版權所㈲ 翻㊞必究 All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. 《 澳 門 科 技 大 ㈻ ㈻ 報 》( 季 刊 ) 第 ㈩ ㈧ 卷 第 ㆒ 期 JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOL.18 NO.1 主 辦 方:澳門科技大學 Distributor:Macau University of Science and Technology 主 席:李行偉 Chairman:Lee, Joseph Hun Wei 編 輯 方:澳門科技大學學報編輯部 Editorial : Editorial department, Macau University of Science and Technology 編 輯:曾幸麒 Editor:Chang, Henry Hang Kei 出 版 者:澳門科技大學 Publisher:Macau University of Science and Technology 地 址:澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 Address:Avienda Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 出版年月:2024年 03月 Issued date:March, 2024 鳴 謝:澳門基金會資助出版 Acknowledgement:Publication sponsored by the Macau Foundation 聯絡電話(Phone):(853) 8897-3932 電 郵(Email):publication@must.edu.mo 印 刷(Print run):200本 規 格(Size):21cmx14cm 定 價(Price):葡 幣 4 0元 期 刊 號(ISSN):1994-4926 期刊網址(Website):https://www.mustjournal.com/CN/home
澳門科技大學學報編輯委員會 主編 Chief Editor 李行偉 澳門科技大學校長 LEE, JOSEPH HUN WEI President, Macau University of Science and Technology 英國皇家工程院院士 Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering 執行編輯 Executive Editor 龐 川 澳門科技大學副校長兼研究生院院長 PANG, CHUAN Vice-President and Dean of School of Graduate Studies, Macau University of Science and Technology 編輯委員 Editorial Board Members 李行偉 澳門科技大學校長 LEE, JOSEPH HUN WEI President, Macau University of Science and Technology 英國皇家工程院院士 Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering 譚廣亨 澳門科技大學副校長 TAM, PAUL KWONG HANG Vice-President, Macau University of Science and Technology 香港科學院院士 Member of the Hong Kong Academy of Sciences 姜志宏 澳門科技大學副校長兼中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室主任 JIANG, ZHIHONG Vice-President and Director of State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology 龐 川 澳門科技大學副校長兼研究生院院長 PANG, CHUAN Vice-President and Dean of School of Graduate Studies, Macau University of Science and Technology 林志軍 澳門科技大學校長高級顧問(QA) LIN, ZHIJUN Senior Advisor to President (QA), Macau University of Science and Technology 蘇育洲 澳門科技大學校長高級顧問(AACSB) SO, JACKY YUK CHOW Senior Advisor to President (AACSB), Macau University of Science and Technology 方 泉 澳門科技大學法學院院長 FANG, QUAN Dean, Faculty of Law, Macau University of Science and Technology 吳國民 澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院院長 GOH, KOK BENG Dean, Faculty Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology
The Editorial Board List for Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology 張志慶 澳門科技大學人文藝術學院院長 ZHANG, ZHIQING Dean, Faculty Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology 張洪明 澳門科技大學國際學院院長 ZHANG, HONGMING Dean, University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology 林廣志 澳門科技大學社會和文化研究所所長 LIN, GUANGZHI Director, Institute for Social and Cultural Research, Macau University of Science and Technology 劉成昆 澳門科技大學可持續發展研究所所長 LIU, CHENGKUN Director, Institute for Sustainable Development, Macau University of Science and Technology 陳東燊 澳門科技大學商學院副院長 CHAN, TUNG SUN Vice-Dean, School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology 錢 濤 澳門科技大學數學研究中心主任 QIAN, TAO Director, Macao Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology 湯開建 澳門科技大學社會和文化研究所講座教授 TANG, KAIJIAN Chair Professor, Institute for Social and Cultural Research, Macau University of Science and Technology 錢乘旦 澳門科技大學社會和文化研究所特聘教授 QIAN, CHENGDAN Distinguished Professor, Institute for Social and Cultural Research, Macau University of Science and Technology 英國皇家歷史學會通訊院士 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society 吳漢東 澳門科技大學法學院特聘教授 WU, HANDONG Distinguished Professor, Faculty of Law of Macau University of Science and Technology 張 楊 澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院課程主任 ZHANG, YANG Program Director, Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology
!""#" " " Contents 「澳門科技大㈻廿㆔周年校慶榮譽博士講座系專欄」 以雕塑藝術講述中國故事 Telling Chinese Stories through the Art of Sculpture 吳為山 Wu, Weishan 1 商㈻論文 感知隱私政策有效性對顧客信任的影響研究 The Impact of Perceived Effectiveness of Privacy Policy on Consumer Trust 袁虎聲、邱嘉鳴、許育文 13 Yuan, Husheng; Qiu, Jiaming; Shiu, Jerry Yuwen 酒店與旅遊管理㈻論文 遊客對科技態度對決策速度的影響:線上評論的信任、說服力和有益性作為中介 The Impact of Tourists’ Attitudes toward Technology on Decision Speed: Trust, Persuasiveness, and Helpfulness of Online Reviews as Mediators 趙中琪、鄭定邦 37 Zhao, Zhongqi; Cheng, Vincent Tingpong
㆟文藝術㈻論文 代理效能和政府信任度對澳門青年疫苗接種意願的影響— 基於健康信念模型的調節效果研究 The Impact of Proxy Efficacy and Government Trust on the COVID-19 Vaccination Intention of Young People in Macao: A Study Based on the Moderating Effect on Health Belief Modeling 彭堃、郭元明、孫瑱、柳旭東 65 Peng, Kun; Guo, Yuanming; Sun, Zhen; Liu, Xudong 語言㈻論文 廣東大學生對新冠疫情詞彙熟悉度的調查分析 A Survey Analysis of Guangdong College Students’ Familiarity with the Vocabulary of the COVID-19 Pandemic 陳凌、葉橫明 95 Chen, Ling; Ye, Hengming
世漢㈻會國際㆗文教育研究專欄 (由教育部㆗外語言合作交流㆗心㈾助設立) 以概念為本的國際中文教師—教學信念的轉變與形成 Teaching Beliefs Transformation and Formation in Concept-Based International Chinese Language Education 王肖玥、吳勇毅 119 Wang, Xiaoyue; Wu, Yongyi 蘇丹中文教育的發展背景、現狀及其挑戰 The Development of International Chinese Language Education in Sudan: Background, Current Situation, Challenges, and Countermeasures 鄔峰髙 Wu, Fenggao 143
吳為山 2 Telling Chinese Stories through the Art of Sculpture Wu, Weishan (Director, National Art Museum of China) Abstract: Chinese art needs to go global, and first and foremost, there must be outstanding contemporary Chinese artworks. Every art form has its own creators, and contemporary Chinese art needs to have internationally recognized masters who can present our values to the world. These values should embody universal human values. The process of spreading Chinese culture to the world is a process of both seeking and spreading knowledge. Only when seeking knowledge and spreading knowledge are combined can a global cultural dialogue be generated. Keywords: Sculpture Art; Chinese Stories; World Culture
袁虎聲、邱嘉鳴、許育文 14 The Impact of Perceived Effectiveness of Privacy Policy on Consumer Trust Yuan, Husheng; Qiu, Jiaming; Shiu, Jerry Yuwen (School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: The study of the perceived effectiveness of privacy policy effectiveness on customer trust aims to help those privacy policy providers improve the transparency of mobile payment and customer privacy protection. Based on the cognitive appraisal theory, we propose a research model of how the perceived effectiveness of privacy policy effectiveness influences customer trust has been proposed. And Furthermore, quantitative analysis has been employed to test the research hypotheses developed from this research work. through quantitative analysis. The results showed that through the dual-path mediation of privacy risk perception and privacy security perception, the perceived effectiveness of privacy policy effectiveness positively affects privacy awareness, and influences customer trust. This research provides a new research perspective in theoretical research by using cognitive appraisal theory to explain how perceived privacy policy can enhance customer trust; in practice, the findings suggest service providers enhance their privacy policy disclosure to retrieve consistency between permission requirements and protection measures for reducing privacy risk and improving privacy security, thereby enhancing trust of consumers in mobile payment. Keywords: Privacy policy; Privacy risk; Privacy security; Privacy awareness; Customer trust
感知隱私政策有效性對顧客信任的影響研究 15 一、引言 隨著移動⽀付的普及和發展,⼈們越來越依賴這種⽅便快捷的⽀付⽅式。然⽽,這也帶來了⼀些新的問題,尤其是與隱私相關的問題。例如,⼀些移動⽀付服務提供商可能會收集並使⽤顧客的個⼈信息,這可能引發顧客的隱私擔憂。在此背景下,本研究旨在探討感知隱私政策有效性如何影響顧客的信任。 隱私政策(Privacy Policy)定義了企業收集顧客的哪些數據和如何存儲及使⽤數據。1 對於顧客⽽⾔,資訊披露策略取決於在個性化收益和隱私問題損失之間的權衡。2 在移動⽀付中,商家可以基於顧客信息提供個性化服務,以獲得更⼤的商業收益︔顧客通過主動披露⼀定的個⼈隱私信息可獲取便捷的⽀付⽅式。3 現有研究表明,隱私政策可以建⽴顧客信任和减少隱私問題。4 有研究認爲感知隱私政策有效性會積極影響顧客對移動應⽤程序安全性的看法︔另有研究了移動⽀付使⽤意圖的預測因素,發現感知安全性對顧客對移動⽀付服務的意圖有積極影響。5 但是,在移動⽀付中隱私政策有效性爲什麽會對客⼾信任産⽣影響?其影響機制如何?還需進⼀步探討和明確。 根據認知評價理論,個體⾯臨確定的可接受的壓⼒時會做出有益的評價,在⾯臨不確定的或潜在威脅的壓⼒時會做出威脅的評價。6 感知隱私政策有效性 1 Karjoth G, Schunter M. “A Privacy Policy Model for Enterprises,” Proceedings of the Proceedings 15th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Workshop CSFW-15, F, IEEE 2002. 2 Chellappa R K, Shivendu S. “Mechanism Design for‘Free’but‘No Free Disposal’Services: The Economics of Personalization under Privacy Concerns,” Management Science 56.10 (2010): 1766-80. 3 Chen C, Duan Y. “ Impact of Personalization and Privacy Concerns on Information Disclosure and Pricing. ” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 2022, 69: 103099; 相甍甍,王晰巍,王楠,〈移動支付中消費者個人隱私資訊披露影響因素研究〉,《情報理論與實踐》,第 40卷第 9期(北京:2017),8-13。 4 Wu K-W, Huang S Y, Yen D C, et al. “The Effect of Online Privacy Policy on Consumer Privacy Concern and Trust,” Computers in Human Behavior, 28.3 (2012): 889-97. 5 Balapour A, Nikkhan H R, Sabherwal R. “Mobile Application Security: Role of Perceived Privacy as the Predictor of Security Perceptions.” International Journal of Information Management 52 (2020): 102063; Johnson V L, Kiser A, Washington R, et al. “Limitations to the Rapid Adoption of M-Payment Services: Understanding the Impact of Privacy Risk on M-Payment Services.” Computers in Human Behavior 79 (2018): 111-22. 6 Lazarus R S. “Emotion and Adaptation”. Oxford University Press, 1991; Smith C A, Lazarus R S. “Appraisal Components, Core Relational Themes, and the Emotions.” Cognition & Emotion 7.3-4 (1993):
袁虎聲、邱嘉鳴、許育文 16 (Perceived Effectiveness of Privacy Policy, PEPP)是顧客對隱私政策的基本評價,是指顧客多⼤程度相信有關公司發布的隱私政策能够準確可靠反映其對顧客隱私保護的實踐承諾。7 當顧客評價移動⽀付隱私政策爲有效之後,如果顧客認爲隱私政策所披露的條款是可接受的,那麽顧客會産⽣隱私安全知覺。隱私安全知覺 (Privacy Security Perception, PSP)是指顧客在使⽤移動⽀付⼯具時在⼿機傳輸期間和傳輸後對隱私資訊安全的知覺或關注。8 如果顧客認爲隱私政策所披露的條款是不可接受的,那麽顧客會産⽣隱私風險知覺。隱私風險知覺 (Privacy Risk Perception, PRP)是指爲顧客對隱私風險可能發⽣的知覺或關注。9 由此可⾒,顧客感知隱私政策有效性具有雙刃劍效應,是産⽣隱私安全知覺還是隱私風險知覺,取決於顧客對所需要披露的隱私與獲得的服務收益進⾏評估的結果。隱私安全知覺和隱私風險知覺是顧客對隱私實踐的瞭解程度的體現,有助於提升顧客的隱私意識( Privacy Awareness, PA),即認識和評估個⼈資訊披露相關的風險的能⼒。10 這種能⼒會影響到顧客對移動⽀付⼯具的顧客信任(Consumer Trust, CT),即顧客考慮了服務商的隱私政策後,對服務商在未來可能發⽣的⾏爲所持有的⼀套信念。11 綜上,隱私政策有效性通過隱私風險知覺和隱私安全知覺的雙重中介影響隱私意識的幷進⼀步影響顧客信任的中介作⽤。理論上,本研究從認知評價理論找到了感知隱私政策有效性可以提升顧客信任的原因,提供了⼀種新的研究視角。實踐上, 233-69. 7 Xu H, Dinev T, Smith J, et al. “Information Privacy Concerns: Linking Individual Perceptions with Institutional Privacy Assurances.” Journal of the Association for Information Systems 12.12 (2011): 1. 8 Johnson V L, Kiser A, Washington R, et al. “Limitations to the Rapid Adoption of M-Payment Services: Understanding the Impact of Privacy Risk on M-Payment Services.” Computers in Human Behavior 79(2018): 111-22; Bansal G. “Distinguishing between Privacy and Security Concerns: An Empirical Examination and Scale Validation.” Journal of Computer Information Systems 57.4 (2017): 330-43. 9 Liao C, Liu C-C, Chen K. “Examining the Impact of Privacy, Trust and Risk Perceptions beyond Monetary Transactions: An Integrated Model.” Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 10.6 (2011): 702-15. 10 Malhotra N K, Kim S S, Agarwal J. “Internet Users’ Information Privacy Concerns (IUIPC): The Construct, the Scale, and a Causal Model.” Information Systems Research 15.4 (2004): 336-5; Deuker A. “Addressing the Privacy Paradox by Expanded Privacy Awareness–the Example of Context-Aware Services.” Proceedings of the Privacy and Identity Management for Life: 5th IFIP WG 92, 96/114, 116, 117. Prime Life International Summer School, Nice, France, September 7-11, 2009, Revised Selected Papers 5, F, Springer, 2010. 11 Mcknight D H, Chervany N L. “What Trust Means in E-Commerce Customer Relationships: An Interdisciplinary Conceptual Typology.” International Journal of Electronic Commerce 6.2 (2001): 35-59.
感知隱私政策有效性對顧客信任的影響研究 17 感知隱私政策有效性可以提升顧客信任的原因,提供了⼀種新的研究視角。實踐上,本研究有助於服務商加强隱私政策披露,做到權限要求與保護措施相⼀致,可以降低顧客對隱私風險的感知和提⾼對隱私安全的感知,從⽽提升對移動⽀付的信任。 二、理論與假設 (㆒)、認知評價理論 認知評價理論(Cognitive Appraisal Theory)源於⼼理學領域,該理論認為⼈們對於事件的評價會影響他們的情緒反應和⾏為選擇。12 認知評價理論主要包含兩個階段的評價過程,即初級評價和次級評價。13 初級評價主要關注事件對個體的意義,也就是說,個體會評價事件是否對⾃⼰構成威脅或挑戰,以及事件的重要性如何。14 例如,當顧客閱讀移動⽀付的隱私政策時,他們會評價該政策是否可能對⾃⼰的隱私權利構成威脅,以及該政策的重要性如何。次級評價則是個體對⾃⼰應對事件的能⼒進⾏評價,包括個體是否有⾜夠的資源和能⼒來應對事件,以及應對事件可能產⽣的結果。15 例如,顧客可能會評價⾃⼰是否有⾜夠的知識和技能來理解和遵循隱私政策,以及遵循政策可能帶來的影響。 (㆓)、感知隱私政策㈲效性、隱私安全知覺與隱私意識 根據認知評價理論,當個體評價隱私政策與⾃身利益⼀致時,會將其視爲有益的,產⽣其隱私資料時安全的感知。有研究認爲隱私政策有效性作爲保健因素,通過緩解顧客的感知風險,進⽽對顧客的移動⽀付意願産⽣積極作⽤。16 如果顧客認爲移動⽀付服務商的隱私政策是有效的,即顧客認爲服務商的隱私政策有效反映了 12 Lazarus R S. “Emotion and Adaptation”. Oxford University Press, 1991. 13 Smith C A, Ellsworth P C. “Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal in Emotion.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48.4 (1985): 813. 14 Lazarus R S. “Emotion and Adaptation”. Oxford University Press, 1991. 15 Smith C A, Ellsworth P C. “Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal in Emotion.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48.4 (1985): 813. 16 劉百靈,夏惠敏,李延暉等,〈保健和激勵雙因素視角下影響移動支付意願的實證研究〉,《管理學報》,第 14卷第 4期(台灣:2017),600。
袁虎聲、邱嘉鳴、許育文 18 服務商對保護個⼈隱私的承諾,認爲個⼈資訊能夠被移動⽀付⼯具保密,那麽顧客會將隱私政策評價爲有益的,在次評階段會進⾏歸因,評價爲服務商收集個⼈資訊和承諾的保護程度相⼀致,是爲了提供相應的服務⽽采取的必要措施,能够安全地進⾏交易,這種評價是⼀種安全感知的體現,即隱私安全知覺(Privacy Security Perception, PSP)。17 因此,本研究提出以下假設: H1:感知隱私政策有效性正向影響隱私安全知覺。 安全感知不僅包括對外部威脅的感知,還包括對⾃⼰控制威脅和减輕後果的能⼒的主觀評價。18 Malhotra等認爲隱私安全知覺也是顧客對隱私實踐的瞭解程度的體現之⼀。19 ⽤對隱私實踐瞭解程度越⾼,越有助於提升顧客的隱私意識,即認識到服務商應該清晰披露其收集、處理和使⽤個⼈資料的⽅式,意識到個⼈資訊被如何使⽤是非常重要的。因此,本研究提出以下假設: H2:隱私安全知覺正向影響隱私意識。 結合假設 H1和假設 H2的論述,本研究提出以下中介效應假設: H3:隱私安全知覺在感知隱私政策有效性與隱私意識之間有中介效果。 (㆔)、感知隱私政策㈲效性、隱私風險知覺與隱私意識 認知評價理論認爲,個體對刺激事件的認知評價决定隨後出現的情緒反應。當初評階段將刺激評價爲與⾃身相關但動機不⼀致時,會將其視作壓⼒事件。隨後進入次評階段,該階段主要是對⾃身應對壓⼒事件的能⼒和資源等進⾏評估。20 當壓⼒事件在次評階段被個體評價爲潜在的威脅或損失時會産⽣焦慮等消極情緒。21 隱私政策的明確性、權限要求與保護程度對顧客的隱私風險感知有顯著影響。22 當顧 17 Balapour A, Nikkhah H R, Sabherwal R. “Mobile Application Security: Role of Perceived Privacy as the Predictor of Security Perceptions.” International Journal of Information Management 52 (2020): 102063. 18 Wills-Herrera E, Orozco L E, Forero-Pineda C, et al. “The Relationship between Perceptions of Insecurity, Social Capital, and Subjective Well-Being: Empirical Evidences from Areas of Rural Conflict in Colombia .” Subjective Well-Being and Security, 2012: 177-96. 19 Malhotra N K, Kim S S, Agarwal J. “Internet Users’ Information Privacy Concerns (IUIPC): The Construct, the Scale, and a Causal Model.” Information Systems Research 15.4 (2004): 336-55. 20 Lazarus R S. “Emotion and Adaptation.” Oxford University Press, 1991. 21 Smith C A, Lazarus R S. “Appraisal Components, Core Relational Themes, and the Emotions.” Cognition & Emotion 7.3-4 (1993): 233-69. 22 梁曉丹,李穎灝,劉芳,〈線上隱私政策對消費者提供個人資訊意願的影響機制研究—資訊敏感度
感知隱私政策有效性對顧客信任的影響研究 19 客認爲服務商所披露的隱私政策是有效的,但服務商要求顧客提供或授權訪問的數據範圍與其承諾的保護措施不匹配,則顧客會對該隱私政策視作壓使其擔憂發⽣隱私風險,産⽣隱私焦慮情緒,即增强隱私風險知覺。23 因此,本研究提出以下假設: H4:感知隱私政策有效性正向影響隱私風險知覺。 根據認知評價理論,感到焦慮的個體會采取回避的策略來避免潜在的風險。24 這種回避策略在隱私管理場景中就是加强個⼈隱私保護意識,提升隱私意識,即更加重視隱私政策批⽰的內容是否清晰,更加重視個⼈資訊被如何使⽤和保護。Malhotra等認爲隱私風險知覺是顧客對隱私實踐的瞭解程度的體現之⼀,⽽ Deuker認爲隱私風險知覺有助於提升顧客的隱私意識。25 因此,本研究提出以下假設: H5:隱私風險知覺正向影響隱私意識。 結合假設 H4和假設 H5的論述,本研究提出以下中介效應假設: H6:隱私風險知覺在感知隱私政策有效性與隱私意識之間有中介作用。 (㆔)、隱私意識與顧客信任 根據認知評價理論,當個體將刺激評價爲有益時間後會體驗到積極情緒。進⽽表現出相應的積極⾏爲,主動性⾏爲(Proactive Behavior)就是積極⾏爲中的⼀種,它是⼀種以有預⾒性的⾏爲。26 顧客信任(Consumer Trust)是具有預⾒性的主動⾏爲,在本研究中可以定義爲顧客在對移動⽀付服務商的隱私政策有了理解,對其隱 的調節作用〉,《管理評論》,第 30卷第 11期(北京:2018),97-107。 23 朱侯,張明鑫,〈移動 APP 使用者隱私資訊設置行為影響因素及其組態效應研究〉,《情報科學》,第 39卷第 7期(長春:2021),54-62。 24 Smith C A, Lazarus R S. “Emotion and Adaptation.” Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research 21 (1990): 609-37. 25 Malhotra N K, Kim S S, Agarwal J. “Internet Users’ Information Privacy Concerns (IUIPC): The Construct, the Scale, and a Causal Model.” Information Systems Research 15.4 (2004): 336-55; Deuker A. “Addressing the Privacy Paradox by Expanded Privacy Awareness–the Example of Context-Aware Services.” Proceedings of the Privacy and Identity Management for Life: 5th IFIP WG 92, 96/114, 116, 117. Prime Life International Summer School, Nice, France, September 7-11, 2009, Revised Selected Papers 5, F, Springer, 2010. 26 Smith C A, Lazarus R S. “Appraisal Components, Core Relational Themes, and the Emotions.” Cognition & Emotion 7.3-4 (1993): 233-6; 潘孝富,秦啟文,張永紅等,〈組織心理所有權,基於組織的自尊對積極組織行為的影響〉,《心理科學》,第 35期第 3卷(北京:2012),718-24;Parker S K, Williams H M, Turner N. “Modeling the Antecedents of Proactive Behavior at Work.” Journal of Applied Psychology 91.3 (2006): 636.
袁虎聲、邱嘉鳴、許育文 20 私和風險有所預期的基礎上願意披露其隱私資料⾏爲。27 有學者認爲隱私意識會影響個⼈對移動應⽤程式的態度和感知。28 也有學者表⽰隱私意識可以促進在網上做出更明智的决定。29 因此,本研究提出以下假設: H7:隱私意識正向影響顧客信任。 結合假設 H2和假設 H7的論述,本研究提出以下中介效應假設: H8:隱私意識在隱私安全知覺與顧客信任之間有中介效果。 結合假設 H5和假設 H7的論述,本研究提出以下中介效應假設: H9:隱私意識在隱私風險知覺與顧客信任之間有中介效果。 根據上述的研究假設和推論,本研究提出感知隱私政策有效性對顧客信任影響模型,如圖 1所⽰。 圖 1 研究模型 27 Mayer R C, Davis J H, Schoorman F D. “An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust.” Academy of Management Review 20.3 (1995): 709-34. 28 Li H, Sarathy R, Xu H. “The Role of Affect and Cognition on Online Consumers’ Decision to Disclose Personal Information to Unfamiliar Online Vendors.” Decision Support Systems 51.3 (2011): 434-45. 29 Kani-Zabihi E, Helmhout M. “Increasing Service Users’ Privacy Awareness by Introducing On-Line Interactive Privacy Features.” Proceedings of the Information Security Technology for Applications: 16th Nordic Conference on Secure IT Systems, Nord Sec 2011, Tallinn, Estonia, October 26-28, 2011, Revised Selected Papers 16, F, Springer, 2012. H7(+) H3 H6 H2(+) H1(+) H8, H5(+) H4(+) 顧客信任 隱私認知 隱私風險知覺 隱私安全知覺 感知隱私政策有效性
袁虎聲、邱嘉鳴、許育文 22 碩士及以上 32 10.2% 職業 學生 22 7.0% 公務員 102 32.5% 企事業普通員工 108 34.4% 企事業管理層 49 15.6% 個體戶/自由職業 30 9.6% 無業/下崗 1 0.3% 其他 2 0.6% 月收入 (人民幣) 6000元及以下 107 34.1% 6000-9000元 106 33.8% 9001-12000元 58 18.5% 12000元以上 43 13.7% (㆔)、測量工具 根據「翻譯—回譯」⽅法,將國外成熟的英⽂量表轉換爲中⽂量表,結合內地移動⽀付應⽤的真實環境進⾏調整,確保每個題⽬能够有效測出變量後才確定問卷的主要⼤綱和題⽬的內容。如表 2所⽰,本研究共有五個變量,分別是感知隱私政策有效性、隱私風險知覺、隱私安全知覺、隱私意識和顧客信任,每個變量有設置3道題⽬,共 15道題,都采⽤李克特量表(Likert scale)的五點選項進⾏測量,采⽤ Cronbach’s alpha 值作爲可靠度量標準,⽤ SPSS26.0進⾏統計。 表 2 量表 變量 題項編號 題項 Cronbach’s α 隱私政策有效性30 PEPP1 我認爲這些移動支付工具的隱私權聲明反映了他們對保護我的個人資訊的承諾。 0.77 30 Balapour A, Nikkhan H R, Sabherwal R. “Mobile Application Security: Role of Perceived Privacy as the Predictor of Security Perceptions.” International Journal of Information Management 52 (2020): 102063; Yang Q, Gong X, Zhang K Z, et al. “Self-Disclosure in Mobile Payment Applications: Common and Differential Effects of Personal and Proxy Control Enhancing Mechanisms.” International Journal of Information Management 52 (2020): 102065.
感知隱私政策有效性對顧客信任的影響研究 23 (PEPP) PEPP2 通過他們的隱私權聲明,我認爲我的個人資訊將被移動支付工具保密。 PEPP3 我相信移動支付工具的隱私權聲明是展示其對保護顧客隱私的有效方式。 隱私風險感知31 PRP1 一般來說,將我的個人資訊交給移動支付工具是有風險的。 0.74 PRP2 個人資訊交給移動支付工具,我認爲會有太多的不確定性。(例如,會有未知的協力廠商會訪問我的個人資訊)。 PRP3 我擔心移動支付工具收集了太多關於我的個人資訊。 隱私安全感知32 PSP1 一般來說,在隱私受到保護的承諾下,我認爲移動支付工具能够安全地進行交易。 0.78 PSP2 在隱私受到保護的承諾下,我認爲在與移動支付工具交易過程的私人資訊只會到達其系統。 PSP3 在隱私受到保護的承諾下,我認爲在與移動支付工具系統交易中所提供的資訊不會被不當操縱。 隱私意識33 PA1 我認爲綫上尋求個人資訊的移動支付工具應披露資料的收集、處理和使用方式。 0.74 PA2 一個好的移動支付工具的隱私政策應該有一個清晰和明顯的披露。 PA3 對我來說,我的個人資訊和我的個人資訊將會被如何使用是非常重要的。 31 Balapour A, Nikkhah H R, Sabherwal R. “Mobile Application Security: Role of Perceived Privacy as the Predictor of Security Perceptions.” International Journal of Information Management 52 (2020): 102063; Shirazi F, Wu Y, Hajli A, et al. “Value co-creation in online healthcare communities.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 167 (2021): 120665. 32 Balapour A, Nikkhan H R, Sabherwal R. “Mobile Application Security: Role of Perceived Privacy as the Predictor of Security Perceptions.” International Journal of Information Management 52 (2020): 102063. 33 Balapour A, Nikkhan H R, Sabherwal R. “Mobile Application Security: Role of Perceived Privacy as the Predictor of Security Perceptions.” International Journal of Information Management 52 (2020): 102063.
袁虎聲、邱嘉鳴、許育文 24 顧客信任34 CT1 總的來說,我相信好的移動支付工具會維護顧客的最大利益。 0.70 CT2 我相信好的移動支付工具將會信守保護顧客隱私的承諾。 CT3 我相信優良移動支付工具所提供的資訊。 四、研究結果 (㆒)、描述性統計 在本次調查的每個因素的評分上,每個因素的評分平均值皆達到 3分以上,其中從各個變量來看,感知隱私政策有效性均值爲 3.87、隱私風險知覺均值爲 3.92、隱私安全知覺均值爲 3.79、隱私意識均值爲 3.88,顧客信任均值爲 3.84,具體描述性分析如下表 3 所⽰。 表 3 描述性分析 變量 題項 平均數 方差 中位數 感知隱私政策有效性 (PEPP) PEPP1 3.86 1.294 4 PEPP2 3.83 1.395 4 PEPP3 3.91 1.325 4 隱私風險知覺 (PRP) PRP1 3.97 1.271 4 PRP2 3.92 1.226 4 PRP3 3.88 1.138 4 隱私安全知覺 (PSP) PSP1 3.76 1.523 4 PSP2 3.74 1.432 4 PSP3 3.87 1.332 4 隱私意識 (PA) PA1 3.85 1.401 4 PA2 3.86 1.473 4 PA3 4.00 1.115 4 顧客信任 CT1 3.80 1.364 4 34 Kim S, Park H. “Effects of Various Characteristics of Social Commerce (s-commerce) on Consumers’ Trust and Trust Performance.” International Journal of Information Management 33.2 (2013): 318-32.
感知隱私政策有效性對顧客信任的影響研究 31 徵引書目 ㆒、㆗文書目與期刊 [1] 相甍甍,王晰巍,王楠等,〈移動⽀付中消費者個⼈隱私資訊披露影響因素研究〉,《情報理論與實踐》,第40卷第9期(北京:2017),8-13。 [2] 劉百靈,夏惠敏,李延暉等,〈保健和激勵雙因素視角下影響移動⽀付意願的實證研究〉,《管理學報》,第14卷第4期(台灣:2017),600。 [3] 梁曉丹,李穎灝,劉芳,〈線上隱私政策對消費者提供個⼈資訊意願的影響機制研究—資訊敏感度的調節作⽤〉,《管理評論》,第30卷第11期(北京:2018),97-107。 [4] 朱侯,張明鑫,〈移動 APP 使⽤者隱私資訊設置⾏為影響因素及其組態效應研究〉,《情報科學》,第39卷第7期(長春:2021),54-62。 [5] 潘孝富,秦啟⽂,張永紅等,〈組織⼼理所有權:基於組織的⾃尊對積極組織⾏為的影響〉,《⼼理科學》,第35期第3卷(北京:2012),718-24。 ㆓、英文書目與期刊 [1] Karjoth G, Schunter M. “A Privacy Policy Model for Enterprises.” Proceedings of the Proceedings 15th IEEE Computer Security Foundations Workshop CSFW-15, F (2002): IEEE. [2] Chellappa R K, Shivendu S. “Mechanism Design for ‘Free’ but ‘No Free Disposal’ Services: The Economics of Personalization under Privacy concerns.” Management Science 56.10 (2010): 1766-80. [3] Chen C, Duan Y. “Impact of Personalization and Privacy Concerns on Information Disclosure and Pricing.” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 69 (2022): 103099. [4] Wu K-W, Huang S Y, Yen D C, et al. “The Effect of Online Privacy Policy on Consumer Privacy Concern and Trust.” Computers In Human Behavior 28.3 (2012): 889-97.
袁虎聲、邱嘉鳴、許育文 32 [5] Balapour A, Nikkhah H R, Sabherwal R. “Mobile Application Security: Role of Perceived Privacy as the Predictor of Security Perceptions.” International Journal of Information Management 52 (2020): 102063. [6] Johnson V L, Kiser A, Washing R, et al. “Limitations to the Rapid Adoption of M-Payment Services: Understanding the Impact of Privacy Risk on M-Payment Services.” Computers in Human Behavior 79 (2018): 111-22. [7] Lazarus R S. Emotion and Adaptation . Oxford University Press, 1991. [8] Smith C A, Lazarus R S. “Appraisal Components, Core Relational Themes, and the Emotions ”. Cognition & emotion 7.3-4 (1993): 233-69. [9] Xu H, Dinev T, Smith J, et al. “Information Privacy Concerns: Linking Individual Perceptions with Institutional Privacy Assurances.” Journal of the Association for Information Systems 12.12 (2011): 1. [10] Bansal G. “Distinguishing Between Privacy and Security Concerns: An Empirical Examination and Scale Validation.” Journal of Computer Information Systems 57.4 (2017): 330-43. [11] Liao C, Liu C-C, Chen K. “Examining the Impact of Privacy, Trust and Risk Perceptions beyond Monetary Transactions: An Integrated Model.” Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 10.6 (2011): 702-15. [12] Malhotra N K, Kim S S, Agarwal J. “Internet Users’ Information Privacy Concerns (IUIPC): The Construct, the Scale, and a Causal Model.” Information Systems Research 15.4 (2004): 336-55. [13] Deuker A. “Addressing the Privacy Paradox by Expanded Privacy Awareness-The Example of Context-Aware Services.” Proceedings of the Privacy and Identity Management for Life: 5th IFIP WG 92, 96/114, 116, 117. Prime Life International Summer School, Nice, France, September 7-11, 2009, Revised Selected Papers 5, F. Springer, 2010. [14] Mcknight D H, Chervany N L. “What Trust Means in E-Commerce Customer Relationships: An Interdisciplinary Conceptual Typology.” International Journal of Electronic Commerce 6.2 (2001): 35-59.
感知隱私政策有效性對顧客信任的影響研究 33 [15] Smith C A, Ellsworth P C. “Patterns of Cognitive Appraisal in Emotion.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48.4 (1985): 813. [16] Mcknight D H, Choudhury V, Kacmar C. “Developing and Validating Trust Measures for E-Commerce: An Integrative Typology.” Information Systems Research 13.3 (2002): 334-59. [17] Wills-Herrera E, Orozco L E, Forero-Pineda C, et al. “The Relationship between Perceptions of Insecurity, Social Capital, and Subjective Well-Being: Empirical Evidences from Areas of Rural Conflict in Colombia.” Subjective Well-Being and Security 2012: 177-96. [18] Smith C A, Lazarus R S. “Emotion and Adaptation.” Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research 21 (1990): 609-37. [19] Parker S K, Williams H M, Turner N. “Modeling the Antecedents of Proactive Behavior at Work.” Journal of applied psychology 91.3 (2006): 636. [20] Mayer R C, Davis J H, Schoorman F D. “An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust.” Academy of Management Review 20.3 (1995): 709-34. [21] Li H, Sarathy R, Xu H. “The Role of Affect and Cognition on Online Consumers’ Decision to Disclose Personal Information to Unfamiliar Online Vendors.” Decision Support Systems 51.3 (2011): 434-45. [22] Kani-Zabihi E, Helmhout M. “Increasing Service Users’ Privacy Awareness by Introducing On-Line Interactive Privacy Features.” Proceedings of the Information Security Technology for Applications: 16th Nordic Conference on Secure IT Systems, NordSec 2011, Tallinn, Estonia, October 26-28, 2011, Revised Selected Papers 16, F, Springer, 2012. [23] Yang Q, Gong X, Zhang K Z, et al. “Self-Disclosure in Mobile Payment Applications: Common and Differential Effects of Personal and Proxy Control Enhancing Mechanisms.” International Journal of Information Management 52 (2020): 102065. [24] Shirazi F, Wu Y, Hajli A, et al. “Value co-creation in online healthcare communities.” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 167 (2021): 120665. [25] Patel K J, Patel H J. “Adoption of Internet Banking Services in Gujarat: An Extension
袁虎聲、邱嘉鳴、許育文 34 of TAM with Perceived Security and Social Influence.” International Journal of Bank Marketing 36.1 (2018): 147-69. [26] Kim S, Park H. “Effects of Various Characteristics of Social Commerce (s-commerce) on Consumers’ Trust and Trust Performance.” International Journal of Information Management 33.2 (2013): 318-32. [27] Cohen J. “Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences.” (No Title), 1988.
趙中琪、鄭定邦 38 The Impact of Tourists’ Attitudes toward Technology on Decision Speed: Trust, Persuasiveness, and Helpfulness of Online Reviews as Mediators Zhao, Zhongqi; Cheng, Vincent Tingpong (School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: Tourists hold different attitudes towards technology, and the different perceptions and subsequent impacts of these attitudes on online reviews are topics worthy of discussion. Therefore, this study focuses on how tourists’ attitudes toward technology affect their decision speed, by developing a model of the relationship between tourist attitudes toward technology and decision speed. The study used the Technology Adoption Propensity (TAP) scale to measure the tourists’ attitudes toward technology and test the influence on decision speed mediated by trust, persuasiveness, and helpfulness. Respondents are invited to complete the questionnaire after reading genuine hotel online reviews. The findings show that tourists’ attitudes toward technology positively affect tourist perceptions (trust, persuasiveness, and helpfulness) and decision speed through the mediating role of persuasiveness and helpfulness. The originality and value of this study lie in exploring the decision-making process of tourists from a new perspective and innovatively exploring the internal mechanism of its impact on the decision speed of tourists from the perspective of tourists’ attitudes toward technology. Keywords: Attitudes toward technology; Online reviews; Trust; Helpfulness; Persuasiveness; Decision speed
遊客對科技態度對決策速度的影響:線上評論的信任、說服力和有益性作為中介 39 一、引言 旅遊和酒店業主要提供無形產品,這種無形特徵使得遊客難以在購買前評估質量。因此為了降低購買旅遊相關產品的風險並幫助⾃⼰做出決策,遊客傾向於尋求獨⽴評論的幫助,並越來越依賴參考由其他遊客體驗之後提供的線上評論信息。1 科技的發展使線上評論在互聯網中的撰寫和搜索變得更快、更⽅便。然⽽,互聯網中存在巨量的線上評論信息,過多的信息容易使遊客感到困惑,產⽣⾃我懷疑且難以做出決斷,使決策速度受到影響。決策速度這⼀概念較多應⽤在體育及商業領域,甚少在旅遊相關研究中提及。但實質上旅⾏是⼀個複雜的、包含多種決策的過程,各類型的內外部因素都會影響遊客關於旅⾏的⼀系列決策,且多數決策需花費不少時間和精⼒。選擇合適決策時間的原則⼀⽅⾯是獲得更多信息能得到多⼤的邊際收益,另⼀⽅⾯是推遲決策需要付出怎樣的邊際成本。2 遊客的決策速度除了受信息量的影響以外,還會因為閱讀線上評論後會產⽣不同的感知⽽對旅遊決策速度產⽣⼀定的影響。例如,遊客可依靠有說服⼒的線上評論變得更有信⼼從⽽提升決策速度。線上評論的有益性可以幫助遊客更快且更準確地做出預定決策。線上評論是通過信息通信技術等科技實現的,但不同遊客本身對於科技持有不同的態度,這些不同的態度可能使得他們閱讀線上評論後會產⽣不同的感知。但是⽬前旅遊領域中忽略了決策速度的重要性。雖然已有很多研究關注了線上評論的作⽤和影響, 但較少有研究從遊客本身對科技的態度逕⾏深入剖析,探討對科技持不同的態度⽽導致遊客對於酒店線上評論存在不同感知,及後續對決策速度所產⽣的不同影響。 遊客是線上評論的主體⽤⼾,決策速度亦是遊客決策中的重要元素,故⽽了解遊客對科技的態度如何影響決策速度的探討是必须的。因此本研究的⽬的是深入探究遊客對科技的態度如何影響遊客決策速度。本研究將建⽴⼀個模型以解釋遊客對科技的態度如何影響遊客決策速度之機制。線上評論作為降低風險的重要參考,對於遊客來說旅遊相關線上評論的信任、說服⼒和有益性三項感知是⼗分重要的。因 1 Yang, Yang, Sangwon Park, and Xingbao Hu. “Electronic Word of Mouth and Hotel Performance: A Meta-analysis,” Tourism Management 67 (2018): 248-260. 2 Ray Dalio, Principles, (Simon and Schuster, 2018).
趙中琪、鄭定邦 40 此模型選擇了信任、有益性以及說服⼒作為中介變量,並將驗證三者在模型中的作⽤。本研究填補了遊客對科技的態度和決策速度相關理論知識的研究空⽩,並為酒店與旅遊業提供⼀定的實踐建議。 二、理論背景與假設 (㆒)、遊客對科技的態度 (Attitudes toward technology) 態度是個⼈的,是包含有多种成分且複雜的,是⼀種基於個⼈所擁有的知識、經驗和信念對態度對象產⽣的不同程度喜好評估的感受。 隨著科技進步,科技以及基於科技的產品⼤量出現,遊客亦會根據⾃⼰的喜好程度決定是否採⽤科技。遊客對科技的態度可定義為他們根據⽤⼾體驗對科技採⽤的傾向(從喜歡到不喜歡)。3 由於此定義能詳細解釋相關含義,本研究將採⽤此定義。 態度在遊客決策中起著舉⾜輕重的作⽤。遊客對產品的態度之於他們的購買意願和⾏為有著深遠的影響。即為遊客對產品評判和後續購買意願都會受他們⾃身對產品態度的影響。故可進⾏合理推論,對信息技術以及相關科技類產品的接受和應⽤同樣受遊客對科技態度的影響。在旅遊業中⾯對⼀些基於科技的產品和服務時,遊客對科技的採⽤傾向越⾼或更喜歡的態度,會對他們產⽣正⾯的影響。⼀家酒店評分較⾼且出現在受遊客認可網站的最佳酒店列表中時,遊客會產⽣更良好的態度和更⾼的線上預訂意願︔4 遊客對科技的態度會正向影響遊客酒店訂房意願。5 雖然已有很多學者研究態度這⼀概念,但較少有研究關注旅遊業中遊客對科技的態度是如何影響遊客感知,以及是通過哪些因素影響遊客決策過程。故⽽在本⽂ 3 Cheng, Vincent Ting Pong, and Renyu Guo, “The Impact of Consumers’ Attitudes towards Technology on the Acceptance of Hotel Technology-based Innovation,” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 12.4 (2021): 624-640. 4 Casalo, Luis V., Carlos Flavian, Miguel Guinaliu, and Yuksel Ekinci. “Do Online Hotel Rating Schemes Influence Booking Behaviors?” International Journal of Hospitality Management 49 (2015): 28-36. 5 Cheng, Vincent Ting Pong, and Renyu Guo, “The Impact of Consumers’ Attitudes towards Technology on the Acceptance of Hotel Technology-based Innovation,” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 12.4 (2021): 624-640.
遊客對科技態度對決策速度的影響:線上評論的信任、說服力和有益性作為中介 41 研究中,將關注這些較少提及的問題並逕⾏深入分析。 (㆓)、信任 (Trust) 信任是⼈際關係之中重要的元素,同時亦是各種商業模式以及研究中重要的概念。 信任是基於對另⼀⽅將執⾏對信任重要的特定⾏動的期望,⼀⽅接受容易因另⼀⽅⾏動受到傷害的意願。6 由於對信任的定義清晰明確,受廣泛認同並多次被學者採納(如 Hallikainen & Laukkanen等),故本⽂亦採⽤此定義。7 信任是重要的、必需的,電⼦商務中遊客與商家之間的信任更是極有價值的。8電⼦商務建⽴在信任的基礎上,未能與客⼾建⽴信任都注定會失敗。9 旅遊電⼦商務是基於科技的虛擬線上渠道,加之旅遊產品多為服務型無形產品,會使得遊客感知到較⾼風險,⽽線上評論⼀直是遊客降低風險的重要參考。信任能夠有效降低購買⾏為中遊客對風險的感知。10 故⽽遊客對線上評論的信任感知是⼀項重要的元素。隨著信息通信技術在旅遊業中的應⽤越來越多,遊客對科技的態度將可能對信任產⽣更⼤的影響,但現有⽂獻較少關注這⼀⽅⾯。對科技較為樂觀的⽤⼾傾向於認為科技事物具有⾼度功能性和可信賴性。11 研究證實遊客正⾯的技術採⽤傾會向對智能機器⼈的信任產⽣正⾯影響︔且遊客對於科技的態度會正向影響遊客對酒店的信任。12 結合已有⽂獻提出以下假設: 假設一(H1) : 遊客對科技的態度會對線上評論的信任產生正向影響。 6 Mayer, Roger C., James H. Davis, and F. David Schoorman, “An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust,” Academy of Management Review 20.3 (1995): 709-734. 7 Hallikainen, Heli, and Tommi Laukkanen, “National Culture and Consumer Trust in E-commerce,” International Journal of Information Management 38.1 (2018): 97-106. 8 Hieronymi, Pamela, “Responsibility for Believing,” Synthese 161.3 (2008): 357-373. 9 Beatty, P., Reay, I., Dick, S. and Miller, J, “Consumer Trust in E-commerce Web Sites: A Meta-Study,” ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 43.3 (2011): 1-46. 10 Choi, Miju, Rob Law, and Cindy Yoonjoung Heo, “Shopping Destinations and Trust-tourist Attitudes: Scale Development and Validation,” Tourism Management 54 (2016): 490-501. 11 Lu, June, Luzhuang Wang, and Linda A. Hayes, “How do Technology Readiness, Platform Functionality and Trust Influence C2C User Satisfaction?” Journal of Electronic Commerce Research 13.1 (2012): 50. 12 Tussyadiah, Iis P., Florian J. Zach, and Jianxi Wang, “Do Travelers Trust Intelligent Service Robots?,” Annals of Tourism Research 81 (2020): 102886; Cheng, Vincent Ting Pong, and Renyu Guo, “The Impact of Consumers’ Attitudes towards Technology on the Acceptance of Hotel Technology-based Innovation,” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 12.4 (2021): 624-640.
趙中琪、鄭定邦 42 (㆔)、說服力(Persuasiveness) 說服是試圖改變、修改或改變他⼈現有價值、需求、信念和⾏為的過程。13 ⽽說服⼒則可定義為⼀⼈通試圖通過某事物說服他⼈,以改變他⼈的態度和/或⾏為。14 根據前⼈對說服以及說服⼒的研究總結,本研究將說服⼒定義為通過某種⼿段影響接收者的想法,從⽽使接收者的態度和/或⾏為產⽣程度上的改變或是完全轉變,以達到接受觀點或採取⾏動的能⼒。 在旅遊業中說服⼒也是重要的概念。在旅遊⽬的地宣傳中,運營者期望運⽤具有說服⼒的⽅法促進遊客選擇及購買產品。隨著市場競爭的⽇趨激烈,對於旅遊從業者來說,更好地理解說服過程變得愈發重要。15 說服⼒和遊客態度之間的亦有著不可忽視的聯繫。16 若某⼀設備所使⽤的科技有較⾼的⽤⼾產品認同程度,即為較正⾯的態度,⼈們就越有可能被說服︔亦有學者確認了就算给某種科技選擇⼀個不同的名稱也會因使⽤者對這個名稱的看法⽽影嚮它的說服⼒。17 根據⽂獻可逕⾏合理推論,遊客對科技的態度可能會影響他們閱讀線上評論時所感知到的說服⼒,故⽽提出以下假設: 假設二(H2): 遊客對科技的態度會對線上評論的說服力產生正向影響。 13 John, O’Shaugnessy, and Nicholas O’Shaughnessy, Persuasion in Advertising, (Routledge, 2003). 14 Harjumaa, Marja, and Harri Oinas-Kukkonen, “Persuasion Theories and IT Design,” International Conference on Persuasive Technology, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007, 311-314. 15 Kim, Myung Ja, Namho Chung, Choong-Ki Lee, and Michael W. Preis, “Dual-route of Persuasive Communications in Mobile Tourism Shopping,” Telematics and Informatics 33. 2 (2016): 293-308. 16 Lee, Woojin, and Ulrike Gretzel, “Designing Persuasive Destination Websites: A Mental Imagery Processing Perspective,” Tourism Management 33.5 (2012): 1270-1280. 17 Fogg, Brian J, “Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do,” Ubiquity 2002 (2002.12): 2; van Delden, Robby., de Vries, Roelof. A. J., & Heylen, Dirk. K. J, “Questioning Our Attitudes and Feelings Towards Persuasive Technology,” in Persuasive Technology: Development of Persuasive and Behavior Change Support Systems, eds. Oinas-Kukkonen, H., Win, K., Karapanos, E., Karppinen, P., and Kyza, E. (Persuasive: 2019): 3-15.
遊客對科技態度對決策速度的影響:線上評論的信任、說服力和有益性作為中介 43 (㆕)、㈲益性 (Helpfulness) 線上評論的有益性在於遊客在線上購物時對線上評論的感知價值。18 如果遊客閱讀評估後認為是有益的,且此線上評論可提供有價值的信息並進⼀步影響決策,則可將其標識為有益的。19 結合⽂獻,本研究將線上評論的有益性定義為遊客認為⼀條線上評論是否有益和是否會影響⾃⼰決策的程度。 已有⼀些研究開始探詢遊客態度和線上評論有益性之間的關聯。有學者提到線上評論有益性會作為前因對遊客態度產⽣影響,例如有研究發現有益性與遊客對聊天機器⼈的態度呈正相關。20 線上評論有益性會對遊客對評論態度產⽣正⾯的影響,並會使遊客對酒店品牌的態度產⽣正向的影響。21 除卻有益性會對遊客態度會產⽣影響,另外有研究則發現遊客態度會作為前因之⼀對線上評論有益性造成影響。22 無論機器⼈還是線上評論皆是以科技為基礎,故⽽可結合⽂獻做出合理推論,提出以下假設: 假設三(H3): 遊客對科技的態度會對線上評論的有益性產生正向影響。 (㈤)、決策速度 (Decision speed) 在⼀項意願達成的內部機制中,決策速度是⼀個容易被忽視卻又⼗分重要的元素。 感知決策速度是指個⼈感覺到他做出決定的速度有多快︔⽽實際決策時間可定義為個⼈實際做出決策所花費的時間。23 決策速度是遊客從最初的認識到⼀項產品, 18 Mudambi, Susan M., and David Schuff, “Research Note: What Makes a Helpful Online Review? A Study of Customer Reviews on Amazon.com,” MIS quarterly (2010): 185-200. 19 Lee, Pei-Ju, Ya-Han Hu, and Kuan-Ting Lu, “Assessing the Helpfulness of Online Hotel Reviews: A Classification-based Approach,” Telematics and Informatics 35.2 (2018): 436-445. 20 Zarouali, Brahim, Evert Van den Broeck, Michel Walrave, and Karolien Poels, “Predicting Consumer Responses to a Chatbot on Facebook,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 21.8 (2018): 491-497. 21 Ghosh, Tathagata, “Predicting Hotel Book Intention: The Influential Role of Helpfulness and Advocacy of Online Reviews,” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 27.3 (2018): 299-322. 22 Hu, Xingbao, and Yang Yang, “What Makes Online Reviews Helpful in Tourism and Hospitality? A Bare-bones Meta-analysis,” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 30.2 (2021): 139-158. 23 Ma, Caiwei, Norman Au, and Lianping Ren, “Biased Minds Experience Improved Decision-Making
趙中琪、鄭定邦 44 繼⽽到熱情地充分使⽤和推薦這項產品所花費的時間。24 根據已有⽂獻進⾏總結,本研究將決策速度定義為⼈們根據相關信息在理想的替代品中做出選擇的時間。 信任和決策速度之間存在著不可忽視的聯繫。啟發式—系統式信息處理模型(HSM)指出,個⼈可以通過啟發式或系統式兩種⽅式之⼀處理所接收到的信息。25 系統式需要對消息進⾏仔細的篩選和處理,即為速度較慢的處理⽅式︔啟發式則只需使⽤簡單化的決策規則來快速評估信息,即為速度較快的處理⽅式。此兩種⽅式並無優劣之分,僅為遊客因由其不同習慣及⽬的等造成選擇不同的信息處理⽅式。⼈們普遍接受的啟發式線索之⼀是專家和專業⼈⼠的論斷,旅遊業中的專家通常是知名記者和旅⾏作家等。遊客認為專家的陳述是可以信任的,他們撰寫並發佈在個⼈博客和網站(例如英國廣播公司(BBC)旅遊頻道和孤獨星球)等旅遊資源上的評論,從更專業的角度來評價並擁有較⾼⽔平的專業知識。26 相較於業餘愛好者,專業⼈⼠所撰寫的評論對會受訪者信任度有更強的影響,並進⽽對遊客遊覽⽬的地的⾏為意向產⽣更強的影響。27 即如有值得信任的信息來源,遊客可能偏向於啟發式(較快的信息處理⽅式),且可加快遊客的信息處理時間。故⽽提出以下假設: 假設四(H4): 對線上評論的信任感知會正向影響遊客決策速度。 第⼆項可能會對決策速度產⽣影響的是說服⼒。運營者利⽤多種⽅法吸引遊客,採⽤⼤量的營銷⽅式,⽬的都是希望說服遊客加快決策速度,選擇⾃⼰的產品和服務。如果商家可以提供有說服⼒的信息給遊客,就可以幫助遊客縮短決策週期,例如在網站使⽤不同種類的多媒體和豐富的顏⾊使遊客更加容易地想像旅遊⽬的地和 Speed and Confidence on Social Media: A Heuristic Approach,” Information Technology & Tourism 22.4 (2020): 593-624; Walter W, Casey. The Relationship Among Decision-making Approaches, System Thinking, and Decision Speed: An Explanatory Study, (Capella University, 2006). 24 George, Silverman, Secrets of Word-of-mouth Marketing: How to Trigger Exponential Sales through Runaway Word of Mouth, (Amacom books, 2011). 25 Chaiken, Shelly, “Heuristic Versus Systematic Information Processing and the Use of Source Versus Message Cues in Persuasion,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39.5 (1980): 752. 26 Chaiken, Shelly, and Alison Ledgerwood, “A Theory of Heuristic and Systematic Information Processing,” Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology 1 (2012): 246-266. 27 Vincent, Cheng TP, “Amateur Versus Professional Online Reviews: Impact on Tourists’ Intention to Visit a Destination,” Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal 66.1 (2018): 35-51.
遊客對科技態度對決策速度的影響:線上評論的信任、說服力和有益性作為中介 45 更快地進⾏旅⾏決策。28 同理線上評論作為遊客出⾏的重要參考亦有類似功效,是幫助遊客做決定的有效⼯具。線上評論內容會對線上評論的說服⼒起到重要的作⽤。29 遊客依賴線上評論,並且結合評論內容的說服⼒以增強他們做出判斷的信⼼。30 遊客可依靠有說服⼒的線上評論變得更有信⼼,有效縮短決策週期更快做出決策,故⽽提出以下假設: 假設五(H5): 線上評論的說服力會對遊客決策速度產生正向影響。 此外,線上評論的有益性亦可能對決策速度產⽣影響。信息質量在線上評論中至關重要,因為它可以減少遊客購買的不確定性和考慮因素。同時信息質量可能會加快遊客決策的速度。31 線上評論內容中如若顯⽰較⾼的評價以及較為正⾯的態度,會讓評價比較具有益性。32 現實情況中存在⼀些遊客偏好根據時間效率和幫助提⽰來做出決策,⽽線上評論的有益性可以幫助這類遊客群體更快地了解產品質量,進⽽可能幫助遊客加快決策速度,更有效地達成意向或做出選擇。有益性投票是遊客最重要的啟發式信息處理屬性之⼀,可以幫助遊客更快且更準確地做出預定決策。33結合⽂獻可以看出線上評論有益性和遊客決策速度之間存在不可忽視的聯繫,故⽽提出以下假設: 假設六(H6): 線上評論的有益性會對遊客決策速度產生正向影響。 28 George, Silverman, Secrets of Word-of-mouth Marketing: How to Trigger Exponential Sales through Runaway Word of Mouth, (Amacom books, 2011); Pourabedin, Zahra, and Amin Nourizadeh, “Designing Persuasive Destination Website: The Role of Visual Aesthetic,” Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research 3.2 (2013): 675-680. 29 Hong, Wei, Zemin Yu, Linhai Wu, and Xujin Pu, “Influencing Factors of the Persuasiveness of Online Reviews Considering Persuasion Methods,” Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 39 (2020): 100912. 30 Ruiz-Mafe, Carla, Kalliopi Chatzipanagiotou, and Rafael Curras-Perez, “The Role of Emotions and Conflicting Online Reviews on Consumers’ Purchase Intentions,” Journal of Business Research 89 (2018): 336-344. 31 Mudambi, Susan M., and David Schuff, “Research Note: What Makes a Helpful Online Review? A Study of Customer Reviews on Amazon.com,” MIS Quarterly (2010): 185-200. 32 Chen, Yuanlin, Yueting Chai, Yi Liu, and Yang Xu, “Analysis of Review Helpfulness Based on Consumer Perspective,” Tsinghua Science and Technology 20.3 (2015): 293-305. 33 Mariani, Marcello M., and Matteo Borghi, “Online Review Helpfulness and Firms’ Financial Performance: An Empirical Study in a Service Industry,” International Journal of Electronic Commerce 24.4 (2020): 421-449; Yang, Sung-Byung, Seung-Hun Shin, Youhee Joun, and Chulmo Koo, “Exploring the Comparative Importance of Online Hotel Reviews’ Heuristic Attributes in Review Helpfulness: A Conjoint Analysis Approach,” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 34.7 (2017): 963-985.
遊客對科技態度對決策速度的影響:線上評論的信任、說服力和有益性作為中介 47 調查問卷的第⼀部份是⾸先為了解受訪者本身對科技的總體態度所選取的科技接納量表(TAP),包含四個維度即樂觀、熟練程度、依賴和脆弱性共計 14項問項。樂觀是指遊客相信技術可以提⾼⽣活的控制⼒和靈活性︔熟練程度是指對⾃⼰快速輕鬆地學習使⽤新科技的能⼒以及技術能⼒的信⼼︔依賴表⽰⼀種過度依賴科技和⼀種被科技奴役的感覺︔脆弱性表⽰相信科技會增加⼀個⼈被犯罪分⼦或公司利⽤的機會。34 此量表由前⼈⽂獻驗證具信度和效度,且可檢測不同⽂化背景⼈群,與研究主題相符並適⽤與本研究,故直接採⽤此量表。35 第⼆部分是選取真實的線上評論作為閱讀材料。構成閱讀材料的線上評論內容選⾃知名酒店預定網站 Booking.com。所選酒店是澳⾨威尼斯⼈酒店,此酒店常處於 Booking.com澳⾨酒店熱⾨推薦⾸⾴,且擁有澳⾨數量最多的遊客評論(共計 3826條)。所選內容皆為 50-100 字左右,內容較為豐富的且包含較多酒店屬性的線上評論。所選評論中的屬性包含酒店的有形屬性和硬件設施,例如酒店位置、裝修、房間質量和是否有游泳池等︔以及體驗型無形屬性,例如消費者的入住後體驗、對設施的感受和對服務的滿意程度等(詳情請見附錄 1)。為避免偏⾒,受訪者不會被透露酒店名稱,僅在閱讀相關材料後根據感受給予量表以評分。 量表中關於信任感知的問項 T1-4 是引⽤⾃關於消費者對酒店信任度感知的量表,並在參考 Çerri 關於信任的量表基礎上修改發展了關於線上評論網站以及線上評論信息信任度的 T5T6兩項。36 關於有益性的量表 H1-5參考並修改⾃⽂獻調查遊客對電⼦⼜碑環境中信息有益性看法的研究,及影響遊客在決策中採⽤線上評論信息的因素中關於有益性的部分。37 說服⼒的量表中 P2P4 根據前⼈對於說服⼒的定 34 Ratchford, Mark, and Michelle Barnhart, “Development and Validation of the Technology Adoption Propensity (TAP) Index,” Journal of Business Research 65.8 (2012): 1209-1215. 35 Bittencourt, Rafael, Stefânia Ordovás de Almeida, and Clécio Falcão Araujo, “Adoption of Technological Products and Services for Different Consumer Profiles: An Analysis Using the Technology Adoption Propensity Scale,” Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios 21 (2019): 86-102; Cheng, Vincent Ting Pong, and Renyu Guo, “The Impact of Consumers’ Attitudes towards Technology on the Acceptance of Hotel Technology-based Innovation,” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 12.4 (2021): 624-640. 36 Cheng, Vincent Ting Pong, and Renyu Guo, “The Impact of Consumers’ Attitudes towards Technology on the Acceptance of Hotel Technology-based Innovation,” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 12.4 (2021): 624-640;Çerri, Shpëtim, “Exploring the Relationships among Service Quality, Satisfaction, Trust and Store Loyalty among Retail Customers,” Journal of Competitiveness 4.4 (2012). 37 Filieri, Raffaele, Fraser McLeay, Bruce Tsui, and Zhibin Lin, “Consumer Perceptions of Information
趙中琪、鄭定邦 48 義由本研究提出,P1P3P5依據⼈們在受社交媒體影響下信息採⽤和⾏為意向的量表改編⽽來。 38決策速度量表主要依據啟發式—系統式信息處理模型(Heuristic-Systematic Model/HSM)模型,從過往研究中關於快/慢速決策的問項。39以及參考對於快慢思考的解釋(快思考既包括直覺思維的不同形式,也包括感覺、記憶等無意識的⼤腦活動︔⽽慢思考是⼀種更慢、更嚴謹且需要投入更多腦⼒思考的形式)發展⽽來,⽤以測試受訪者偏好的思維⽅式和決策速度。40 問項 D1與 D2是關於啟發式的路徑(即為快決策速度)的問項,D1 內容中「運⽤我現有的知識」指代的是消費者單憑腦海裡已有知識並不需要做額外的搜索信息的努⼒即可快速做出決定,D2中的「⾺上選出酒店」亦表達了快速決策︔⽽ D3與 D4是關於系統式路徑(即為慢決策速度)的問項, D3 和 D4 問項內容中的「仔細考慮」和「搜尋更多的線上評論」代表的是需要投入更多腦⼒和花費時間、更嚴謹的思考形式即為慢決策速度(具體問項見附錄 2),問卷第三部分為樣本統計資料。 四、數據收集及分析 本次問卷調查使⽤便利抽樣。 經篩查回收有效問卷 203份,問卷有效率 80.8%。本研究將運⽤路徑分析作為主要分析⽅式。因為分析重點是調查模型的預測能⼒,所以使⽤了偏最⼩⼆乘法 (PLS) 技術。選⽤ WarpPLS 8.0 軟件⽤於完成本次分析。由於 TAP 是⼀個多維構造,需先逕⾏⼆階分析。41 各項指標的描述性統計⾒ Helpfulness and Determinants of Purchase Intention in Online Consumer Reviews of Services,” Information & Management 55.8 (2018): 956-970; Filieri, Raffaele, and Fraser McLeay, “E-WOM and Accommodation: An Analysis of the Factors that Influence Travelers’ Adoption of Information from Online Reviews,” Journal of Travel Research 53.1 (2014): 44-57. 38 John, O’Shaugnessy, and Nicholas O’Shaughnessy, Persuasion in advertising, (Routledge, 2003); Chung, Namho, and Heejeong Han, “The Relationship among Tourists’ Persuasion, Attachment and Behavioral Changes in Social Media,” Technological Forecasting and Social Change 123 (2017): 370-380. 39 Kim, Jooyoung, and Hye‐Jin Paek, “Information Processing of Genetically Modified Food Messages under Different Motives: An Adaptation of the Multiple‐motive Heuristic‐systematic Model,” Risk Analysis: An International Journal 29.12 (2009): 1793-1806. 40 Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow, (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017). 41 Hair, Joe F., Christian M. Ringle, and Marko Sarstedt, “PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet,” Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 19.2 (2011): 139-152.
遊客對科技態度對決策速度的影響:線上評論的信任、說服力和有益性作為中介 49 附錄 2。 數據⾸先通過完全共線性測試以識別共同⽅法偏差(Common method bias/CMB)⽽每項指標的⽅差膨脹因數計算值(VIF)需⼩於 3.3。42 如表 1所⽰,本研究所有變量的 VIF 值均低於 3.3,可認為本研究模型沒有 CMB。 表 1 完全共線性測試 樂觀 熟練程度 依賴 脆弱性 信任 說服力 有益性 決策速度 3.242 1.807 1.087 3.252 3.059 1.906 3.152 2.727 資料來源:本研究整理 其後進⾏內部⼀致性信度和指標可信度檢測。如表 2所⽰,經檢測本研究的變量內部⼀致性⾼且可信度⾼︔且複合信度的測試結果表明本研究的指標可信度⾼,再進⾏了聚合效度和區別效度檢測。表 2 AVE數值顯⽰收集的數據在變量間有很好的聚合效度。表 3的 HTMT數值表⽰變量間有很好的區別效度。 表 2 測量模型測試結果 Crobach’s alpha Composite reliability Average Variance Extracted 態度 樂觀 0.912 0.938 0.791 熟練程度 0.850 0.899 0.691 依賴 0.791 0.878 0.706 脆弱性 0.749 0.857 0.667 信任 0.935 0.868 0.622 說服力 0.897 0.945 0.742 有益性 0.929 0.928 0.764 決策速度 0.796 0.949 0.757 資料來源:本研究整理 42 Kock, Ned, and Gary Lynn, “Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance-based SEM: An Illustration and Recommendations,” Journal of the Association for information Systems 13.7 (2012).
遊客對科技態度對決策速度的影響:線上評論的信任、說服力和有益性作為中介 53 再者,從遊客⾃身內部角度發展了有益性感知的前因。關於哪些因素會對有益性產⽣影響,過往⽂獻中多數著重於研究外部因素,基本集中於關注評論特徵和評論發布者特徵兩類,少有從遊客本身內部因素進⾏探究。不同於學者過往的研究中所提到線上評論有益性會對遊客態度產⽣影響,本研究發現並證實遊客對科技的態度會影響他們對評論有益性的感知。43 此結論證實除了評論⽅⾯的外部因素,遊客內部因素亦會對有益性感知產⽣影響。 為了得出試圖影響遊客對酒店感知的成功策略,態度是應該檢查的起點。44現有理論缺乏從遊客對科技的態度角度出發對於線上評論感知的解釋,⽽本研究彌補這⼀空⽩,說明了遊客對科技的態度作為遊客⾃身內部因素的重要性及重要作⽤,是閱讀線上評論時信任、說服⼒和有益性感知的重要來源和前因。 2、探究遊客對科技的態度與決策速度之關係 在豐富了遊客對科技的態度的研究,以及 TAP量表在旅遊範疇中運⽤的同時,本研究率先引入在旅遊業較少提到但⼗分重要的決策速度這⼀概念。結合其他領域的過往⽂獻,本研究探索了決策速度概念本身,對決策速度概念提出了明確的定義,將決策速度定義為⼈們根據相關信息在理想的替代品中做出選擇的時間。並開發由五個題項組成的關於遊客決策速度的量表,經驗證量表可以有效且全⾯地測量決策速度。 同時,發現遊客對科技的態度會通過⼀些中介變量對決策速度產⽣影響,探究並明確遊客對科技的態度與決策速度兩者間的關係。本研究根據⽂獻推測出遊客對科技態度會對哪些因素產⽣影響,以及如何後續對決策速度產⽣影響,⾸次提出應關注遊客對科技態度與決策速度之間的關係並構建相關模型。研究結果證實本研究的推論,證明遊客對科技的態度會通過有益性和說服⼒的中介作⽤正向影響決策速度,闡明了遊客對科技態度影響決策速度的內部機制。本研究增進在旅遊領域中關 43 Zarouali, Brahim, Evert Van den Broeck, Michel Walrave, and Karolien Poels, “Predicting Consumer Responses to a Chatbot on Facebook,” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 21.8 (2018): 491-497; Ghosh, Tathagata, “Predicting Hotel Book Intention: The Influential Role of Helpfulness and Advocacy of Online Reviews,” Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management 27.3 (2018): 299-322. 44 Ajanovic Edina, and Beykan Çizel, “Deconstructing Persuasiveness of Online Hotel Review Platforms,” Tourism Analysis 25.2-3 (2020): 319-333.
遊客對科技態度對決策速度的影響:線上評論的信任、說服力和有益性作為中介 55 明確的⽬的和針對性地調整運營策略,關注遊客決策速度。對於線上酒店預定平台,例如受訪者反饋較常參考比例最⾼的網站攜程和去哪兒網,除了盡量展⽰⾜夠的酒店相關信息⽅便遊客考慮,亦應改善線上評論的呈現⽅式,使遊客可以更有針對性地閱讀線上評論,幫助他們加快決策速度。具體⽅法可以考慮在保持原有有益性投票按鈕的同時,加入說服⼒投票按鈕。並優先呈現遊客投票較⾼表⽰具有益性以及說服⼒的評論內容,⽽非現有的以字數、圖⽚數量以及帳號等級⽽逕⾏的⾃動排序。中⼼主旨是讓遊客優先閱讀到對⾃⼰旅⾏決策具有益性和說服⼒的線上評論,幫助簡化決策過程,鋪平決策道路,從⽽可盡快做出決策。 六、局限性與未來展望 本研究基於前⼈的研究和現有的理論基礎,探索了⼀些少有提及但重要的概念, 構建了理論模型,具有⼀定的創新性並且在⼀定程度上填補了理論空⽩。但本⽂亦存在⼀些局限性。 ⾸先,本研究在問卷閱讀材料部分選⽤的是正⾯的線上評論。⽽相較於正⾯評論,負⾯評論會對遊客產⽣不同的影響。45 未來的研究可考慮以負⾯線上評論測試消費者感知。或將正、負⾯線上評論同時加入問卷作為研究材料,進⾏對比和更深入的研究。 其次, 不同類型的線上評論例如專家撰寫的線上評論可能會對模型有不同的影響。本次調查問卷中雖然包含了內容豐富的線上評論,但其撰寫者皆為普通遊客。⽽網絡上亦存在有⼀些受遊客認可的專家所撰寫的線上評論。專業⼈⼠撰寫的線上評論對比普通遊客所撰寫的能夠更顯著地影響其他遊客的旅遊⾏為意向。46 故⽽若以專家撰寫的線上評論作為閱讀材料測試模型,可能會產⽣不同的結果。 45 Pavesi, Anna, William Gartner, and Basak Denizci‐Guillet, “The Effects of a Negative Travel Experience on Tourists’ Decisional Behavior,” International Journal of Tourism Research 18.5 (2016): 423-433. 46 Vincent, Cheng TP, “Amateur Versus Professional Online Reviews: Impact on Tourists’ Intention to Visit a Destination,” Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary 66.1 (2018): 35-51.
趙中琪、鄭定邦 56 徵引書目 [1] Yang, Yang, Sangwon Park, and Xingbao Hu. “Electronic Word of Mouth and Hotel Performance: A Meta-analysis.” Tourism Management 67 (2018): 248-260. [2] Ray, Dalio. Principles, Simon and Schuster, 2018. [3] Cheng, Vincent Ting Pong, and Renyu Guo. “The Impact of Consumers’ Attitudes towards Technology on the Acceptance of Hotel Technology-based Innovation.” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology 12.4 (2021): 624-640. [4] Casalo, Luis V., Carlos Flavian, Miguel Guinaliu, and Yuksel Ekinci. “Do Online Hotel Rating Schemes Influence Booking Behaviors?.” International Journal of Hospitality Management 49 (2015): 28-36. [5] Mayer, Roger C., James H. Davis, and F. David Schoorman. “An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust.” Academy of Management Review 20.3 (1995): 709-734. [6] Hallikainen, Heli, and Tommi Laukkanen. “National Culture and Consumer Trust in E-commerce.” International Journal of Information Management 38.1 (2018): 97-106. [7] Hieronymi, Pamela. “Responsibility for Believing.” Synthese 161.3 (2008): 357-373. [8] Beatty, P., Reay, I., Dick, S. and Miller, J. “Consumer Trust in E-commerce Web Sites: A Meta-study.” ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR) 43.3 (2011): 1-46. [9] Choi, Miju, Rob Law, and Cindy Yoonjoung Heo. “Shopping Destinations and Trust-tourist Attitudes: Scale Development and Validation.” Tourism Management 54 (2016): 490-501. [10] Lu, June, Luzhuang Wang, and Linda A. Hayes. “How do Technology Readiness, platform Functionality and Trust Influence C2C User Satisfaction?.” Journal of Electronic Commerce Research 13.1 (2012): 50. [11] Tussyadiah, Iis P., Florian J. Zach, and Jianxi Wang. “Do Travelers Trust Intelligent Service Robots?.” Annals of Tourism Research 81 (2020): 102886.
遊客對科技態度對決策速度的影響:線上評論的信任、說服力和有益性作為中介 57 [12] John, O’Shaugnessy, and Nicholas O’Shaughnessy. Persuasion in advertising. Routledge, 2003. [13] Harjumaa, Marja, and Harri Oinas-Kukkonen. “Persuasion Theories and IT Design.” International Conference on Persuasive Technology. (Berlin Heidelberg: 2007): 311-314. [14] Kim, Myung Ja, Namho Chung, Choong-Ki Lee, and Michael W. Preis. “Dual-route of Persuasive Communications in Mobile Tourism Shopping.” Telematics and Informatics 33. 2 (2016): 293-308. [15] Lee, Woojin, and Ulrike Gretzel. “Designing Persuasive Destination Websites: A Mental Imagery Processing Perspective.” Tourism Management 33.5 (2012): 1270-1280. [16] Fogg, Brian J. “Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do.” Ubiquity 2002 (2002.12): 2. [17] Van Delden, Robby., de Vries, Roelof. A. J., & Heylen, Dirk. K. J. “Questioning Our Attitudes and Feelings Towards Persuasive Technology.” in Persuasive Technology: Development of Persuasive and Behavior Change Support Systems, eds. Oinas-Kukkonen, H., Win, K., Karapanos, E., Karppinen, P., and Kyza, E. (Persuasive: 2019): 3-15. [18] Mudambi, Susan M., and David Schuff. “Research Note: What Makes a Helpful Online Review? A Study of Customer Reviews on Amazon.com.” MIS Quarterly (2010): 185-200. [19] Lee, Pei-Ju, Ya-Han Hu, and Kuan-Ting Lu. “Assessing the Helpfulness of Online Hotel Reviews: A Classification-based Approach.” Telematics and Informatics 35.2 (2018): 436-445. [20] Zarouali, Brahim, Evert Van den Broeck, Michel Walrave, and Karolien Poels. “Predicting Consumer Responses to a Chatbot on Facebook.” Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 21.8 (2018): 491-497. [21] Ghosh, Tathagata. “Predicting Hotel Book Intention: The Influential Role of Helpfulness and Advocacy of Online Reviews.” Journal of Hospitality Marketing
趙中琪、鄭定邦 58 &Management 27.3 (2018): 299-322. [22] Hu, Xingbao, and Yang Yang. “What Makes Online Reviews Helpful in Tourism and Hospitality? A Bare-bones Meta-analysis.” Journal of Hospitality Marketing &Management 30.2 (2021): 139-158. [23] Ma, Caiwei, Norman Au, and Lianping Ren. “Biased Minds Experience Improved Decision-making Speed and Confidence on Social Media: A Heuristic Approach.” Information Technology & Tourism 22.4 (2020): 593-624. [24] Walter W, Casey. The Relationship among Decision-making Approaches, System Thinking, and Decision Speed: An Explanatory Study. Capella University, 2006. [25] George, Silverman. Secrets of Word-of-mouth Marketing: How to Trigger Exponential Sales through Runaway Word of Mouth. Amacom books, 2011. [26] Chaiken, Shelly. “Heuristic Versus Systematic Information Processing and the Use of Source Versus Message Cues in Persuasion.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39.5 (1980): 752. [27] Chaiken, Shelly, and Alison Ledgerwood. “A Theory of Heuristic and Systematic Information Processing.” Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology 1 (2012): 246-266. [28] Vincent, Cheng TP. “Amateur Versus Professional Online Reviews: Impact on Tourists’ Intention to Visit a Destination.” Tourism: An International Interdisciplinary Journal 66.1 (2018): 35-51. [29] Pourabedin, Zahra, and Amin Nourizadeh. “Designing Persuasive Destination Website: The Role of Visual Aesthetic.” Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research 3.2 (2013): 675-680. [30] Hong, Wei, Zemin Yu, Linhai Wu, and Xujin Pu. “Influencing Factors of the Persuasiveness of Online Reviews Considering Persuasion Methods.” Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 39 (2020): 100912. [31] Ruiz-Mafe, Carla, Kalliopi Chatzipanagiotou, and Rafael Curras-Perez. “The Role of Emotions and Conflicting Online Reviews on Consumers’ Purchase Intentions.” Journal of Business Research 89 (2018): 336-344.
遊客對科技態度對決策速度的影響:線上評論的信任、說服力和有益性作為中介 59 [32] Chen, Yuanlin, Yueting Chai, Yi Liu, and Yang Xu. “Analysis of Review Helpfulness Based on Consumer Perspective.” Tsinghua Science and Technology 20.3 (2015): 293-305. [33] Mariani, Marcello M., and Matteo Borghi. “Online Review Helpfulness and Firms’ Financial Performance: An Empirical Study in a Service Industry.” International Journal of Electronic Commerce 24.4 (2020): 421-449. [34] Yang, Sung-Byung, Seung-Hun Shin, Youhee Joun, and Chulmo Koo. “Exploring the Comparative Importance of Online Hotel Reviews’ Heuristic Attributes in Review Helpfulness: A Conjoint Analysis Approach.” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 34.7 (2017): 963-985. [35] Ratchford, Mark, and Michelle Barnhart. “Development and Validation of the Technology Adoption Propensity (TAP) Index.” Journal of Business Research 65.8 (2012): 1209-1215. [36] Bittencourt, Rafael, Stefânia Ordovás de Almeida, and Clécio Falcão Araujo. “Adoption of Technological Products and Services for Different Consumer Profiles: An Analysis Using the Technology Adoption Propensity Scale.”Revista Brasileira de Gestão de Negócios 21 (2019): 86-102. [37] Çerri, Shpëtim. “Exploring the Relationships among Service Quality, Satisfaction, Trust and Store Loyalty among Retail Customers.” Journal of Competitiveness 4.4 (2012). [38] Filieri, Raffaele, Fraser McLeay, Bruce Tsui, and Zhibin Lin. “Consumer Perceptions of Information Helpfulness and Determinants of Purchase Intention in Online Consumer Reviews of Services.” Information & Management 55.8 (2018): 956-970. [39] Filieri, Raffaele, and Fraser McLeay. “E-WOM and Accommodation: An Analysis of the Factors that Influence Travelers’ Adoption of Information from Online Reviews.” Journal of Travel Research 53.1 (2014): 44-57. [40] Chung, Namho, and Heejeong Han. “The Relationship among Tourists’ Persuasion, Attachment and Behavioral Changes in Social Media.”
趙中琪、鄭定邦 60 Technological Forecasting and Social Change 123 (2017): 370-380. [41] Kim, Jooyoung, and Hye‐Jin Paek. “Information Processing of Genetically Modified Food Messages under Different Motives: An Adaptation of the Multiple‐ Motive Heuristic‐systematic Model.” Risk Analysis: An International Journal 29.12 (2009): 1793-1806. [42] Daniel, Kahneman. Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017. [43] Hair, Joe F., Christian M. Ringle, and Marko Sarstedt. “PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet.” Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 19.2 (2011): 139-152. [44] Kock, Ned, and Gary Lynn. “Lateral Collinearity and Misleading Results in Variance-based SEM: An Illustration and Recommendations.” Journal of the Association for Information Systems 13.7 (2012). [45] Ajanovic Edina, and Beykan Çizel. “Deconstructing Persuasiveness of Online Hotel Review Platforms.” Tourism Analysis 25.2-3 (2020): 319-333. [46] Pavesi, Anna, William Gartner, and Basak Denizci‐Guillet. “The Effects of a Negative Travel Experience on Tourists’ Decisional Behavior.” International Journal of Tourism Research 18.5 (2016): 423-433.
彭堃、郭元明、孫瑱、柳旭東 66 The Impact of Proxy Efficacy and Government Trust on the COVID-19 Vaccination Intention of Young People in Macao: A Study Based on the Moderating Effect on Health Belief Modeling Peng, Kun1、2; Guo, Yuanming1; Sun, Zhen1、2; Liu, Xudong1、2 (1. Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology; 2. Macao Media Research Center) Abstract: This study uses the survey method and combines proxy efficacy and government trust, with aim to explore the social and cognitive factors that affect the COVID-19 vaccination intention of young people in Macao SAR based on the health belief model (HBM). The results show that perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, and cues to actions are positively related to the COVID-19 vaccination intentions, while perceived severity and perceived barriers are negatively related to the COVID-19 vaccination intention. Additionally, this study finds that government trust as a moderating variable facilitates the positive effect of perceived susceptibility meanwhile weakens the negative effect of perceived severity on the COVID-19 vaccination intention; and that proxy efficacy suppresses the negative effect of perceived severity on the COVID-19 vaccination intentions. Keywords: Health belief model; Proxy efficacy; Government Trust; COVID-19 vaccination intention
代理效能和政府信任度對澳門青年疫苗接種意願的影響—基於健康信念模型的調節效果研究 67 一、引言 新型冠狀病毒肺炎(COVID-19,新冠肺炎)⾃ 2019年 12⽉⾸次報告以來,在隨後的兩年間造成全球⼤流⾏,在全球經濟和健康⽅⾯造成了嚴重的後果。截至2021年 12⽉,新冠病毒已經在全球造成超過兩億⼈感染和超過五百萬⼈死亡。1 對全球已經造成 5.8萬億美元至 8.8萬億美元的經濟損失。2 世界各國對於新冠病毒肺炎的管控措施不同,中國對於新冠病毒肺炎採取以「動態清零」爲⽬標的嚴格管控措施,截至 2021年 12⽉,中國新冠肺炎總確診病例數⼤約 13萬例,每⼗萬⼈患病⼈數僅爲 9.29⼈,患病率在世界各國中處於較低⽔平。雖然國內疫情得到控制,但由於全球疫情影響,2021 年內國內部分城市也數次出現由於境外輸入導致的⼩範圍本⼟疫情,這對公衆的健康産⽣了新的威脅,防⽌疫情境外輸入成爲了⽬前中國⾯臨的主要問題。3 接種新冠肺炎疫苗是個體能够有效防範新冠病毒感染的⽅式之⼀。此前的⼀些研究已經證實,⽬前已獲批上市的不同技術路綫的疫苗都能有效降低新冠病毒感染率、重症率和死亡率。4 研究認爲,新冠疫苗需要在群體中達到 55%-82%的接種率後才可能形成免疫屏障,起到對⼈群的保護效果。5 但現實是,國內外都存在著有接種條件但拒絕或推遲接種新冠疫苗的現象。6 這種情况被稱爲「疫苗猶豫(vaccine 1 World Health Organization, “WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard,” 2021. https://covid19.who.int/table. Assessed December 20, 2021. 2 Asian Development Bank, “An Updated Assessment of the Economic Impact of COVID-19,” 2020. https://www.adb.org/publications/updated-assessment-economic-impact-covid-19. Assessed December 20, 2021. 3 國家衛健委,「國務院聯防聯控機制 2021 年 12 月 11 日新聞發布會文字實錄」,2021。瀏覽於http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/fkdt/202112/88ce42bf16974ebd8d4b5367cfdd86e5.shtml. 4 Haas, E.J., et al., “ Impact and Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections and COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalisations, and Deaths Following a Nationwide Vaccination Campaign in Israel: An Observational Study using National Surveillance Data,” The Lancet (British edition), 397.10287 (2021), 1819-1829; Li, J. & F. Zhu, “Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (BBV152)-induced Protection Against Symptomatic COVID-19,” The Lancet (British edition), 398.10317 (2021): 2134-2135. 5 Sanche S, Lin YT, Xu C, et al,“High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2,” Emerg Infect Dis. 26 (2020), 1470-1477. 6 黎澤明、孫昕霙,〈基於健康信念模式研究公衆疫苗猶豫的影響因素〉,《現代預防醫學》,48.23(2021),4331-4334。
彭堃、郭元明、孫瑱、柳旭東 68 hesitancy)」,疫苗猶豫的存在會導致接種率的降低,從⽽影響疫苗的保護效果。因此影響疫苗接種的因素成了健康傳播領域重要的研究⽅向。 本研究關注澳⾨特區的新冠疫苗接種情况。澳⾨是粵港澳⼤灣區的重要城市之⼀,是世界上⼈⼜最爲稠密的地區,疫情開始前澳⾨與各地⼈員往來頻繁,全年約有近 4000萬游客出入,這使得澳⾨的疫情防控⼯作⾯臨著巨⼤壓⼒。7 作爲中國的特別⾏政區,澳⾨特區政府相對⾃主地制定新冠疫情防疫政策。8 2020年 1⽉,澳⾨政府成⽴跨部⾨「新型冠狀病毒感染應變協調中⼼」作爲新冠病毒疫情的綜合管理機構,與國家衛健委密切交流,以廣東省和珠海市形成粵澳聯防聯控機制,根據內地各地疫情的風險情况動態調整隔離政策。這種常態化的防疫模式使得澳⾨並未出現⼤規模的疫情爆發。截至 2021年 12⽉,澳⾨共有新冠肺炎確診病例七⼗七例,共出現過兩次本⼟疫情,所有病例都已康復出院。9 總的⽽⾔,由於嚴格的疫情管控,澳⾨疫情對民衆帶來的健康⽅⾯的損失並不嚴重,但疫情使得澳⾨遭受到巨⼤的經濟損失,與疫情發⽣前相比,2020年全年澳⾨入境游客减少 85%,本地⽣産總值下跌 56.3%。10 澳⾨特區政府現批准兩種不同技術路徑新冠肺炎疫苗,⼀種是國藥集團的滅活病毒疫苗,另⼀種是 BioNtech ⽣産的 mRNA 疫苗。儘管澳⾨政府已經多次宣傳疫苗的安全性及有效性,然⽽部分的澳⾨市民對於接種疫苗仍處於觀望狀態,這使得澳⾨的疫苗接種低於全國平均⽔平。截至 2021年 12⽉,澳⾨特區共有超過 45萬⼈完成疫苗的第⼆針接種,接種率約爲 66%,低於全國接種率的 85%︔共接種約 100 7 United Nations, “World Population Prospects. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Dynamics,” 2019. https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/. Accessed December 20, 2021; 澳門特區政府統計暨普查局,「旅遊統計 2019 年第 4 季」, 2019。檢索於https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/6ee37155-a571-4eb6-90b2-a4cdd69d2c67/C_TUR_FR_2019_Q4.aspx 8 Leng & Cheong,“An Overview of Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Macao S.A.R,” Frontiers in Public health 8 (2020), 1-6.doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.550057. 9 澳門新冠病毒應變與協調中心(2021)。抗疫專頁。檢索于https://www.ssm.gov.mo/apps1/PreventCOVID-19/. 10 澳 門 特 區 政 府 統 計 暨 普 查 局 , 旅 遊 統 計 2020 年 第 4 季 , 2020 。 瀏 覽 於https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/4e45ab48-81e9-42fd-a73a-d86d8eed113a/C_TUR_FR_2020_Q4.aspx; 澳門特區政府統計暨普查局,《統計年鑒》,2020。瀏覽於 https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/0d9c0cd4-a82c-424d-b031- ad6331680fcc/C_AE_PUB_2020_Y.aspx
代理效能和政府信任度對澳門青年疫苗接種意願的影響—基於健康信念模型的調節效果研究 69 萬劑次,⼈均接種 1.47劑次,也低於全國的平均⽔平⼈均接種 2.00劑次。11 本研究主要使⽤健康信念模型(HBM)結合社會感受系統性地探究個體⼼理因素和社會因素對澳⾨市民的新冠肺炎疫苗接種意願的影響,爲新冠疫苗及後續加强針的接種推廣⼯作提供科學依據和理論⽀持,同時也在不同環境驗證健康信念模型在新冠肺炎疫苗接種意願上的適⽤性。 二、文獻綜述 (㆒)、健康信念模型(Health Belief Model) 本研究探討的新冠疫苗接種⾏爲可以被定義爲預防性的健康⾏爲,即是個體⾃身爲保持健康狀態和預防疾病發⽣⽽執⾏的⾏爲。12 健康信念模型(Health Belief Model, HBM)是研究個體執⾏預防性健康⾏爲常⽤的理論模型之⼀,它系統性的探討和解釋了研究影響個體預防性健康⾏爲的因素。13 在以往的研究中,健康信念模型也常被⽤來解釋疫苗接種⾏爲,例如流感疫苗、HPV疫苗、⼄肝疫苗和新冠疫苗等的接種⾏爲。14 11 澳 門 新 冠 病 毒 應 變 與 協 調 中 心 ,「 疫 苗 資 訊 」, 2021 。 檢 索 於https://www.ssm.gov.mo/apps1/covid19vaccine/ch.aspx#vactype. 12 Rosenstock, I. M,“The Health Belief Model and Preventive Health Behavior,” Health Education Monographs 2 (1974): 354-386. 13 Janz, N.K., & Becker, M. H, “The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later,” Health Education Quarterly 11.1 (1984): 1-47. 14 Zeng, Yuan, Z., Yin, J., Han, Y., Chu, C.-I., & Fang, Y, “Factors Affecting Parental Intention to Vaccinate Kindergarten Children Against Influenza: A Cross-sectional Survey in China,” Vaccine 37.11 (2019): 1449-1456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.071; Fall, Izaute, M., & Chakroun-Baggioni, N, “How Can the Health Belief Model and Self-determination Theory Predict Both Influenza Vaccination and Vaccination Intention? A Longitudinal Study among University Students.” Psychology & Health 33.6 (2018): 746-764. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1401623; Kim J, “The Relationship of Health Beliefs with Information Sources and HPV Vaccine Acceptance among Young Adults in Korea,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15.4 (2018): 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040673; De Wit, Vet, R., Schutten, M., & van Steenbergen, J, “Social-cognitive Determinants of Vaccination Behavior Against Hepatitis B: An Assessment among Men Who Have Sex with Men,” Preventive Medicine, 40.6 (2005): 795-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.09.026; Suess, Maddock, J. E., Dogru, T., Mody, M., & Lee, S, “Using the Health Belief Model to Examine Travelers’ Willingness to Vaccinate and Support for Vaccination Requirements Prior to Travel,” Tourism Management 88 (2022): 104405-104405.
彭堃、郭元明、孫瑱、柳旭東 70 健康信念模型從個體對健康風險的感知和對健康⾏爲的感知等層⾯系統地進⾏了分析,認爲影響個體執⾏預防性健康⾏爲的因素有以下五個:感知易感性(Perceived Susceptibility)、感知嚴重性(Perceived severity)、感知收益(Perceived benefits)、感知障礙(Perceived barriers)和⾏動線索(Cues to action)。15 感知易感性和感知嚴重性是個體對於健康風險的感知,又被稱爲感知威脅。16 感知易感性是指個體對於⾃⼰遭遇某種特定的健康風險或出現不良的健康後果的可能性的感知,感知易感性越⾼意味著個體認爲⾃⼰越可能遭遇健康風險,因⽽個體執⾏預防性健康⾏爲規避風險的可能性就越⾼。感知嚴重性是指個體對於某種特定健康風險導致的後果的危害程度的感知,感知嚴重性越⾼意味著個體認爲該健康風險會對⼈造成越嚴重的危害,因⽽個體執⾏預防性健康⾏爲規避風險的可能性就越⾼。17 此前的研究發現,感知嚴重性和感知易感性同時正向影響了疫苗的接種態度、接種意圖和接種⾏爲︔18 然⽽近期也有⼀些研究發現,僅感知易感性與疫苗接種意願正向相關,感知嚴重性與接種意圖並沒有關係。19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104405; 黎澤明、孫昕霙,〈基於健康信念模式研究公衆疫苗猶豫的影響因素〉,《現代預防醫學》,48.23(2021),4331-4334。 15 Rosenstock, I. M,“The Health Belief Model and Preventive Health Behavior,” Health Education Monographs 2 (1974): 354-386; Janz, N.K., & Becker, M. H, “The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later,” Health Education Quarterly 11.1 (1984): 1-47; Witte, Kim., Gary Meyer, and Dennis. Martell, Effective Health Risk Messages: A Step-by-Step Guide, 2001. (electronic Resource)/ Kim Witte, Gary Meyer, Dennis Martell. Thousand Oaks, Calif. ; SAGE; Rosenstock, I. M, “Why People Use Health Service,” Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 44 (1966): 94-124. 16 Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P, “The Health Belief Model,” In M. Conner & P. Norman. Eds. Predicting Health Behavior: Research and Practice with Social Cognitive Models, Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press (2005): 28-80; 陳梁,《健康傳播:理論、方法與實證研究》,(北京:知識産權出版社,2020)。 17 Witte, Kim., Gary Meyer, and Dennis. Martell, Effective Health Risk Messages: A Step-by-Step Guide, 2001.(electronic Resource)/ Kim Witte, Gary Meyer, Dennis Martell. Thousand Oaks, Calif. ; SAGE; Rosenstock, I. M, “Why People Use Health Service,” Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 44 (1966): 94-124; 陳梁,《健康傳播:理論、方法與實證研究》,(北京:知識産權出版社,2020)。 18 Kim J, “The Relationship of Health Beliefs with Information Sources and HPV Vaccine Acceptance among Young Adults in Korea,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15.4 (2018): 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040673; De Wit, Vet, R., Schutten, M., & van Steenbergen, J, “Social-cognitive Determinants of Vaccination Behavior Against Hepatitis B: An Assessment among Men Who Have Sex with Men,” Preventive Medicine, 40.6 (2005): 795-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.09.026. 19 Zeng, Yuan, Z., Yin, J., Han, Y., Chu, C.-I., & Fang, Y, “Factors Affecting Parental Intention to Vaccinate Kindergarten Children Against Influenza: A Cross-sectional Survey in China,” Vaccine 37.11 (2019): 1449-1456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.071; Fall, Izaute, M., & Chakroun-Baggioni, N, “How Can
代理效能和政府信任度對澳門青年疫苗接種意願的影響—基於健康信念模型的調節效果研究 71 感知收益和感知障礙是個體對於預防性健康⾏爲的感知,又被稱爲⾏爲評估。20 感知收益是指個體對於某種特定預防性健康⾏爲有⽤性的主觀評估,感知收益越⾼意味著個體認爲該預防性健康⾏爲越能預防健康風險或帶給個體更⾼的收益,因⽽個體選擇執⾏預防性健康⾏爲的可能性就越⾼。感知障礙是指個體對於採取某種特定預防性健康⾏爲的困難程度或遭遇阻礙的主觀評估,感知障礙越⾼意味著個體認爲執⾏預防性健康⾏爲越困難。當個體評估認爲某⼀預防性健康⾏爲的障礙⼤於收益時,個體通常不會選擇執⾏該⾏爲。21 多數關於疫苗的研究都發現,感知收益會正向影響接種的意圖或⾏爲。22 ⽽這些研究對於感知障礙和疫苗接種意願的並不完全統⼀,Kim認爲,這是由於感知障礙是多維構成的,它不僅包括接種者對疫苗安全性的擔憂,還有對接種成本、疼痛的評估甚至是社會規範⽅⾯的考量。對感知障礙的不同的測量維度可能得出不同的結論。本研究從接種疫苗的難度和安全性⽅⾯評估感知障礙。23 ⾏動線索是刺激個體考慮健康問題或執⾏預防性健康⾏爲的因素,包含了外部線索和內部線索。外部線索包括了能够提醒到個體採取健康⾏爲的電視廣告、報刊⽂章、親友或醫⽣的建議和重要他⼈患病的消息等︔內部線索包括⾃身出現 the Health Belief Model and Self-determination Theory Predict Both Influenza Vaccination and Vaccination Intention? A Longitudinal Study among University Students.” Psychology & Health 33.6 (2018): 746-764. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1401623. 20 Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P, “The Health Belief Model,”, 28-80; 陳梁,《健康傳播:理論、方法與實證研究》,(北京:知識産權出版社,2020)。 21 Janz, N.K., & Becker, M. H, “The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later,” Health Education Quarterly 11.1 (1984): 1-47; Witte, Kim., Gary Meyer, and Dennis. Martell, Effective Health Risk Messages: A Step-by-Step Guide, 2001.(electronic Resource)/ Kim Witte, Gary Meyer, Dennis Martell. Thousand Oaks, Calif. ; SAGE; 陳梁,《健康傳播:理論、方法與實證研究》,(北京:知識産權出版社,2020)。 22 Zeng, Yuan, Z., Yin, J., Han, Y., Chu, C.-I., & Fang, Y, “Factors Affecting Parental Intention to Vaccinate Kindergarten Children Against Influenza: A Cross-sectional Survey in China,” Vaccine 37.11 (2019): 1449-1456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.071; Fall, Izaute, M., & Chakroun-Baggioni, N, “How Can the Health Belief Model and Self-determination Theory Predict Both Influenza Vaccination and Vaccination Intention? A Longitudinal Study among University Students.” Psychology & Health 33.6 (2018): 746-764; Kim J, “The Relationship of Health Beliefs with Information Sources and HPV Vaccine Acceptance among Young Adults in Korea,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15.4 (2018): 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040673. 23 Kim J, “The Relationship of Health Beliefs with Information Sources and HPV Vaccine Acceptance among Young Adults in Korea,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15.4 (2018): 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040673.
彭堃、郭元明、孫瑱、柳旭東 72 的不適症狀等。24 Rosenstock 提出,⾏動線索是促使個體執⾏健康⾏爲的觸發因素。25 當個體的威脅感知和⾏爲評估達到⼀定强度,⾏動線索强的個體會選擇執⾏預防性健康⾏爲。過去的研究也證實⾏動線索正向影響疫苗的接種意圖。26 黎澤明和孫昕霙同時還發現,不同來源的外部線索對疫苗接種産⽣不同影響。27 因此本研究綜合考慮不同來源外部線索來評估外部線索對疫苗接種意願産⽣的影響。 綜上所述,健康信念模型認爲,個體的感知易感性、感知嚴重性、感知收益和⾏動線索越强,個體執⾏預防性健康⾏爲的意願越强︔同時,個體的感知障礙越弱,個體執⾏預防性健康⾏爲的意願越强。換句話說,感知易感性、感知嚴重性、感知收益和⾏動線索與⾏爲意圖正相關,感知障礙與⾏爲意圖負相關。 在本研究中,個體感知到的健康風險是患上新冠肺炎的風險。因此,對於感知易感性的評估是「患上新冠肺炎的可能性」,感知嚴重性的評估是「患上新冠肺炎的危害程度」︔個體考慮執⾏的預防性健康⾏爲是「接種新冠疫苗」,因此,感知收益和感知障礙是對「接種新冠疫苗」這⼀⾏爲的收益和困難進⾏評估︔⽽對於⾏動線索則是評估「接種新冠疫苗」的外部線索。因此本研究提出以下假設: H1a: 個體對新冠肺炎的感知易感性正向預測新冠疫苗的接種意願。 H1b: 個體對新冠肺炎的感知嚴重性正向預測新冠疫苗的接種意願。 H2a: 個體對接種新冠肺炎疫苗的感知收益正向預測新冠疫苗的接種意願。 H2b: 個體對接種新冠肺炎疫苗的感知障礙負向預測新冠疫苗的接種意願。 H3: 個體接觸到的外部行動線索正向預測新冠疫苗的接種意願。 24 Witte, Kim., Gary Meyer, and Dennis. Martell, Effective Health Risk Messages: A Step-by-Step Guide, 2001.(electronic Resource)/ Kim Witte, Gary Meyer, Dennis Martell. Thousand Oaks, Calif. ; SAGE. 25 Rosenstock, I. M, “Why People Use Health Service,” Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 44 (1966): 94-124. 26 Zeng, Yuan, Z., Yin, J., Han, Y., Chu, C.-I., & Fang, Y, “Factors Affecting Parental Intention to Vaccinate Kindergarten Children Against Influenza: A Cross-sectional Survey in China,” Vaccine 37.11 (2019): 1449-1456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.071; Fall, Izaute, M., & Chakroun-Baggioni, N, “How Can the Health Belief Model and Self-determination Theory Predict Both Influenza Vaccination and Vaccination Intention? A Longitudinal Study among University Students.” Psychology & Health 33.6 (2018): 746-764. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1401623. 27 黎澤明、孫昕霙,〈基於健康信念模式研究公衆疫苗猶豫的影響因素〉,《現代預防醫學》,第 48卷第 23期(2021),4331-4334。
代理效能和政府信任度對澳門青年疫苗接種意願的影響—基於健康信念模型的調節效果研究 73 (㆓)、㈹理效能(proxy efficacy)和政府信任度(trust in government) 除了個體⾃身的⼼理因素外,⼀些社會因素同樣可能影響到個⼈的疫苗注射意願。因此本研究引入代理效能和政府信任兩個社會因素,來探究個⼈的社會感受對其接種疫苗意願的影響。 社會認知理論認爲,除了個⼈能動性外,⼈們所處的環境也會對他們的⾏爲産⽣影響,在個⼈無法控制的情况下,⼈們會通過有影響能⼒的第三⽅來尋求正⾯的結果,這時對第三⽅的能⼒會影響個⼈的⾏爲。28 在新冠疫情等公共衛⽣事件的情況下,個⼈努⼒的效果非常有限,⽽第三⽅(如政府)的⾏動則是決定疫情形勢的關鍵性因素。29 因此,本研究引入了代理效能的概念,以評估個體認爲具有影響能⼒的第三⽅代替他們執⾏特定⾏動的能⼒。30 具體⽽⾔,在本研究的情境下,代理效能即是指個⼈對於政府幫助民衆解決疫情能⼒的評估。如果⼈們相信政府有能⼒通過⾏動控制疫情,則會有較⾼的代理效能感知︔反之則會有較低的代理效能感知。 代理效能對疫苗接種的影響可能是複雜的。⼀⽅⾯,由於代理效能和個⼈效能相似,考察了不同的⾏動主體對⾏爲的執⾏能⼒,根據健康信念模型,效能評估應當對疫苗接種意圖產⽣正⾯的影響。Li發現,代理效能與風險控制正向相關,且與恐懼控制負向相關,這⼀結論證明了代理效能對保護性⾏爲的促進作⽤。31 在澳⾨,特區政府衛⽣部⾨承擔著新冠病毒防控的責任,同時也是疫苗接種的組織者,代理效能越⾼意味著個⼈對衛⽣部⾨應對疫情的信⼼越⾼,從⽽更可能接受衛⽣部⾨的建議,來增加⾃身對疾病的控制。然⽽,對政府能⼒的信任會使⼈們產⽣第三⼈感知,從⽽可能減少疫苗接種意圖。Liu等⼈的研究發現,代理效能有助於增强⼈們的第三⼈感知,在個⼈認爲當地政府控制疫情能⼒强的情況下,會覺得⾃⼰比他⼈更 28 Bandura, A, “Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective,” Annual Review of Psychology 52.1 (2001): 1-26. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1. 29 Liu, X., Lo, V.-H., Wei, R., Li, X., Pang, S., & Zhang, R, “Media Exposure and Third-Person Perception: The Mediating Role of Social Realism and Proxy Efficacy,” International Journal of Communication (Online) (2021): 4338-4359. 30 Elias, S. M., & MacDonald, S, “Using Past Performance, Proxy Efficacy, and Academic Self-efficacy to Predict College Performance,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 37.11 (2007): 2518-2531. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00268. 31 Li, X, “Media Exposure, Perceived Efficacy, and Protective Behaviors in a Public Health Emergency,” International Journal of Communication 12 (2018): 20.
彭堃、郭元明、孫瑱、柳旭東 74 難受到新冠疫情的影響。32 ⽽先前的研究也提醒我們,他⼈的第三⼈感知可能會對疫苗接種產⽣負⾯效果。33 此外,還有⼀些研究認爲,代理效能可能會調節風險評估和保護性⾏爲之間的關係。平⾏擴展並⾏模型(EPPM)指出,在效能評估⾼的情況下,較⾼的威脅評估會導致風險控制過程(即執⾏保護⾏為)︔反之效能評估低的情況下,較⾼的威脅評估會導致恐懼控制過程(即拒絕保護⾏為)。34 此外,Cheng 等⼈也認為,代理效能是個⼈因素與⾏為之間的調節因素。35 ⾼的代理效能會使⼈們認為社區或地⽅政府的應對能⼒強,疫情會被有效控制。如此,⼈們可能會在威脅感知⾼時積極配合⾏動。反之,低代理效能會讓⼈們懷疑保護⾏為是否能解決健康威脅,因此導致⾏動遲疑。 綜上所述,在新冠病毒引起的公共健康危機當中,代理效能可能與⼈們的疫苗接種意願正向相關︔不過也存在⼀定的可能性,由於第三⼈感知產⽣,代理效能與保護性⾏爲意圖負向相關。此外,代理效能也可能會促進感知易感性和嚴重性對疫苗接種意願的正向關係。因此,本研究提出以下研究問題: RQ1: 代理效能如何直接影響個人新冠疫苗的接種意願? RQ2: 代理效能能否調節感知易感性(RQ2a)和感知嚴重性(RQ2b)對新冠疫苗接種意願的影響? 政府信任度是影響疫苗接種的另⼀重要社會因素。代理效能衡量了民衆對於政府衛⽣部⾨對抗疫情的信⼼,⽽政府信任度則是民衆對於政府長期和綜合的信任評價。36 總的來説,先前的研究主要認爲政府信任度對疫苗接種有正⾯的影響。疫情 32 Liu, X., Lo, V.-H., Wei, R., Li, X., Pang, S., & Zhang, R, “Media Exposure and Third-Person Perception: The Mediating Role of Social Realism and Proxy Efficacy,” International Journal of Communication (Online) (2021): 4338-4359. 33 Lee, & Park, S.-A. ,“Third-Person Effect and Pandemic Flu: The Role of Severity, Self-Efficacy Method Mentions, and Message Source,” Journal of Health Communication 21.12 (2016): 1244-1250. 34 Witte, Kim., Gary Meyer, and Dennis, Martell, Effective Health Risk Messages: A Step-by-Step Guide (2001). (electronic Resource) / Kim Witte, Gary Meyer, Dennis Martell. Thousand Oaks, Calif. ; SAGE 35 Cheng P., Zhou YP., Zhou S., & Yang S, “Understanding public protective behavioural intention during the COVID-19 pandemic: Moderating effects of proxy efficacy and collective efficacy,” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Communication 31.3 (2023): 451-464. 36 Mansoor. M, “Citizens’ Trust in Government as a Function of Good Governance and Government Agency’s Provision of Quality Information on Social Media during COVID-19,” Government Information Quarterly 38.4 (2021): 101597-101597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101597; Bandura, A, “Social Cognitive
代理效能和政府信任度對澳門青年疫苗接種意願的影響—基於健康信念模型的調節效果研究 75 期間政府信任度⾼的⼈比低的⼈更愿意接種新冠疫苗。37 政府信任度與個⼈的疫苗猶豫呈現負相關關係。38 政府信任和風險感知⼀起正向影響了疫苗接種的意願。39不過,Dai 等⼈的研究發現,在不同地區政府信任會導致不同的結果。40 他們的研究顯⽰,在中國⾹港地區,政府信任導致⼈們降低了疫情的風險感知,從⽽導致疫苗接種意願降低︔⽽與此相反,在中國地區,政府政府信任導致⼈們增加了疫情的風險感知,從⽽導致疫苗接種意願增加。這⼀發現提醒我們在考慮社會因素時要關注不同地區⽂化下的不同情況。 過去的研究中也發現,政府信任度可能調節風險感知與疫苗接種的關係。⾼的政府信任度會促進風險感知對疫苗接種的正向影響。也就是説,在政府信任⾼的情況下,原本認爲不必接種疫苗的⼈可能轉⽽⽀持並進⾏疫苗接種。41 此外⾼度政府信任抑制風險感知到疫苗猶豫的負⾯影響,相比於政府信任度⾼的群體,在政府信任度低的群體中,他們更懷疑對病毒的嚴重程被誇⼤,從⽽拒絕接種疫苗。42 Theory: An Agentic Perspective,” Annual Review of Psychology 52.1 (2001): 1-26. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1. 37 Wynen, J., Op de Beeck, S., Verhoest, K., Glavina, M., Six, F., Van Damme, P., Beutels, P., Hendrickx, G., & Pepermans, K, “Taking a COVID-19 Vaccine or Not? Do Trust in Government and Trust in Experts Help Us to Understand Vaccination Intention?,” Administration & Society 54.10 (2022): 1875-1901. https://doi-org.libezproxy.must.edu.mo/10.1177/00953997211073459; Viskupič, F., Wiltse, D. L., & Meyer, B. A, “Trust in Physicians and Trust in Government Predict COVID19 Vaccine Uptake,” Social Science Quarterly 103.3 (2022): 509-520. 38 Liu, P. L., Zhao, X., & Wan, B, “COVID-19 Information Exposure and Vaccine Hesitancy: The Influence of Trust in Government and Vaccine Confidence,” Psychology, Health & Medicine 28.1 (2023): 27-36; Prickett, & Chapple, S, “Trust in Government and Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy,” Policy Quarterly (Victoria University of Wellington. Institute for Governance and Policy Studies) 17.3 (2021): 69-91. https://doi.org/10.26686/pq.v17i3.7135. 39 Dohle, S., Wingen, T., & Schreiber, M, “Acceptance and Adoption of Protective Measures during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Trust in Politics and Trust in Science,” Social Psychological Bulletin 15.4 (2020): 1-23. 40 Dai Y., Yi-Hui Christine Huang, Wufan Jia & Qinxian Cai, “The Paradoxical Effects of Institutional Trust on Risk Perception and Risk Management in the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Three Societies,” Journal of Risk Research 25 (2022): 11-12, 1337-1355. DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2108122. 41 Lim, J., & Moon, K. K, “Political Ideology and Trust in Government to Ensure Vaccine Safety: Using a US Survey to Explore the Role of Political Trust,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20.5 (2023): 4459. 42 Prickett, & Chapple, S, “Trust in Government and Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy,” Policy Quarterly (Victoria University of Wellington. Institute for Governance and Policy Studies) 17.3 (2021): 69-91. https://doi.org/10.26686/pq.v17i3.7135.
彭堃、郭元明、孫瑱、柳旭東 84 和此前關於其他種類疫苗的健康信念模型研究的結論⼀致。44 當個體感知到更有可能感染新冠病毒時,他們更有可能選擇接種疫苗,這⼀現象在 2021年廣州及澳⾨本⼟疫情出現後疫苗接種率⼤幅提⾼中也體現出來,當⼈們具身體驗到感染威脅升⾼時,會採取接種疫苗的⾏爲保護⾃⼰。疫苗的收益同時也是⼈們接種疫苗考慮的重要因素,當⼈們認同接種疫苗能够有效地降低感染率或重病率時,他們會選擇積極接種疫苗。⾏動線索直接提醒⼈們接種疫苗,在本研究中發現,不論是政府⿎勵還是重要他⼈的提醒,都能直接促進⼈們的接種⾏爲,這⼀發現與黎澤明和孫昕霙在内地進⾏的新冠疫苗接種意願的研究得出的結論⼀致。 (㆓)、感知嚴重性和感知障礙抑制新冠疫苗接種意願 本研究發現對於新冠病毒的感知嚴重性抑制了接種新冠疫苗的意願。這⼀結論與 Wong 等⼈得出的結論相反,但與黎澤明和孫昕霙得出的感知嚴重性增加了疫苗猶豫這⼀結論⼀致。我們根據過往研究推斷認爲,出現這⼀現象的原因有可能是研究地域的差異,Wong等⼈的研究在⾹港開展,⾹港的新冠病毒社區傳播風險⾼於澳⾨和內地,因此對疾病的嚴重性感知可以直接促進疫苗接種。黎澤明和孫昕霙的研究雖在內地進⾏,但澳⾨與內地疫情的總體情况相似,⾯臨的疫情社區傳播風險低,因此居民感受到的患病的可能性(易感性)並不⾼,這可能使得民衆沒有⽴刻去接種疫苗的强烈動機。45 感知嚴重性負⾯影響新冠疫苗接種意願的原因我們無法從數據直接得知,但我們推断可能有如下原因:第⼀,疾病的嚴重性感知可能產⽣了恐懼導致了恐懼控制過程,Witte 認爲對疾病的嚴重性的感知會和恐懼情緒(fear)同時出現,爲了抑制恐懼情緒,⼈們可能會採取回避和拒絕的⼿段。46 第⼆,在疾病 44 Wong, Wong, E. L., Huang, J., Cheung, A. W. ., Law, K., Chong, M. K. ., Ng, R. W. ., Lai, C. K. ., Boon, S. S., Lau, J. T. ., Chen, Z., & Chan, P. K, “Acceptance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Based on the Health Belief Model: A Population-based Survey in Hong Kong,” Vaccine 39.7 (2021): 1148-1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.083. 45 Wong, Wong, E. L., Huang, J., Cheung, A. W. ., Law, K., Chong, M. K. ., Ng, R. W. ., Lai, C. K. ., Boon, S. S., Lau, J. T. ., Chen, Z., & Chan, P. K, “Acceptance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Based on the Health Belief Model: A Population-based Survey in Hong Kong,” Vaccine 39.7 (2021): 1148-1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.083; 黎澤明、孫昕霙,〈基於健康信念模式研究公衆疫苗猶豫的影響因素〉,《現代預防醫學》,第 48卷第 23期(2021),4331-4334。 46 Witte, “Fear Control and Danger Control: A Test of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM),” Communication Monographs 61.2 (1994): 113-134.
代理效能和政府信任度對澳門青年疫苗接種意願的影響—基於健康信念模型的調節效果研究 85 傳播⼒并不⾼的區域,對疾病的嚴重性感知增加可能不只代表著疾病造成的後果嚴重,也可能是反映出⼈們對衛⽣機構的能⼒的擔憂。這種擔憂也會體現在⼈們對衛⽣部⾨組織的疫苗接種表現出猶豫。Dai 等⼈發現在中國内地社會,風險感知與接種意願不直接相關,反⽽是對衛⽣機構能⼒的評估與其相關,⽽嚴重性與能⼒評估相關。⽽這⼀情況在提醒我們要考慮不同的社會背景,不同的社會背景下感知嚴重性的作⽤可能不同。在後續的研究中可以考慮對比社會背景及評估測量恐懼情緒,從⽽證實上述推斷。47 本研究發現感知障礙會阻礙⼈們選擇接種疫苗,這與健康信念模型的假設相同。值得强調的是,本研究中討論的感知障礙按照 Kim的分類屬安全性和接種安排上的障礙,並沒有完全考慮可能存在的社會規範或情感上的障礙,在後續的研究中可以更全⾯地對社會規範等⽅⾯的感知障礙進⾏研究。 媒體可以在促進疫苗接種上起到重要作⽤。在新冠疫情中,⼈們通過媒體獲得與疫情相關的信息,媒體可以影響⼈們對於新冠病毒肺炎的感知。48 因此在疫苗促進的實踐⼯作中,可以通過特定的媒體信息增加⼈們對新冠病毒的易感性認知和對疫苗的收益認知以及同時打消⼈們的顧慮,降低注射疫苗的障礙感知。媒體的反復提醒也能提供⾏動線索,直接促進⼈們接種疫苗。但必須注意的是,在當前的情况下,在疫苗促進的信息中不必强調感染疾病的嚴重性,否則可能帶來疫苗猶豫的負⾯結果。 (㆔)、政府信任度能增強感知易感性對疫苗接種意願的正面影響 過往的研究發現了在不同國家政府信任度⾼的民族會擁有更强的疫苗接種意願的現象,但對該現象産⽣的機制並沒有討論。49 本研究系統地探索政府信任度影響 47 Dai Y., Yi-Hui Christine Huang, Wufan Jia & Qinxian Cai, “The Paradoxical Effects of Institutional Trust on Risk Perception and Risk Management in the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Three Societies,” Journal of Risk Research 25 (2022): 11-12, 1337-1355. DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2108122. 48 Liu, X., Lo, V.-H., Wei, R., Li, X., Pang, S., & Zhang, R, “Media Exposure and Third-Person Perception: The Mediating Role of Social Realism and Proxy Efficacy,” International Journal of Communication (Online) (2021): 4338-4359. 49 Prickett, & Chapple, S, “Trust in Government and Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy,” Policy Quarterly (Victoria University of Wellington. Institute for Governance and Policy Studies) 17.3 (2021): 69-91. https://doi.org/10.26686/pq.v17i3.7135; Park, Ham, J. H., Jang, D. H., Lee, J. Y., & Jang, W. M. “Political Ideologies, Government Trust, and COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional
彭堃、郭元明、孫瑱、柳旭東 86 疫苗接種意願的機制,在綜合考慮個體⼼理因素和社會因素的情况下,政府信任度並不能直接影響疫苗的接種意願,⽽是調節感知易感性對疫苗接種意願的影響:感知易感性正向影響到疫苗接種意願,⽽更⾼的政府信任度使得這種正向影響越⼤。也就是說,當個體明顯感知到感染疾病的風險來臨時,會選擇接種疫苗的⾃我保護⾏爲,⽽政府信任度促進這⼀過程的發⽣。 (㆕)、政府信任度和㈹理效能能抑制感知嚴重性對疫苗接種意願的負面影響 最後,本研究發現政府信任度和代理效能能够顯著抑制⾼感知嚴重性對疫苗疫苗意圖的負⾯影響。這也就是說,民衆對政府整體的信任和對政府應對新冠疫情的信⼼都能有效緩解民衆感知嚴重性⾼時出現疫苗猶豫的情况。Ahn 等⼈在新冠肺炎的研究發現,政府信任度與恐懼情緒負相關,Erhardt 等⼈也得出了相似的結論。50因此,較⾼的政府信任度可能能够抑制民衆的恐懼情緒,從⽽抑制感知嚴重性對疫苗接種意願的負⾯影響。 上述兩項發現也提⽰我們政府信任度和代理效能在促進新冠疫苗接種的過程中也是至關重要的。地⽅政府應當在進⾏科學防疫的同時,制定好⽇常和危機時期的傳播策略,讓民衆能够通過媒體感知到更多政府的抗擊疫情的舉措,從⽽對政府産⽣信任,增强民衆對衛⽣機構處理疫情的信⼼,這些舉措都能對當前的疫苗接種及後續疫苗加强針的接種⼯作産⽣積極的作⽤。 總結來說,本研究創新性運⽤健康信念模型和政府信任度、代理效能的概念,從個⼈⼼理層⾯和社會層⾯系統性地探討影響新冠疫苗接種意願的原因。發現感知易感性、感知嚴重性、感知收益、感知障礙和⾏動線索直接影響疫苗接種意願,⽽政府信任度和代理效能在其中起到調節效果影響疫苗接種意願。本研究在澳⾨地區 Survey.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18.20 (2021): 10655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010655. 50 Ahn, J., Kim, H.K., Kahlor, L.A., Atkinson, L., &Noh, G.Y, “The Impact of Emotion and Government Trust on Individuals’ Risk Information Seeking and Avoidance during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Cross-country Comparison,” Journal of Health Communication 26.10 (2021): 728-741; Erhardt, Freitag, M., Filsinger, M., & Wamsler, S, “The Emotional Foundations of Political Support: How Fear and Anger Affect Trust in the Government in Times of the Covid-19 Pandemic,” Swiss Political Science Review 27.2 (2021): 339-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12462.
彭堃、郭元明、孫瑱、柳旭東 88 徵引書目 ㆒、㆗文著作 [1] 黎澤明、孫昕霙,〈基於健康信念模式研究公衆疫苗猶豫的影響因素〉,《現代預防醫學》,第48卷第23期(2021),4331-4334。 [2] 陳梁,《健康傳播:理論、⽅法與實證研究》,北京:知識産權出版社,2020。 ㆓、英文著作 [1] Haas, E.J., et al., “Impact and Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2 Infections and COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalisations, and Deaths Following a Nationwide Vaccination Campaign in Israel: An Observational Study using National Surveillance Data.” The Lancet (British edition), 397.10287 (2021): 1819-1829. [2] Li, J. & F. Zhu, “Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine (BBV152)-induced Protection Against Symptomatic COVID-19.” The Lancet (British edition), 398.10317 (2021): 2134-2135. [3] Sanche S, Lin YT, Xu C, et al. “High Contagiousness and Rapid Spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2.” Emerg Infect Dis. 26 (2020): 1470-1477. [4] Leng & Cheong. “An Overview of Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Macao S.A.R. Frontiers in Public health.” 8 (2020): 1-6. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.550057. [5] Rosenstock, I. M. “The Health Belief Model and Preventive Health Behavior.” Health Education Monographs 2 (1974): 354-386. [6] Janz, N.K., & Becker, M. H. “The Health Belief Model: A Decade Later.” Health Education Quarterly 11.1 (1984): 1-47. [7] Zeng, Yuan, Z., Yin, J., Han, Y., Chu, C.-I., & Fang, Y. “Factors Affecting Parental Intention to Vaccinate Kindergarten Children Against Influenza: A Cross-sectional
代理效能和政府信任度對澳門青年疫苗接種意願的影響—基於健康信念模型的調節效果研究 89 Survey in China.” Vaccine 37.11 (2019): 1449-1456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.01.071 [8] Fall, Izaute, M., & Chakroun-Baggioni, N. “How Can the Health Belief Model and Self-determination Theory Predict Both Influenza Vaccination and Vaccination Intention? A Longitudinal Study among University Students.” Psychology & Health 33.6 (2018): 746-764. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2017.1401623 [9] Kim J. “The Relationship of Health Beliefs with Information Sources and HPV Vaccine Acceptance among Young Adults in Korea.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15.4 (2018): 673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040673 [10] De Wit, Vet, R., Schutten, M., & van Steenbergen, J. “Social-cognitive Determinants of Vaccination Behavior Against Hepatitis B: An Assessment among Men Who Have Sex with Men.” Preventive Medicine, 40.6 (2005): 795-802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.09.026 [11] Suess, Maddock, J. E., Dogru, T., Mody, M., & Lee, S. “Using the Health Belief Model to Examine Travelers’ Willingness to Vaccinate and Support for Vaccination Requirements Prior to Travel.” Tourism Management 88 (2022): 104405-104405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2021.104405 [12] Witte, Kim., Gary Meyer, and Dennis. Martell. Effective Health Risk Messages: A Step-by-Step Guide (2001). (electronic Resource)/ Kim Witte, Gary Meyer, Dennis Martell. Thousand Oaks, Calif. ; SAGE. [13] Rosenstock, I. M. “Why People Use Health Service.” Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 44 (1966): 94-124. [14] Abraham, C., & Sheeran, P. “The Health Belief Model.” In M. Conner & P. Norman. Eds. Predicting Health Behavior: Research and Practice with Social Cognitive Models, Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press, 2005. [15] Elias, S. M., & MacDonald, S. “Using Past Performance, Proxy Efficacy, and Academic Self-efficacy to Predict College Performance.” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 37.11 (2007): 2518-2531. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00268.
彭堃、郭元明、孫瑱、柳旭東 90 [16] Bandura, A. “Social Cognitive Theory: An Agentic Perspective.” Annual Review of Psychology 52.1 (2001): 1-26. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1 [17] Liu, X., Lo, V.-H., Wei, R., Li, X., Pang, S., & Zhang, R. “Media Exposure and Third-Person Perception: The Mediating Role of Social Realism and Proxy Efficacy.” International Journal of Communication (Online) (2021): 4338-4359. [18] Prickett, & Chapple, S. “Trust in Government and Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy.” Policy Quarterly (Victoria University of Wellington. Institute for Governance and Policy Studies) 17.3 (2021): 69-91. https://doi.org/10.26686/pq.v17i3.7135 [19] Wong, Wong, E. L., Huang, J., Cheung, A. W. ., Law, K., Chong, M. K. ., Ng, R. W. ., Lai, C. K. ., Boon, S. S., Lau, J. T. ., Chen, Z., & Chan, P. K. “Acceptance of the COVID-19 Vaccine Based on the Health Belief Model: A Population-based Survey in Hong Kong.” Vaccine 39.7 (2021): 1148-1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.083 [20] Witte. “Fear Control and Danger Control: A Test of the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM).” Communication Monographs 61.2 (1994): 113-134. [21] Park, Ham, J. H., Jang, D. H., Lee, J. Y., & Jang, W. M. “Political Ideologies, Government Trust, and COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional Survey.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18.20 (2021): 10655. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010655 [22] Ahn, J., Kim, H.K., Kahlor, L.A., Atkinson, L., &Noh, G.Y. “The Impact of Emotion and Government Trust on Individuals’ Risk Information Seeking and Avoidance during the COVID-19 pandemic: A Cross-country Comparison.” Journal of Health Communication 26.10 (2021): 728-741. [23] Erhardt, Freitag, M., Filsinger, M., & Wamsler, S. “The Emotional Foundations of Political Support: How Fear and Anger Affect Trust in the Government in Times of the Covid‐ 19 Pandemic.” Swiss Political Science Review 27.2 (2021): 339-352. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12462 [24] Mansoor. M. “Citizens’ Trust in Government as a Function of Good Governance and Government Agency’s Provision of Quality Information on Social Media during
代理效能和政府信任度對澳門青年疫苗接種意願的影響—基於健康信念模型的調節效果研究 91 COVID-19.” Government Information Quarterly 38.4 (2021): 101597-101597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2021.101597 [25] Wynen, J., Op de Beeck, S., Verhoest, K., Glavina, M., Six, F., Van Damme, P., Beutels, P., Hendrickx, G., & Pepermans, K. “Taking a COVID-19 Vaccine or Not? Do Trust in Government and Trust in Experts Help Us to Understand Vaccination Intention?” Administration & Society 54.10 (2022): 1875-1901. https://doi-org.libezproxy.must.edu.mo/10.1177/00953997211073459 [26] Dai Y., Yi-Hui Christine Huang, Wufan Jia & Qinxian Cai. “The Paradoxical Effects of Institutional Trust on Risk Perception and Risk Management in the Covid-19 Pandemic: Evidence from Three Societies.” Journal of Risk Research 25 (2022): 11-12, 1337-1355. DOI: 10.1080/13669877.2022.2108122. [27] Li, X. “Media Exposure, Perceived Efficacy, and Protective Behaviors in a Public Health Emergency.” International Journal of Communication 12 (2018): 20. [28] Lee, & Park, S.-A. “Third-Person Effect and Pandemic Flu: The Role of Severity, Self-Efficacy Method Mentions, and Message Source.” Journal of Health Communication 21.12 (2016): 1244-1250. [29] Cheng P., Zhou YP., Zhou S., & Yang S. “Understanding Public Protective Behavioral Intention during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Moderating Effects of Proxy Efficacy and Collective Efficacy.” Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Communication 31.3 (2023): 451-464. [30] Viskupič, F., Wiltse, D. L., & Meyer, B. A. “Trust in Physicians and Trust in Government Predict COVID‐19 Vaccine Uptake.” Social Science Quarterly 103.3 (2022): 509-520. [31] Liu, P. L., Zhao, X., & Wan, B. “COVID-19 Information Exposure and Vaccine Hesitancy: The Influence of Trust in Government and Vaccine Confidence.” Psychology, Health & Medicine 28.1 (2023): 27-36. [32] Lim, J., & Moon, K. K. “Political Ideology and Trust in Government to Ensure Vaccine Safety: Using a US Survey to Explore the Role of Political Trust.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20.5 (2023): 4459.
彭堃、郭元明、孫瑱、柳旭東 92 [33] Dohle, S., Wingen, T., & Schreiber, M. “Acceptance and Adoption of Protective Measures during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Trust in Politics and Trust in Science.” Social Psychological Bulletin 15.4 (2020): 1-23. ㆔、網絡㈾源 [1] United Nations. “World Population Prospects. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Dynamics.” 2019. https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/. Accessed December 20, 2021. [2] World Health Organization. “WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard.” 2021. https://covid19.who.int/table. Assessed December 20, 2021. [3] Asian Development Bank. “An Updated Assessment of the Economic Impact of COVID-19.” 2020. https://www.adb.org/publications/updated-assessment-economic-impact-covid-19. Assessed December 20, 2021. [4] 國家衛健委,「國務院聯防聯控機制2021年12⽉11⽇新聞發布會⽂字實錄」,2021 。 瀏 覽 於http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/fkdt/202112/88ce42bf16974ebd8d4b5367cfdd86e5.shtml [5] 澳⾨特區政府統計暨普查局,「旅遊統計2019年第4季」,2019。檢索於https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/6ee37155-a571-4eb6-90b2-a4cdd69d2c67/C_TUR_FR_2019_Q4.aspx. [6] 澳 ⾨ 新 冠 病 毒 應 變 與 協 調 中 ⼼ 抗 疫 專 ⾴ , 2021 。 瀏 覽 於https://www.ssm.gov.mo/apps1/PreventCOVID-19/. [7] 澳⾨特區政府統計暨普查局,旅遊統計 2020年第 4季, 2020。瀏覽於https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/4e45ab48-81e9-42fd-a73a-d86d8eed113a/C_TUR_FR_2020_Q4.aspx. [8] 澳 ⾨ 特 區 政 府 統 計 暨 普 查 局 ,《 統 計 年 鑒 》, 2020 。 瀏 覽 於https://www.dsec.gov.mo/getAttachment/0d9c0cd4-a82c-424d-b031- ad6331680fcc/C_AE_PUB_2020_Y.aspx [9] 澳 ⾨ 新 冠 病 毒 應 變 與 協 調 中 ⼼ ,「 疫 苗 資 訊 」, 2021 。 瀏 覽 於
陳凌、葉橫明 96 A Survey Analysis of Guangdong College Students’ Familiarity with the Vocabulary of the COVID-19 Pandemic Chen, Ling, Ye, Hengming (1. Phd Candidate, University of College, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: This study examines the familiarity of university students in Guangdong Province with the vocabulary associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, using a survey questionnaire for data gathering. The research intends to uncover differences in understanding of pandemic-related terminology across gender, academic majors, and grade levels. Implementing sociolinguistic and speech communication analysis, it is revealed that terms like ‘novel coronavirus pneumonia COVID-19’ attract more attention from male students. Medical students, from an academic discipline viewpoint, showed greater interest in terminology including ‘epidemic name’, ‘organization’, ‘place name’, ‘pathological symptoms’, ‘equipment name’, ‘medical term’, ‘professional term’, ‘other terms’, and ‘occupational group’. Familiarity with vocabulary related to ‘pathological symptoms’ differed significantly by grade level, with freshmen showing less understanding than sophomores and juniors. The paper investigates the reasons for the preferential attention of male students to ‘proper nouns’, and why medical students paid more attention to professional language associated with the new coronavirus epidemic given their social background and identities. The cognitive viewpoint is used to explain freshmen’s less extensive knowledge of terms like ‘pathological symptoms’ when compared to sophomores and juniors. The ‘knowledge gap’ hypothesis is utilized to explain the lack of difference in attention to pandemic-related vocabulary across genders, grade levels, and disciplines. Finally, the study adopts a communication perspective to discuss how variations among recipients’ impact communication effectiveness. Keywords: Familiarity; Social- pragmatics; Language transmission
廣東大學生對新冠疫情詞彙熟悉度的調查分析 97 一、引言 新冠疫情⾃ 2019年 12⽉新冠疫情病例發現至今已三年多時間,影響世界發展節奏秩序極深,同時亦影響每⼈之⽣活與學習。當中,在這段期間湧現不少相關新詞語,值得我們關注,例如:「氣溶膠傳播、拐點、試劑盒」這些醫學類的專有名詞進入⼤眾的視野。每個⼈的關注點也由⽇常⽣活轉變為關注疫情每⽇的變化情況,在每天的媒體播報中,疫情的相關詞彙也逐漸被⼤家所熟知。 本⽂嘗試結合社會語⽤學、認知的角度及語⾔傳播學相關理論⽅法,從⼤學⽣的性別、專業、年級對醫學類本科⽣和非醫學類本科⽣對於新冠相關詞彙的熟悉度進⾏調查研究。之所以選擇社會語⽤學的角度分析本篇詞彙熟悉度的⽂章,主要源於社會語⽤學關注的是語⾔在特定社會環境下的運⽤和意義,探究語⾔與社會⽂化之間的互動關係,在新冠疫情的⼤背景下產⽣了許多與疫情相關的詞彙,或使許多專業醫學名詞由不熟悉變為⽇常常⽤詞彙,這些詞彙所使⽤的頻率或詞彙被⼤家所熟知的程度成為本⽂的研究重點。爾新冠疫情期間所使⽤詞彙的熟悉度只能從⼀個⽅⾯反應了當時的社會狀態,這個狀態下語⾔的使⽤情況。詞彙傳播的越快或越廣,⼈們對於此類詞彙越熟悉。作為⼤學⽣群體,能夠作為變量的考察因素包含專業、性別、年級這三個影響因素。 同時,不同的性別應對新冠疫情所⾯臨的情況也有所不同,Paola Profeta的研究得出女性受病毒影響的程度似乎較輕,也更遵守為減少病毒傳播⽽實施的限制性規定。Zhao YJ, Ding Y, Shen YQ, Liu W研究美國⼤學的男⽣和女⽣在疫情下的⼼理壓⼒,認知模式和⾏為模式的不同,同時研究了本科⽣和研究⽣在⾯對隔離時所產⽣的不同的負⾯影響。1 這些研究都表明不同性別的⼈群或學⽣在⾯對新冠疫情時的不同表現。Zhang Q, Lu XY, Liao MX, Zhang XY,Yao LQ對廣東⾼校醫學⽣新冠疫情的認知和社會⾏為進⾏調查研究,發現 205名男學⽣和 441名女學⽣對新冠疫情知識性的回答正確率達到 60%至 80%,說明醫學⽣對新冠疫情相關知識更為關注,另 1 Zhao YJ, Ding Y, Shen YQ, Liu W. “Gender Difference in Psychological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Patterns Among University Students During COVID-19: A Machine Learning Approach,” Frontiers in Psychology 13 (2022.4): 1-11.
陳凌、葉橫明 98 外性別和專業對於新冠疫情的相關詞彙可能產⽣影響。2 另外,⼤學⽣不同學習層次也是需要考慮的因素之⼀。 本⽂依據 Abram De Swaan 將語⾔分為四個等級,分別是超超中⼼語⾔(hypercentral language)、超中⼼語⾔(supercentral languages)、中⼼語⾔(central languages)、邊緣語⾔(peripheral languages)為理論基礎。3 按照詞彙熟悉度的排名,將詞彙分為超中⼼詞彙、中⼼詞彙、次中⼼詞彙和邊緣詞彙。分析處在邊緣詞彙的應⽤情況,通過政府宣傳、媒體傳播及語⾔政策的導向加強邊緣詞彙的傳播與學習,加強⼤學⽣應急語⾔服務的能⼒,為應急語⾔⼈才庫儲備⼒量。王⽴非等提出建設國家開放性通⽤疫情語料庫和術語知識庫,可以將新冠疫情相關詞彙擴充到通⽤疫情語料庫中,在疫情過去之後有相關的詞彙記載,起到以史明鑒的作⽤。4 同時引發我們對後疫情時代的新冠疫情詞彙的思考,例如核酸碼,核酸檢測等詞彙會不會隨著疫情的消失⽽不再使⽤。 二、研究問題、背景與物件 (㆒)、研究問題 根據本⽂的研究⽬標,擬確⽴的主要研究問題是不同性別、不同年級、不同專業的學⽣對新冠疫情詞彙熟悉度有沒有較⼤的不同?對於不同類別的新冠疫情相關詞彙⼤學⽣對其熟悉度如何? (㆓)、研究背景 本⽂選擇廣州⾼校⼤學⽣為研究對像是基於粵港澳⼤灣區的背景考慮,粵港澳 2 Zhang Q, Lu XY, Liao MX, Zhang XY, Yao LQ. “Cognition and Social Behaviors Related to COVID-19 Among Students in Medical Colleges: A Cross-Sectional Study in Guangdong Province of China,” Frontiers in Public Health 10 (2022.3): 1-9. 3 Abram De Swaan, Words of the World: The Global Language System, (Cambridge, Polity Press and Blackwell, 2001), 4-6. 4 王立非、任傑、孫疆衛、蒙永業,〈應急語言服務的概念、研究現狀與機製體製建設〉,《北京第二外國語學院學報》,第 1期(北京:2020.04),22。
陳凌、葉橫明 102 4)所⽰。說明:正態分布檢驗的 P 值必須⼤於 0.05 才認為滿⾜正態分布的條件,否則不滿⾜。如果滿⾜正態分布,且⽅差齊性,則在下列的數據分析中採⽤ t檢驗,⽅差不齊性,採⽤ t’檢驗,也就是校正后的 t檢驗。這些條件不滿⾜時,採⽤秩和檢驗。 對於具體分類下的各個詞彙在不同分組之間的熟悉度的比較,採⽤卡⽅檢驗。若數據不滿⾜卡⽅檢驗的條件(即有單元格期望頻數⼩於 5,則採⽤ Fisher 精確檢驗(Fisher’s exact test)。 四、研究結果 (㆒)、性別對於新冠疫情相關詞彙的熟悉度的影響 如附表 1所⽰,對於不同性別的分析,P值⼤於 0.05則滿⾜正態分佈,可以採⽤ t檢驗︔反之當 P值⼩於等於 0.05,則不滿⾜正態分佈,無法採⽤ t檢驗。從表中可以看出所有詞彙的 P值均⼩於 0.05,不滿⾜正態分佈,無法採⽤ t檢驗,所以後續各類詞彙得分比較只能採⽤秩和檢驗的⽅式。楊永忠等提出任何⼀種語⾔中詞彙都不可避免地涉及性別,都具有性別意識的表徵。8 不同性別對於新冠疫情相關詞彙熟悉度的得分⾼低,具有⼀定的性別意識的表徵。以下是不同性別學⽣對於新冠詞彙熟悉度的得分比較(如表 2 所示)。 表2 不同性別各類新冠疫情相關詞彙的熟悉程度得分比較 詞彙類別 男生(中位數) 女生(中位數) P* A 41.00 40.00 0.351 B 210.00 208.50 0.577 C 90.00 90.00 0.316 D 96.00 91.50 0.087 E 50.00 51.00 0.851 8 楊永忠、周慶,〈語言中的性別意識〉,《國際漢語學報》,第 2期(廈門:2017.08),281。
廣東大學生對新冠疫情詞彙熟悉度的調查分析 103 F 223.00 214.00 0.142 G 102.00 97.00 0.050 H 204.00 210.50 0.954 I 104.00 105.00 0.658 J 50.00 50.50 0.561 K 12.00 12.00 0.231 L 21.00 22.50 0.356 P 533.00 547.00 0.822 說明:*採用Wilcoxon 秩和檢驗,加粗的P值表示有統計學意義。 從表 2可看出只有 G類詞彙 P值等於 0.05,有差異性。這說明只有 G類詞彙在男女之間有差別,且男⽣較熟悉。⽽ G類詞彙主要是專有名詞,G類詞彙主要包括「甲類傳染病、衛⽣系統、疫情峰值、超長潛伏期、交叉感染、氣溶膠傳播、流⾏病學史、抗體、併發癥狀、拐點」。對於這⼀類詞彙男⽣的熟悉程度明顯⾼於女⽣,這也說明男⽣更關注社會類事件的發⽣。也更關注媒體報導的重⼤的社會類事件,例如新冠病毒⽬前的狀態,疫情的⾛勢,疫情的控制情況等。在新聞媒體的報導中經常出現「拐點、疫情峰值、氣溶膠傳播、併發症狀」這⼀類對於未學過醫學專業的普通⼈來說每天聽到之詞彙,熟悉度也會有所提升。⽽男⽣為什麼比女⽣更熟悉這⼀類詞彙,是值得探討的問題。男⽣對 G類專有名詞有較⾼的熟悉度,也是⼀種社會⽂化價值取向的體現,也展現出男⽣更關注社會現象及社會事件。其中熟悉程度最⾼的專有名詞是「新型冠狀病毒肺炎 COVID-19」(以下簡稱新冠病毒,⾃ 2019年底疫情爆發以來,對於新冠病毒的起名也有幾次變遷,2020 年 1 ⽉ 12 ⽇,世界衛⽣組織(WHO)將該病毒臨時命名為「2019新型冠狀病毒」,2020年 2⽉ 11⽇,WHO將新型冠狀病毒肺炎命名為「冠狀病毒病 2019」,最終WHO將其命名為定為「新型冠狀病毒肺炎 COVID-19」,在⽇常⽣活中⼈們⼀般稱「新型冠狀病毒肺炎COVID-19」為新冠肺炎或冠狀病毒或新冠,從這組數據的差異可以看出男⽣更關注新聞發布正規專有名詞或更加關注國家政策。9 9 轉引自張冬梅等,〈關於新型冠狀病毒命名的思考與建議〉,《中國科技術語》,第 2期(北京:2020.04)。
陳凌、葉橫明 104 (㆓)、專業對於新冠疫情相關詞彙熟悉度的影響 正態分佈檢驗的結果如附表 2所⽰,在所有類別的詞彙中,只有 F類詞彙 P值⼤於 0.05,滿⾜正態分布,考慮採⽤ t檢驗。如果採⽤ t檢驗,⾸先檢查這組數據的⽅差齊性,經過⽅差齊性檢驗(Levene’s Test)發現 P值為<0.001,說明不滿⾜⽅差齊性,需要採⽤校正後的 t 檢驗。隨後依据表 3 對醫學類學⽣和非醫學類學⽣的F 詞彙熟悉度進⾏校正後的 t 檢驗,P 值<0.001,通過對比發現醫學專業學⽣的 F類詞彙熟悉度平均得分 233.50,非醫學專業學⽣ A類詞彙熟悉度平均得分 202.00,可以得出醫學類學⽣對於 F 類詞彙的熟悉度明顯⾼於非醫學類學⽣。F 類詞彙主要集中在醫學名詞類。這也符合⼤眾認知,醫學專業學⽣對於醫學名詞更加熟悉。 不同類別專業的⼤學⽣對於新冠詞彙的熟悉程度是否有較⼤不同?醫學專業學⽣或非醫學專業學⽣對於哪⼀類詞彙更為熟悉,以及產⽣的原因可以從表 3析出。 表3 醫學專業和非醫學專業學生對新冠疫情相關詞彙熟悉程度得分比較 詞彙類別 醫學專業組(中位數) 非醫學專業組(中位數) P* A 45.00 36.00 <0.001 B 211.00 208.00 0.182 C 93.00 87.00 0.006 D 103.50 83.00 <0.001 E 52.00 49.00 0.004 F 233.50 202.00 <0.001 G 108.50 88.00 <0.001 H 205.50 205.00 0.319 I 107.00 100.00 0.014 J 51.00 49.00 0.163 K 12.00 12.00 0.079 L 23.00 20.00 <0.001 P 211.00 208.00 0.182 說明:*採用Wilcoxon秩和檢驗,加粗的P值表示有統計學意義。 如表 3 所⽰,從以上的分析結果可以看出 A 類、C 類、D 類、E 類、F 類、G
廣東大學生對新冠疫情詞彙熟悉度的調查分析 105 類、I 類、和 L 類詞彙在醫學專業學⽣中對新冠詞彙的熟悉程度顯著⾼於非醫學專業學⽣。也就是說疫病名稱、機構和場所名稱、病理症狀、器具名稱、醫學名詞、專有名詞、其他詞彙和職業群體這幾類詞屬於醫學⽣對詞彙的熟悉度明顯⾼於非醫學⽣。從學⽣所學習的專業角度來看,疫情名稱、病理症狀、器具名稱、醫學名詞、專有名詞屬於醫學角度的詞彙,學習過相關知識的同學對此類詞彙更加熟悉。 醫學專業學⽣中的熟悉度明顯⾼於非醫學專業學⽣可能與社會背景相關,社會背景是⼀個寬泛的概念,含社會地位、性別、年齡、種族和教育程度等多種因素。10 從社會背景這個角度研究,為什麽醫學專業學⽣比非醫學專業學⽣更加熟悉疫病名稱、機構和場所名稱、病理症狀、器具名稱、醫學名詞、專有名詞這幾類詞彙,這個現象說明具有專業醫學類知識背景的學⽣對於新冠疫情的相關詞彙在⽇常的學習中或實踐中接觸更多,關注度更⾼。新冠疫情⾃爆發後⼤量醫⽣投入到抗疫前線,⽽醫學相關專業的學⽣對於疫情的發展動態比普通⼈更加關注,所以具備醫學背景知識的學⽣對於疫情的相關事件、⽤藥或者社情會投入更多的關注度。Alsoghair M 研究得出沙特阿拉伯醫學專業的⼤學⽣對 COVID-19 的熟悉程度⾼達83.9%。11 Taghrir MH同樣研究得出伊朗醫學專業的⼤學⽣對 COVID-19的相關知識的項⽬,平均正確率達到 86.96%。12 在⾃我防護⾏為的回答中,平均正確率為94.47%。這反應出醫學專業學⽣對⾃身專業的⾼度認同感和職業的使命感。對COVID-19相關詞彙的熟悉也是對其專業的熟悉程度,這兩⽅⾯具有相關性。 從社會認同的角度來說,醫學類專業的學⽣認同他們的醫學專業身份,在⽇常的⾏為舉⽌或⽇常⾔⾏中也會與其專業性相對應。K.Turner 曾表⽰,社會語⽤學,跟其他語⽤學理論⼀樣都要研究意義。13 它的特點是強調語⾔使⽤者的社會屬性對於意義的產⽣和理解的影響。不同的專業背景也是不同的社會屬性,對於疫情相關詞彙的意義和理解會依據專業屬性的不同⽽不同。醫學專業的學⽣熟悉疫情相關詞 10 徐大明,《社會語言學實驗教程》,(北京:北京大學出版社,2010),72。 11 Alsoghair M, Almazyad M, Alburaykan T, Alsultan A, Alnughaymishi, A, Almazyad S, et al, “Medical Students and COVID-19: Knowledge, Preventive Behaviors, and Risk Perception,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18.482 (2021.1): 2-7 12 Taghrir MH, Borazjani R, Shiraly R. “COVID-19 and Iranian Medical Students: A Survey on Their Related-Knowledge, Preventive Behaviors and Risk Perception,” Archives of Iranian Medicine 4.23 (2020. 4): 249-54. 13 K. Turner、陳雪芬,〈新格賴斯理論與社會語用學〉,《當代語言學》,第 3期(北京:2004.09),257。
陳凌、葉橫明 106 彙也是其在⽇常環境中使⽤的頻率或接觸頻率⾼於非醫學專業的學⽣。 (㆔)、不同年級對於新冠疫情相關詞彙熟悉程度的影響 如附表 3所⽰,對不同年級各類詞彙的熟悉度得分進⾏正太分佈檢驗,發現各個年級組的詞彙熟悉度評分不能同時滿⾜正態分佈(即 P〉0.05),所以不適合採⽤⽅差分析的⽅法比較各個年級的詞彙得分差異,應採⽤ Kruska-Wallis秩和檢驗。 對於不同年級的⼤學⽣認知⽔平⾼低的不同,對新冠疫情相關詞彙的熟悉程度也會有差異,表 4展⽰出⼤⼀到⼤四學⽣對於新冠疫情相關詞彙熟悉程度的差異。 表4 不同年級學生對新冠疫情相關詞彙的熟悉程度得分比較 詞彙類別 大一 大二 大三 大四 P* A 38.00 41.00 42.00 41.00 0.148 B 215.00 210.00 212.00 195.00 0.177 C 87.00 90.00 90.00 87.00 0.354 D 81.00 97.00 97.50 92.00 0.001& E 47.00 52.00 51.00 50.00 0.292 F 206.00 219.00 222.00 213.00 0.352 G 93.00 100.00 102.50 96.00 0.154 H 201.00 211.00 208.00 199.00 0.701 I 105.00 106.00 106.00 101.00 0.471 J 52.00 51.00 50.00 48.00 0.510 K 13.00 12.00 12.00 12.00 0.700 L 20.00 22.00 22.00 21.00 0.449 P 524.00 558.00 549.50 517.00 0.443 說明:*採用Kruska-Wallis秩和檢驗,加粗的P值表示有統計學意義。另外在D分類四個年級兩兩比較,大一顯著低於大二(P=0.001);大一顯著低於大三(P=0.004) 從統計學的意義上來說,調查結果顯⽰只有 D類詞彙在四個年級的熟悉程度有顯著差異,進⼀步比較發現,當 P值⼩於 0.001時,⼤⼀顯著低於⼤⼆︔當 P值等於 0.004 時,⼤⼀顯著低於⼤三。D 類詞彙代表的病理症狀,說明年級越⾼的學⽣對於病理症狀相關的詞彙越關注。病理症狀與病毒初期的症狀有緊密關係,說明年
廣東大學生對新冠疫情詞彙熟悉度的調查分析 107 齡與關注病毒症狀相關詞彙成正相關。病理症狀相關的詞彙有「病理、病原體、病毒變異、病毒突變、臨床表現、低氧⾎症、纖維化」等,這類詞彙基本屬於醫學類專有名詞,從認知的角度來說,⼤⼀新⽣對於事物的認知⽔平會低於⼤⼆、⼤三的學⽣,隨著年級越⾼學習的知識越多,認知⽔平也會增長。從語⾔使⽤者的社會屬性來看,⼤⼀新⽣對於 D類詞彙意義的理解也會低於⼤⼆、⼤三的學⽣。 從數據中,除了具有明顯差異的 D 類詞彙,B 類、J 類、K 類均出現⼤⼀新⽣對於詞彙的熟悉程度⾼於⼤⼆、⼤三、⼤四的學⽣。B 類詞彙包含「延遲開學、控製⼈⼜流動、減少外出、封城、取消⼤型集會、哄抬價格、兩周觀察期」等,J類詞彙包含「迎難⽽上,勇敢應對,守望相助,同⾈共濟」等,K 類詞彙包含「在全社會弘揚真善美、廣泛普及疫情防控知識、提升網上傳播能⼒」等。聚焦這些詞彙可以看出這與電視、網絡宣傳的標語或新聞出現的詞彙較重疊,對於剛通過⾼考入學⼤⼀的新⽣來說,這些詞彙的熟悉程度呈現較⾼的趨勢。⾸先,從傳播學的角度來說,⼤⼀新⽣對於網路專遞的信息更加敏感,政策舉措、合作抗議、宣傳發布這三類詞彙都與網絡抗疫宣傳和政策宣傳有關,⼤⼀新⽣更擅長選⽤新鮮的傳播⼿段,如⾃媒體、微博、⼩紅書、bilibili 等宣傳的渠道。其次,⼤⼀新⽣入學後學習的課程壓⼒沒有⼤⼆、⼤三學⽣⼤,尤其在理⼯科的⼤學學習中,⼤⼆、⼤三的課程學習相對繁重,⽽⼤四畢業季很多學⽣開始了畢業論⽂寫作,畢業設計、找⼯作、考研究⽣等其他的⼯作或事務中,沒有更多的精⼒關注社會事件。這兩⽅⾯的原因可能會影響學⽣對於 B/J/K三類詞彙的熟悉程度。 (㆕)、不同性別、專業、年級的詞彙關㊟程度的差異影響 性別、專業、年級會不會對新冠疫情詞彙程度造成差異影響,美國明尼蘇達⼤學教授蒂奇諾(Phillip J.Tichenor)、多諾赫(George A.Donohue)、歐琳(Clarice N.Olien)提出了「知識溝(Knowledge-gap)」假說,他們認為「隨著⼤眾傳媒向社會傳播的信息⽇益增多,社會經濟狀況較好的⼈將比社會經濟狀況較差的⼈以更快的速度獲取這類信息。因此,這兩類⼈之間的知識溝將呈擴⼤⽽非縮⼩之勢。」14 其中在知識溝差異中,先賦差異是指基於所受的教育社會經濟狀況好者比差者具備更多的的知 14 Werner J Severin, James W. Tankard, Communication Theories: Origins, Methods and Uses in the Mass Media, 5th ed. (New York, Addison Wesley Longman, 2000): 293-294.
廣東大學生對新冠疫情詞彙熟悉度的調查分析 111 徵引書目 ㆒、㆗文著作 [1] 劉暉,〈影響⼤眾傳播效果的因素〉,《新聞前哨》,第7期(湖北:2012.07),52。 [2] K. Turner、陳雪芬,〈新格賴斯理論與社會語⽤學〉,《當代語⾔學》,第3期(北京:2004.09),257。 [3] 索燕華、紀秀⽣,《傳播語⾔學》,北京:北京師範⼤學出版社,2010。 [4] 王⽴非、任傑、孫疆衛、蒙永業,〈應急語⾔服務的概念、研究現狀與機製體製建設〉,《北京第⼆外國語學院學報》,第1期(北京:2020.04),22。 [5] 徐⼤明,《社會語⾔學實驗教程》,北京:北京⼤學出版社,2010。 [6] 楊永忠、周慶,〈語⾔中的性別意識〉,《國際漢語學報》,第2期(廈⾨:2017.08),281。 [7] 吳新民、顧超美、楊戰勝,〈詞類範疇研究述評〉,《吉林省教育學院學報》,第11期(吉林:2008.11),94。 [8] 張冬梅等,〈關於新型冠狀病毒命名的思考與建議〉,《中國科技術語》,第2期(北京:2020.04),9。 ㆓、西文著作 [1] Alsoghair M, Almazyad M, Alburaykan T, Alsultan A, Alnughaymishi, A, Almazyad S, et al. “Medical students and COVID-19: Knowledge, Preventive Behaviors, and Risk Perception.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 18.482 (2021.1): 2-7. [2] Abram De Swaan. Words of the World: The Global Language System. Cambridge, Polity Press and Blackwell, 2001. [3] Paola Profeta. “Gender Equality and Public Policy during COVID-19.” CESifo Economic Studies 4.66 (2020.12): 365-373. [4] Zhang Q, Lu XY, Liao MX, Zhang XY,Yao LQ. “Cognition and Social Behaviors
陳凌、葉橫明 112 Related to COVID-19 Among Students in Medical Colleges: ACross-Sectional Study in Guangdong Province of China.” Frontiers in Public Health 10 (2022.3): 1-9. [5] Taghrir MH, Borazjani R, Shiraly R. “COVID-19 and Iranian Medical Students: A Survey on Their Related-knowledge, Preventive Behaviors and Risk Perception.” Archives of Iranian Medicine. 4.23 (2020.4): 249-254. [6] Werner J Severin, James W. Tankard. Communication Theories: Origins, Methods and Uses in the Mass Media. 5th ed. New York, Addison Wesley Longman, 2000: 293-294. [7] Zhao YJ, Ding Y, Shen YQ, Liu W. “Gender Difference in Psychological, Cognitive, and Behavioral Patterns Among University Students During COVID-19: A Machine Learning Approach.” Frontiers in Psychology.13 (2022.4): 1-11.
世漢學會國際中文教育研究專欄 The Column of the International Society for Chinese Language Teaching 此專欄係教育部中外語言交流合作中心、世界漢語教學學會與《澳門科技大學學報》編輯部合作設立,並由教育部中外語言交流合作中心資助,特此鳴謝。
教育部㆗外語言交流合作㆗心 簡 介 中外語言交流合作中心(簡稱「語合中心」,英文名稱 Center for Language Education and Cooperation,簡稱 CLEC)隸屬於中國教育部,是發展國際中文教育事業的專業公益教育機構,致力於為世界各國民眾學習中文、瞭解中國提供優質的服務,為中外語言交流合作、世界多元文化互學互鑒搭建友好協作的平臺。 語合中心的主要職能為發展國際中文教育與促進中外語言交流合作提供服務,統籌建設國際中文教育資源體系,參與制定國際中文教育相關標準並組織實施;支持國際中文教師、教材、學科等建設和學術研究;組織實施國際中文教師考試、外國人中文水準系列考試,開展相關評估認定;運行漢語橋、新漢學、獎學金等國際中文教育相關項目;開展中外語言交流合作等。 世界漢語教㈻㈻會 簡 介 世界漢語教學學會(簡稱「世漢學會」,英文名稱 The International Society for Chinese Language Teaching)成立於 1987年 8月 14日,是經中華人民共和國民政部登記註冊的國際社會組織和非營利性民間學術團體,主管單位為中華人民共和國教育部,秘書處設在教育部中外語言交流合作中心(北京市西城區德勝門外大街 129號 401)。2011年 10月與聯合國教科文組織建立合作關係,會員遍佈全球 79個國家和地區,主要由世界各地從事漢語教學、研究和推廣的人士及相關機構組成。 學會宗旨是遵守中華人民共和國憲法、法律、法規和國家政策,遵守社會道德風尚;促進國際漢語教學、研究和推廣;加強世界各地漢語教學與研究工作者之間、機構之間的聯繫。 學會理事會為議事決策機構。歷任會長為朱德熙、呂必松、陸儉明、許嘉璐等,現任會長於 2019年 12月當選,為天津師範大學校長鍾英華教授。第十一屆理事會由來自 31 個國家和地區的國際中文教育學術團體、各國高等院校及中文專業院系、著名漢學家、具有較高聲望的學術帶頭人、世漢學會創會會員、永久會員和普通會員等 65位理事(單位)組成。
王肖玥、吳勇毅 120 Teaching Beliefs Transformation and Formation in Concept-Based International Chinese Language Education Wang, Xiaoyue; Wu,Yongyi1 (1. Director, Institute of Applied Linguistics, East China University) Abstract: Within the paradigm of concept-based language instruction, it’s propounded that educators should underline not only the practicality of language usage but also the cognitive aspects of language to enhance the effectiveness of language instruction. The genesis and growth of teaching philosophies are driven by a mix of internal and external influences. Utilizing grounded theory, this research determines that individual impetuses, the practicalities of teaching, dynamic feedback, institution allure, and motivations for career development constitute the five primary elements that sway the evolution and crystallization of concept-based teaching philosophies. Together, these five elements and their thirteen secondary components mould the language teaching belief model. The development of this teaching belief ensues along a trajectory of ‘external stimulus-subjective experience-self-identification.’ The particular attributes of concept-based language teaching beliefs are also brought to light in this paper. Keywords: International Chinese Language Education; Concept-based; Teaching Beliefs; Grounded Theory; Case Study
以概念為本的國際中文教師—教學信念的轉變與形成 121 一、引言 在過去⼆⼗年「概念為本」的課程與教學(Concept-Based Curriculum and Instruction)得到越來越多關注。就屬性⽽⾔,概念驅動的教學路⼦可以廣泛地應⽤到各個學科中,譬如:歷史、語⽂、語⾔等。概念驅動的語⾔教學打破了只教授語⾔結構、形式的局限,轉向學習者⾼階思維和深度學習能⼒的培養。教學信念的轉變使得教學者在關注語⾔的⼯具性同時,更關注到語⾔也是思維的⼯具。1 我們不能再要求將學⽣的學習過程,聽、說、讀、寫作為孤⽴存在的實體。2 當學⽣學習⼀個又⼀個的語⾔⽂本時,⼤量時間被消耗,⽽學習效果卻甚微。當前學界普遍認為國際中⽂教學的核⼼教學信念是培養漢語學習者的交際能⼒,教學中關注語⾔聽、說、讀、寫技能的綜合發展。3 出於這⼀信念,我們要求教材編寫、教學⽅法、學習評估等相關教育活動都應以語⾔知識和技能的發展為中⼼。具體來說,教師在中⽂課堂中秉持「精講多練」「聽說讀寫全⾯要求」的教學信念。國際中⽂教師扮演著課堂的實踐者、組織者、評估者的角⾊,他們在多⼤程度接受語⾔教學信念的轉變,為什麼要轉變,如何轉變都直接影響漢語教學的路徑和學習者的培養⽬標。這些教師內在的、穩定的看法將影響他們的教學實踐。4 我們將語⾔教學不僅是看作學習語⾔本身,⽽且視為通過語⾔去學習其他知識,因為語⾔是思維、思考、思辨的⼯具,是⼀種認識⾃我和世界的⽅式。基於此,筆者從紮根理論的角度出發,以⼀名接受過職前培訓的國際中⽂教師為個案研究對象,探討其教學信念轉變和形成的路徑,把握關鍵事件,剖析「概念為本」教學信念表現特徵以及制約其形成的因素。 1 吳勇毅,〈以概念為本的教師發展:做一個不一樣的國際中文教師〉,《雲南師範大學學報(對外漢語教學與研究版)》,第 4期(昆明:2022.07),48。 2 Lanning L A, Designing a Concept-based Curriculum for English Language Arts: Meeting the Common Core with Intellectual Integrity, (Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press, 2013), 65-85. 3 李泉,〈漢語國際教育碩士的教學信念和專業發展信念〉,《雲南師範大學學報(對外漢語教學與研究版》,第 3期(昆明:2015.05),03。 4 吳勇毅,〈以概念為本的教師發展: 做一個不一樣的國際中文教師〉,52。
王肖玥、吳勇毅 122 二、教學信念與國際中文教育 ⼼理學家 Rokeach指出「信念」就是個體有意識或下意識地主張。5「信念」可以定義為主體對於⾃然和社會的某種理論、思想堅信無疑的看法,並且認為這些看法都是正確的。6 ⽬前對於「信念」的理解尚未統⼀,普遍認為「信念」是個體的,主觀的、確定無疑的看法,是先驗性假定。7 隨著「信念」研究領域的逐步擴展,引入教育研究領域。對教師⽽⾔,信念⼀定程度上是思想指導、⾏為指南。教師信念是⼀種特殊的個體知識,是教師關於學⽣、學習、課堂和教學內容內隱的、不為主體意識到的假定。8 具體表現為在教學情境和教學經歷中對課程、教學、學習、師⽣角⾊等相關因素所持有的且確信無疑的觀點。9 整體可以歸納為教師的課程觀、學習觀、語⾔觀、教師觀。10 對語⾔教師⽽⾔,教學信念是指教師在教學情境中,對語⾔怎樣教、怎樣學、怎樣評估等相關因素所持有且信以為真的觀點和看法,指引著教師的教學⾏為。11 教學信念⽅⾯的研究也逐漸引起國際中⽂教育領域的廣泛關注。李泉指出「漢語國際教育專業教學信念」可以寬泛地理解為教學看法、教學理念或教學思想,也即教師對第⼆語⾔教學的基本看法、核⼼理念或指導思想,並且確信這些認知是恰當的,確信教學中的某些操作和教法是有效的。12 朱世芳進⼀步明確「漢語教學信念」的維度和框架。13 不難發現,我們已經關注到教學信念的重要性,但是幾乎沒有關於基於某⼀個教學的教學信念的詳細闡述。如果有的話,也僅僅是圍繞漢語 5 Rokeach M, Belief, Attitudes, and Values, (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1968), 78-101. 6 阿瑟・S・雷伯著、李伯黍譯,《心理學詞典》,(上海:上海譯文出版社,1996),101。 7 中國社會科學院語言研究所詞典編輯室編《現代漢語詞典》(第 7 版),(北京:商務印書館,2016),1461。 8 Kagan D M, “Implication of research on teacher belief,”Educational Psychologist 1.27 (Philadelphia: 1992.01): 65-90. 9 Pajares M F,“Teachers' Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning Up a Messy Construct,”Review of Educational Research 3.62 (Washington, DC: 1992.08): 307-332. 10 Borg M,“Teachers' Beliefs,”ELT journal 2.55 (Oxford: 2001.04): 186-87. 11 Basturkmen H, Loewen S, Ellis R,“Teachers’ Stated Beliefs about Incidental Focus on form and Their Classroom Practices,”Applied linguistics 2.25 (Oxford: 2004.10): 243-272. 12 李泉,〈漢語國際教育碩士的教學信念和專業發展信念〉,03。 13 朱世芳,〈對外漢語教師信念系統的模型構建及量表編制〉,《國際漢語教學研究》,第 3期(北京:2019.07),89-96。
王肖玥、吳勇毅 124 過持續的可懂輸入的刺激、強化習得語⾔。教學評估也是圍繞語⾔結構和⾔語技能進⾏的,表現形式為完成對話、補全對話、角⾊扮演等。可以看得出,學習者在掌握中⽂後難以⾯對個體和社會的挑戰,如何幫助學⽣找到課堂教學和現實世界之間的聯繫是「⼆維」課程尚未涉獵的。Erickson&Lannig提出將「概念」引入課程設計中,可以彌補「⼆維」課程不⾜,實現「⼆維」平⾯課程向「三維」⽴體化轉變。20 「三維」課程將概念、原理和概括囊括到課程設計中,事實和技能是語⾔教學的「基⽯」,概念則是組織教學的邏輯線索。持「概念為本」教學信念的教師認為概念是永恆的、抽象,可以在不同學科、情境和⽂化中遷移。基於「概念為本」的教學信念,語⾔教師認為課堂教學不應該被教材所束縛,真實的語⾔使⽤是鎖定在特定的時空的,是隨著交際雙⽅的互動協商動態變化的。教材語⾔的學習,從實踐看學習者可以達成語⾔準確性、流利性的教學⽬標,但並不能滿⾜社會動態交際的需求。我們教授中⽂不僅僅是教辭彙、語法、閱讀等,更重要的是培養學⽣的跨⽂化的理解和交流能⼒,理解中國的⽂化、中國⼈的思維⽅式,利⽤中⽂去認識、觀察多元世界。教師評估的焦點也從總結性評估轉向形成性評估,根據學習痕跡評估,重視舉證過程。本研究以⼀位任職於外籍⼈員⼦女學校的國際中⽂教師的深度訪談展開,探究教師信念動態形成的過程。主要圍繞以下幾個問題進⾏:「概念為本」的國際中⽂教師持有怎樣教學信念?「概念為本」的國際中⽂教師是如何逐漸形成其教學信念的?⽀持教學信念發展的因素是什麼? 四、研究設計 (㆒)、研究對象 本⽂的研究對象(簡稱 Z)任職於某⼤型集團外籍⼈員⼦女學校(以下簡稱國際學校),畢業於漢語國際教育專業(碩⼠學位),取得《國際中⽂教師證書》, 20 H.Lynn Erickson, Lois A. Lanning, Transitioning to Concept-based Curriculum and Instruction: How to Bring Content and Process Together, (Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press, 2013): 60-65;三維課程/教學模式—主題、事實和技能仍然是教學模式的重要組成部分,在教學設計中增加第三個維度,即概念、原理和概括。林恩·埃裏克森、洛伊斯·蘭寧著,魯效孔譯,《以概念為本的課程與教學:培養核心素養的絕佳實踐》,19。
以概念為本的國際中文教師—教學信念的轉變與形成 125 有 4年教齡,曾在海外擔任過志願者教師。赴外任教期間參加沉浸式、主題式教學的教師⼯作坊。回國後,到⼀所國際學校任職。在任教期間,她認為⾃⼰與國際學校語⾔教師存在⼀定差距,為了能夠縮⼩差距提升⾃⼰的教學能⼒,多次參加概念驅動教學、探究教學⼯作坊。教師 Z是⼀位擁有多元教學理念的新⼿教師。 (㆓)、研究方法 本⽂在敘事研究的基礎上採⽤紮根理論,⾃下⽽上來構建語⾔教師的教學信念。「教學信念」中存在隱蔽⾏動信念,具有情節式儲存的特點,適合⽤質化的研究的策略。21 本質上說,教學信念具有敘事性,⽽傾聽教師的聲⾳和故事被認為是瞭解教學的最真實的⽅法,可以還原教育事件背後的深層⾏為價值觀。22 紮根理論(Grounded Theory)最早是由社會學家 Glaser 和 Strauss提出,研究始於原始資料的收集,逐步將資料歸納、抽象,最後昇華為理論。23 紮根理論將深入敘事訪談、內容分析和理論構建看作有機統⼀體。該研究法有⼀套固定的研究程式,以編碼為基礎分析⼯具,編碼過程為開放式編碼、主軸編碼和選擇性編碼,再進⾏理論的效度與飽和度檢測。 本⽂將教師個體經驗性情節與關鍵性事件組成連續敘事故事,關注教師的個體成長經歷,挖掘教學信念背後的情感、態度和價值觀。更加全⾯地觀察教師教學信念的形成過程。 (㆔)、㈾料收集與整合 研究的開展具體分為三個階段:(1)介入抽樣階段。筆者於 2022年曾在⼀所國際學校⼯作。在瞭解學校的辦學性質、教師的基本資訊,與單位以及研究對象建 21 林智中、張爽,〈如何通過質化研究探求教師的信念〉,《全球教育展望》,第 8期(上海:2008.08),52-57。 22 Breen M P, Hird B, Milton M, et al,“Making Sense of Language Teaching: Teachers’ Principles and Classroom Practices,”Applied linguistics 4.22 (Oxford: 2001.11): 470-501;吳勇毅,〈關於教師與教師發展研究〉,《國際漢語教學研究》,第 3期(北京:2015.07),4-8。 23 紮根理論(Grounded theory),是由哥倫比亞大學的格拉塞(Barney G. Glaser)和斯特勞斯(Anselm Strauss)在 1967年的著作《紮根理論的發現》(The discovery of grounded theory)中提出的理論(研究方法)。
王肖玥、吳勇毅 130 終到⾃我認同的路徑。 (㆒)、內外雙動因的影響因素分析 1、個體因素是概念為本的教㈻信念形成的來源 教師 Z的訪談中,她回顧了⾃⼰的教學歷程,強調了情感投入、情緒勞動、海外教學經驗、學習經驗以及學習能⼒等個⼈經歷影響了她「概念為本」語⾔教學信念的確⽴,這在她的訪談資料中顯⽽易⾒。教師 Z談到,「海外教學經驗讓我深刻地領悟到了國外語⾔課堂的常規教學⽅式,我渴望開始嘗試模仿」(D27)。「本碩階段我都就讀於漢語國際教育專業,記得我們曾經上過微格試講課,我們當時反復進⾏了基於⼀個語⾔點的試講練習,但我當時對機械操練⽅式感到抵觸。」(D16)。「作為漢教專業的學⽣,⽼師總是⿎勵我們去海外教漢語,我毫不猶豫地報名參加了漢語志願者教師項⽬」(D17)。「我是成長型思維的⼈,喜歡接觸新鮮的事物,不管結果怎麼樣,我都願意嘗試,平時我會經常閱讀概念驅動教學的專業書籍幫助我快速成長」(D8)。「我是從刷題模式下成長起來的教師,對於題海戰術比較排斥」(D11)。從訪談資料來看,Z教師的個⼈經歷在概念驅動的教學信念形成過程中發揮了潛移默化的作⽤。她對⾃身的認識是⼀個「成長型」思維的⼈,表現出「渴望」和「想要嘗試」學習新鮮事物,這⼀定程度上激發了她進⼀步學習的新教學理念的意願並為之付諸⾏動。她表達了對傳統的教學經驗和學習經驗的「抵觸」和「排斥」,並積極「效仿」了西⽅語⾔教學的⼀些特徵,這會促進她推翻原來的教學信念。在進入學歷學習階段後,Z 教師接受了職業⽣涯指導,並聽從了⽼師的建議,決定「出國教授漢語」。這些關鍵的職業發展選擇為概念驅動的教學信念形成做了鋪墊。Z 教師還提到「正是有了在海外志願者教學經歷,她有機會回國到國際學校⼯作,有進⼀步接受概念驅動教學的可能」(D18)。這些個體經驗都是教師教學信念的來源,每個個體都會在⾃我先前經驗的基礎上構建教學信念,⽽其中⼀部分先前經驗可能會受到了社會⽂化因素的影響。26 26 辛濤、申繼亮,〈論教師的教育觀念〉,《北京師範大學學報: 社會科學版》第1期(北京:1999.01),14-19;Bullough Jr R V, Pinnegar S,“Guidelines for Quality in Autobiographical forms of Self-study Research,”Educational researcher 3.30 (NewYork: 2001.04): 13-21.
以概念為本的國際中文教師—教學信念的轉變與形成 131 2、教㈻信念和教㈻實踐之間雙向㈿商 Z教師的教學理念的預先設定是語⾔教學應該以知識和技能的傳授為主,採⽤精講複練的原則。但是,她也願意去嘗試新的教學理念,並付諸實踐。她提到「我在設計春節為主題的教學活動時,我不僅教學⽣寫中國對聯,⽽是主動轉向引導學⽣:慶祝春節的意義是什麼(概念性問題)?」(D32)由此可以看出,Z教師的教學⾏為已經吸收了新的教學理念。「學⽣學習完春節單元後,爭先談論『春運』『⼈⼜遷移』等內容時,我知道我的教學成功,可以繼續實施概念教學。」(D35)。「接下來,我會引導學⽣學習中國節⽇的海外傳播以及傳統⽂化的傳承,這個單元引導學⽣思考傳承的傳統⽂化哪些發展變化了?(概念性問題)」(D36)。「引導學⽣將他們國家傳統節⽇和中國傳統節⽇的海外傳播做對比(激發性問題)」(D37)。學⽣的學習已經和⾃身以及真實世界發⽣關係,鍛煉了學⽣的批判性思辨能⼒,教師 Z已經將她的教學信念成功付諸實踐,教學不僅基於事實性問題的學習⽽是轉向概念性問題和激發性問題的深入探究。27 教師 Z的教學信念和教學實踐在互動中達成統⼀。她也曾說到「實踐新的教學模式時,也出現過⼀些迷茫和偏差,以為基於概念的教學就是滿堂做⼩組遊戲,就是隨意學習語⾔」(D45)。「在剛剛嘗試階段,我⼀直磕磕絆絆,沒有找到⽅向,甚至不會做常規教學,懷疑⾃⼰的教學能⼒」(D46)。由此可⾒,教學現實與教學信念的關係不是線性的、⼀致的,也非簡單的因果關係。28 教師通過不斷地與教學現實互動,有可能重新強化他們已有的信念或形成新的教學信念。可以借助認知發展理論的觀點來闡釋這⼀過程,前者是「同化」當新的主觀假定和已有的信念相符合時,被吸收到信念系統中來,是新舊信念協商的過程︔後者是「順應」新的主觀意識不能被同化時,會修改或擴展已有的信念。29 27 吳勇毅,〈以概念為本的教師發展:做一個不一樣的國際中文教師〉,《雲南師範大學學報 (對外漢語教學與研究版)》,52。 28 龐麗娟、葉子,〈論教師教育觀念與教育行為的關係〉,《教育研究》第 7期,(北京:2000.07),47-50。FangZ,“A Review of Research on Teacher Beliefs and Practices,”Educational Research 1.38 ( London: 1996.07): 47-65. 29 張建偉,〈概念轉變模型及其發展〉,《心理科學進展》,第 3期(北京:1998.07),34-38;吳薇,〈大學教師信念結構及其生態系統探析〉,《集美大學學報(教育科學版)》,第 1期(廈門:2017.01),1-7。
王肖玥、吳勇毅 132 3、「雙力」是教㈻信念形成的外部驅動因素 外部環境在塑造教學信念⽅⾯具有不可忽視的影響。組織吸引⼒(學校性質、學校空間環境和學習者組織)和職業發展動⼒(職業認同、職業穩定性和福利待遇)這些因素都關係著 Z教師「概念為本」的語⾔教學信念的形成。30 教師 Z說到「學校定期舉辦的⼯作坊,對我幫助很⼤,我會被新的教育理念和案例所吸引」(D62)。「同⼀個年級組每週都會開展協作備課,中外教合作撰寫單元教學計畫,我會花更多的時間去備課」(D63)。「國際學校的⼩班教學模式也比較吸引我,我覺得在這裏學⽣可以得到更好的發展,擁擠的教師和有限的資源可能⼀定程度限制了教學策略」(D67)。「說實話,作為成年⼈,我覺得福利待遇對我擇業影響還是很⼤的,國際學校⼯資待遇相對體⾯,假期也較多,這些都是比較實惠的福利」(D75)。「我⼀直認為⼯作中取得的成就感和⾃我滿⾜感是我繼續從事這份⼯作的動⼒」(D79)。從敘述中可以看到,教師 Z被教師⼯作坊所傳遞「教育理念」「教學案例」所吸引,她會以更加開放的⼼態接受概念驅動教學的相關培訓。當⾃⼰的知識相對⽋缺時,也願意花更多時間去備課和學習。同時,另外⼀些外在因素,如「⼯資待遇相對體⾯」「假期多」,在⼀定程度上促使教師 Z選擇長期從事國際學校的⼯作,她有更多的機會接受新教學理念的浸潤。此外,⼯作中所獲得的「成就感」和「滿⾜感」構成了教師 Z的職業認同。這些積極感受將不斷激勵她朝著概念驅動的語⾔教學模式邁進。 4、互動反饋調節概念為本的教㈻信念形成 社會⽂化⽣態理論認為學校、家庭、社會等因素都對教師的教學信念的形成和演變產⽣影響。31 更具體來說,師⽣互動、⽣⽣互動、家校互動等都會影響教學信念的構建。教師與學⽣之間的互動反饋被認為是這個過程的核⼼。學⽣的⾏為反饋將直接關係教學的信念的建⽴。從訪談資料來看,Z 教師說到「⼀開始讓我難以接 30 Richardson V,“The Role of Attitudes and Beliefs in Learning to Teach,”Handbook of Research on Teacher Education 102-119.2 (Singapore: 1996): 273-290. 31 金愛冬、馬雲鵬,〈國內外教師信念問題研究綜述〉,《延邊大學學報:社會科學版》,第 1期(延邊:2013.02) 75-83;趙昌木,〈論教師信念〉,《當代教育科學》,第 9期(濟南:2004.05),11-14。
以概念為本的國際中文教師—教學信念的轉變與形成 133 受的是將課堂交給學⽣後,我難以適從,不知道⾃⼰應該做什麼」(D49)。「學⽣在課堂中可以根據⽼師設計的探究問題協⼒完成⼩組任務,對同伴的表現進⾏評價,並能學會在⼩組合作中學會有效地的管理時間。」(D70)。「學⽣的表現著實讓我驚到了,之前給學⽣講古代四⼤發明,他們完全提不起興趣,現在的課程結束後,他們可以討論中國⽀付寶、⾼鐵」(D50)。「好幾次學⽣出⾊的表現讓我感受到了學⽣驅動課堂的魅⼒,我下定決⼼繼續做下去」(D51)。當學⽣能夠「協⼒完成⼩組任務」和「對同伴進⾏評估」時,學⽣⾏為的積極反饋表明教師 Z的教學⽅法的有效性︔當學⽣有能⼒去「討論中國⽀付寶、⾼鐵」表明他們不僅僅是在課堂上獲得了知識,還能夠將這些知識運⽤到實際⽣活中,進⾏有深度的思考和討論。這樣的教學已經超越了傳統的知識傳授,⽽是轉向培養了學⽣的批判性思維和語⾔實際應⽤能⼒。這種正向的反饋加強了她對概念驅動教學的信⼼,她會「繼續做下去」。當然,在概念驅動教學的嘗試階段,她也出現了⽭盾的⼼理,⾯對新舊教學信念難以取捨,表現出「難以接受」「不知道怎麼辦」的焦慮感。但同時她是⼀個願意接受新鮮事物挑戰的⼈,她希望可以「熬過難關」。此外,教師 Z還說到「家長的教育理念極⼤地促成了概念驅動教學信念的落地,他們對於孩⼦的期待不是分數⽽是綜合素養的提升」(D46)。由此可⾒,當家長的反饋和教育理念相⼀致時,將再次推動 Z教師鞏固概念驅動的教學信念。Z教師在國際學校從事基礎教育,家長作為教育社群的⼀部分共建學校教育,這種互動協作是形成概念驅動的教學信念的⼀個重要因素。 (㆓)、「外部刺激—主體體驗—㉂我認同」的形成路徑 教學信念的形成過程要依託具體的情境。整個過程不是單⼀線性的,是⼀個有機連續體,可能會循環往復,也可能會⽌步不前。信念的形成⼀般經歷三個階段,即無意識階段,信念的具體化和准反思階段、信念的個體哲學化階段。32 Z教師的深度訪談記錄也印證了相似的觀點,我們嘗試借⽤哲學⼆元對⽴的「他者」和「⾃我」的概念來解釋這個過程,作為「他者」的概念為本的語⾔教學信念和作為「⾃我」的語⾔技能綜合運⽤的教學信念的關係具備主體間性的特徵,促進主客體的不 32 Furinghetti F, Pehkonen E, Rethinking Characterizations of Beliefs, Beliefs: A Hidden Variable in Mathematics Education? (Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002): 39-57.
以概念為本的國際中文教師—教學信念的轉變與形成 139 ⽤語⾔學碩⼠論⽂,2016)45。 [14] 唐豔,《產出導向型⼜語教學中新⼿教師教學信念發展研究》,(北京:北京外國語⼤學語⾔學及應⽤語⾔學碩⼠論⽂,2020),78。 [15] 吳薇,〈⼤學教師信念結構及其⽣態系統探析〉,《集美⼤學學報(教育科學版)》,第1期(廈⾨:2017.01),1-7。 [16] 吳勇毅,〈關於教師與教師發展研究〉,《國際漢語教學研究》,第3期(北京:2015.07),4-8。 [17] 吳勇毅,〈以概念為本的教師發展:做⼀個不⼀樣的國際中⽂教師〉,《雲南師範⼤學學報 (對外漢語教學與研究版)》, 第4期(昆明:2022.07),48-53。 [18] ⾟濤、申繼亮,〈論教師的教育觀念〉,《北京師範⼤學學報:社會科學版》,第1期(北京:1999.01),14-19。 [19] 張建偉,〈概念轉變模型及其發展〉,《⼼理科學進展》,第3期(北京:1998.07),34-38。 [20] 趙昌⽊,〈論教師信念〉,《當代教育科學》,第9期(濟南:2004.05),11-14。 [21] 朱世芳,〈對外漢語教師信念系統的模型構建及量表編制〉,《國際漢語教學研究》,第3期(北京:2019.07),89-96。 [22] 亞瑟・S・雷伯著、李伯⿉譯,《⼼理學詞典》,(上海:上海譯⽂出版社,1996),101。 [23] 中國社會科學院語⾔研究所詞典編輯室編,《現代漢語詞典(第7版)》,(北京:商務印書館,2016),1461。 ㆓、英文文獻 [1] Lanning L A. Designing a Concept-based Curriculum for English Language Arts: Meeting the Common Core with Intellectual Integrity. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press, 2013. [2] Kagan D M.“Implication of Research on Teacher Belief.” Educational Psychologist 1.27 (Philadelphia: 1992.01): 65-90. [3] Pajares M F, “Teachers’ Beliefs and Educational Research: Cleaning Up a Messy Construct.” Review of Educational Research 3.62 (Washington, DC: 1992.08): 307-
王肖玥、吳勇毅 140 332. [4] Borg M. “Teachers’ Beliefs.” ELT Journal 2.55 (Oxford: 2001.04): 186-87. [5] Basturkmen H, Loewen S, Ellis R.“Teachers’ Stated Beliefs about Incidental Focus on form and Their Classroom Practices.” Applied linguistics 2.25 (Oxford: 2004.10): 243-272. [6] H.Lynn Erickson, Lois A. Lanning. Transitioning to Concept-based Curriculum and Instruction: How to Bring Content and Process Together. Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press, 2013. [7] Breen M P, Hird B, Milton M, et al. “Making Sense of Language Teaching: Teachers’ Principles and Classroom Practices.” Applied linguistics 4.22 (Oxford: 2001.11): 470-501. [8] Bullough Jr R V, Pinnegar S. “Guidelines For Quality in Autobiographical forms of Self-Study Research.” Educational Researcher 3.30 (NewYork: 2001.04): 13-21. [9] FangZ. “A Review of Research on Teacher Beliefs and Practices. ”Educational Research 1.38 ( London: 1996.07): 47-65. [10] Richardson V. “The Role of Attitudes and Beliefs in Learning to Teach.” Handbook of Research on Teacher Education 102-119.2 (Singapore: 1996): 273-290. [11] Furinghetti F, Pehkonen E. Rethinking Characterizations of Beliefs: Beliefs: A Hidden Variable in Mathematics Education? Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2002. [12] Rokeach M. Belief, Attitudes, and Values. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1968. ㆔、網路㈾源 [1] 教育部、國家語⾔⽂字⼯作委員會,《國際中⽂教育中⽂⽔準等級標準》,www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-03/31/5597166/files/fa3f47a120d44f3c830491188e377c06.pdf 教育部網站,瀏覽⽇期為 2023 年 10 ⽉ 25 ⽇。
鄔峰高 144 The Development of International Chinese Language Education in Sudan: Background, Current Situation, Challenges, and Countermeasures Wu, Fenggao (Doctoral student of International College, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: Based on a summary of the history of language and cultural exchanges between China and Sudan, this paper analyzes the background of the development of International Chinese Language Education (ICLE) in Sudan from perspectives such as political mutual trust, economic and trade reciprocity, and diplomatic interaction. Then, it studies the current situation of ICLE from the viewpoint of Chinese educational institutions, primary education, and higher education. After that, it analyzes the challenges faced by the development of ICLE from viewpoints like military conflicts and a shortage of educational funds. At long last, it attempts to propose countermeasures and suggestions from the points such as teaching institutions and teaching channels. In Sudan, the education of Chinese for Specific Purposes (CSP) has demonstrated exceptional characteristics, a remarkable development history, and outstanding current and future trends. Examples include“Art Education + Chinese Language Teaching (CLT)”, “Medical Education + CLT”and “Vocational Training + CLT”, all of which have a relatively long history and a significant amount of potential for growth in the future. Keywords: Sudan; International Chinese Language Education (ICLE); Education background; Current education situation; Challenges; Countermeasures
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190 初引、再引與徵引書目: ⾹港電台(RTHK),「Travelling with Water: Joseph LEE (I)」(與⽔同游/遊:李⾏ 偉 教 授 ) , Our Scientists (English Version) ,https://podcast.rthk.hk/podcast/item.php?pid=1344&eid=105927&lang=zh-CN,瀏覽⽇期為 2022 年 6⽉ 23⽇。 (2)英文書目之引用(Bibliography) † 英文徵引書目之引用需留意作者/譯者/編者名字先(First Name)而姓氏後(Last Name)。如遇多位作者,只需調整第一位作者即可。如出現四位或以上作者,於註釋第一作者後以 et al.表示,但在徵引書目必須詳列所有作者。 I. 西文專書(Books) Ø 作者─書名─版次 ed.─(出版地點: 出版公司, 出版年分)─⾴碼。 初引:Nathan Henry, The History of Fashion, 1500-1900, 2nd ed. (Hongkong: University of Hongkong Press, 2020), 50-80. 再引:Nathan, The History of Fashion, 1500-1900, 50-70. 徵引書目:Henry, Nathan. The History of Fashion, 1500-1900, 2nd ed. Hongkong: University of Hongkong Press, 2020. Ø 作者—書名—, ed./trans.編∕譯者姓名—(出版地點: 出版公司, 出版年分)—⾴碼。 初引:Walter Bagehot, The English Constitution, ed. Miles Taylor (Oxford: University of Oxford, 2001), 32-80. 再引:Bagehot, The English Constitution, 20-25. 徵引書目:Bagehot, Walter. The English Constitution. Edited, Miles Taylor. Oxford: University of Oxford, 2001. Ø 章節作者—“章節標題”—in 書名—,ed(s).編者—(出版地: 出版者, 年份)—⾴碼。(譯者亦如是—,trans譯者) 初引:Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, “Prince Philip: Sportsman and Youth Leader,” in
191 The Man Behind the Queen: Male Consorts in History, eds. Charles Beem and Miles Taylor. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 223-239. 再引:Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, “Prince Philip: Sportsman and Youth Leader,” 223-239. 徵引書目:Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. “Prince Philip: Sportsman and Youth Leader.” in The Man Behind the Queen: Male Consorts in History. Eds. Charles Beem and Miles Taylor, 223-239. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. †只需調整單一章節作者即可,編者不需調整姓氏與名字次序。 II. 期刊論文(Journals and Articles) Ø 作者—“篇名,” —期刊名稱—期.卷數—(出版地: 年份/⽉份)—: ⾴數。 初引: Yan, Hao-Chen, Lam, Man-Yue, Lee, Joseph Hun-Wei, “Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Transients in HDPE Pipeline with PRV Interaction,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 147.6 (ASCE: 2021.06): 67. 再引:Yan, Hao-Chen, Lam, Man-Yue, Lee, Joseph Hun-Wei, “Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Transients in HDPE Pipeline with PRV Interaction,” 67. 徵 引 書 目 : Hao-Chen, Yan, Lam, Man-Yue, Lee, Joseph Hun-Wei, “Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Transients in HDPE Pipeline with PRV Interaction.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 147.6 (ASCE: 2021.06): 1-67. 研討會或論文集,未經正式出版之成果(Unpublished manuscripts, Lectures and Working papers),引註如下: ◎作者—“篇名”—(研討會名稱/參與地: 參與場所, ⽇期)—⾴數。 初引: 1. David G. Harper, “The Several Discoveries of the Ciliary Muscle” (PowerPoint presentation, 25th Anniversary of the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society, Bethesda, MD, March 31,2012), 24. 2. Deborah D. Lucki and Richard W. Pollay, “Content Analyses of Advertising: A
192 Review of the Literature” (working paper, History of Advertising Archives, Faculty of Commerce, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1980), 46. 再引: 1. David G. Harper, “The Several Discoveries of the Ciliary Muscle”, 24. 2. Deborah D. Lucki and Richard W. Pollay, “Content Analyses of Advertising: A Review of the Literature”, 46. 徵引書目: 1. David G. Harper, “The Several Discoveries of the Ciliary Muscle” PowerPoint presentation, 25th Anniversary of the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society, Bethesda, MD, March 31, 2012. 2. Deborah D. Lucki and Richard W. Pollay, “Content Analyses of Advertising: A Review of the Literature” Working paper, History of Advertising Archives, Faculty of Commerce, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1980. III. 電子書(Electronic Books) Ø 作者—書名—(出版地: 出版社, 年份)—電⼦書類型—⾴數. 初引:John Jowett, et al, The Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works, 2nd ed, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005), EPUB, 60. 再引:John Jowett, et al, The Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works, 2nd ed, EPUB, 60. 徵引書目:Jowett, John, William Montgomery, Gary Taylor, Stanley Wells. The Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005, EPUB. IV. 報紙(Newspapers) Ø 作者/機構—“標題”—報刊名稱—⽉⽇, 年/期數—版數(如有)—URL/資料庫(如有). 初引:Georgina Rannard, “Five planets to line up in rare planetary conjunction” BBC News Climate & Science, June 24, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61910977.
193 再引:Georgina Rannard, “Five planets to line up in rare planetary conjunction”, BBC News Climate & Science, June 24, 2022. 徵引書目:Rannard, Georgina, “Five planets to line up in rare planetary conjunction” BBC News Climate & Science, June 24, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61910977. V. 碩博士學位論文(thesis and dissertations.) Ø 作者—“論⽂名稱” —章節—(碩/博⼠論⽂ , 畢業⼤學 , 年份)—⾴數—URL(如有). 初引:Melanie Subacus, “Duae Patriae: Cicero and Political Cosmopolitanism in Rome,” abstract (PhD diss., New York University, 2015), v, http://pqdtopen.pro quest.com/pubnum/3685917.html. 再引:Melanie Subacus, “Duae Patriae: Cicero and Political Cosmopolitanism in Rome,” abstract, v. 徵引書目:Subacus, Melanie, “Duae Patriae: Cicero and Political Cosmopolitanism in Rome.” PhD diss., New York University, 2015, http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/pubnum/3685917.html. VI. 檔案與政府文件(public and Legal documents) Ø 作者—檔案匯編名稱/卷/冊數—(出版地: 出版商, 年份)—⾴數. Ø 作者(如有)—檔案/⽂件名稱—⽇期(如有)—檔案/⽂件編號—收藏機構(如有)—⾴數(如有). 初引: 1. Arthur Christopher, Viscount Esher, The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondent between the Years 1837-1861, Vol. III(London: John Murray, 1908, Published by Authority of Her Majesty the King), 163-178. 2. Act of Settlement, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2. 再引: 1. Arthur Christopher, Viscount Esher, The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondent between the Years 1837-1861, Vol. III, 163-178.
194 2. Act of Settlement, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2. 徵引書目: 1. Christopher, Arthur, Viscount Esher. The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondent between the Years 1837-1861, Vol. III. London: John Murray, 1908, Published by Authority of Her Majesty the King. 2. Act of Settlement, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2. VII. 其他網絡資源(Websites resources) Ø 作者/機構/其他名稱—“標題” 網站名稱—瀏覽/最後修改⽇期—網址. 初引、再引與徵引書目: 1. Alliance for Linguistic Diversity, n.d. “Balkan Romani.” Endangered Languages. Accessed April 6,2016. http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342. 2. Google. 2016. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified March 25,2016. http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.