the CE, ensuring core principles such as reducing, reusing, and recycling; (ii) direct linkage to the SDGs, especially those related to environmental sustainability, economic growth, and social well-being; (iii) accuracy in measuring progress towards urban circularity and consistency across studies; and (iv) considering data availability and ease of measurement. Indicators not meeting these criteria were excluded. This rigorous selection process resulted in a final list of 27 indicators, which are crucial for assessing and advancing towards CE principles and the fulfillment of the SDGs. Following the methodology of Gracia-de-Rentería et al. (2023), 27 this study categorised them according to their respective dimensions. Table 2 describes the SDGs selected according to the proposed approach. The economic aspect comprises SDGs 7, 8, the Product Chain,” Planbureau Voor De Leefomgeving 2544 (2017). 26 Sustainable Development in the European Union., “Monitoring Report on Progress towards the SDGs in an EU Context,” (2022). 27 Gracia‐de‐Rentería, P., Ferrer‐Pérez, H., & Drabik, D., “Sustainable Development Goals in the European Union and Its Regions: Are We Moving Forward in Economic, Social, and Environmental Dimensions?,” Sustainable Development 31.5 (2023): 3540-3552.
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 209 9, 11, and 12. The environmental aspect includes SDGs 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. The social dimension includes SDGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10. In particular, SDGs 16 and 17 do not fall strictly within the economic, environmental, or social aspects as defined in the research. Table 2. Sustainable Development Goals Number Sustainable Development Goal Dimension SDG 1 No Poverty Social SDG 2 Zero Hunger Social SDG 3 Good Health and Well-being Social SDG 4 Quality Education Social SDG 5 Gender Equality Social SDG 6 Clean Water and Sanitation Environment SDG 7 Affordable and Clean Energy Economic and Environment SDG 8 Decent Work and Economic Growth Economic SDG 9 Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure Economic SDG 10 Reduced Inequalities Social SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities Economic and Environment SDG 12 Responsible Consumption and Production Economic and Environment SDG 13 Climate Action Environment SDG 14 Life Below Water Environment SDG 15 Life on Land Environment SDG 16 Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions / SDG 17 Partnerships for the Goals / 2.3 Validation Criteria for Research Questions To ensure the rigor of this study, specific validation criteria have been delineated for each research question: (i) RQ1 (Assessment of Implementation Extent): Through systematic literature review and data analysis, the current status and trends of the implementation of CE principles in cities of developing countries are clearly demonstrated. This includes the evolution of urban CE definitions, the breadth and depth of implementation. (ii) RQ2 (Establishment of Relationships): By means of systematic literature review and data analysis, the specific connections between urban CE principles and the SDGs are explicitly revealed. This involves identifying and analyzing the links between urban CE indicators and the SDGs.
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 210 (iii) RQ3 (Evaluation of Tool Effectiveness): The effectiveness of various assessment tools in practical applications is demonstrated through the analysis of their connections with the environmental, economic, and social aspects of the SDGs. (iv) RQ4 (Validation of Technology-Enabled Pathways): The practical application effects of digital technologies in the urban CE are proven through technology assessment cases. 3. Results 3.1 Article Feature Analysis Table 3 summarises the main characteristics of the studies evaluated. The analysis of the 60 selected publications shows that from 2014 to August 2024, CE research at the city level in emerging economies has generally shown an upward trend in volume. In addition, China, India, and Brazil are emerging as the leading research development countries, with waste management, construction, and industry leading the research sectors. Among the 60 papers in our sample, 31 are from China, leading to an imbalance. This is mainly due to China’s high number of publications in this field, reflecting its active research. Table 3. Features of the reviewed studies Feature Categories Year of publication Published between 2014-2016(3), 2017-2019(9), 2020-2022(20) and 2023-2024(27). Geography Regions in China (31), India (5), Brazil (4), Vietnam (2), Bolivia (2), Iran (2), Egypt (1), Malaysia (1), Peru (1), Argentina (1), Cambodia (1), Pakistan (1), Serbia (1), Sri Lanka (1), Latin America (1), Zimbabwe (1), Mexico (1), Multiple countries (3). Sector Waste management (24), Construction (10), Industry (5), Water management (3), Mining (2), Iron and Steel (1), Energy (1), Plastic management (1), Logistics (1), Manufacturing (1) and No Specific (11).
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 211 3.2 Analysis of thematic content The thematic investigation of the research is divided into three phases: (i) the definition of the urban CE; (ii) the indicators for monitoring and evaluating the urban CE; and (iii) the methods for monitoring and evaluating the urban CE. 3.2.1 Definition of the urban CE Since its emergence in the 1990s, the notion of CE has transformed the linear ‘acquire-manufacture-dispose’ model into a ‘closed-loop’ framework. Ghisellini et al. propose that this system prioritises waste reduction and resource sustainability.28 CE is an economic system that transcends the conventional ‘end-of-life’ approach, including strategies of reduce, reuse, recycling, and material recovery.29 This system operates across various scales, from the micro-level, which concerns commodities, enterprises, and clients, to the meso-level within eco-efficient industrial parks, and up to the macro-level, encompassing urban, regional, and national domains. The primary goal aims to advance sustainability that incorporates environmental sustainability, economic growth, and social equality. From the mid-2000s to the beginning of the 2010s, an obvious upsurge in focus on urban CE was discovered. This shift was particularly highlighted by the introduction of China's CE Promotion Law in 2008, which represented a critical legislative landmark in the urban CE. Referring to Kirchherr et al., 30 the urban CE denotes the city-scale deployment of cyclic principles. Prendeville et al. depicted urban CE, which collaborates with diverse stakeholders to achieve resource loop closure, integrating CE principles within its urban development vision. 31 Petit-Boix and Leipold expanded on this notion, 28 Ghisellini, P., Cialani, C., & Ulgiati, S., “A Review on Circular Economy: The Expected Transition to a Balanced Interplay of Environmental and Economic Systems,” Journal of Cleaner Production 114.5 (2016): 11-32. 29 Kirchherr, J., Reike, D., & Hekkert, M., “Conceptualizing the Circular Economy: An Analysis of 114 Definitions,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 127.12 (2017): 221-232. 30 Kirchherr, J., Reike, D., & Hekkert, M., “Conceptualizing the Circular Economy: An Analysis of 114 Definitions,” 221-232. 31 Prendeville, S., Cherim, E., & Bocken, N., “Circular Cities: Mapping Six Cities in Transition,” Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 26.1 (2018): 171-194.
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 212 characterizing a circular city as one that employs the 10Rs framework across various sectors.32 Paiho et al. clarified a city implementing CE as one that, after optimising savings, efficiency, resource sharing, servitisation, and virtualisation, satisfies its residual material and energy demands through renewable resources, aiming to minimise and prolong the resource cycle.33 Figure 2. The codification of the core principles of the CE Figure 2 illustrates the execution of CE principles within the definition of urban CE in developing countries. Before 2017, the employment of the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle) framework in developing countries was not significant, and the application of other principles also increased relatively little. Over time, the number of CE principles mentioned has increased. The principles of urban CE have evolved from the 3Rs to a 32 Petit-Boix, A., & Leipold, S., “Circular Economy in Cities: Reviewing How Environmental Research Aligns with Local Practices,” Journal of Cleaner Production 195.26 (2018): 1270-1281. 33 Paiho, S., Mäki, E., Wessberg, N., Paavola, M., Tuominen, P., Antikainen, M., Heikkilä, J., Rozado, C. A., & Jung, N., “Towards Circular Cities—Conceptualizing Core Aspects,” Sustainable Cities and Society 59.8 (2020): 102143.
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 213 comprehensive 10Rs framework, reflecting an expanding commitment to sustainable development that integrates economic, environmental, and social aspects. This evolution represents not only a conceptual maturation but also the diversification of practices and the integration of technological advances, steering the urban CE towards an increasingly sustainable future. Although there is still no uniform definition of the urban CE, there is a general understanding of the urban CE: (i) it is a closed-loop system of industrial processes and consumer practices which reduces the waste emission; (ii) it seeks to separate economic development from environmental deterioration; (iii) it aims to maximise economic development, reduce environmental pollution and improve human well-being; and (iv) it implements the principles of CE at city level. For more detailed insights, refer to Table 4. Table 4. Urban CE overview and references General understanding of the urban CE Reference Closed-loop system Guo et al.(2024)34; Ma et al.(2023)35;Yadav et al.(2023)36;Moraes et al.(2023)37;Maddalene et al. 34 Guo, D., Zhang, S., Hou, H., Zhang, Y., & Xu, H., “Synergistic Evaluation Methodology for Pollution and Carbon Reduction in the Field of Solid Waste Resource Utilization,” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 108.5 (2024): 107604. 35 Ma, W., Hao, J. L., Zhang, C., Di Sarno, L., & Mannis, A., “Evaluating Carbon Emissions of China’s Waste Management Strategies for Building Refurbishment Projects: Contributing to a Circular Economy,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 30.4 (2023): 8657-8671. 36 Yadav, H., Soni, U., & Kumar, G., “Analysing Challenges to Smart Waste Management for a Sustainable Circular Economy in Developing Countries: A Fuzzy DEMATEL Study,” Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 12.2 (2023): 361-384. 37 Moraes, F. T. F., Gonçalves, A. T. T., Lima, J. P., & da Silva Lima, R., “Transitioning towards a Sustainable Circular City: How to Evaluate and Improve Urban Solid Waste Management in Brazil,” Waste Management & Research 41.5 (2023): 1046-1059.
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 214 (2023)38; Wu et al.(2022)39; Shang et al. (2022)40; Economic development and environmental improvement Moraes et al.(2023)41; Peiris et al.(2023)42; Meng et al.(2021)43; Wang et al.(2021)44 (iii) Maximizing economic and human well-being Meng et al.(2021)45; Li et al. (2021)46; Huang et al.(2015)47 (iv) Implementation at the city level Sinoh et al. (2023)48; Shang et al. (2022)49;Meng et al.(2021)50; Fang et al.(2017)51; Kosanović et 38 Maddalene, T., Youngblood, K., Abas, A., Browder, K., Cecchini, E., Finder, S., Gaidhani, S., Handayani, W., Hoang, X., N., Jaiswal, K., Martin, E., Menon, S., O’Brien, Q., Roy, P., Septiarani, B., Trung, H., N., Voltmer, C., Werner, M., Wong, R., & Jambeck, J. R., “Circularity in Cities: A Comparative Tool to Inform Prevention of Plastic Pollution,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 198.11 (2023): 107156. 39 Wu, K. J., Hou, W., Wang, Q., Yu, R., & Tseng, M. L. “Assessing City’s Performance-resource Improvement in China: A Sustainable Circular Economy Framework Approach,” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 96.5 (2022): 106833. 40 Shang, Y., Song, M., & Zhao, X., “The Development of China’s Circular Economy: From the Perspective of Environmental Regulation,” Waste Management 149.13 (2022): 186-198. 41 Moraes, F. T. F., Gonçalves, A. T. T., Lima, J. P., & da Silva Lima, R., “Transitioning towards a Sustainable Circular City: How to Evaluate and Improve Urban Solid Waste Management in Brazil,” Waste Management & Research 41.5 (2023): 1046-1059. 42 Peiris, M. T. O. V., & Dayarathne, G. L. N., “Application of Life Cycle Framework for Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Circular Economy Perspective from Developing Countries,” Circular Economy and Sustainability 3.2 (2023): 899-918. 43 Meng, M., Wen, Z., Luo, W., & Wang, S., “Approaches and Policies to Promote Zero-waste City Construction: China’s Practices and Lessons,” Sustainability 13.24 (2021): 13537. 44 Wang, S., Lei, L., & Xing, L., “Urban Circular Economy Performance Evaluation: A Novel Fully Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis with Large Datasets,” Journal of Cleaner Production 324.47 (2021): 129214. 45 Meng, M., Wen, Z., Luo, W., & Wang, S., “Approaches and Policies to Promote Zero-waste City Construction: China’s Practices and Lessons,” Sustainability 13.24 (2021): 13537. 46 Li, J., Sun, W., Song, H., Li, R., & Hao, J., “Toward the Construction of a Circular Economy Eco-city: An Emergy-based Sustainability Evaluation of Rizhao City in China,” Sustainable Cities and Society, 71.8 (2021), 102956. 47 Huang, Q., Zheng, X., & Hu, Y., “Analysis of Land-use Emergy Indicators Based on Urban Metabolism: A Case Study for Beijing,” Sustainability 7.6 (2015): 7473-7491. 48 Sinoh, S. S., Othman, F., & Onn, C. C., “Circular Economy Potential of Sustainable Aggregates for the Malaysian Construction Industry,” Sustainable Cities and Society 89.2 (2023): 104332. 49 Shang, Y., Song, M., & Zhao, X., “The development of China's Circular Economy: From the Perspective of Environmental Regulation,” Waste Management 149.13 (2022): 186-198. 50 Meng, M., Wen, Z., Luo, W., & Wang, S., “Approaches and Policies to Promote Zero-waste City Construction: China’s Practices and Lessons,” Sustainability 13.24 (2021): 13537. 51 Fang, K., Dong, L., Ren, J., Zhang, Q., Han, L., & Fu, H., “Carbon Footprints of Urban Transition:
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 215 al.(2021)52; Ferronato et al.(2021)53; Gao et al.(2021)54; Liu et al.(2018) 55; Wang et al.(2018)56 3.2.2 Indicators for monitoring and evaluating the urban CE The theories of CE and sustainable development are both derived from the systems ecology of the 1960s and 1970s. They are described as a vague, value-laden concept. The scholar argues that the CE is essential to attaining the SDGs.57 While there is debate on whether the CE is able to necessarily achieve sustainability.58 This section presents a description of the urban-level indicators in developing countries up to the present moment. For specific indicators, refer to Appendix Table A2. Based on the content of Appendix Table A2, Figure 3 illustrates the strength of the association between the principles of CE and the SDGs. From Figure 3, it can be observed that the impact of CE principles on SDGs is multifaceted, but the intensity and specific areas of influence may vary. Notably, CE principles such as Reduce, Recycle, and Recover show a stronger association with environmental SDGs 6, 11, 12, and 13. The principles of Reuse and Repurpose exhibit a significant association with economic-related SDGs 8 and Tracking Circular Economy Promotions in Guiyang, China,” Ecological Modelling 365.23 (2017): 30-44. 52 Kosanović, S., Miletić, M., & Marković, L., “Energy Refurbishment of Family Houses in Serbia in Line with the Principles of Circular Economy,” Sustainability 13.10 (2021): 5463. 53 Ferronato, N., Ragazzi, M., Portillo, M. A. G., Lizarazu, E. G. G., Viotti, P., & Torretta, V., “How to Improve Recycling Rate in Developing Big Cities: An Integrated Approach for Assessing Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Treatment Scenarios,” Environmental Development 29.1 (2019): 94-110. 54 Gao, H., Tian, X., Zhang, Y., Shi, L., & Shi, F., “Evaluating Circular Economy Performance Based on Ecological Network Analysis: A Framework and Application at City Level,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 168.5 (2021): 105257. 55 Liu, X., Guo, P., Yue, X., Qi, X., Guo, S., & Zhou, X., “Measuring Metabolic Efficiency of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration: A Slacks-based Measures Method,” Resources Policy 70.1 (2021): 101928. 56 Wang, N., Lee, J. C. K., Zhang, J., Chen, H., & Li, H., “Evaluation of Urban Circular Economy Development: An Empirical Research of 40 Cities in China,” Journal of Cleaner Production 180.11 (2018): 876-887. 57 de Oliveira, C. T., & Oliveira, G. G. A., “What Circular Economy Indicators Really Measure? An Overview of Circular Economy Principles and Sustainable Development Goals,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 190.3 (2023): 106850. 58 Millar, N., McLaughlin, E., & Börger, T., “The circular economy: swings and roundabouts?,” Ecological economics 158.4 (2019): 11-19.
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 216 9. The principles of Repair and Refurbish demonstrate a certain level of association with socially related SDGs 2 and 3. Figure 3. CE principles vs SDGs Bubble Chart As can be seen from Figure 4, environmental indicators are the most numerous, totaling 9. This is followed by economic indicators, which amount to 5. Social indicators are less represented, with 4 in total. In addition, there are several indicators that encompass intersecting attributes. Specifically, there are 4 indicators that intersect between economic and environmental dimensions, and 3 indicators that intersect between social and environmental dimensions.
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 217 Figure 4. Distribution of Urban CE Indicators (i) In environmental science, the Solid Waste Generation and Reuse (SWGR) indicator is the most frequently cited in literature. 59 Additionally, this indicator is directly linked to SDGs 11 and 12, promoting sustainability in waste management and reducing environmental pollution through improved resource efficiency. Next in prevalence is the indicator of Gas Waste Emissions and Removal (GWER).60 It is intimately connected to SDGs 9 and 12, emphasising the significance of diminishing carbon emissions from industrial processes. The indicators of Wastewater Emission and Treatment (WET),61 and Water Resource Supply and Consumption (WRSC) are critical 59 Wu, K. J., Hou, W., Wang, Q., Yu, R., & Tseng, M. L., “Assessing City’s Performance-Resource Improvement in China: A Sustainable Circular Economy Framework Approach,” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 96.5 (2022): 106833. 60 Wang, S., Lei, L., & Xing, L., “Urban Circular Economy Performance Evaluation: A Novel Fully Fuzzy Data Envelopment Analysis with Large Datasets,” Journal of Cleaner Production 324.47 (2021): 129214. 61 Dong, L., Fujita, T., Dai, M., Geng, Y., Ren, J., Fujii, M., Wang, Y., & Ohnishi, S., “Towards Preventative Eco-industrial Development: An Industrial and Urban Symbiosis Case in One Typical Industrial City in China,” Journal of Cleaner Production 114.5 (2016): 387-400.
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 218 for the preservation of water resources and the assurance of clean drinking water, which is aligned closely with SDG 6. 62 Energy Supply and Consumption (ESC) is closely related to SDG 7,63 highlighting the need to improve energy consumption and adopt clean energy. The indicators of Municipal Waste Emission and Disposal (MWED) and Environmental Pollution Treatment Facilities (EPTF) are relevant to both SDGs 6 and 11,64 contributing to the process of environmental protection, sustainable resource management, and sustainable urban growth. The Green Coverage Rate (GCR) 65 is intricately linked to SDGs 15 and 11. It can promote the improvement of the urban ecological environment. Material Recycling (MR),66 is connected to SDGs 6 and 7, enhancing the recycling rate of materials usage and waste creation. The indicator of Environmental Protection Expenditure (EPE) is linked to SDG 13.67 Through effective environmental protection spending, it can contribute to the achievement of climate action goals. (ii) Shifting to economic indicators, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) promotes sustained economic growth and is closely aligned with SDG 8. 68 The 62 Ma, J., Wang, D., Li, X., & Zhang, B., “Inherent Complexity and Early Warning of Zaozhuang Circular Economy System,” International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 33.04 (2023a): 2350040. 63 Wang, N., Lee, J. C. K., Zhang, J., Chen, H., & Li, H., “Evaluation of Urban Circular Economy Development: An Empirical Research of 40 Cities in China,” Journal of Cleaner Production 180.11 (2018): 876-887. 64 Prendeville, S., Cherim, E., & Bocken, N., “Circular Cities: Mapping Six Cities in Transition,” Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 26.1 (2018): 171-194. 65 de Oliveira, C. T., & Oliveira, G. G. A., “What Circular Economy Indicators Really Measure? An Overview of Circular Economy Principles and Sustainable Development Goals,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 190.3 (2023): 106850. 66 Li, J., Sun, W., Song, H., Li, R., & Hao, J., “Toward the Construction of a Circular Economy Eco-city: An Emergy-Based Sustainability Evaluation of Rizhao City in China,” Sustainable Cities and Society 71.8 (2021): 102956. 67 Prendeville, S., Cherim, E., & Bocken, N., “Circular Cities: Mapping Six Cities in Transition,” Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 26.1 (2018): 171-194. 68 Paiho, S., Mäki, E., Wessberg, N., Paavola, M., Tuominen, P., Antikainen, M., Heikkilä, J., Rozado, C. A., & Jung, N., “Towards Circular Cities—Conceptualizing Core Aspects,” Sustainable Cities and Society 59.8 (2020): 102143.
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 219 indicators of Number of Employees in Manufacturing (NEM),69 Number of Industrial Enterprises (NIE), 70 and Proportion of R&D in GDP (PRG) emphasise the demand to upgrade and retrain the industrial workforce to meet the demands of sustainable production, which is associated with SDGs 8 and 9. 71 Lastly, the indicator of Added Value of High-tech Industry (AVHI) encourages the development of high-tech industries, which is linked to SDG 9.72 (iii) In terms of social indicators, Arable Land Area (ALA),73 emphasises the use and recycling of agricultural land to ensure agricultural sustainability, and is related to SDG 2. The indicator of Population, Health Investment (HI),74 Treatment Capacity of Medical Waste (TCMW), 75 exerts a significant influence on the demand for resources, environmental conservation, and robust social services. This approach is closely related to SDG 3. (iv) In the area of convergence between economic prosperity and environmental sustainability, the Energy Economic Return Ratio (EERR) can help to ensure that economic development does not come at the expense of the environment, 69 Paiho, S., Mäki, E., Wessberg, N., Paavola, M., Tuominen, P., Antikainen, M., Heikkilä, J., Rozado, C. A., & Jung, N., “Towards Circular Cities—Conceptualizing Core Aspects,” Sustainable Cities and Society 59.8 (2020):102143. 70 de Oliveira, C. T., & Oliveira, G. G. A., “What Circular Economy Indicators Really Measure? An Overview of Circular Economy Principles and Sustainable Development Goals,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 190.3 (2023): 106850. 71 Millar, N., McLaughlin, E., & Börger, T., “The Circular Economy: Swings and Roundabouts?,” Ecological Economics 158.4 (2019): 11-19. 72 de Oliveira, C. T., & Oliveira, G. G. A., “What Circular Economy Indicators Really Measure? An Overview of Circular Economy Principles and Sustainable Development Goals,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 190.3 (2023): 106850. 73 Prendeville, S., Cherim, E., & Bocken, N., “Circular Cities: Mapping Six Cities in Transition,” Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 26.1 (2018): 171-194. 74 Petit-Boix, A., & Leipold, S., “Circular Economy in Cities: Reviewing How Environmental Research Aligns with Local Practices,” Journal of Cleaner Production 195.26 (2018): 1270-1281. 75 Wu, K. J., Hou, W., Wang, Q., Yu, R., & Tseng, M. L., “Assessing City’s Performance-Resource Improvement in China: A Sustainable Circular Economy Framework Approach,” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 96.5 (2022): 106833.
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 220 thereby supporting the SDGs 7 and 8. 76 The indicator of Resource Productivity Efficiency (RPE) is connected to SDG 12.77 It encourages a reevaluation of resource usage, promoting a green industrial transformation and sustainable development. The Per Capita Energy (PCE) highlights the importance of clean energy in production and utilization, which is consistent with the SDGs 7 and 12.78 The indicator of Water-saving Irrigation Area Ratio (WIAR) is aligned with SDGs 6 and 12.79 Improving agricultural water management supports sustainable agricultural production practices. (v) In the intersection of society and the environment, Pesticide and Fertilizer Use Intensity (PFUI) directly impacts the sustainability of agricultural production, aligning with the SDGs 2 and 12.80 The Number of Days with Good Air Quality (NDGAQ) is intricately connected to public health outcomes.81 The mitigation of air pollution is essential in reducing the incidence of respiratory ailments and a spectrum of health complications. Furthermore, this indicator is consonant with SDGs 3 and 11. The Rate of Rural Sanitary Toilets (RRST) is linked to SDGs 3 and 6.82 This indicator not only improves individual hygiene but also has positive externalities on the health of the community as a whole. 76 Wu, K. J., Hou, W., Wang, Q., Yu, R., & Tseng, M. L., “Assessing City’s Performance-Resource improvement in China: A sustainable circular economy framework approach,” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 96.5 (2022): 106833. 77 Millar, N., McLaughlin, E., & Börger, T., “The circular economy: swings and roundabouts?,” Ecological economics 158.4 (2019): 11-19. 78 Wu, K. J., Hou, W., Wang, Q., Yu, R., & Tseng, M. L., “Assessing city’s performance-resource improvement in China: A sustainable circular economy framework approach,” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 96.5 (2022): 106833. 79 Millar, N., McLaughlin, E., & Börger, T., “The Circular Economy: Swings and Roundabouts?,” Ecological Economics 158.4 (2019): 11-19. 80 Millar, N., McLaughlin, E., & Börger, T., “The Circular Economy: Swings and Roundabouts?,” Ecological Economics 158.4 (2019): 11-19. 81 Prendeville, S., Cherim, E., & Bocken, N., “Circular Cities: Mapping Six Cities in Transition,” Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 26.1 (2018): 171-194. 82 Millar, N., McLaughlin, E., & Börger, T., “The Circular Economy: Swings and Roundabouts?,” Ecological Economics 158 (2019): 11-19.
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 221 3.2.3. Methods for monitoring and evaluating the urban CE This paper reviews a variety of monitoring and evaluation tools mentioned in the current literature. Figure 5 illustrates the main methods that have been adopted. Figure 5. Monitoring and Evaluation Methods Used (i) Multi-criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA). In the aforementioned literature, MCDA has been used extensively in various countries and fields, assessing the optimal solutions by considering multiple criteria and objectives.83 The most frequently used approach is the DEMATEL method, 84which analyses the causal relationships between factors and assists decision makers in identifying key barriers and drivers within the system. 85 The entropy method is also employed as a secondary technique.86 However, the effectiveness of MCDA may be affected by 83 Ferronato, N., Moresco, L., Guisbert Lizarazu, G. E., Gorritty Portillo, M. A., Conti, F., & Torretta, V., “Comparison of Environmental Impacts Related to Municipal Solid Waste and Construction and Demolition Waste Management and Recycling in a Latin American Developing City,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 30 (2021): 8548-8562. 84 Feng, J., Xu, S. X., Xu, G., & Cheng, H., “An Integrated Decision-Making Method for Locating Parking Centers of Recyclable Waste Transportation Vehicles,” Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 157.1 (2022): 102569. 85 Bui, T. D., Tsai, F. M., Tseng, M. L., Wu, K. J., & Chiu, A. S., “Effective Municipal Solid Waste Management Capability Under Uncertainty in Vietnam: Utilizing Economic Efficiency and Technology to Foster Social Mobilization and Environmental Integrity,” Journal of Cleaner Production 259.18 (2020): 120981. 86 Liu, Q., Yao, X., & Pei, L., “Empirical Evidence of Coupling and Coordination between Circular Economy and Foreign Trade Based on Big Data,” Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 9.1 (2024). 0 5 10 15 20 25Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis(MCDA)Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)Emergy Accounting Methodology (EMA)Input-Output Analysis(IOA)Multimethod
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 222 the criteria selected, weight allocation, and data quality.87 (ii) Digital technology. In the documents gathered, the majority of scholars have harnessed digital technologies to boost the efficacy, precision, and eco-friendliness of waste management systems. Geographic Information Systems (GIS), 88 a contemporary technique for geographical data analysis,89 has been deployed to scrutinise data across various studies,90 and has also been used to oversee and appraise the efficacy.91 Moreover, many academics have used digital technologies to refine the precision and dependability of waste estimation methodologies. 92 Big data analytics have been utilised to assess environmental impacts and monitor waste management efficiency indicators.93 Nonetheless, it is apparent that the utilisation of digital technologies at the urban level is still somewhat confined,94 and there is a need for a broader application and 87 Jacintos Nieves, A., & Delgado Ramos, G. C., “Advancing the Application of a Multidimensional Sustainable Urban Waste Management Model in a Circular Economy in Mexico City,” Sustainability 15.17 (2023): 12678. 88 Cheng, K. L., Hsu, S. C., Li, W. M., & Ma, H. W., “Quantifying Potential Anthropogenic Resources of Buildings through Hot Spot Analysis,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 133.6 (2018): 10-20. 89 Sharma, N., Kalbar, P. P., & Salman, M., “Development of Building Stock Model for An Emerging City in India: Learnings for Enabling Circular Economy in the Built Environment,” Journal of Industrial Ecology 28.2 (2024): 13483. 90 Long, Y., Song, Q., Huang, B., Zeng, X., & Wu, H., “Characterizing Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Urban Building Material Metabolism and Embodied Carbon Emissions through a 4D GIS-MFA-LCA Model,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 206.7 (2024): 107642. 91 Ferronato, N., Preziosi, G., Portillo, M. A. G., Lizarazu, E. G. G., & Torretta, V., “Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Selective Collection Scenarios with Geographic Information Systems in Bolivia,” Waste Management 102.2 (2020): 919-931. 92 Maged, A., Elshaboury, N., & Akanbi, L., “Data-driven Prediction of Construction and Demolition Waste Generation Using Limited Datasets in Developing Countries: An Optimized Extreme Gradient Boosting Approach,” Environment, Development and Sustainability 26.4 (2024): 1-25. 93 Galván, S. L., & Bielsa, R. O., “Use of Life Cycle Assessment for Estimating Impacts of Waste-to-energy Technologies in Solid Waste Management Systems: The Case of Buenos Aires, Argentina,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 31.7 (2024): 9992-10012. 94 Safaeian, M. R., Ardestani, M., & Sarang, A., “The Perspective of a Smart City by Endorsing the Nexus Bermuda Triangle with the Risk Assessment of Polluted Water Reuse in Integrated Water and Food Security Management: The Case of Semnan, Iran,” Water Reuse 12.4 (2022): 403-419.
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 223 evaluation within the research domain.95 (iii) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In the reviewed literature, the LCA method has been extensively applied across various developing countries, covering various fields. LCA can serve as an evaluative instrument capable of being integrated with other methodologies, offering a more comprehensive analysis and a suite of solutions. Many studies exemplified this approach, highlighting the versatility and effectiveness of LCA.96 However, LCA requires specialist knowledge and significant time and resources to implement.97 (iv) Material Flow Analysis (MFA). In the collected literature, the MFA method is commonly applied to measure material circulation at the urban level, 98 thereby assessing resource efficiency and environmental impacts. 99 However, the MFA method has a high data demand and requires high levels of data accuracy and completeness.100 (v) Emergy Accounting Methodology (EMA). The EMA method has been utilised for evaluating the value of energy.101 But the application of EMA 95 Elshaboury, N., & AlMetwaly, W. M., “Modeling Construction and Demolition Waste Quantities in Tanta City, Egypt: A Synergistic Approach of Remote Sensing, Geographic Information System, and Hybrid Fuzzy Neural Networks,” Environmental Science and Pollution Research 30.48 (2023): 106533-106548. 96 Moraes, F. T. F., Gonçalves, A. T. T., Lima, J. P., & da Silva Lima, R., “Transitioning towards a Sustainable Circular City: How to Evaluate and Improve Urban Solid Waste Management in Brazil,” Waste Management & Research 41.5 (2023):1046-1059. 97 Wang, H., Zhang, N., Duan, H., & Dong, L., “Pathways to Sound Management of Excavated Soil and Rock: A Case Study in Shenzhen,” Journal of Cleaner Production 458.25 (2024): 142383. 98 Huang, Q., Zheng, X., & Hu, Y., “Analysis of Land-Use Emergy Indicators Based on Urban Metabolism: A Case Study for Beijing,” Sustainability 7.6 (2015): 7473-7491. 99 Sun, L., Li, H., Dong, L., Fang, K., Ren, J., Geng, Y., Fujii, M., Zhang, W., Zhang, N., & Liu, Z., “Eco-benefits Assessment on Urban Industrial Symbiosis Based on Material Flows Analysis and Energy Evaluation Approach: A Case of Liuzhou City, China,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 119.4 (2017): 78-88. 100 Gao, H., Tian, X., Zhang, Y., Shi, L., & Shi, F., “Evaluating Circular Economy Performance Based on Ecological Network Analysis: A Framework and Application at City Level,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 168.5 (2021): 105257. 101 Wu, K. J., Hou, W., Wang, Q., Yu, R., & Tseng, M. L., “Assessing City’s Performance-Resource Improvement in China: A Sustainable Circular Economy Framework Approach,” Environmental Impact
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 224 may lack standardised procedures, which makes it complicated to compare the various studies. (vi) Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Wang et al. used DEA to assess the efficiency of the urban CE, especially when dealing with large datasets and the presence of uncertainty.102 In practice, DEA can be used in combination with supplementary approaches to provide a more comprehensive evaluation. (vii) Ecological Network Analysis (ENA). ENA can build urban material metabolic networks to identify key nodes and ecological relationships.103 However, this approach may require expertise in ecology and network analysis. (viii) Some scholars have used an integration of various approaches to comprehensively measure system performance.104 These combinations of multi-methods contribute to a comprehensive evaluation of system performance and sustainability.105 A few studies have also used other non-mainstream methods. Table 5 examines the application of assessment tools in evaluating urban CE against the environmental, economic, and social dimensions of SDGs. The MCDA method is notably comprehensive, addressing all three dimensions. Most tools, such as LCA, MFA, and Input-Output Analysis (IOA), predominantly focus on environmental aspects. DEA is more concerned with economic efficiency and resource use of CE. Although fewer tools Assessment Review 96.5 (2022): 106833. 102 Petit-Boix, A., & Leipold, S., “Circular Economy in Cities: Reviewing How Environmental Research Aligns with Local Practices,” Journal of Cleaner Production 195.26 (2018): 1270-1281. 103 Millar, N., McLaughlin, E., & Börger, T., “The Circular Economy: Swings and Roundabouts?,” Ecological Economics 158.4 (2019): 11-19. 104 Wu, K. J., Hou, W., Wang, Q., Yu, R., & Tseng, M. L., “Assessing city’s performance-resource improvement in China: A sustainable circular economy framework approach,” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 96.5 (2022): 106833. 105 Liu, W., Zhan, J., Li, Z., Jia, S., Zhang, F., & Li, Y., “Eco-efficiency evaluation of regional circular economy: A case study in Zengcheng, Guangzhou,” Sustainability 10.2 (2018): 453.
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 225 directly address social dimensions, a multi-method approach can offer a broader perspective, including social impacts. To fully assess the contributions of urban CE to SDGs, a combination of tools is required, spanning environmental, economic, and social aspects. Table 5. CE Assessment Tools and Their Dimensions to SDGs Tool Methodology source Eco. Env. Soc. MCDA Ferronato et al., 2019; 106Bui et al., 2020; 107Feng et al., 2022; 108Shi et al., 2019; 109Zhang et al., 2023; 110Meas et al., 2022; 111Yadav et al., 2023; 112do Nascimento et al.,2023; 113Moraes et al., 2023; 114Haseli et al., 2023)115 * * * 106 Ferronato, N., Ragazzi, M., Portillo, M. A. G., Lizarazu, E. G. G., Viotti, P., & Torretta, V., “How to Improve Recycling Rate in Developing Big Cities: An Integrated Approach for Assessing Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Treatment Scenarios,” Environmental Development 29 (2019): 94-110. 107 Bui, T. D., Tsai, F. M., Tseng, M. L., Wu, K. J., & Chiu, A. S., “Effective Municipal Solid Waste Management Capability under Uncertainty in Vietnam: Utilizing Economic Efficiency and Technology to Foster Social Mobilization and Environmental Integrity,” Journal of Cleaner Production 259 (2020): 120981. 108 Feng, J., Xu, S. X., Xu, G., & Cheng, H., “An Integrated Decision-Making Method for Locating Parking Centers of Recyclable Waste Transportation Vehicles,” Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 157 (2022): 102569. 109 Shi, J., Zhou, J., & Zhu, Q., “Barriers of a Closed-loop Cartridge Remanufacturing Supply Chain for Urban Waste Recovery Governance in China,” Journal of Cleaner Production 212 (2019): 1544-1553. 110 Zhang, A., Xie, S., Gong, Y., Li, C., & Liu, Y., “Barriers to Compulsory Waste Sorting for a Circular Economy in China,” Journal of Environmental Management 342 (2023): 118180. 111 Meas, S., Kuok, F., & Promentilla, M. A. B., “Application of DEMATEL for Barriers Analysis of Co-management of Urban Bio-wastes in Phnom Penh, Cambodia,” Chemical Engineering Transactions 94 (2022): 367-372. 112 Yadav, H., Soni, U., & Kumar, G., “Analysing Challenges to Smart Waste Management for a Sustainable Circular Economy in Developing Countries: a Fuzzy DEMATEL Study,” Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 12.2 (2023): 361-384. 113 do Nascimento Lopes, E. R., & da Silva, M. V., “Projection, Potential and Managerial Alternatives for Solid Waste Management in Municipal Consortia,” Environment, Development and Sustainability 27.2 (2025): 4571-4590. 114 Moraes, F. T. F., Gonçalves, A. T. T., Lima, J. P., & da Silva Lima, R., “Transitioning towards a Sustainable Circular City: How to Evaluate and Improve Urban Solid Waste Management in Brazil,” Waste Management & Research 41.5 (2023): 1046-1059. 115 Haseli, G., Torkayesh, A. E., Hajiaghaei-Keshteli, M., & Venghaus, S., “Sustainable Resilient Recycling Partner Selection for Urban Waste Management: Consolidating Perspectives of Decision-makers and
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 226 (Wu et al., 2022; 116Ma et al., 2023; 117Sharma et al.,2021; 118Wang et al.,2018; 119Liu et al., 2024) 120 * * In addition to the aforementioned applications, digital technologies have significant implications for the assessment of the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of the SDGs, with a particularly notable role in environmental monitoring and management. A review of the literature and case study analysis reveals that digital technologies hold substantial potential for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of urban CE practices. For instance, Ferronato et al. (2020) employed GIS to evaluate selective collection scenarios for municipal solid waste in Bolivia, which led to significant improvements in collection efficiency and material recovery rates.121 Liu et al. (2024) utilised big data analytics to monitor and predict waste generation patterns, optimise resource allocation, and assess the environmental impacts of waste management practices.122 Maged et al. (2024) developed a data-driven predictive model for waste sorting and recycling processes, Experts,” Applied Soft Computing 137 (2023): 110120. 116 Wu, K. J., Hou, W., Wang, Q., Yu, R., & Tseng, M. L., “Assessing City’s Performance-resource Improvement in China: A Sustainable Circular Economy Framework Approach,” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 96 (2022): 106833. 117 Ma, J., Wang, D., Li, X., & Zhang, B., “Inherent Complexity and Early Warning of Zaozhuang Circular Economy System,” International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 33.4 (2023): 2350040. 118 Sharma, N., Kalbar, P. P., & Salman, M., “Development of Building Stock Model for An Emerging City in India: Learnings for Enabling Circular Economy in the Built Environment,” Journal of Industrial Ecology 28.4 (2024): 751-767. 119 Wang, N., Lee, J. C. K., Zhang, J., Chen, H., & Li, H., “Evaluation of Urban Circular Economy Development: An Empirical Research of 40 Cities in China,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 180 (2018): 876-887. 120 Liu, Q., Mao, X., & Pei, L., “Empirical Evidence of Coupling and Coordination between Circular Economy and Foreign Trade Based on Big Data,” Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 9.1 (2024): 11. 121 Ferronato, N., Preziosi, G., Portillo, M. A. G., Lizarazu, E. G. G., & Torretta, V., “Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste Selective Collection Scenarios with Geographic Information Systems in Bolivia,” Waste Management 102 (2020): 919-931. 122 Liu, Q., Mao, X., & Pei, L., “Empirical Evidence of Coupling and Coordination between Circular Economy and Foreign Trade Based on Big Data,” Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 9.1 (2024): 11.
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 227 thereby increasing accuracy and efficiency.123 4. Discussion 4.1 Main finding The concept of an urban CE represents a comprehensive and integrated approach to achieving efficient resource utilisation, environmental protection, social welfare, and economic prosperity. It is evident that the urban CE is a multifaceted concept, rich in depth and complexity. The majority of the literature on the CE emphasises the core principles of reduce, reuse, recycle, and recovery.124 In contrast to the majority of studies, this research, by systematically categorising the extant literature based on urban CE frameworks, reveals that the incorporation of these principles into urban planning represents an emerging domain with significant potential for innovative advancements. The 3Rs principles are universally acknowledged as the cornerstone of CE implementations. These principles emphasise reducing resource consumption, extending the useful product lifespan and materials by reusing and recycling waste to create a sustainable economic framework. However, as the urban CE continues to evolve, the principles have expanded from 3Rs to the comprehensive 10Rs, encompassing a broader range of sustainable practices and considerations. Secondly, compared with Corona et al., 125 our study not only focuses on the indicators of urban CE but also examines how these indicators are linked to the SDGs. A comprehensive evaluation of the relevant indicators is carried out through the lens of the principles of the CE and the SDGs. Environmental indicators occupy a dominant position 123 Maged, A., Elshaboury, N., & Akanbi, L., “Data-driven Prediction of Construction and Demolition Waste Generation Using Limited Datasets in Developing Countries: An Optimized Extreme Gradient Boosting Approach,” Environment, Development and Sustainability (2024): 1-25. 124 Hossain, M., Park, S., Suchek, N., & Pansera, M., “Circular Economy: A Review of Review Articles,” Business Strategy and the Environment 33.7 (2024): 7077-7099. 125 Corona, B., Shen, L., Reike, D., Carreón, J. R., & Worrell, E., “Towards Sustainable Development through the Circular Economy-A Review and Critical Assessment on Current Circularity Metrics,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 151 (2019): 104498.
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 228 among urban development indicators, significantly outnumbering those of the economic and social aspects. The most commonly used environmental indicators are waste emission and treatment indicators such as SWGR, GWER, WET, MWED, and EPTF. This is followed by indicators of energy resource supply and consumption, such as WRSC and ESC. Environmental indicators are closely intertwined with various SDGs, particularly SDGs 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 15, collectively fostering resource conservation, environmental protection, and ecological sustainability. Economic indicators, exemplified by GDP, reflect the integration of economic growth with sustainable practices. This approach aligns with both SDGs 8 and 9. Social indicators, such as ALA, Population, HI, and TCMW, are correlated with SDGs 2 and 3. At the confluence of economic and environmental spheres, indicators exemplified by EERR, RPE, PCE, and WIAR are linked to SDGs 6, 7, 8, and 12, thereby enhancing resource efficiency and advocating for environmental sustainability. In the sphere of social and environmental indicators, including PFUI, NDGAQ, and RRST, support SDGs 2, 3, 6, 11, and 12. This integrated approach underscores a holistic dedication to sustainability, including both social and environmental areas. Our analysis revealed that the CE principles most pertinent to the SDGs among the indicators under consideration are, in descending order of relevance, ‘Reduce’, ‘Recycle’, ‘Repurpose’, ‘Repair’, ‘Refurbish’, ‘Reuse’, ‘Rethink’, ‘Recover’, ‘Remanufacture’, and ‘Refuse’. Finally, there is a great diversity of approaches to monitoring and assessing the urban CE. However, each method is not foolproof and has its own advantages and limitations. In alignment with the researches of Sassanelli et al.126 and De Pascale et al., 127the present study undertakes a comprehensive comparative analysis of the prevalent methodologies within the domain. From collected literature, relatively large amounts of studies use MCDA and LCA methods. These methods are flexible and can be applied to evaluation studies in 126 Saidani, M., Yannou, B., Leroy, Y., Cluzel, F., & Kendall, A., “A Taxonomy of Circular Economy Indicators,” Journal of Cleaner Production 207 (2019): 542-559. 127 De Pascale, A., Di Vita, G., Giannetto, C., Ioppolo, G., Lanfranchi, M., Limosani, M., & Szopik-Depczyńska, K., “The Circular Economy Implementation at the European Union Level. Past, Present and Future,” Journal of Cleaner Production 423 (2023): 138658.
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 229 most industries, but LCA requires a high level of data quality, and MCDA is affected by the weighting of criteria. Similarly, several other methods have their own strengths and weaknesses. MFA can quantify material flows in cities but necessitates a considerable extent of data accuracy and completeness. The EMA’s method again lacks comparability. DEA provides better comparability, but it is still not comprehensive enough and needs further improvement. In addition to all kinds of traditional evaluation tools, some scholars have recently started to use data science techniques for evaluation.128 Many scholars believed that these emerging technologies can effectively enhance the effectiveness and accuracy of waste management, but the existing study is only in individual industries and fields, with relatively scant application at the urban level. The findings of our study appear to suggest that considering some integrated approaches may lead to an effective means of overcoming the limitations inherent to each approach. 4.2 Limitations of current research and future research agenda Despite the significant potential of the urban CE for the SDGs, this study identifies several remaining gaps and shortcomings. First, current indicators concentrate primarily on economic and ecological factors and may not adequately reflect the importance of social dimensions, such as quality education (SDG 4), gender equality (SDG 5), and reducing inequalities (SDG 10). Second, while the existence of various monitoring and evaluation methodologies, the lack of standardised protocols can pose challenges in comparing and consolidating findings across studies. Third, digital technologies offer innovative ways to assess the urban CE, but their general adoption and proven efficiency in real-life implementation are areas that deserve further validation and exploration. Fourth, data may lack accuracy and representativeness due to limited access, thereby affecting the evaluation outcomes. Fifth, current research may mainly focus on short-term effects, neglecting a comprehensive evaluation of long-term effects. This suggests the requirement for a more 128 Fatimah, Y. A., Govindan, K., Sasongko, N. A., & Hasibuan, Z. A., “The Critical Success Factors for Sustainable Resource Management in Circular Economy: Assessment of Urban Mining Maturity Level,” Journal of Cleaner Production 469.36 (2024): 143084.
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 230 balanced method that takes into account not only the prompt results but also the lasting impacts of urban CE strategies. Future research will continue to explore new theoretical and practical avenues while filling the gaps in the current research. Some trends and potential gaps for subsequent studies are outlined below: First, future research will focus on social indicators such as SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), and SDG 10 (Reduced Inequalities), exploring their specific connections with the CE and developing relevant assessment tools and methodologies. Second, to develop a set of broadly standardised evaluation frameworks to make it easier to compare the progress of different cities or projects in their CE practices. Third, future research will integrate digital technologies to optimise the monitoring and evaluation of the urban CE. Fourth, to develop and validate new methods specifically for evaluating uncertainty in the urban CE. Fifth, subsequent studies will establish mechanisms to track the long-term social, economic, and environmental impacts of CE practices. Table 6 delineates the existing research gaps and prospective avenues for future investigation. Table 6. Major gaps and Future research Thematic Major gaps Future research Refer Indicators Relative absence of social indicators. Increased attention to the impact of the CE on social dimensions, such as SDG4, 5, 10. Mies et al., 2021129 Evaluation Data may lack accuracy. Developing innovative approaches for evaluating uncertainty. Reike et al., (2018)130 Lack of standards assess to compare evaluation results. Developing a widely set of standards evaluation frame. Papageorgiou et al., 129 Mies, A., & Gold, S., “Mapping the Social Dimension of the Circular Economy,” Journal of Cleaner Production 321.44 (2021): 128960. 130 Reike, D., Vermeulen, W. J., & Witjes, S., “The Circular Economy: New or Refurbished as CE 3.0?—Exploring Controversies in the Conceptualization of the Circular Economy through a Focus on History and Resource Value Retention Options,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 135.8 (2018): 246-264.
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 231 (2021)131 Role of technology not fully considered. Integrate more of these technologies to optimise the monitoring and evaluation. Wang et al. (2020)132 Lack of long-term monitoring and evaluation. Conduct long-term tracking on CE practices in specific cities or regions. Prendeville et al. (2018)133 5. Conclusions This review identifies the significant prospect of the urban CE to promote sustainability in developing countries. As a model, the urban CE is closely linked to the SDGs through optimising resource efficiency and reducing waste generation. This article conducts an integrative review, using keyword identification to describe the relationships between CE principles and the SDGs for monitoring and evaluating urban CE in developing countries. The key findings can be summarised as: (i) The essence of urban CE revolves around the fundamental 3Rs principles, which are essential for conserving resources and the preservation of the ecosystem. As the 3Rs evolve to the 10Rs, the urban CE will integrate a richer set of connotations. (ii) The comprehensive evaluation of urban development indicators highlights the primacy of environmental considerations in sustainable urban planning. Environmental indicators predominantly correlate with the SDGs 6, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 15. Economic indicators, such as GDP, correlate with SDGs 8 and 9. Social indicators relate to SDGs 2 131 Papageorgiou, A., Henrysson, M., Nuur, C., Sinha, R., Sundberg, C., & Vanhuyse, F., “Mapping and Assessing Indicator-based Frameworks for Monitoring Circular Economy Development at the City-level,” Sustainable Cities and Society 75.12 (2021): 103378. 132 Wang, H., Schandl, H., Wang, X., Ma, F., Yue, Q., Wang, G., Wang, Y., Wei, Y., Zhang, Z., & Zheng, R., “Measuring Progress of China’s Circular Economy,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 163.12 (2020): 105070. 133 Prendeville, S., Cherim, E., & Bocken, N., “Circular Cities: Mapping Six Cities in Transition,” Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 26.1 (2018): 171-194.
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 232 and 3. At the intersection of the economic and environmental spheres, indicators such as resource productivity promote the fulfillment of SDGs 6, 7, 8, and 12. In addition, social and environmental indicators support SDGs 2, 3, 6, 11, and 12. (iii)Even though a variety of monitoring and evaluation methods are used, the implementation process still faces challenges in accuracy of data, standardisation, and the requirement for specialised skills. Emerging digital technologies offer new chances to enhance the reliability and efficiency of evaluations. However, their integration into the urban CE is still at an exploratory stage. In accordance with the above results, the subsequent targeted suggestions are presented for policymakers: First, governments are building cross-sectoral alliances by forming interdisciplinary task forces to align CE policies with SDG targets and other relevant policy initiatives to ensure harmonisation and maximise synergies. Concurrently, it is imperative for governments to integrate the 10R principles into their urban planning policies to ensure a comprehensive approach to resource efficiency and waste reduction. Second, governments should invest in a robust data infrastructure and establish standards for data collection and reporting. On one hand, the deployment of digital technologies, including GIS, big data analytics, and the IoT, can significantly enhance the precision and accessibility of data. On the other hand, the establishment of data-sharing platforms can foster collaboration and facilitate the exchange of knowledge among cities and regions. Third, urban planners should collaborate with international experts to develop a comprehensive set of CE indicators aligned with the SDGs and establish a certification system for urban circularity. Fourth, policymakers should seek a strategic balance that integrates long-term sustainability planning with the benefits of short-term action, ensuring that immediate action delivers actual environmental and societal benefits while laying the foundations for a robust long-term CE strategy. While our study has uncovered several significant trends and insights in this field, it is not without limitations that warrant attention in subsequent research. One such limitation is the disproportionate number of papers from China within our sample. This
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 233 overrepresentation stems from China’s substantial publication volume in this area, highlighting the country's active involvement in research. Fully cognizant of the necessity for sample balance to ensure the reliability and generalizability of research findings, we plan to address this issue by expanding our data sources to include a wider spectrum of countries and regions in our future research endeavours.
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An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 239 Appendix Table A1. Urban CE Definition and Corresponding CE Principles No Authors Publication Year Urban CE Definition Corresponding CE Principles 1 Guo et al. 2024 The theory of a “Zero-Waste City” emphasizes recovery from waste, which is able to significantly alleviate environmental problems associated with waste disposal. At the same time, it reduces the ecological damage and carbon emissions associated with the mining of materials. Refuse;Reduce;Recycle;Reuse;Repurpose;Repair;Refurbish;Rethink; Recover 2 Ma et al. 2023 This concept is based on analyzing the relationship between economic and natural systems (Su et al., 2013). China's circular economy concept mirrors those inherent in Japan and Germany, based on the principles of reduce, reuse, and recycle (Troschinetz and Mihelcic, 2009; Xu, 2007). Reduce; Reuse; Recycle; 3 Yadav et al. 2023 Resources are amenable to recycling, reuse, and repurposing, thereby optimizing the extraction of inherent value. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repurpose 4 Ma et al. 2023 An economic system designed to eliminate residual materials by maintaining products in circulation through the recycling Reduce;Reuse;Recycle;Recover;Rethink;Repair;
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 240 of materials, thereby reducing the demand for new resources and environmental destruction. Refurbish;Remanufacture;Repurpose 5 Sinoh et al. 2023 CE transforms waste from one industry into valuable products for another industry. It adopts the “reuse-recycle-remanufacture” principles tackle environmental challenges while offering social and economic advantages. Reuse; Recycle; Remanufacture 6 Moraes et al. 2023 CE encourages economic strategies that separate economic activity from resource consumption. It aims to preserve the functionality of products while keeping elements, resources, and nutrients in use for an extended period. As a result, urban areas are able to close material loops, reducing the utilization of hazardous resources and the production of waste. Reduce; Reuse; Recycle; Recover; Remanufacture 7 Peiris et al. 2023 CE is a notion intended to restore and regenerate material loops while reducing waste. Establishing a hierarchy of waste management and assessing the advantages and disadvantages throughout the procedure is essential for achieving this goal. Reduce; Reuse; Recycle; Recover; Rethink; Repair; Refurbish; Remanufacture
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 241 The cyclical perspective departs from the traditional economic model (make-use-waste) to a cyclical behavior change (make-use-renew), focusing on the equilibrium between economic growth and environmental protection in the best possible way. 8 Maddalene et al. 2023 A systematic approach that not only focuses on material recycling or waste management, but also optimizes the system to minimize material consumption, sustain resource availability, and prevent waste production. Reduce; Reuse; Recycle; Recover Rethink; Repair; Refurbish; Remanufacture 9 Wu et al. 2022 CE is a sustainable paradigm focused on reducing discarded materials through design, perpetuating the utility of products, materials, and resources within economic activities via strategies of reuse, recycling, and regeneration. Reduce, Reuse,Recycle,Recover, Rethink, Refurbish, Remanufacture, Repurpose 10 Zhao et al. 2022 CE is an ecosystem economic model that leverages ecological principles to direct the economic endeavors of human societies. In the natural ecosystem, ecological equilibrium is realized through the interplay of energy Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover;
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 242 conversion and material recycling, ensuring a state of enduring stability and sustainability 11 Shang et al. 2022 CE signifies a social and economic production system predicated on the recovery and recycling of resources. It is distinguished by its commitment to minimal environmental pollution, optimized resource conservation, and enhanced operational efficiency, strictly following the core tenets of reduction, reuse, and recycling. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle 12 Liu et al. 2021 Urban metabolic efficiency, calculated as the proportion of resource flows, is a pivotal indicator of resource and energy optimization within cities. Elevated levels of this efficiency indicator not only denote a superior integration and utilization of resources but also correlate with diminished environmental ramifications of urban progression. Reduce, Recover, Reuse, Recycle, Rethink, Refurbish, Repair, Repurpose, Remanufacture 13 Meng et al. 2021 Adhering to the natural principle of waste minimization, closed-loop material flow systems are integral Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, Refurbish,
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 243 to zero-waste initiatives, which in turn, propel the advancement of circular economy practices. The embrace of these paradigms has led to the implementation of production models that prioritize resource efficiency and curtail the deposition of solid waste in landfills. This strategic shift is instrumental in forging an equilibrium that harmonizes economic viability, environmental sustainability, and societal well-being Remanufacture, Repurpose, Rethink 14 Fang et al. 2017 Innovative across systems, the circular economy enhances resource efficiency and designs out waste, critical for urban transformation by extending the "3Rs" to include urban symbiosis and sustainable supply chains Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Repurpose, Recover, Repair, and Refurbish. 15 Kosanović et al. 2021 Within the realm of construction, CE is essentially achieved by reducing the use of building materials and maximizing the utilization of their closed-loop, thereby enhancing the efficiency of building materials. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, Repurpose 16 Ferronato et al. 2021 By preventing, reducing, recycling, and reusing, waste generation can be significantly reduced. Refuse;Reduce;Recycle;Reuse 17 Sharma 2021 Urban mining is a concept that has Reduce, Reuse,
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 244 et al. evolved from the idea of landfill mining; it aims to recycle urban waste and utilize it as much as possible throughout the supply process. Recycle, Recover, Rethink 18 Lu et al. 2021 Construction waste denotes solid waste from construction operations, renewal work, or demolition efforts. Reduce; Reuse; Recycle; Recover; 19 Wang et al. 2021 CE framework is an innovative economic framework designed to effectively address issues related to resource use and the environment, separating economic prosperity from environmental degradation. Reduce; Reuse; Recycle; Recover; Rethink; Repair; Refurbish; Remanufacture; Repurpose 20 Gao et al. 2021 CE, grounded in the 3Rs principles, is considered an economic paradigm that promotes resource conservation and recycling to achieve sustainable development. Reduce; Reuse; Recycle 21 Li et al. 2021 CE can be adopted as a sustainable urban growth strategy that minimizes the impact of economic processes on the ecosystem by the circulation of four key elements: enterprises, industries, regions, and society, as well as the material cycles within the city's subsystems and their internal boundaries. Reduce; Reuse; Recycle; Remanufacture; Rethink
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 245 22 Rathore et al. 2020 Within the CE framework, the application of recycling and reuse systems facilitates the sustainable circulation of resources, bolstering economic vitality. Concurrently, it curtails environmental degradation and lessens the financial burden on production processes, all the while augmenting the reuse of waste, in accordance with publication's standards for precision and impact. Reduce; Reuse; Recycle; Recover; Refurbish; Repair; Remanufacture; Repurpose 23 Liu et al. 2018 CE adheres to the guidelines of reduce, reuse, and recycle (the 3Rs), aiming to reduce pollutant generation, promote sustainable manufacturing, and reduce the input of resource consumption in the production activities. Reduce; Reuse; Recycle 24 Wang et al. 2018 CE represents a sustainable framework that minimizes resource consumption, pollutant emission, and energy leakage by reducing, circling, and minimizing the loops of resources. Reduce; Rethink; Rethink; Reuse; Recycle 25 de Andrade et al. 2017 The circular economy is designed to revolutionize conventional linear economic models that follow a manufacturing-usage-disposal sequence. It seeks to elevate the efficiency of resource utilization, thereby diminishing material demand and the generation of waste, aligning with the principles of sustainable and regenerative economic practices. Rethink, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 246 26 Sun et al. 2017 the concept of “urban symbiosis” explores the synergistic effects between urban and industrial sectors by leveraging urban waste materials for manufacturing districts and considering industry as a provider of living resources. Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Recover, Rethink, Repair, Refurbish, Remanufacture, Repurpose 27 Dong et al. 2016 Industrial cooperation denotes the beneficial interchange of materials, energy, and/or by-products among neighboring industries through closed-loop systems. Urban symbiosis refers to the specific opportunities that arise due to the geographical proximity of cities and industrial areas. It can innovatively promote the local industry's use of urban waste to minimize ecological impact. Within this framework, waste disposal and economic growth can be cooperatively linked, thereby reducing resource utilization and pollutant generation. Reduce; Reuse; Recycle; Recover;Repair;Refurbish; Remanufacture; Repurpose 28 Huang et al. 2015 The urban area represents a multifaceted superorganism, possessing a series of metabolic activities. Resources that are either obtained internally or sourced from the external supply will convert into material assets through a range of economic and social processes, with the remainder discharged into the environment. Reduce; Reuse; Repurpose; Remanufacture; Recycle; Recover; Repair; Refurbish
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 247 29 Li et al. 2015 Industrial symbiosis enhances the utilization rate of resources (such as materials, energy, water, etc.) through closed-loop systems, which includes material/waste recycling and heat exchange. In particular, certain urban waste can be recycled by local industrial enterprises. Conversely, industries have the capacity to provide essential services to the city, such as heat energy. Under this concept, the city and industry can be harmoniously connected, thereby reducing resource consumption and pollutant emissions. Rethink;Reduce;Recycle;Recover;Reuse;Repurpose; 30 Ma et al. 2014 The CE represents a model of sustainable development dedicated to environmental protection and pollution control, underpinning the pursuit of sustainable economic growth. Reduce; Reuse; Recycle
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 248 Table A2. Indicators for Comprehensive Urban Development No Indicator CE Principles SDGs Goals Involved Dimension 1 GDP (Gross Domestic Product) Reduce; Rethink; Refuse; Recycle; Remanufacture; Repurpose; Repair; Refurbish SDG 8 Economic 2 Population Reduce; Reuse; Recycle; Recover; Repair; Refurbish; Remanufacture; Repurpose SDG 3 Social 3 Resource Tax Revenue Reduce; Rethink; Recycle; Recover; Refuse; Recycle; Remanufacture; Repurpose; Repair; Refurbish SDG 17 / 4 Gas Waste Emissions and Removal Reduce; Rethink; Repair; Refurbish; Remanufacture; Recycle; Recover; Refuse; Repurpose SDG9; SDG12 Environment 5 Solid Waste Generation and Reuse Reduce; Reuse; Recycle; Repurpose; Recover; Refuse; Repair; Refurbish; Remanufacture SDG 11; SDG12 Environment 6 Wastewater Emission and Treatment Reduce; Rethink; Recycle; Recover; Refuse; Repair; Refurbish; Remanufacture; Repurpose SDG 6; SDG13 Environment 7 Environmental Pollution Treatment Facilities Reduce; Rethink; Recycle; Recover; Refuse; Repair; Refurbish; Remanufacture; Repurpose SDG 6; SDG11 Environment
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 249 8 Number of Employees in Manufacturing Rethink; Reduce; Repair; Refurbish; Remanufacture; Repurpose; Recycle; Recover SDG8; SDG 9 Economic 9 Number of Days with Good Air Quality Reduce, Rethink, Recycle, Recover, Refuse, Repair, Refurbish, Remanufacture, Repurpose SDG 3; SDG11 Social and Environment No Indicator CE Principles SDGs Goals Involved Dimension 10 Number of Industrial Enterprises Reduce, Rethink, Repair, Refurbish, Remanufacture, Recycle, Recover, Repurpose, Reuse SDG8; SDG 9 Economic 11 Water Resource Supply and Consumption Rethink; Reduce; Refuse; Reuse; Recycle; Recover SDG 6 Environment 12 Green Coverage Rate Rethink; Reduce; Reuse; Repurpose; Recover; Refuse SDG11; SDG 15 Environment 13 Arable Land Area Reduce; Rethink; Repair; Repurpose; Recycle; Recover; Refuse SDG 2 Social 14 Resource Productivity Efficiency Reduce; Rethink; Repair; Refurbish; Repurpose; Recycle; Recover; Remanufacture SDG 12 Economic and Environment 15 Proportion of R&D in GDP Rethink; Reduce; Repurpose; Remanufacture; Recover; Repair; Refurbish; Reuse; Refuse SDG8; SDG 9 Economic
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 250 16 Added Value of High-tech Industry Reduce; Rethink; Repair; Repurpose; Recycle; Recover; Refuse SDG 9 Economic 17 Pesticide, Fertilizer Use Intensity Reduce; Rethink; Refuse; Repair; Repurpose; Recycle SDG 2; SDG12 Social and Environment 18 Municipal Waste Emission and Disposal Reduce; Rethink; Reuse; Recycle; Recover; Refuse; Repair; Refurbish; Remanufacture; Repurpose SDG 6; SDG 11 Environment 19 Health Investment Reduce; Rethink; Repair; Refurbish; Repurpose; Recycle; Recover; Remanufacture SDG 3 Social No Indicator CE Principles SDGs Goals Involved Dimension 20 Treatment Capacity of Medical Waste Reduce; Rethink; Repair; Refurbish; Repurpose; Recycle; Recover; Refuse SDG 3 Social 21 Environmental Protection Expenditure Rethink; Reduce; Repair; Refurbish; Repurpose; Recycle; Recover; Refuse; Remanufacture SDG 13 Environment 22 Rate of Rural Sanitary Toilets Reduce; Rethink; Repair; Refurbish; Repurpose; Recycle; Recover SDG6; SDG3 Social and Environment 23 Emergy Economic Rreturn Ratio Reduce; Rethink; Repair; Refurbish; Repurpose; Recycle; Recover; Remanufacture; Reuse SDG7; SDG 9 Economic and Environment
An Integrative Review of Monitoring and Evaluation of Urban Circularity in Developing Countries 251 24 Energy Supply and Consumption Reduce; Rethink; Repair; Refurbish; Repurpose; Recycle; Recover; Remanufacture SDG7 Environment 25 Material Recycling Reduce; Reuse; Recycle; Recover SDG6; SDG7 Environment 26 Water-saving Irrigation Area Ratio Reduce; Rethink; Reuse; Recycle; Refuse SDG 6; SDG12 Economic and Environment 27 Per Capita Emergy Reduce; Rethink; Repair; Refurbish; Repurpose; Recycle; Recover SDG 7: SDG 12 Economic and Environment
Zou Aria Xianya; Chan Felix T. S 252 Acknowledgement The work described in this paper was substantially supported by grant from Macau University of Science and Technology Faculty Research Grants (FRG) under grant number FRG-24-058-MSB. First Author Information Zou Aria Xianya, is Ph.D. Candidate in Economics at Macau University of Science and Technology, studies circular economy, machine learning, optimization and decision science. Address: Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China Email: 3230003714@student.must.edu.mo Corresponding Author Information Felix T. S. Chan, Chair Professor and Vice Dean at the Business School of Macau University of Science and Technology, researches circular economy, optimization, scheduling, decision science, and logistics/supply-chain management. Address: Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China Email: tschan@must.edu.mo
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262 (2)英文書目之引用(Bibliography) † 英文徵引書目之引用需留意作者/譯者/編者名字先(First Name)而姓氏後(Last Name)。如遇多位作者,只需調整第一位作者即可。如出現四位或以上作者,於註釋第一作者後以 et al.表示,但在徵引書目必須詳列所有作者。 I. 西文專書(Books) Ø 作者─書名─版次 ed.─(出版地點: 出版公司, 出版年分)─頁碼。 初引:Brendan Henry, The History of Fashion, 1500-1900, 2nd ed. (Hongkong: University of Hongkong Press, 2024), 50-80. 再引:Brendan, The History of Fashion, 1500-1900, 50-70. 徵引書目:Henry, Brendan. The History of Fashion, 1500-1900, 2nd ed. Hongkong: University of Hongkong Press, 2024. Ø 作者—書名—, ed./trans.編⁄譯者姓名—(出版地點: 出版公司, 出版年分)—頁碼。 初引:Walter Bagehot, The English Constitution, ed. Miles Taylor (Oxford: University of Oxford, 2001), 32-80. 再引:Bagehot, The English Constitution, 20-25. 徵引書目:Bagehot, Walter. The English Constitution. Edited, Miles Taylor. Oxford: University of Oxford, 2001. Ø 章節作者—“章節標題”—in 書名—,ed(s).編者—(出版地: 出版者, 年份)—頁碼。(譯者亦如是—,trans譯者) 初引:Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, “Prince Philip: Sportsman and Youth Leader,” in The Man Behind the Queen: Male Consorts in History, eds. Charles Beem and Miles Taylor. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 223-239. 再引:Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, “Prince Philip: Sportsman and Youth Leader,” 223-239. 徵引書目:Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. “Prince Philip: Sportsman and Youth Leader.” in The Man Behind the Queen: Male Consorts in History. Eds. Charles Beem and Miles Taylor, 223-239. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. †只需調整單一章節作者即可,編者不需調整姓氏與名字次序。
263 II. 期刊論文(Journals and Articles) Ø 作者—“篇名,” —期刊名稱—期.卷數—(出版地: 年份/月份)—: 頁數。 初引: Yan, Hao-Chen, Lam, Man-Yue, Lee, Joseph Hun-Wei, “Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Transients in HDPE Pipeline with PRV Interaction,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 147.6 (ASCE: 2021.06): 67. 再引:Yan, Hao-Chen, Lam, Man-Yue, Lee, Joseph Hun-Wei, “Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Transients in HDPE Pipeline with PRV Interaction,” 67. 徵 引 書 目 : Hao-Chen, Yan, Lam, Man-Yue, Lee, Joseph Hun-Wei, “Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Transients in HDPE Pipeline with PRV Interaction.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 147.6 (ASCE: 2021.06): 1-67. 研討會或論文集,未經正式出版之成果(Unpublished manuscripts, Lectures and Working papers),引註如下: ◎作者—“篇名”—(研討會名稱/參與地: 參與場所, 日期)—頁數。 初引: 1. David G. Harper, “The Several Discoveries of the Ciliary Muscle” (PowerPoint presentation, 25th Anniversary of the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society, Bethesda, MD, March 31,2012), 24. 2. Deborah D. Lucki and Richard W. Pollay, “Content Analyses of Advertising: A Review of the Literature” (working paper, History of Advertising Archives, Faculty of Commerce, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1980), 46. 再引: 1. David G. Harper, “The Several Discoveries of the Ciliary Muscle”, 24. 2. Deborah D. Lucki and Richard W. Pollay, “Content Analyses of Advertising: A Review of the Literature”, 46. 徵引書目: 1. David G. Harper, “The Several Discoveries of the Ciliary Muscle” PowerPoint presentation, 25th Anniversary of the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society, Bethesda, MD, March 31, 2012. 2. Deborah D. Lucki and Richard W. Pollay, “Content Analyses of Advertising: A Review of the Literature” Working paper, History of Advertising Archives, Faculty of Commerce, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1980.
264 III. 電子書(Electronic Books) Ø 作者—書名—(出版地: 出版社, 年份)—電子書類型—頁數. 初引:John Jowett, et al, The Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works, 2nd ed, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005), EPUB, 60. 再引:John Jowett, et al, The Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works, 2nd ed, EPUB, 60. 徵引書目:Jowett, John, William Montgomery, Gary Taylor, Stanley Wells. The Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005, EPUB. IV. 報紙(Newspapers) Ø 作者/機構—“標題”—報刊名稱—月日, 年/期數—版數(如有)—URL/資料庫(如有). 初引:Georgina Rannard, “Five planets to line up in rare planetary conjunction” BBC News Climate & Science, June 24, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61910977. 再引:Georgina Rannard, “Five planets to line up in rare planetary conjunction”, BBC News Climate & Science, June 24, 2022. 徵引書目:Rannard, Georgina, “Five planets to line up in rare planetary conjunction” BBC News Climate & Science, June 24, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61910977. V. 碩博士學位論文(thesis and dissertations.) Ø 作者—“論文名稱” —章節—(碩 /博士論文 , 畢業大學 , 年份)—頁數—URL(如有). 初引:Melanie Subacus, “Duae Patriae: Cicero and Political Cosmopolitanism in Rome,” abstract (PhD diss., New York University, 2015), v, http://pqdtopen.pro quest.com/pubnum/3685917.html. 再引:Melanie Subacus, “Duae Patriae: Cicero and Political Cosmopolitanism in Rome,” abstract, v. 徵引書目:Subacus, Melanie, “Duae Patriae: Cicero and Political Cosmopolitanism in Rome.” PhD diss., New York University, 2015, http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/pubnum/3685917.html.
265 VI. 檔案與政府文件(public and Legal documents) Ø 作者—檔案匯編名稱/卷/冊數—(出版地: 出版商, 年份)—頁數. Ø 作者(如有)—檔案/文件名稱—日期(如有)—檔案/文件編號—收藏機構(如有)—頁數(如有). 初引: 1. Arthur Christopher, Viscount Esher, The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondent between the Years 1837-1861, Vol. III(London: John Murray, 1908, Published by Authority of Her Majesty the King), 163-178. 2. Act of Settlement, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2. 再引: 1. Arthur Christopher, Viscount Esher, The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondent between the Years 1837-1861, Vol. III, 163-178. 2. Act of Settlement, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2. 徵引書目: 1. Christopher, Arthur, Viscount Esher. The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondent between the Years 1837-1861, Vol. III. London: John Murray, 1908, Published by Authority of Her Majesty the King. 2. Act of Settlement, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2. VII. 其他網絡資源(Websites resources) Ø 作者/機構/其他名稱—“標題” 網站名稱—瀏覽/最後修改日期—網址. 初引、再引與徵引書目: 1. Alliance for Linguistic Diversity, n.d. “Balkan Romani.” Endangered Languages. Accessed April 6,2016. http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342. 2. Google. 2016. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified March 25,2016. http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.
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