版權所有 翻印必究 All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. 《 澳 門 科 技 大 ㈻ ㈻ 報 》 (季 刊 ) 第 ㈩ ㈦ 卷 第 ㆕ 期 JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY VOL.17 NO.4 主 辦 方:澳門科技大學 Distributor:Macau University of Science and Technology 主 席:李行偉 Chairman:Lee, Joseph Hun Wei 編 輯 方:澳門科技大學學報編輯部 Editorial : Editorial department, Macau University of Science and Technology 編 輯:曾幸麒 Editor:Chang, Henry Hang Kei 出 版 者:澳門科技大學 Publisher:Macau University of Science and Technology 地 址:澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 Address:Avienda Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 出版年月:2023年 12月 15日 Issued date:December, 2023 鳴 謝:澳門基金會資助出版 Acknowledgement:Publication sponsored by the Macau Foundation 聯絡電話(Phone):(853) 8897-3932 電 郵(Email):publication@must.edu.mo 印 刷(Print run):200本 規 格(Size):21cmx14cm 定 價(Price):葡 幣 4 0元 期 刊 號(ISSN):1994-4926 期刊網址(Website):https://www.mustjournal.com/CN/home
澳門科技大學學報編輯委員會 主編 Chief Editor 李行偉 澳門科技大學校長 LEE, JOSEPH HUN WEI President, Macau University of Science and Technology 英國皇家工程院院士 Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering 執行編輯 Executive Editor 龐 川 澳門科技大學副校長兼研究生院院長 PANG, CHUAN Vice-President and Dean of School of Graduate Studies, Macau University of Science and Technology 編輯委員 Editorial Board Members 李行偉 澳門科技大學校長 LEE, JOSEPH HUN WEI President, Macau University of Science and Technology 英國皇家工程院院士 Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering 譚廣亨 澳門科技大學副校長 TAM, PAUL KWONG HANG Vice-President, Macau University of Science and Technology 香港科學院院士 Member of the Hong Kong Academy of Sciences 姜志宏 澳門科技大學副校長兼中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室主任 JIANG, ZHIHONG Vice-President and Director of State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology 龐 川 澳門科技大學副校長兼研究生院院長 PANG, CHUAN Vice-President and Dean of School of Graduate Studies, Macau University of Science and Technology 林志軍 澳門科技大學校長高級顧問(QA) LIN, ZHIJUN Senior Advisor to President (QA), Macau University of Science and Technology 蘇育洲 澳門科技大學校長高級顧問(AACSB) SO, JACKY YUK CHOW Senior Advisor to President (AACSB), Macau University of Science and Technology 方 泉 澳門科技大學法學院院長 FANG, QUAN Dean, Faculty of Law, Macau University of Science and Technology 吳國民 澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院院長 GOH, KOK BENG Dean, Faculty Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology
The Editorial Board List for Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology 張志慶 澳門科技大學人文藝術學院院長 ZHANG, ZHIQING Dean, Faculty Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology 張洪明 澳門科技大學國際學院院長 ZHANG, HONGMING Dean, University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology 林廣志 澳門科技大學社會和文化研究所所長 LIN, GUANGZHI Director, Institute for Social and Cultural Research, Macau University of Science and Technology 劉成昆 澳門科技大學可持續發展研究所所長 LIU, CHENGKUN Director, Institute for Sustainable Development, Macau University of Science and Technology 陳東燊 澳門科技大學商學院副院長 CHAN, TUNG SUN Vice-Dean, School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology 錢 濤 澳門科技大學數學研究中心主任 QIAN, TAO Director, Macao Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology 湯開建 澳門科技大學社會和文化研究所講座教授 TANG, KAIJIAN Chair Professor, Institute for Social and Cultural Research, Macau University of Science and Technology 錢乘旦 澳門科技大學社會和文化研究所特聘教授 QIAN, CHENGDAN Distinguished Professor, Institute for Social and Cultural Research, Macau University of Science and Technology 英國皇家歷史學會通訊院士 Fellow of the Royal Historical Society 吳漢東 澳門科技大學法學院特聘教授 WU, HANDONG Distinguished Professor, Faculty of Law of Macau University of Science and Technology 張 楊 澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院課程主任 ZHANG, YANG Program Director, Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology
!""#" " " Contents 「澳門科技大㈻廿㆔周年校慶榮譽博士講座系專欄」 物理學—科技發展的基石 Physics: The Cornerstone of Scientific and Technological Development 王恩哥 Wang, Enge 1 ㊩㈻論文 Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 鄭俊賢、陳永童、王小娜、夏蘇建 7 Cheang, Chonin; Chan, Wengtong; Wang, Xiaona; Xia, Sujian 論作爲醫學基礎學科的患者安全科技與人文 On S&T and Humanities of Patient Safety: Basic Discipline of Medicine and Health 黃清華、王吉善 51 Huang, Qinghua; Wang, Jishan
商㈻論文 供應商關係與企業成本粘性:管理者能力的調節效應? Supplier Relationship and Cost Stickiness: The Moderating Effect of Manager Capability 劉麗芬、劉若斯 83 Liu, Lifen; Liu, Ruosi 法㈻論文 全球氣候變化下漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的法律困境及紓解之策 —以《聯合國海洋法公約》為視角 Legal Dilemmas and Solutions to the Conservation and Optimum Utilization of Fisheries Resources Under Global Climate Change: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as a Perspective 武俊松 Wu, Junsong 111 語言㈻論文 突發公共衛生事件中國家形象建構 —《澳門日報》新冠疫情歷時報導話語分析 Construction of national image in public health emergencies: Discourse analysis of the Macao Daily's diachronic report on COVID-19 楊火枚、孫建榮 139 Yang, Huomei; Sun, Jianrong
世漢㈻會國際㆗文教育研究專欄 (由教育部㆗外語言合作交流㆗心㈾助設立) 泰國漢語學習者隱性知識和顯性知識發展及影響因素研究 The Development and Influencing Factors of Implicit and Explicit Knowledge of Thai Chinese Learner 杜鳳梅 Du, Fengmei 165 漢語作為第三語言的語義通達研究 A Study on the Semantic Access of Chinese as a Third Language 楊靜雲、王 婷 189 Yang, Jingyun; Wang, Ting 「與科大卓越同行—前沿㈻術發展動態專欄」 The Academic Status Column of Macau University of Science and Technology 《澳門科技大學學報》編輯部 曾幸麒 212 Henry, Chang Hang Kei
王恩哥 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 Physics: The Cornerstone of Scientific and Technological Development Wang, Enge (Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Honorary Doctor of Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: Physics is the cornerstone of technological development, and it affects our lives every moment. This article starts from the perspective of physicists studying the fundamental problems of nature. Through the narration of the discovery of atoms, the evolution of quantum mechanics, and the history of the development of physics today, it demonstrates the important role of physics in the development of technology. Keywords: Physics; Technological development; Quantum mechanics
王恩哥 4 (Rutherford Model) 三、量子力學與現今物理學發展 物理學真正重⼤的變⾰發⽣在⼆⼗世紀初,也就是「量⼦論」的出現。三位傑出的物理學家分別對量⼦⼒學(Quantum Mechanics)發展做出了卓越的貢獻。⾸先,德國物理學家⾺克斯・普朗克(Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, 1858-1947)在1900 年提出著名的「量⼦假說」(Quantum hypothesis),這⼀理論徹底改變我們對光和物質的認識。接著,丹⿆物理學家尼波斯・波爾(Niels Henrik David Bohr, 1885-1962)在 1913 年對量⼦現象進⾏了深入的解釋,回答了「為什麼會有量⼦」這個問題,他的貢獻為量⼦⼒學的發展奠定基礎。最後,薛定諤(Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schrödinger, 1887-1961)在上述理論框架下,推導出「薛定諤⽅程」(Schrödinger Equation),並提出著名的薛定諤貓思想實驗(Schrödinger’s Cat, 1935),進⼀步豐富量⼦⼒學理論體系。這些理論如同經典物理學中的「⽜頓運動定律」⼀樣,成為了永恆的經典。 ⼗九世紀末⼆⼗世紀初,⾯對「⿊體輻射」(Black-body Radiation)這⼀重⼤難題,物理學家們⼀度陷入了困境,許多著名物理學家試圖⽤公式來描述這⼀現象,但都未能很好的在理論上做出解釋。威恩(Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien, 1864-1928)提出的公式在⾼頻段符合,但在低頻段卻出現巨⼤的偏差︔瑞利(John William Strutt,1842-1919)提出的公式則在低頻段符合,但⾼頻段能量密度迅速上升出現了紫外災難的問題。 普朗克(Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, 1858-1947)發現,「⿊體輻射」問題的出現有⼀個假設,就是發射的能量是連續的。於是,他假設能量是不連續的,並於1900年提出⼀個參數叫做“h”(普朗克常數,公式為 E=hv),“h”乘以頻率得到的能量便是最⼩⼀份,即⼀個「量⼦」,終於能夠合理地描述「⿊體輻射」問題。此後很多物理學家都承認了普朗克對量⼦⼒學發展了不起的貢獻。譬如:狄拉克(Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, 1902-1984)指出「普朗克開創科學史上的量⼦新紀元」︔愛因斯坦認為「『普朗克常數』的發現是⼆⼗世紀所有物理學研究的基礎,並從那時
物理學—科技發展的基石 5 開始奠定物理學發展的⽅向」。我認為“h”參數的出現有著非同⼀般的意義,因為⼤多數的物理量與物理常數是通過實驗發現,也有⼀部分是通過數學推算出來的,但是 “h”參數是完全依靠個⼈的智⼒把它想像出來的,這才是普朗克對物理學做出的最突出的貢獻。 在之後的 1913年,波爾研究了盧瑟夫原⼦模型,進⼀步解釋了量⼦:「原⼦核位於中⼼,電⼦在不同的軌道上旋轉,當電⼦從較⼩的軌道躍遷到較⼤的軌道時,它會吸收能量︔如果電⼦從較⼤的軌道躍遷到較⼩軌道,就會釋放能量。由於這兩個軌道並不緊挨在⼀起,這種能量⼀定是斷續的。」儘管現在的波爾原理和模型已經有很⼤的改進,但我認為這個解釋仍然是最直接最簡單的。 1926 年,薛定諤⽅程的出現成為了量⼦⼒學的重要基⽯。薛定諤在《⽣命是什麼》((What Is Life?, 1944,原為都柏林三⼀學院課程內容)中,以物理的⽅式探討⽣命科學的發展和其根本原理。但愛因斯坦(Albert Einstein, 1879-1955)並不偏愛「薛定諤⽅程」的概念,他認為所有事物都具有不確定性,並以⼀定的概率呈現。他曾與兩位實驗學家合作發表⼀篇論⽂,試圖通過實驗證明量⼦⼒學是錯誤的,但實驗結果正好相反。這進⼀步證明了量⼦⼒學在物理學體系裡的地位。 物理學界花費長達三⼗多年的時間鑽研量⼦⼒學,儘管其實際應⽤的價值遭到懷疑和質疑,但它作為物理學基⽯的重要性和價值是不容忽視的。通過對薛定諤⽅程的深入研究,我們發現量⼦⼒學在材料科學中具有廣泛的實際⽤途。例如,通過計算電⼦和原⼦的⾏為,我們可以預測材料的導帶(conduction band)和價帶(valence band)之間的帶隙(band gap),從⽽確定它們是⾦屬(Metal)、半導體(Semiconductor)還是絕緣體(Insulator)。這些材料的性質對於電⼦設備的設計和製造具有至關重要的影響。我們還可以對半導體⼀側摻空穴(Hole,即 P 摻雜﹝Doping﹞),⽽對另⼀側摻電⼦(Electron,即 N 摻雜﹝Doping﹞),從⽽形成⼀個 PN 結(p-n junction),即電晶體內最重要的組成部分。事實上,我們現在所依賴的許多科技產品中涉及到的電⼦學、光學、磁學和材料科學等領域,都有量⼦⼒學的理論⽀撐。它不僅拓展了我們對⾃然界的理解,還為我們的科技發展提供了強有⼒的⽀援,讓⼈類得以不斷探索和發現新的科技奇跡。因此,量⼦⼒學作為⼀⾨基礎的物理科學,其重要性是無法估量的。
The Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology VOL.17 NO.4 December 2023, pp.7-49 DOI: 10.58664/mustjournal.2023.12.002 7 Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study* Chonin Cheang1,2, Wengtong Chan2,3, Xiaona Wang4,5, Sujian Xia5 1 Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences & Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China 2 Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China 3 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China 4 The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Healthcare Service Center, China 5 Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China Abstract: Cervical cancer and HPV-related diseases can be effectively prevented through HPV vaccination. Yet, in mainland China, there is limited understanding of the associated factors among young people who are at the optimal age for HPV vaccination. This study aimed to investigate the HPV-related knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to vaccinate among this population, analyze associated factors, and provide a basis for primary and secondary cervical cancer prevention strategies. We performed a cross-sectional questionnaire survey, recruiting 892 participants. Of these, 86.7% had heard of the HPV vaccine, and 83.3% reported their willingness to receive the HPV vaccination. Our findings suggest that the most crucial factor influencing vaccine uptake is females who had heard of the HPV vaccine, believed in their ability to self-determine vaccination, encouraged their sexual partners to get vaccinated, and were in favor of incorporating the vaccine into routine vaccinations. In conclusion, despite high willingness, Guangzhou university students have a low actual HPV vaccination rate, with internet and social media being the main, yet insufficient, sources of HPV knowledge. Enhancing vaccination coverage in China requires boosted awareness, cost regulation, and national campaign implementation. Keywords: Willingness; Knowledge; Attitude; HPV vaccine * 收稿日期:2022年 04月 24日;通過日期:2023年 06月 09日。
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 8 1. Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is responsible for virtually all occurrences of cervical cancer and a substantial proportion of non-cervical malignancies, including vulvar, vaginal, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers.1 In general, more than 90% of anal and cervical cancers are believed to be caused by HPV, along with about 70% of vaginal and vulvar cancers, and more than 60% of penile cancers.2 Cervical cancer remains one of the most prevalent malignant tumors in women worldwide, particularly in low-middle income countries.3 For instance, in 2018, there were approximately 570,000 new cases of cervical cancer and roughly 310,000 deaths worldwide.4 In 2020, China alone recorded 110,000 new cases of cervical cancer and 59,000 deaths, making it the country with the second-largest burden of cervical cancer in the world.5 In addition, it has been shown in recent studies that about 70% of oropharyngeal cancers may also be linked to HPV.6 1 Parkin DM, “The Global Health Burden of Infection-associated Cancers in the Year 2002,” Int J Cancer 118.12 (2006.01): 3030-44. doi: 10.1002/ijc.21731. 2 Szymonowicz KA, Chen J, “Biological and Clinical Aspects of HPV-related Cancers,” Cancer Biol Med 17.4 (2020.12): 864-78. doi: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0370. 3 Wei M, Zhou W, Bi Y, Wang H, Liu Y, Zhang ZJ, “Rising Mortality Rate of Cervical Cancer in Younger Women in Urban China,” J Gen Intern Med. 34.2 (2019): 281-4. doi: 10.1007/s11606-018-4732-z. PubMed PMID: 30484099; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6374275; Brisson M, Kim JJ, Canfell K, Drolet M, Gingras G, Burger EA, et al. “Impact of HPV Vaccination and Cervical Screening on Cervical Cancer Elimination: A Comparative Modelling Analysis in 78 Low-income and Lower-middle-income Countries,” Lancet 395.10224 (2020.02): 575-90. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30068-4. PubMed PMID: 32007141; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7043009. 4 Ferlay J, Colombet M, Soerjomataram I, Mathers C, Parkin DM, Piñeros M, et al. “Estimating the Global Cancer Incidence and Mortality in 2018: GLOBOCAN Sources and Methods,” International Journal of Cancer 144.8 (2019.04): 1941-53. doi: 10.1002/ijc.31937. PubMed PMID: 30350310. 5 Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. “Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 71.3 (2021.03): 209-49. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660. PubMed PMID: 33538338. 6 CDC, n.d. “HPV-Associated Cancer Statistics.” Accessed n.d. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/hpv/statistics/index.htm.
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 9 Another health concern associated with HPV is anogenital warts, boasting a median annual incidence rate of 137 cases per 100,000 men and 121 cases per 100,000 women.7 Yet, the vaccination rate against HPV in China is much lower than in Western countries, with only 3.1%-11.0% of students vaccinated compared to vaccination rates of 17-81% in Western countries. 8 The prevalence of HPV-related diseases varies based on the country and its execution of national vaccination programs, as well as the availability and quality of screening and treatment options. Persistent HPV infection is undoubtedly a major cause of cervical cancer. 9 In 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) endorsed immunization, screening, and treatment as pivotal approaches to combat cervical cancer.10 Currently, the HPV vaccine stand as the most effective preventive measure against cervical cancer and other HPV-related illnesses.11 Thus, vaccination is necessary to avoid recurring infection 7 Yanofsky VR, Patel RV, “Goldenberg G. Genital Warts: A Comprehensive Review,” J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 5.6 (2012.07): 25-36. PubMed PMID: 22768354; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3390234 conflicts of interest; Patel H, Wagner M, Singhal P, Kothari S, “Systematic Review of the Incidence and Prevalence of Genital Warts,” BMC Infect Dis. 13.39 (2013.01) doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-39. PubMed PMID: 23347441; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3618302. 8 You D, Han L, Li L, Hu J, Zimet GD, Alias H, et al. “Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Uptake and the Willingness to Receive the HPV Vaccination among Female College Students in China: A Multicenter Study.” Vaccines (Basel). 8.1 (2020): doi: 10.3390/vaccines8010031. PubMed PMID: 31963370; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7157221; Deng C, Chen X, Liu Y. “Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: Coverage Rate, Knowledge, Acceptance, and Associated Factors in College Students in Mainland China,” Hum Vaccin Immunother. 17.3 (2021): 828-35. Epub 2020/09/03. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1797368. PubMed PMID: 32873128; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7993118. 9 World Health Organization, “Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: WHO Position Paper,” Biologicals. 37.5 (2009.06): 338-44. Epub 2009/06/16. doi: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.04.005. PubMed PMID: 19525124; Dong M, Yan W, Ou L, Wenchang W. “Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: WHO Position Paper, May 2017-Recommendations.” Vaccine. 35.43 (2017.06): 5753-5. Epub 2017/06/10. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.069. PubMed PMID: 28596091. 10 Gultekin M, Ramirez PT, Broutet N, Hutubessy R, “World Health Organization Call for Action to Eliminate Cervical Cancer Globally,” Int J Gynecol Cancer. 30.4 (2020.03): 426-7. Epub 2020/03/04. doi: 10.1136/ijgc-2020-001285. PubMed PMID: 32122950. 11 Drolet M, Bénard É, Pérez N, Brisson M, “Population-level Impact and Herd Effects Following the Introduction of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Programmes: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis,” Lancet. 394.10197 (2019): 497-509. Epub 2019/07/01. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30298-3. PubMed PMID: 31255301; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7316527.
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 10 with high-risk HPV, effectively lowering the risk of HPV-related diseases.12 In the present day, more than one hundred countries have authorized the use of bivalent and quadrivalent HPV vaccines.13 Numerous nations have integrated HPV immunization into their national vaccination strategies, and a minimum of eleven countries routinely vaccinate males with HPV vaccines.14 Jennings and Loharikar argue that achieving high coverage among girls is a more cost-effective vaccination strategy in low-and middle-income countries than a ‘gender-neutral’ vaccination strategy that includes both females and males. 15 Since 2016, 2017, and 2018 respectively, the Chinese government has approved the use of bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent HPV vaccines for Chinese women. 16 However, the vaccine is not part of China’s routine vaccination program, rendering the vaccine self-funded and optional for Chinese citizens. The WHO recommends that females aged 9 to 26, preferably those with no prior sexual history, be vaccinated against HPV.17 As sexual activity presents a direct risk factor for HPV infection, undergraduates have emerged as the target population for preventive 12 Muñoz N, Kjaer SK, Sigurdsson K, Iversen OE, Hernandez-Avila M, Wheeler CM, et al. “Impact of Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-6/11/16/18 Vaccine on All HPV-associated Genital Diseases in Young Women,” J Natl Cancer Inst. 102.5 (2010.02): 325-39. Epub 2010/02/09. doi: 10.1093/jnci/djp534. PubMed PMID: 20139221; Lehtinen M, Paavonen J, Wheeler CM, Jaisamrarn U, Garland SM, Castellsagué X, et al. “Overall Efficacy of HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted Vaccine Against Grade 3 or Greater Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia: 4-year End-of-study Analysis of the Randomised, Double-blind PATRICIA Trial.” Lancet Oncol. 13.1 (2012): 89-99. Epub 2011/11/15. doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(11)70286-8. PubMed PMID: 22075171. 13 Markowitz LE, Tsu V, Deeks SL, Cubie H, Wang SA, Vicari AS, et al. “Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Introduction: The First Five Years.” Vaccine. 30 Suppl 5 (2012.12): F139-48. Epub 2012/12/05. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.05.039. PubMed PMID: 23199957. 14 “Human Papillomavirus Vaccines: WHO Position Paper, May 2017.” Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 92.19 (2017.05): 241-68. Epub 2017/05/23. PubMed PMID: 28530369. 15 Jennings MC, Loharikar A. “A Vaccine Against Cervical Cancer: Context for the Global Public Health Practitioner.” Global Health: Science and Practice. 6.4 (2018): 629-34. doi: 10.9745/ghsp-d-18-00222. 16 China National Medical Products Administration. n.d. “HPV Vaccine and Prevention of Cervical Cancer [in Chinese].” Accessed March 31, 2022. https://www.nmpa.gov.cn/yaopin/ypjgdt/20190722080001877.html. 17 World Health Organization. “Working Group on potential contribution of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines and immunization towards cervical cancer elimination Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunizationa” WHO. Accessed 2019. https://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2019/october/1_HPV_SAGE2019WG_for_SAGE.pdf.
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 11 HPV vaccination. Research suggests that factors such as knowledge of HPV and the HPV vaccine, parental education level, type of medical insurance, recommendations from healthcare providers, and whether the HPV vaccine is included in the national vaccination program are key influencers of vaccination coverage.18 Several studies on Chinese women indicate that young women’s awareness of HPV vaccination is primarily driven by their knowledge of HPV and HPV-related issues, as well as the cost and safety of the HPV vaccine, followed by the efficacy.13 Prior research has indicated that Chinese women have a general understanding of cervical cancer, but process limited comprehension of HPV and the HPV vaccine.19 Since the HPV vaccine has only been available in China for a few years, some individuals remain hesitant, adopting a ‘wait-and-see’ stance towards it. The Chinese government has not yet included the HPV vaccine in its national vaccination program, resulting in a low vaccination rate, lack of understanding, and a negative attitude towards HPV vaccination.20 18 Mansfield LN, Silva SG, Merwin EI, Chung RJ, Gonzalez-Guarda RM. “Factors Associated With Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Series Completion Among Adolescents.” Am J Prev Med. 61.5 (2021.07): 701-8. Epub 2021/07/15. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.04.031. PubMed PMID: 34256974. 19 Wang X, Du T, Shi X, Wu K, “Awareness and Knowledge about Human Papilloma Virus Infection among Students at Secondary Occupational Health School in China,” Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18.12 (2021.07). doi: 10.3390/ijerph18126321. PubMed PMID: 34207971; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8296127; Yin G, Zhang Y, Chen C, Ren H, Guo B, Zhang M, “Have You Ever Heard of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine? The Awareness of HPV Vaccine for College Students in China Based on Meta-analysis,” Hum Vaccin Immunother. 17.8 (2021.04): 2736-47. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1899731. PubMed PMID: 33787459; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8475627; Wen Y, Pan XF, Zhao ZM, Chen F, Fu CJ, Li SQ, et al. “Knowledge of Human Ppapillomavirus (HPV) Infection, Cervical Cancer, and HPV Vaccine and Its Correlates among Medical Students in Southwest China: A Multi-center Cross-sectional Survey,” Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 15.14 (2014.08): 5773-9. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.14.5773. PubMed PMID: 25081700. 20 Zhou L, Wang J, Cheng P, Li Y, Liu G, Zhang X, “HPV Vaccine Hesitancy Among Medical Students in China: A Multicenter Survey.” Front Public Health. 10 (2022.03): 774767. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.774767. PubMed PMID: 35265570; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8900914; Xiaoxiao Z, Jinjing S, Yanyang Z, Wenzhou Y, “A Meta-analysis of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Awareness and Vaccination Willingness of College Students in Mainland China.” China Vaccines and Immunization. 25.03 (2019): 308-12; Jie Z, Jiayi Z, Minhui P, Jianwei Y, Xiongfei C, Xiaomei D, “Intention to Vaccinate HPV Vaccine among College Students in Guangzhou and Its Influencing Factors,” Chinese Journal of Disease Control. 22.9 (2018.09): 965-7+71. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2018.09.022.
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 12 Furthermore, research implies that traditional Chinese culture tends to influence more sensitive sex-related themes, leading Chinese parents and schools to employ a ‘silencing’ approach to the ‘sexual health education’.21 The WHO and various studies have demonstrated that knowledge and attitudes significantly influence the willingness and vaccination rate of the HPV vaccine. 22A survey focusing on knowledge, attitudes, and willingness can assist in identifying knowledge gaps, analyzing government policies, and understanding cultural beliefs, which in turn facilitate comprehension and action. Furthermore, it can highlight any potential issues or barriers that prevent HPV vaccination. Thus, this study investigates the willingness, HPV-related knowledge, and attitudes of undergraduates towards HPV vaccination at a university in Guangzhou. It aims to provide a theoretical framework and recommendations to promote HPV vaccine uptake among students, thereby contributing to primary and secondary cervical cancer prevention strategies. 21 Gao E, Zuo X, Wang L, Lou C, Cheng Y, Zabin LS. “How Does Traditional Confucian Culture Influence Adolescents’ Sexual Behavior in Three Asian Cities?,” J Adolesc Health. 50.3. (2012): S12-S7. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.002. PubMed PMID: 22340851. 22 Leung JTC, Law CK, “Revisiting Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice (KAP) on Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination among Female University Students in Hong Kong,” Hum Vaccin Immunother. 14.4 (2017.12): 924-30. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1415685. PubMed PMID: 29232166; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5893186; Charan J, Biswas T, “How to Calculate Sample Size for Different Study Designs in Medical Research,?” Indian J Psychol Med. 35.2 (2013.09); 35(2): 121-6. Epub 2013/09/21. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.116232. PubMed PMID: 24049221; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3775042; Trucchi C, Amicizia D, Tafuri S, Sticchi L, Durando P, Costantino C, et al. “Assessment of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Propensity towards HPV Vaccine of Young Adult Students in Italy.” Vaccines (Basel). 8.1 (2020): 74. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8010074. PubMed PMID: 32046039; Kim HW, Lee EJ, Lee YJ, Kim SY, Jin YJ, Kim Y, et al. “Knowledge, Attitudes, and Perceptions Associated with HPV Vaccination among Female Korean and Chinese University Students,” BMC Women’s Health. 22.1 (2022): 51. doi: 10.1186/s12905-022-01624-1; World Health Organization & Stop TB Partnership, “Advocacy, Communication and Social Mobilization for TB Control: A Guide to Developing Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Surveys,” Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008; Rui R, Chun-hwan J, Yong H, Jianxiong X, “Analysis of HPV Vaccination Willingness and Its Influencing Factors among Women in Guangzhou,” Chinese Public Health. 37.12 (2021): 1751-5.
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 13 2. Material and Methods 2.1 Study Population A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted at Jinan University using convenience sampling between March 20th and March 26th, 2022. The team of well-trained investigators obtained verbal agreement from the participants, adhering to medical ethics guidelines, prior delivering the survey. To better inform participants about the study, a brief summary was provided at the beginning of the questionnaire. The inclusion criteria for this study’s participants were: (a) Undergraduate students studying for their first bachelor’s degree at Jinan University. (b) those not having received the HPV vaccine, and (c) individuals not being diagnosed with any HPV-related disease. The exclusion criteria for participation in the study were: (a) instances of the IP address being used repeatedly, (b) participants being diagnosed with any HPV-related disease, and (c) completing the questionnaire in less than 2 minutes (the questionnaire takes about 2-3 minutes to complete). Recruitment of the participants took place during the week at several sites on the university’s main campuses, including teaching buildings, research buildings, canteens, and library entrances. Participants could access the survey by scanning a QR code was provided on the questionnaire, using their mobile devices and the WeChat app. To maintain anonymity, the questionnaires were kept anonymous, and participants were informed that completing the questionnaire indicated their consent to participate in the survey. Thus, participants’ consent was implied by their completion of the questionnaire. We utilized the sample size formula of cross-sectional study, 23 anticipating 75% of undergraduate students in Guangzhou having the willingness to receive the HPV vaccine. 24 23 Charan J, Biswas T. “How to Calculate Sample Size for Different Study Designs in Medical Research?,” Indian J Psychol Med. 2013; 35(2): 121-6. Epub 2013/09/21. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.116232. PubMed PMID: 24049221; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3775042. 24 Xiaoxiao Z, Jinjing S, Yanyang Z, Wenzhou Y. “A Meta-analysis of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Awareness and Vaccination Willingness of College Students in Mainland China,” China Vaccines and
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 14 In order to obtain a representative sample of the population with a 95% confidence and an absolute error of 5%, a sample size of 289 subjects was required. This study was open to individuals of any gender. To ensure survey quality, we implemental the following controls: (1) All questions were made compulsory to avoid missing responses; (2) When a participant completed the questionnaire in less than two minutes, they were prompted to review their answers; and (3) IP addresses were checked to detect repeat participation. As the questionnaires were kept anonymous, and participants were informed that completing the questionnaire implied their consent, the completion of the questionnaire indicated the participants’ consent. The established inclusion and exclusion criteria for participants guided the recruitment and data analysis process. This study has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Jinan University (JNUKY-2022-027). The Ethics Committee, after a thorough review, concluded that the research content and research methods comply with the norms and requirements of medical ethics. 2.2 Measuring Instrument The author developed a structured self-administered questionnaire drawing on insights from previous relevant studies in the literature. 25 After the initial drafting of the Immunization. 2019;25 (03): 308-12; Jie Z, Jiayi Z, Minhui P, Jianwei Y, Xiongfei C, Xiaomei D. “Intention to Vaccinate HPV Vaccine among College Students in Guangzhou and Its Influencing Factors,” Chinese Journal of Disease Control. 2018; 22(09): 965-7+71. doi: 10.16462/j.cnki.zhjbkz.2018.09.022; Rui R, Chun-hwan J, Yong H, Jianxiong X, “Analysis of HPV Vaccination Willingness and Its Influencing Factors among Women in Guangzhou,” Chinese Public Health. 2021; 37(12): 1751-5; Qing L, Peach, Qiuwen L, Peiyu F, Ziwei Z, Shizhen C, “Cognitive status and Related Factors of HPV Vaccine among Some College Students in Guangdong Province.” Primary health care in China. 36.1 (2022): 82-5. 25 Zhou L, Wang J, Cheng P, Li Y, Liu G, Zhang X, “HPV Vaccine Hesitancy Among Medical Students in China: A Multicenter Survey.” Front Public Health. 2022; 10: 774767. Epub 2022/03/11. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.774767. PubMed PMID: 35265570; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8900914; Leung JTC, Law CK, “Revisiting Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice (KAP) on Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination among Female University Students in Hong Kong,” Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 15 questionnaire, an expert from Jinan University was consulted for content validation, resulting in a further review and revision of the questionnaire. To ensure the questionnaire’s validity and interpretability, it underwent a pilot test with 450 first bachelor’s degree students at Jinan University. The Cronbach alpha coefficient of the questionnaire in the pilot test was 0.91, indicating a high level of internal consistency. Item-total correlation coefficients ranged from 0.50 - 0.90. Following the pilot test, no further revisions were required to the questionnaire or implementation procedures. The final version of the questionnaire consisted of four sections, capturing demographics of the participants, as well as their knowledge, attitudes, and responses to additional questions about HPV. The questionnaire included sections for demographic variables such as age, gender, sex experience, sexually transmitted infection experience, frequency of sex, sexual partner, and family history of cancer. The knowledge section consisted of eight questions related to HPV, including statements such as ‘cervical cancer is mainly caused by HPV infections’ ; ‘certain types of HPV can cause genital warts’; ‘HPV is sexually transmitted’; ‘HPV infection is not likely to be completely cured by clinical treatment’; ‘most sexually active women are infected by HPV at some points in their lives’; ‘using condoms does not prevent 100% HPV infection’ ; ‘it is recommended that females should receive all 3 shots of HPV vaccination within a 6-month period’ ; ‘male can be infected with HPV’. participants’ knowledge scores were obtained by adding up the correct answers and calculating a percentage (number of correct answers/ numbers of knowledge statements * 100). A higher knowledge score indicated a greater understanding of the infection, related disease and prevention. The internal consistency reliability of Cronbach’s alpha for the knowledge section was 0.687, and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was 0.937 for the overall items. The attitudes section consisted of five questions on participants’ attitudes towards 14(4): 924-30. Epub 2017/12/13. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1415685. PubMed PMID: 29232166; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC5893186.
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 16 HPV vaccination, including statements such as ‘increase the availability of HPV vaccine; ‘hope the insurance company will cover the cost’; ‘looking to incorporate vaccines into routine vaccinations’ ; ‘ability to self-determine whether to get vaccinated’ ; ‘encouraged sexual partners to get HPV vaccine’ . participants’ attitudes scores were obtained by calculating the average of their responses to the statements on a five-point Likert scale, with a score ranging from 1.0 to 5.0 (1 = fully not agree, 5 = fully agree). A higher score indicated more positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination. The internal consistency reliability of Cronbach’s alpha for the attitudes section was 0.937, and the KMO value was 0.870 for the overall items. Additionally, binary logistic regression models were conducted on each item of the attitudes questions by calculating the agreement and disagreement as an independent variable. Additional questions about HPV included seven questions, such as ‘valent of HPV vaccines are you willing to receive’ ; ‘government should provide free/ subsidized HPV vaccination to all eligible women’ ; ‘scientifically gained knowledge about HPV’ ; ‘needs for further of HPV-related knowledge’; ‘have received classroom health education on HPV’ ; ‘time to first receive HPV vaccine popularization education’ ; ‘HPV information sources’. Two questions were used to evaluate participants’ willingness to receive HPV vaccine and their willingness to recommend the HPV vaccine to others. 2.3 Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 26.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics, New York, United States). A sample size of 450 subjects was used for AMOS 21.0 to conduct confirmatory factor analysis of the questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis showed that the Cronbach’s αcoefficient of the total scale was 0.93, Chi-square = 6805, Degrees of freedom = 253, Probability level < 0.05. The factor loadings of the 15 items were all greater than 0.4, and the cumulative contribution rate of the variance was 61.24%. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fitting evaluation was consistent with the judgement criterion. The Structural Equation Model Chi-square = 96.5, Probability level = 1.85,
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 17 Goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.97, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) = 0.017, Comparative Fit Index (CFI) = 0.996, Normed Fit Index (NFI) = 0.969, and a Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) of 0.995 (Supplementary Table 1 to Table 2). The mean with standard deviation and the mean with Interquartile Range (IQR) were calculated to demonstrate the distribution of knowledge scores. Descriptive statistics were employed to depict the willingness to receive HPV vaccination in relation to each potential factor. Chi-square tests, F test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, and univariable logistic regression analysis were conducted for bivariate analysis to assess the association between the independent predictors and the outcomes of interest: high knowledge level about HPV and HPV vaccination (with the median as a reference, correctly identifying 8 to 10 scores was considered a high knowledge level; Model 1); high attitudes level about HPV and HPV vaccination (with the median as a reference, identifying 21 to 45 scores was considered a high attitudes level; Model 2); and whether a participant was willing to receive HPV vaccination and willingness to recommend the HPV vaccination to others (Model 3). Variables with a p-value below 0.05 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis model via stepwise regression to establish whether the independent variables were associated with the outcome of interest after controlling the effect of other variables. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) from the multivariate model were illustrated to demonstrate to illustrate their statistical association. A two-sided p-value below 0.05 was considered statistically significant in this study. 3. Results 3.1 Participants’ Characteristics Of the 1,011 participants who initially participated, 119 were ultimately excluded, yielding a final sample size of 892 students, or 88.23% of the original participant pool. The
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 18 demographic breakdown of these participants is provided in Table 1. Among these participants, 62% were women, and 38% were men, with an average age of 21.3 years (standard deviation: 2.23). The majority of participants, at a percentage of 79.6%, reported a monthly consumption of 1000-3000 CNY. Additionally, a total of 264 participants (29.6%) reported having had sexual experience, with only eight of these reporting a sexually transmitted infection. 3.2 Descriptive statistics and univariate regression analyses Table 1 outlines the characteristics of the participants and their stances on HPV vaccination. Of the total 892 participants, a substantial majority (743 or 83.3%) expressed their willingness to receive the vaccine, with 698 (78.3%) willing to recommend the HPV vaccine to others. Furthermore, a considerable proportion showed a positive attitude towards HPV-related matters (78.7%) and exhibited a robust understanding of HPV-related topics (81.0%). Our findings reveal that women who expect the government to provide free or subsidized HPV vaccinations are significantly more likely to get vaccinated and display a more positive attitude towards vaccination. In contrast, participants who engage in sexual activity more than seven times a month may exhibit less inclination to receive HPV vaccination and have a less positive attitudes. Significantly, participants who had previously heard about HPV vaccines (OR: 7.779, p < 0.01),those who received HPV vaccine education for the first time during their undergraduate years (OR: 2.526, p <0.01), and those who had obtained scientifically accurate knowledge about HPV (OR: 2.881, p <0.01) showed a significantly higher willingness to get vaccinated. They also demonstrated heighted levels of knowledge and positive attitudes towards HPV vaccination (p < 0.05). Importantly, we identified a positive correlation between knowledge and attitude concerning HPV vaccination (Table 1).
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 19 3.3 The reason for participants’ vaccine willingness Table 2 detailed the reasons participants provided for their willingness to receive HPV vaccinations. A significant proportion, approximately 98.1% of participants, maintained the belief that the HPV vaccine acts as a safeguard to individual’s health. Meanwhile, 59.2% and 57.1% upheld the belief in the vaccine’s safety and effectiveness, and its ability to protect the health of their family, respectively. Conversely, the leading two reasons reported by participants for their reluctance to receive the HPV vaccine were the perceived lack of evident HPV infection (43.6%) and concerns regarding the cost of the vaccine (38.3%). 3.4 The Demographic Characteristic of Participants’ Knowledge Scores Table 3 provides an overview of participants’ knowledge scores and how they correspond with their demographic characteristics. The mean knowledge score was situated at 6.30 ± 1.68. Interestingly, participants whose sexual partners had received the HPV vaccine demonstrated the highest mean knowledge score (7.05 ± 1.19), in contrast to those who had never heard of the HPV vaccine, who exhibited the lowest score (5.47 ± 2.47). Participants possessing a family history of cancer, sexual experience, a sexual partner who has received the HPV vaccine, prior knowledge of the HPV vaccine, willingness to receive and recommend the vaccine, scientifically accurate knowledge about HPV, a need for further HPV-related knowledge, and exposure to HPV vaccine popular science education during their undergraduate years demonstrated significantly greater knowledge scores (p < 0.05). Worth noting is that 89.7% of participants were aware that certain types of HPV can cause genital warts, and 89.3% understood that condoms do not provide absolute protection against HPV infection. Furthermore, 86.4% were cognizant of the fact that males can be infected with HPV. However, a much smaller proportion of participants (50.6%) were aware of the fact that “HPV infection is unlikely to be totally cured with therapeutic
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 20 treatment” (Table 1). Moreover, only 82.7% of participants recognized that HPV vaccinations do not guarantee complete prevention of cervical cancer completely. 3.5 The Demographic Characteristic of Participants’ Attitudes Scores Table 3 provides an overview of the attitudes scores of the participants in relation to their demographic characteristics. The mean attitudes score was placed at 21.00 ± 3.59. Participants who demonstrated a willingness to advocate for HPV vaccination held the highest mean attitudes score (22.15 ± 2.50). Conversely, those who showed reluctance towards advocating for the vaccine had the lowest score (16.85 ± 3.87). Significantly higher attitude scores (p < 0.05) were observed among female participants, those who engaged in sexual activity 0-3 times per month, those whose sexual partners had not received the HPV vaccine, those who had prior knowledge of the vaccine, those willing to receive or suggest the HPV vaccine to others, those who believed the government should provide free/subsidized HPV vaccination to all eligible women, those who had scientifically accurate knowledge about HPV, those who expressed a need for additional HPV-related knowledge, and those who received HPV vaccine popular science education during their undergraduate years. The median score for the attitude section ranged from 3 to 5 (Table 4). Moreover, 83.2% of participants expressed a desire to incorporate vaccines into routine immunizations and to broaden the availability of the HPV vaccine. However, it is worth noting that 82.1% of participants affirmed that they would encourage their sexual partners to get the HPV vaccine. 3.6 Stepwise Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis Table 5 features the outcomes of the stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis. Notably, participants who had scientifically accurate knowledge about HPV and a sexual partner who had received the HPV vaccine were found to have a higher level of HPV
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 21 vaccination knowledge. Furthermore, those who are sexually active, willing to advocate for the HPV vaccine to others, express a need for further HPV-related knowledge, and are aware that certain types of HPV can cause genital warts, are more inclined to maintain a positive attitude towards the vaccine. Most importantly, the factors that substantially predict a positive attitude towards HPV vaccination were identified as follow: being a female participants, possessing prior knowledge of the HPV vaccine, knowing that “it is recommended that females receive all 3 shots of HPV vaccination within 6 months”, believing in their personal capacity to decide whether to get vaccinated, encouraging their sexual partners to receive the HPV vaccine, and expressing a desire to incorporate vaccines into routine immunizations as demonstrated by their willingness to receive the HPV vaccine. 3.7 Preferred HPV Vaccine of Willing Participants When it comes to the specific types of HPV vaccines that participants preferred, the nonavalent vaccine emerged as the first choice for 58.1% of the participants, while multiple vaccines (including the bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent vaccines) were chosen by 25.2% of the participants. Nonetheless, 11.3% of participants remained uncertain about which type of HPV vaccine to opt for (Figure 1). Figure 1. Participant’s willing to vaccine valent of HPV (n =743) Items N % Bivalent 16 2.2 Quadrivalent 24 3.2 Nonavalent 432 58.1 I don’t know 84 11.3 Both can 187 25.2 2%3%58%12%25%Bivalent Quadrivalent Nonavalent I don’t know both can
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 22 3.8 HPV Information Sources The participants reported their primary sources of information regarding HPV to be the internet, followed by friends, and then school lectures. Other information channels included television advertisements, consultations with doctors, and discussion with parents. Interestingly, participants highlighted that their sexual partners contributed minimally to their knowledge HPV and its related vaccine (Figure 2). Figure 2. Sources of knowledge of HPV and HPV vaccination (n = 892) Sources of Knowledge N % Sex partner 66 7.4 Outdoor advertisements 80 9.0 Newspapers 83 9.3 Magazines 93 10.4 Siblings 97 10.9 Parents 205 23.0 Doctors 230 25.8 Television advertisements 326 36.5 School lectures 429 48.1 Friends 473 53.0 Internet 676 75.8 66808393972052303264294736760 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Sex parnter Outdoor advertisements Newspapers Magazines Siblings Parents Doctors Television advertiesments School lectures Friends Internet
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 23 4. Discussion Cervical cancer, the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women globally, imposes a significant socioeconomic burden, especially in developing nations like China.26Chinese undergraduate students typically have their first sexual encounters before the age of 20,27 and the peak prevalence of HPV infection is seen among Chinese females aged between 20 to 24.28 Thus, providing timely vaccination of undergraduate students can substantially contribute to public health measures and prevent the onset of cervical cancer. Our study explored the factors influencing undergraduate students’ willingness to receive the HPV vaccine and offers strategic suggestions to boost future vaccination rates. Between 2016 and 2018, bivalent, quadrivalent, and nonavalent vaccines were successively introduced in mainland China. However, the overall three-dose HPV vaccine coverage rate among Guangzhou residents from October 2017 to March 2019 was extremely low, with only 0.7% of the population receiving the vaccine. Contrarily, the current study 29found that a large majority of undergraduate students (83.2%) were open to getting the HPV vaccine, despite more than 63.3% of them expressing a need for additional information on HPV and its vaccines. 26 Wei M, Zhou W, Bi Y, Wang H, Liu Y, Zhang ZJ. “Rising Mortality Rate of Cervical Cancer in Younger Women in Urban China.” J Gen Intern Med. 2019; 34(2): 281-4. Epub 2018/11/30. doi: 10.1007/s11606-018-4732-z. PubMed PMID: 30484099; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6374275; Brisson M, Kim JJ, Canfell K, Drolet M, Gingras G, Burger EA, et al. “Impact of HPV Vaccination and Cervical Screening on Cervical Cancer Elimination: A Comparative Modelling Analysis in 78 Low-income and Lower-middle-income Countries.” Lancet. 2020; 395(10224): 575-90. Epub 2020/02/03. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30068-4. PubMed PMID: 32007141; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7043009; Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. “Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries.” CA Cancer J Clin. 2021; 71(3): 209-49. Epub 2021/02/05. doi: 10.3322/caac.21660. PubMed PMID: 33538338. 27 Jung-kun C. “Investigation and Research on College Students’ Sexual Cognition and Sexual Behavior.” Chinese Sex Science. 27.1 (2018): 137-40. 28 Chenchen T, Xiaoxin W, Zhe M. “Investigation on Infection of High-risk HPV in All Age Groups in Jilin Area.” Journal of Beihua University (Natural Science Edition). 19.3 (2018): 386-8. 29 Dai Z, Si M, Su X, Wang W, Zhang X, Gu X, et al. “Willingness to Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination and Influencing Factors among Male and Female University Students in China.” Journal of Medical Virology. (2021). doi: 10.1002/jmv.27478.
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 24 Moreover, our research revealed a significant dependency of HPV vaccination on knowledge about HPV and its vaccines, highlighting that scientific literacy and awareness about HPV vaccines among undergraduate students are positive correlated with vaccine uptake. Interestingly, the study found carrying HPV vaccination rates among different demographic groups, with a mere 41.7% of undergraduates receiving formal HPV education. Those who were educated about HPV-related knowledge demonstrated significantly higher awareness and intent to get the HPV vaccine compared to their uneducated counterparts.30 In addition, students with prior sexual experience exhibited a higher willingness to receive the HPV vaccine, cognizant of the fact that the vaccine’s effectiveness diminishes post exposure to any HPV infection. 31 However, female undergraduate students who have not had sexual encounters should be made aware that the HPV vaccine is potentially most effective prior to exposure to any HPV infection.32 Amplifying health education about HPV-related information has been associated with an increase in vaccination intent among students. Hence, it is critical to underscore the importance of HPV vaccination, particularly among those who have not received HPV-related education. Enhancing the spread of relevant knowledge and information could potentially bolster vaccines popularity, ultimately leading to higher vaccination rates. Our study found that a majority of undergraduates wish for governmental regulation on HPV vaccine pricing and for it to be included in routine vaccinations. Reducing the cost of vaccines could significantly boost vaccination rates since cost was a primary factor 30 Xi Z, Shiyu Y, Liying S, Xiangxian F, Mingyu S, Xiaoyou S, et al. “Intervention Effect Evaluation of Health Education Based on Mobile Phone Application Software on Female College Students’ Awareness of HPV Vaccine and Willingness to Vaccinate.” Modern Preventive Medicine. 48.5 (2021): 888-92+934. 31 Chiang VC, Wong HT, Yeung PC, Choi YK, Fok MS, Mak OI, et al. “Attitude, Acceptability and Knowledge of HPV Vaccination among Local University Students in Hong Kong.” Int J Environ Res Public Health. 13.5 (2016.05) Epub 2016/05/18. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13050486. PubMed PMID: 27187424; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4881111. 32 Meites E, Szilagyi PG, Chesson HW, Unger ER, Romero JR, Markowitz LE. “Human Papillomavirus Vaccination for Adults: Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices.” MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 68.32 (2019): 698-702. Epub 2019/08/16. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6832a3. PubMed PMID: 31415491; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6818701
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 25 dissuading vaccination uptake. However, unlike many other nations, China is not a member of The Vaccine Alliance (GAVI), which could limit the financial support it receives for sustaining HPV vaccine supply. 33 Additionally, the cost of a compete three-dose immunization course in China ranges between 2500 and 3000 CNY, significantly higher than what most students, as an economically dependent group with a monthly consumption ranging between 1,000 to 1,999 CNY, can afford. Interestingly, the study found that undergraduate students who have personally received the HPV vaccinations are more likely to advocate for the vaccine among friends or sexual partners. Also, studies have shown that government-led school-based vaccinations programs achieve higher vaccination rates compared to organizations that offer free vaccinations to eligible individuals.34 Given these findings, we recommend that China considers offering free HPV vaccines in government schools, positioning schools as optimal vaccination sites. This approach could not only increase vaccination rates but also ensure accessibility for a broader student who might otherwise not afford the vaccine. Our study data reveals that women are statistically more inclined than men to receive HPV vaccinations. Despite a satisfactory level of HPV-related expertise demonstrated by the female population, the fact remains that most HPV-related death education is primarily aimed at women. This results in a noteworthy cognitive discrepancy between male and female students. However, it is critical to underscore the fact that in the United States, the 33 Ma Y, Wang C, Liu F, Lian G, Li S, He Q, et al. “Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Coverage and Knowledge, Perceptions and Influencing Factors among University Students in Guangzhou, China.” Hum Vaccin Immunother. 17.10 (2021.06): 3603-12. Epub 2021/06/23. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1927411. PubMed PMID: 34156312; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8437546. 34 Fujiwara H, Takei Y, Ishikawa Y, Saga Y, Machida S, Taneichi A, et al. “Community-based Interventions to Improve HPV Vaccination Coverage among 13- to 15-year-old Females: Measures Implemented by Local Governments in Japan.” PLoS One. 8.12 (2013.12): e84126. Epub 2013/12/21. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084126. PubMed PMID: 24358333; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC3865286; Brotherton J, Gertig D, Chappell G, Rowlands L, Saville M. “Catching up with the Catch-up: HPV Vaccination Coverage Data for Australian Women Aged 18-26 Years from the National HPV Vaccination Program Register.” Commun Dis Intell Q Rep. 35.2 (2011): 197-201. Epub 2011/10/21. PubMed PMID: 22010515.
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 26 clinical and economic toll of HPV-related oral cancer has exceeded its impact on females.35 Regrettably, no standardized screening is exclusively directed towards females.36 As such, it becomes imperative for China’s relevant authorities to give priority to health education and policy support pertaining to male HPV infection and vaccination. The systematic abolition of gender restrictions on vaccination could contribute to elevating vaccination rates in both men and women. Broadly, efforts should be intensified to direct more HPV and its vaccine-related education and awareness towards men to ensure a balanced approach in HPV prevention and control. The study further indicates that among participants open to receiving the HPV vaccine, the nonavalent vaccine was the preferred choice for 58.1% of students, while only a minor fraction, 2.2% and 3.2%, opted for the bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines respectively. It was also found that 28.2% of individuals were disinclined to receive the HPV vaccine due to the challenges associated with scheduling appointments. It was evident that while some individuals were not averse to vaccination, their preference leaned towards the nonavalent vaccine. However, the study suggests that the indiscriminate preference for nonavalent vaccines contributes to China’s lagging HPV vaccination rate, even though bivalent and tetravalent vaccinations are domestically available. Additionally, it’s estimated that every year of delay result in eight million women in China missing the optimal timeframe to receive the HPV vaccine. 37 Therefore, the authors recommend that the Chinese government and pertinent health organizations undertake initiatives to eligible population that the two-dose HPV vaccination program for young females generates the same immune 35 Deng C, Chen X, Liu Y. Human Papillomavirus Vaccination: Coverage Rate, Knowledge, Acceptance, and Associated Factors in College Students in Mainland China. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021; 17(3): 828-35. Epub 2020/09/03. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1797368. PubMed PMID: 32873128; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7993118. 36 Napolitano F, Napolitano P, Liguori G, Angelillo IF. “Human Papillomavirus Infection and Vaccination: Knowledge and Attitudes among Young Males in Italy.” Hum Vaccin Immunother. 12.6 (2016): 1504-10. Epub 2016/04/14. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1156271. PubMed PMID: 27070042; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4964675. 37 Meng Z, Konkasun, Lumiao J, Huiying L. “Investigation and Research on the Status quo of HPV Vaccine Awareness among Rural Women in Henan Province.” Health Professions Education. 37.18 (2019): 108-10.
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 27 response as the three-dose program. The two-dose HPV vaccination regimen is also presents a more convenient than the three-dose scheme, which could positively increase vaccine uptake and enhance vaccination rates.38 According to the study, vaccine safety concerns are making some undergraduate students in Guangzhou apprehensive, thus influencing their unwillingness to get vaccinated, potentially a reflection of vaccine conspiracy theories influence. 39 This finding corroborates earlier research which associated vaccine conspiracy beliefs with reluctance towards the COVID-19 vaccine, a phenomenon not limited to newly approved vaccines designed to combat the pandemic.40 Furthermore, it is important to note the impact of the internet and social media platforms on shaping the HPV vaccination attitudes among undergraduate students. Massey et al. 41in a prior study highlighted how anti-vaccination advocates may exploit social media platforms like Instagram and YouTube to disseminate misinformation and disinformation. Therefore, emphasizing robust fact-checking and ensuring the provision of accurate, authoritative information on HPV vaccines becomes a critical measure in preventing the spread of false information.42 38 Bergman H, Buckley BS, Villanueva G, Petkovic J, Garritty C, Lutje V, et al. “Comparison of Different Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine Types and Dose Schedules for Prevention of HPV‐related Disease in Females and Males.” Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 11 (2019). doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013479. PubMed PMID: CD013479. 39 Sallam M, Al-Mahzoum K, Eid H, Assaf AM, Abdaljaleel M, Al-Abbadi M, et al. “Attitude towards HPV Vaccination and the Intention to Get Vaccinated among Female University Students in Health Schools in Jordan.” Vaccines (Basel). 9.12 (2021.12) Epub 2021/12/29. doi: 10.3390/vaccines9121432. PubMed PMID: 34960177; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8707789. 40 Sallam M, Dababseh D, Eid H, Hasan H, Taim D, Al-Mahzoum K, et al. “Low COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance Is Correlated with Conspiracy Beliefs among University Students in Jordan.” Int J Environ Res Public Health. 18.5 (2021.04) Epub 2021/04/04. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18052407. PubMed PMID: 33804558; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7967761. 41 Andrade G. “Covid-19 Vaccine Hesitancy, Conspiracist Beliefs, Paranoid Ideation and Perceived Ethnic Discrimination in a Sample of University Students in Venezuela.” Vaccine. 39.47 (2021.10): 6837-42. Epub 2021/10/30. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.10.037. PubMed PMID: 34711439; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8531467. 42 Canfell K, Kim JJ, Brisson M, Keane A, Simms KT, Caruana M, et al. “Mortality Impact of Achieving WHO Cervical Cancer Elimination Targets: A Comparative Modelling Analysis in 78 Low-income and Lower-middle-income Countries.” The Lancet. 395.10224 (2020): 591-603. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30157-4.
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 28 In 2018, the WHO Director-General put forth a call to action aiming at eliminating cervical cancer as a global public health problem. It was projected that a rapid expansion of immunization through a broad-spectrum HPV vaccine to achieve a global coverage of 80-100% could prevent 6.7-7.7 million HPV cases by 2020, with over half of these cases prevented beyond 2060.43 A recent study indicated that the implementation of a triple intervention approach - vaccination, screening, and therapy - could avert 620 million deaths and reduce mortality by 99%, as compared to a 90% reduction (45.8 million deaths) with immunization. 44 Consequently, it becomes of utmost importance to thoroughly examine the actual circumstances of undergraduate students, heighten the publicity and intervention efforts for the HPV vaccine, and provide the public with accurate and authoritative information on HPV vaccines. The authors recommend including the HPV vaccine in the national vaccination program, or exploring options such as incorporating the vaccine into medical insurance and investigating a feasible cost-sharing mechanism. Furthermore, formulating HPV vaccination policies tailored to China’s unique conditions and amplifying the HPV vaccination rate and willingness among students is crucial. By taking these steps, China can significantly alleviate the burden of HPV-related diseases and make a significant contribution to the WHO’s objective of eradicating cervical cancer as a public health issue. 5. Limitations and Strengths This study bears several limitations worth acknowledging. Given its cross-sectional design, certain items may be susceptible to recall bias, and despite efforts to minimize it 43 Simms KT, Steinberg J, Caruana M, Smith MA, Lew JB, Soerjomataram I, et al. “Impact of Scaled up Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and Cervical Screening and the Potential for Global Elimination of Cervical Cancer in 181 Countries, 2020-99: A Modelling Study.” Lancet Oncol. 20.3 (2019.02): 394-407. Epub 2019/02/24. doi: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30836-2. PubMed PMID: 30795950. 44 Canfell K, Kim JJ, Brisson M, Keane A, Simms KT, Caruana M, et al. “Mortality Impact of Achieving WHO Cervical Cancer Elimination Targets: A Comparative Modelling Analysis in 78 Low-income and Lower-middle-income Countries.” The Lancet. 2020;395 (10224): 591-603. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30157-4.
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 29 through self-administration of the questionnaire, the existence of social desirability bias cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, due to time and manpower constraints, a single-center convenience sample was utilized for data collection, potentially leading to selection bias. The study’s sample size was also relatively small, encompassing merely 892 participants. Also noteworthy is the fact that ethical restrictions on maintaining anonymity and confidentiality barred the collection of participants’ contact information and personal data, thereby ultimately hindered the ability to conduct a prospective study that could underpin a targeted public health strategy with empirical evidence. Despite these limitations, this study nonetheless marks significant contributions to the existing body of literature on HPV vaccination in China. It uniquely identified the payment of vaccine costs by insurance companies as a determinant influencing students’ willingness to receive the HPV vaccination, an aspect hitherto unexplored by previous Chinese studies. Besides, the study considered a variety of factors that could affect student knowledge, attitudes, and willingness towards HPV vaccination, including sexual experience, past history of sexually transmitted infection, relationship status, frequency of sexual activity, and the vaccination status of sexual partners. Thus, while acknowledging its limitations, this study undeniably provides valuable insights into strategies for promoting HPV vaccination among undergraduate students in China. 6. Conclusion In our survey of 892 undergraduate students in China, we assessed their knowledge and attitudes towards HPV, as well as their willingness to receive vaccination. Although a substantial majority, 83.3%, expressed willingness to receive the vaccine, the actual vaccination rate remained starkly low, indicating a crucial need for more extensive promotion of knowledge. Importantly, we found that those who were aware of the HPV vaccine and encouraged their partners to receive it displayed a higher willingness to receive the vaccine. Based on these findings, we advocate for the amplification of awareness campaigns, effective regulation of vaccine costs, and the comprehensive implementation
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 30 of immunization programs. These measures could considerably improve vaccination rates and thereby contribute towards the prevention of cervical cancer in China.
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Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 39 Author Information Chonin Cheang and Wengtong Chan has contributed equally to this work. Corresponding Author Sujian Xia, PhD, Associate Professor of Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University. xiasujian@jnu.edu.cn Funding Information The authors have no funding to disclose. Declarations of Interest The author declared no conflict of interest. Disclaimer The funding and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of Jinan University. Informed consent and patient details The study was conducted following the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical permission was obtained from the local ethic committee. Authors’ Contributions Conceptualization: CC and SX. Data curation, methodology, formal analysis validation and visualization: CC, WC, XW, SX. Investigation: WC and CC. Project administration and Resources: CC, WC, XW, SX. Writing – original draft: CC, WC, XW. Supervision and Writing – review & editing: CC and SX.
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 40 Supplementary Material Table 1. Results of descriptive statistics and univariate regression analyses. % (Unless specified) Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 OR (95% CI) Basic profile Female 62.0 0.875 (0.667-1.147) 2.398 (1.818-3.163) ** 5.361 (3.931-7.313) ** Age (years) 21.3 1.079 (1.015-1.147) * 1.038 (0.978-1.102) 1.051 (0.982-1.124) Have sex experience (Ref. don’t have) 29.6 1.129 (0.846-1.506) 1.119 (0.838-1.493) 1.049 (0.764-1.440) Uncommon sexual acts experience# (Ref. don’t have) 3.4 0.482 (0.113-2.058) 0.829 (0.203-3.386) 1.220 (0.241-6.182) Have sexual partner (Ref. don’t have) 65.9 1.446 (0.867-2.412) 0.579 (0.344-0.972) * 1.185 (0.680-2.068) Frequency of sex (monthly) (Ref. 0-3 times) 3-6 times 13.8 1.262 (0.513-3.104) 0.620 (0.257-1.493) 0.469 (0.185-1.188) over 7 times 15.5 1.101 (0.472-2.568) 0.166 (0.059-0.469) ** 0.352 (0.147-0.840) * The sexual partner has been received the HPV vaccine (Ref. Yes) No 22.4 0.285 (0.121-0.671) ** 1.203 (0.584-2.479) 2.054 (0.949-4.442) Don’t know 69.0 0.226 (0.063-0.810) * 0.383 (0.104-1.412) 1.250 (0.357-4.374) Had heard HPV vaccine previously (Ref. No) 86.7 1.607 (1.017-2.539) * 3.678 (1.982-6.825) ** 7.779 (4.230-14.306) ** Have Family history of cancer (ref. don’t have) 9.8 1.468 (0.855-2.520) 1.123 (0.720-1.751) 1.041 (0.639-1.697) Believed that government should provide free/ subsidized HPV vaccination to all eligible women (Ref. don’t believed) 93.6 1.262 (0.737-2.160) 4.534 (2.364-8.695) ** 3.912 (2.256-6.784) **
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 41 Scientifically gained knowledge about HPV (Ref. No) 72.4 1.566 (1.165-2.104) ** 1.619 (1.204-2.176) ** 2.881 (2.112-3.929) ** Needs for further HPV-related knowledge (Ref. don’t need) 63.3 1.408 (1.071-1.851) * 1.501 (1.141-1.973) ** 2.143 (1.596-2.878) ** Have received classroom health education on HPV (Ref. don’t have) 41.7 1.286 (0.984-1.681) 0.885 (0.678-1.156) 1.270 (0.946-1.706) Time to first receive HPV vaccine popularization education (Ref. Never had) Primary school 5.4 1.631 (0.848-3.137) 0.561 (0.282-1.118) 0.834 (0.435-1.599) Junior school 11.2 1.269 (0.765-2.105) 1.187 (0.716-1.968) 1.490 (0.883-2.515) High school 28.4 1.597 (1.065-2.395) * 1.413 (0.944-2.117) 2.416 (1.570-3.717) ** University 38.0 1.542 (1.049-2.267) * 1.821 (1.238-2.680) ** 2.526 (1.680-3.797) ** Willingness receive HPV vaccination (Ref. unwillingness) 83.3 1.507 (1.058-2.147) * 3.443 (2.342-5.061) ** - Willingness to recommend the HPV vaccine to others 78.3 1.916 (1.386-2.649) ** 7.783 (5.215-11.618) ** - Knowledge Know that “cervical cancer is mainly caused by HPV infections” 86.2 - 1.748 (1.187-2.573) ** 2.655 (1.801-3.915) ** Know that “certain types of HPV can cause genital warts” 89.7 - 3.150 (1.959-5.064) ** 3.818 (2.453-5.943) ** Know that “HPV is sexually transmitted” 79.6 - 1.237 (0.893-1.714) 1.674 (1.190-2.355)** Know that “HPV infection is not likely to be completely cured by clinical treatment” 50.6 - 0.962 (0.740-1.252) 1.044 (0.782-1.392) Know that “most 77.1 - 1.402 (1.025-1.918* 1.883 (1.357-2.612) **
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 42 sexually active women are infected by HPV at some points in their lives” Know that “Using condoms does not prevent 100% HPV infection” 89.3 - 2.519 (1.604-3.954) ** 2.902 (1.884-4.469) ** Know that “it is recommended that females should receive all 3 shots of HPV vaccination within a 6-month period” 70.7 - 1.454 (1.089-1.943) * 1.657 (1.218-2.253) ** Know that “Male can be infected with HPV” 86.4 - 1.904 (1.286-2.818) ** 2.542 (1.720-3.757) ** Attitudes Agree that “Increase the availability of HPV vaccine” 84.2 1.577 (1.097-2.266) * - 61.431 (31.438-120.040) ** Agree that “Hope the insurance company will cover the cost” 73.3 1.852 (1.371-2.502) ** - 8.646 (6.190-12.076) ** Agree that “Looking to incorporate vaccines into routine vaccinations” 83.2 1.580 (1.109-2.251) * - 31.862 (19.007-53.412) ** Agree that “Ability to self-determine whether to get vaccinated” 82.1 1.710 (1.209-2.417) * - 24.091 (15.192-38.202) ** Agree that “Encouraged sexual partners to get HPV vaccine” 82.1 2.066 (1.455-2.935) ** - 28.648 (17.700-46.369) ** Remark: * = p<0.05; ** = p<0.01; # = prostitution, multiple sexual partners, threesomes, orgy etc.; CNY: Chinese Yuan.
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 43 Table 2. Reasons for willingness or NOT willingness HPV vaccination Reasons for willingness against HPV vaccination N = (743) Yes No n (%) n (%) Protect personal health 729 98.1 18 2.4 The HPV vaccine is safe and effective 440 59.2 303 15.5 Protect the health of family 424 57.1 319 16.4 Suggestions from family/friends 228 30.7 515 26.4 Publicity 221 29.7 522 26.8 Recommended by doctor 140 18.8 603 30.9 Reasons for NOT willingness against HPV vaccination N = (149) Yes No n (%) n (%) HPV infection is not present 65 43.6 84 56.4 Expensive 57 38.3 92 61.7 Difficulty making an appointment 42 28.2 107 71.8 Worry about safety and side effects 42 28.2 107 71.8 No time / inconvenient for vaccination 26 17.4 123 82.6 Vaccines have not been widely promoted 24 16.1 125 83.9 Need to be vaccinated in batches, which is very troublesome 23 15.4 126 84.6 Physical reasons 17 11.4 132 88.6 Fear of injections 17 11.4 132 88.6 Do not trust the preventive effect of vaccines 10 6.7 139 93.3 Have adverse physical and psychological reactions to other vaccines 3 2.0 146 98.0
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 44 Table 3. Demographic characteristics of participants’ knowledge and attitudes scores Characteristics Knowledge Attitudes Mean (SD) Statistics P-value Mean (SD) Statistics P-value Sex -1.169 0.243 -7.109 <0.001 Male 6.21 (1.87) 19.86 (4.14) Female 6.35 (1.55) 21.69 (3.01) Family history of cancer 2.241 0.027 0.739 0.462 No 6.26 (1.71) 20.97 (3.58) Yes 6.62 (1.38) 21.28 (3.74) Have sex experience 1.975 0.049 1.373 0.170 No 6.23 (1.74) 20.89 (3.55) Yes 6.46 (1.51) 21.25 (3.68) Uncommon sexual acts experience -1.192 0.271 0.099 0.924 No 6.49 (1.47) 21.25 (3.69) Yes 5.50 (2.33) 21.38 (3.50) Sexual partner 1.165 0.246 -1.481 0.140 No partner 6.30 (1.67) 21.71 (3.54) Have a partner 6.54 (1.41) 21.02 (3.74) Frequency of sex (monthly) 0.462 0.631 8.311 <0.001 0-3 times 6.55 (1.30) 21.62 (3.29) 3-6 times 6.71 (1.23) 20.75 (3.27) 7-9 times 6.33 (1.98) 18.52 (4.96) Sexual partner has been received the HPV vaccine 4.082 0.019 3.749 0.026 Yes 7.05 (1.19) 21.15 (4.19) No 6.44 (1.41) 21.28 (3.34) I don’t know 6.00 (1.65) 18.53 (4.84) Had heard HPV vaccine 2.649 0.01 5.291 <0.001
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 45 previously No 5.47 (2.47) 18.14 (4.26) Yes 6.35 (1.60) 21.19 (3.46) Received HPV vaccination 3.638 <0.001 <0.001 Not willing 5.75 (2.08) 18.46 (4.22) 8.339 Willing 6.41 (1.56) 21.50 (3.22) Willingness to recommend the HPV vaccine to others -5.771 <0.001 -18.064 <0.001 Not willing 5.52 (2.30) 16.85 (3.87) Willing 6.51 (1.39) 22.15 (2.50) Government should provide free/ subsidized HPV vaccination to all eligible women 1.823 0.073 7.195 <0.001 No 5.81 (2.13) 17.89 (3.35) Yes 6.33 (1.64) 21.21 (3.51) Scientifically gained knowledge about HPV 2.454 0.015 4.442 <0.001 No 6.07 (1.78) 20.09 (3.01) Yes 6.38 (1.63) 21.34 (3.40) Needs for further of HPV-related knowledge 2.885 0.004 3.359 0.001 No 6.08 (1.77) 20.47 (3.57) Yes 6.42 (1.61) 21.30 (3.57) Have received classroom health education on HPV 1.178 0.239 -0.194 0.846 No 6.24 (1.63) 21.02 (3.53) Yes 6.38 (1.75) 20.97 (3.68) Time to first receive HPV vaccine popularization education 3.038 0.017 6.917 <0.001 Never had 5.93 (1.93) 20.36 (3.77) Primary school 6.08 (2.29) 19.02 (4.37) Junior school 6.22 (1.77) 20.71 (3.93) High school 6.37 (1.64) 21.22 (3.33) University 6.46 (1.42) 21.48 (3.35)
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 46 Table 4. Attitudes of statement on HPV and HPV vaccination Items N (%) Mean (SD) Median (IQR) Strongly disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree Increase the availability of HPV vaccine 7 (0.8) 8 (0.9) 126 (14.1) 337 (37.8) 414 (46.4) 4.28 (0.80) 5 (4,5) Hope the insurance company will cover the cost 12 (1.3) 18 (2.0) 208 (23.3) 357 (40.0) 297 (33.3) 4.02 (0.88) 4 (4,5) Looking to incorporate vaccines into routine vaccinations 8 (0.9) 10 (1.1) 132 (14.8) 339 (38.0) 403 (45.2) 4.25 (0.81) 4 (4,5) Ability to self-determine whether to get vaccinated 7 (0.8) 9 (1.0) 144 (16.1) 362 (40.6) 370 (41.5) 4.21 (0.80) 4 (4,5) Encouraged sexual partners to get HPV vaccine 6 (0.7) 9 (1.0) 145 (16.3) 345 (38.7) 387 (43.4) 4.23 (0.80) 4 (4,5) Remark: SD: standard deviation; IQR; inter quartile range.
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 47 Table 5. Multivariate logistic regression analyses between independent predictors and different outcomes of interest. Characteristics Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Log likelihood = -215.999, X2 = 20.690, P < 0.001 Log likelihood = -328.253, X2 = 51.301, P < 0.001 Log likelihood = -634.699, X2 = 447.175, P < 0.001 OR (95%CI) p-value OR (95%CI) P-value OR (95%CI) p-value Female (Ref. male) - - - - 4.824 (3.179-7.319) <0.001 Had heard HPV vaccine previously (Ref. No) - - - - 3.773 (1.672-8.516) 0.001 Scientifically gained knowledge about HPV (Ref. No) 3.193 (1.551-6.573) 0.002 - - 2.462 (1.611-3.764) <0.001 Know that “it is recommended that females should receive all 3 shots of HPV vaccination within a 6-month period” - - - - 1.657 (1.069-2.568) 0.024 Agree that “Looking to incorporate vaccines into routine vaccinations” - - - - 4.092 (1.978-8.462) <0.001 Agree that “Ability to self-determine whether to get vaccinated” - - - - 4.487 (2.309-8.720) <0.001 Agree that “Encouraged sexual partners to get HPV vaccine” - - - - 5.196 (2.554-10.573) <0.001 Have sexual partner (Ref. don’t have) - - 0.510 (0.284-0.916) 0.024 - - Needs for further HPV-related knowledge (Ref. don’t need) - - 1.858 (1.041-3.315) 0.036 - - Willingness to recommend the HPV vaccine to others - - 7.172 (3.330-15.448) <0.001 - - Know that “certain types of HPV can cause genital warts” - - 2.956 (1.117-7.820) 0.029 - - The sexual partner has been received the HPV vaccine (Ref. Yes) - - - - - - No 0.289 (0.120-0.696) 0.006 - - - - Don’t know 0.241 (0.065-0.902) 0.035 - - - -
Chonin Cheang, Wengtong Chan, Xiaona Wang, Sujian Xia 48 Supplementary Table 1. KMO and Bartlett’s Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy 0.939 Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity Appropriate Chi-square 6805.259 Degrees of freedom 253 significance probability 0
Knowledge, Attitude, Willingness of HPV Vaccination and Associated Factors among Undergraduate’s Students in Guangzhou, China: A Single-center Cross-sectional Study 49 Supplementary Table 2. Total Variance Explained Initial eigenvalue Extract the sum of squared loads Sum of squares of rotational loads component Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative % Total % of Variance Cumulative % 1 9.313 40.491 40.491 9.313 40.491 40.491 8.668 37.685 37.685 2 2.629 11.432 51.923 2.629 11.432 51.923 2.853 12.404 50.089 3 1.001 4.351 61.244 1.001 4.351 61.244 1.165 5.067 61.2445 4 1.212 4.97 56.894 5 0.962 4.182 65.426 6 0.858 3.73 69.156 7 0.809 3.518 72.673 8 0.762 3.313 75.986 9 0.747 3.247 79.233 10 0.673 2.924 82.157 11 0.613 2.667 84.825 12 0.572 2.486 87.311 13 0.544 2.365 89.676 14 0.51 2.218 91.893 15 0.391 1.702 93.595 16 0.334 1.451 95.046 17 0.227 0.985 96.031 18 0.219 0.951 96.982 19 0.178 0.773 97.755 20 0.169 0.734 98.489 21 0.144 0.628 99.118 22 0.084 0.364 100
黃清華、王吉善 52 On S&T and Humanities of Patient Safety: Basic Discipline of Medicine and Health Huang, Qinghua1; Wang, Jishan (1. Researcher, SICIP, Tongji University) Abstract: The development of the discipline in patient safety is a common concern in the domain of patient safety worldwide. The “World Annual Summit on Patient Safety, Science and Technology” hosted by the Patient Safety Campaign Foundation in the United States since 2013 has provided a development framework for patient safety, known as “Patient Safety, Science, and Technology” (PS-ST). PS-ST emphasizes maintaining an open state of science and technology related to patient safety, in order to widely absorb the achievements of S&T and develop patient safety knowledge, and paying attention to the “practical and feasible patient safety solutions”, however, there seem to be some shortcomings. PS-ST has not formed its own complete theoretical system, and does not have a complete humanistic concept of patient safety. To become an independent and mature discipline in Health Science, there is still a long way . It is recommended to enrich and improve the discipline of patient safety according to the development concept of “Patient Safety Science & Technology and Humanities” (PSSTH), and to comprehensively construct the PSSTH knowledge system for building a safer health system and a highly reliable healthcare system. To fill the gap, China should develop her own theoretical system and produce textbooks in this field. PSSTH can not only better adapt the needs of China to cultivate “New Medical Science” talents who have a good grasp in “ Medicine, Engineering, Science and Literature”, to address the challenges of economic and social development, new technological revolution and new health risks, but also promote the high-quality development of public hospitals. Based on the understanding of the essence of patient safety and the need for comprehensive prevention and control of Patient Safety Events (PSIs), this article proposes and briefly discusses this viewpoint by using innovative thinking. Keywords: Patient safety; PSEs; PSSTH; PS-ST; New Medical Science
論作爲醫學基礎學科的患者安全科技與人文 53 一、引言 根據世界衛⽣組織(WHO)的定義,患者安全探討在可獲得的衛⽣資源條件下如何「將醫療保健相關的不必要傷害或多餘的傷害(unnecessary harm)減少到可接受的最低程度。」1 患者安全問題是涉及整個衛⽣健康體系的嚴重關切。WHO估計,每年全球約有 4.21 億⼈次住院患者,其中發⽣約 4270 萬⼈次安全事件,對⼈群造成的傷害或死亡,與結核病和瘧疾相當,對世界⼈⼜健康的危害和負擔排在第14位,給全球公共衛⽣帶來沉重負擔。2 在新型冠狀病毒疫情全球⼤流⾏的背景下,因醫院內感染、過勞和暴⼒等因素,各國醫務⼈員或多或少幾乎都有傷亡,醫務⼈員的安全問題引起國際社會重視。爲此,2020 年 9 ⽉ 17 ⽇第⼆個世界患者安全⽇,主題設爲「醫務⼈員的安全—患者安全的優先事項」(Health Worker Safety: A Priority for Patient Safety),WHO呼籲採取⾏動:「爲醫務⼈員安全發聲。」3 這意味著患者安全不僅涉及患者接受醫療保健服務過程中的⼈格安全利益,也事關醫務⼈員的職業安全利益。 ⾃《孰能無過》發表以來,患者安全學科獲得長⾜的發展。4 2013年在美國召開了「第⼀屆世界患者安全、科學和技術年度峰會」(the First Annual World Patient Safety, Science & Technology Summit),提出「患者安全、科學和技術」(Patient Safety, Science & Technology, PS-ST)的學科發展概念框架。2019年第七屆世界 PS-ST年度峰會發布「切實可⾏的患者安全解決⽅案 17:患者安全⼤學課程」(APSS#17:Patient Safety Curriculum for Schools),作爲「所有醫療保健專業(護理、藥學、⾏爲健康、醫學等)的教育計劃都可以采⽤該患者安全核⼼課程。」5 截至 2020年底,患者安 1 WHO, “Conceptual Framework for the International Classification for Patient Safety,” Geneva: WHO press, 2009. 1. 2 WHO, “10 Facts on Patient Safety,” http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/patient_safety/en/ Updated March 20, 2018. 3 WHO, “World Patient Safety Day 2020: Speak Up for Health Worker Safety,” https://www.paho.org/en/events/world-patient-safety-day-2020-speak-health-worker-safety. Updated Oct. 22, 2020, accessed 6 May, 2021. 4 Institute Of Medicine, “To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System,” Washington: National Academy Press. 2000, detailed contents. 5 Patient Safety Movement Foundation (PSMF), 7th Annual Patient Safety, Science & Technology Summit,
黃清華、王吉善 54 全經過⼆⼗年的實踐與發展,越來越多的有識之⼠認爲「患者安全應成爲職業醫學教育的新基礎科學」6 簡⾔之,就是應當成爲「⼤醫科」⽽非僅僅臨床醫學新的基礎學科。這⼀新型學科,具有較⾼的系統研究價值,對社會發展具有重要影響,對技術與産業的發展也甚爲必要,但「相關理論研究尚不充⾜」。7 本⽂認爲,這種不⾜,集中表現爲學術界對患者安全的學科名稱、理論體系、基本內容和基本⽅法,並未形成共識。⽽ PS-ST⾃ 2013年第⼀屆年度峰會以來,幾乎每年都召開「世界患者安全暨科技年度峰會」(WPSSTS)8,似乎並沒有就患者安全學科如何發展形成全⾯共識,突出其年度峰會主題「患者安全、科學和技術」(PS-ST)為鬆散之多學科發展框架,⽽沒有形成「患者安全科技與⼈⽂」(Patient Safety S&T and Humanities, PSSTH)緊密且有著內在聯系的概念框架,患者安全缺乏⾃⼰的完整的理論體系,對於某些患者安全現象。例如:過度醫療與服務不⾜、醫院暴⼒⾏爲、醫護⼈員或患者⾃殺,以及缺乏廣泛深入的學理解釋和可⾏動的患者安全解決⽅案(Actionable Patient Safety Solution, APSS)。9 尤其是在中國⼤陸,⽬前使⽤的患者安全教材是WHO編寫《患者安全教程指南:多學科綜合版》(Patient Safety Curriculum Guide: Multi-Professional Edition,以下簡稱《WHO教程指南》),10 顯⽰出對於患者安全學科體系建設,缺乏⾃⼰的問題意識和系統認識。這是本⽂擬著⼒解決的問題。 作爲探討中國患者安全學科發展框架的基礎研究紀要,本⽂從學科建設的角度,將患者安全定義爲研究、討論如何預防和控制患者安全事件(又稱患者安全不良事件,Patient Safety Events, PSEs)的新型學科,其⽬標是使各種醫療保健機構、場所、設施或從醫療保健過程中 PSEs 發⽣率,在可獲得的衛⽣資源條件下減少到可接受 t https://patientsafetymovement.org/. accessed 20 January, 2019. 6 Albert W. Wu, Isolde M. Busch, “Patient Safety: A New Basic Science for Professional Education,” GMS Journal for Medical Edication, 36.2 (2019): 23-25. 7 黃督,夏晨曦,〈國際患者安全研究熱點及演進路徑的可視化分析〉,「中國衛生質量管理」第 4期,(北京:中國食品出版社,2020),70-74。 8 PSMF 於 2022 年 4 月 29 日至 4 月 30 日在線舉辦第八屆年度世界患者安全、科學和技術峰會(WPSSTS),這一屆年度峰會原定於 2020年 3月 5至 7日在加州霍廷頓海灘舉行。由於疫情,2020-2021兩年停辦該峰會。 9 PSSTH系本文首次提出,以區別於 PS-ST。 10 世界衛生組織著;王華、馮文、王永光譯,《患者安全教程指南:多學科綜合版》,世界衛生組織出版社(第一版),(2011),目錄頁。
黃清華、王吉善 58 對於防控⽇益增多的⾃殺現象具有提⽰意義。18 當然,這⼀分類法形成於 2005年前後,其周延性今天來看仍有瑕疵。例如:研究型醫院實驗室有毒有害物泄漏,醫療保健系統因(新⼀代)信息安全可能帶來患者安全問題,檢驗報告錯誤,以及患者遺體安全問題,沒有被囊括進去,警戒事件僅從醫療的角度列舉「⽤藥錯誤」導致的後果,⽽忽略了藥品質量問題,沒有將藥害、醫療器械質量缺陷導致的損害列入。對於過度醫療與服務不⾜或者低質量醫療服務造成的患者安全問題,似乎也有所忽略。19 對於這⼀分類法,如果分別從管理和技術的角度再作系統梳理,可能有助於進⼀步認識患者安全問題。如屬於或者主要屬於患者安全管理問題的有:住院患者發⽣褥瘡(2.3)、患者及其家屬攻擊⾏爲(2.4)、患者個⼈⾏爲(2.5)、病歷管理(2.8)、臨床管理問題(2.9)、組織管理/服務(2.14)、安全管理(2.15)、意外事故(2.16)……︔屬於或者主要屬於患者安全技術問題的有:醫療器械、設備或⽤品差錯(2.2)……︔管理因素和技術因素均突出的患者安全問題有:藥物或靜脈注射液差錯(2.1)、建築物和附屬設備安全(2.6)、醫院內感染(2.10)醫院內跌倒(2.11)、氧氣/氣體/蒸氣輸送差錯(2.12)、污染危害(2.13),……。這種體系化的深入分類,可能有利於制定患者安全⽬標、明確防控策略,即管理問題可區分爲體制性管理問題(安全問題主要由體制性因素産⽣)、機制性管理問題(安全問題主要由醫療保健體系運⾏機制因素産⽣)和⼀般管理問題(局部或個別管理因素,管理不善或缺乏管理)︔⽽技術問題,也可進⼀步區分爲可克服的技術問題和(現有條件下)難以克服的技術問題,低成本即可克服的技術問題和⾼投入才能克服的技術問題。按照這種思路進⾏再分類,有利於探討不同類型患者安全問題的本質及其防控措施。 南澳洲 PSEs 分類比較直觀地說明,如何預防患者和醫者在醫療保健過程中的傷害和死亡,是⼀項嚴峻的挑戰。這些挑戰,不僅包括管理和技術問題,例如第 2、11⼤類涉及諸多防跌倒技術和醫療器械設計制造安全技術問題︔也⼤量涉及體制機 18 以「醫生自殺」爲關鍵詞行百度搜索,可見醫生自殺現象中外都有,尤其新型冠狀病毒疫情爆發以來,疫情嚴重國家醫護人員不堪工作壓力自殺較普遍。而在中國,近年來緊張的醫患關系和上下級關系,則可能是越來越多的醫生自殺的主要原因。 19 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Crossing the Global Quality Chasm:Improving Health Care Worldwide for the 21st Century, http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/Reports/2018/crossing-global-quality-chasm-improving-health-care-worldwide.aspx. Accessed 28 December, 2018.
論作爲醫學基礎學科的患者安全科技與人文 59 制問題,如資源分配、投資效⽤、法治環境、倫理關係、⼈⽂素質等⽅⾯,例如第4、5、9、14、17⼤類的患者安全問題,以及過度醫療或者服務不⾜致害。對於這些問題的研究與解決,無疑需要在科學(含社會科學)、技術和⼈⽂維度上進⾏探討。 由此可⾒,各國(地)從其衛⽣健康體系⾯臨的問題出發,在完善南澳洲 PSEs分類法的基礎上,對其作根本原因分析、系統分析和縱深分析,並以此指導相關的患者安全技術運⽤,完善促進安全的⼈⽂環境,不僅可以更好地應對患者安全挑戰,且勢必能夠形成對患者安全在科學、技術和⼈⽂框架下的多學科觀察研究,進⽽建構 PSSTH。 三、PSSTH:「大醫科」下的患者安全學科建設 爲了闡明患者安全作爲「⼤醫科」共同的基礎學科,有必要從科學、技術與⼈⽂三個⽅⾯,對 PSEs及其預防控制進⾏深入的觀察和討論,以說明作爲⼀⾨學科的患者安全爲什麽宜定名爲 PSSTH。 (㆒)、從科㈻的角度來看 到⽬前爲⽌,對 PSEs的發⽣發展和預防控制,全球患者安全學者或者安全科學專家運⽤並發展系統科學、⾏爲—⼼理科學理論,對患者安全基本問題作出了相應的分析和判斷,形成了公認的常態事故理論(Normal Accidents)、20 瑞⼠奶酪理論(Swiss Cheese Model)。21 這兩種理論對於建⽴醫療質量安全核⼼制度,解釋其必要性,⼗分有益,但明顯無法解釋患者安全全部現象。鑒於此,需要更多的科學理論,從不同角度廣泛⽽深入地研究患者安全問題。 1、高可靠性理論(the Theory of High Reliability) ⾼可靠性是指複雜的、⾼危的⾏業在較長的時間內不發⽣事故的能⼒,例如航 20 The Joint Commission, “Patient Safety, Facts about Patient Safety, https://www.jointcommission.org/topics/patient_safety.aspx. Accessed March 30, 2016 21 Reason, J, Human Error: Models and Management, BMJ, 320 (2000), 768-770.
黃清華、王吉善 60 空、核動⼒和遊樂園。⾼可靠性可理解爲⼀個系統的安全運⾏時間能夠滿⾜預計時間的要求,⽽⼀個被廣泛應⽤但卻難以達到的標準是著名的「五個九標準」,即系統運⾏的可靠性要達到 99.999%。22 爲保證⾼可靠性,系統的任何結構或者組成部分,都應當被仔細地規劃、設計、建造、審查,在投入運⾏前進⾏徹底的測試,運⾏中進⾏安全情況動態監測。其基本⽅法包括:(1)運⽤概率論與數理統計等數學⼯具(可靠性數學),對系統的可靠性問題進⾏定量分析︔(2)采⽤失效分析⽅法和邏輯推理,對系統故障進⾏研究,找出薄弱環節,確定提⾼系統可靠性的途徑,並綜合地權衡安全、經濟、功能等⽅⾯的得失,以便將系統的可靠性提⾼到滿意程度。23 在患者安全領域,醫療機構和醫藥⾏業同樣具有複雜和⾼危的特點,但可靠度(⽬前)並不太⾼。對此,⾼可靠性理論主張,爲了實現患者安全⽬標,尤其是實現「零傷害」⽬標,必須提⾼衛⽣健康體系可靠性,使其具有⾼可靠性的特徵。24 這些特徵包括但不限於⾼可靠性組織、⾼可靠性技術、⾼可靠性管理和切合實際的⽬標,以解決如何在⾼風險系統中減輕風險、降低事故發⽣率問題。探索中的患者安全領域的⾼可靠性理論,試圖爲醫療保健系統的可靠性設計、可靠性預測、可靠性分配、可靠性教育與管理提供學術⽀持:⼀⽅⾯提供⼀種⽅法和資源,「使朝著零患者傷害的⽬標前進」︔另⼀⽅⾯,該理論在醫療保健系統是否能夠實現「零傷害」(安全性 99.999%)⽬標,也頗受爭議,25因爲醫療保健系統可能更複雜,且服務的⽣命是有機體,安全⽅⾯的挑戰,可能遠勝於⼯業系統,所涉理論和實踐問題遠未解決。 2、㆟因㈻理論(the Theory of Human Factors) 「⼈因」,指與⼈有關的因素。神經⼈因學、認知⼯程、協同認知系統、社會技術系統,是⼈因學的基本內容︔⽽以⼈因⼯程學,研究按照⼈的特性設計和改進的 22 李德仁、袁修孝,《誤差處理與可靠性理論》(Error Processing and Reliability Theory),(武漢大學出版社,2012),14。 23 李德仁、袁修孝,《誤差處理與可靠性理論》,137。 24 For details, please see Erin S. DuPree, High Reliability: The Path to Zero Harm, Healthcare Executive Magazine 16.1(2016): 23. 25 Cochrane, Bonnie S, Hagins, Mitch, Picciano, Gino, “High Reliability in Healthcare: Creating the Culture and Mindset for Patient Safety,” Healthc Manage Forum 30.2 (2017): 61-68; A Wilson, “Technical Report Lays Out Path to Zero Harm and Beyond,” Journal of Petroleum Technology 18.4 (2018): 226-228.
論作爲醫學基礎學科的患者安全科技與人文 61 「⼈—機器—環境系統」對患者安全影響最⼤。26 「當前新技術、⼈機交互的新特徵、社會和⼈的新需求給中國⼈因學(Human Factors)的進⼀步發展創造了⼀個有利時機。」27 患者安全如何吸收⼈因科學研究成果,已經成爲 WPSSTS的最新關切。28 患者安全中⼈的因素,是患者安全科學未來的研究重點。醫療健康領域中的⼈因失誤不容⼩覰,易引發醫源性事故和⼈身傷害。因此,研究醫療健康領域中的⼈因失誤,「改善⼈因失誤的防治⼯作,提⾼醫療保健系統容納⼈因失誤的能⼒,對於醫護者的操作質量和患者⼈身安全,具有迫切需要的現實價值。」29 未來的研究⽅向是,基於多種⼈因失誤辨識⽅法、⼈因⼯效學和認知⼼理學等理論,針對患者安全⾼風險環節,開展⼈因失誤辨識⽅法研究,建⽴適合於患者安全的⼈因失誤辨識⽅法,實現對患者安全的⼈因失誤辨識。30 3、風險感知理論(The Theory of Risk Perception) 感知是⼈們對外界環境和事物的刺激所産⽣的⼀系列情緒變化、認知等⼼理過程的關鍵因素。個體根據直觀判斷和主觀感受所獲得的經驗,根據環境刺激、信息進⾏紀錄、篩選、凝聚成知識與記憶,來做出主觀風險的判定,並以此作爲逃避、改變、接受風險的態度,以及⾏爲決策的判斷依據。31 風險管理始於風險感知,風險雖然是客觀存在的,但實施有效的風險控制必須感知到風險的存在。從這個角度來講,客觀風險只有轉化爲主觀風險才有意義。32 這意味著,必須加強⼈們對於風險的感知能⼒,提⾼其風險感知⽔平。⽬前國內外風險感知⽅⾯的研究,對具體的安全事件風險感知的研究較少,同時現有研究多著眼於公衆的風險感知情況,⽽少 26 詳見蔣祖華主編,《人因工程》,(科學出版社,2011),34。 27 許爲、葛列衆,〈人因學發展的新取向〉,《心理科學進展》2018年 09期,1521-1534。 28 許爲、葛列衆,〈人因學發展的新取向〉,1521。 29 付丹妮,〈適用於眼科手術的人因失誤辨識方法研究〉,《碩士電子期刊出版信息》,2019年 12期,1-2。 30 付丹妮,〈適用於眼科手術的人因失誤辨識方法研究〉,1-2。 31 Kieran W, “The Development of Clinical Risk Management,” in Vincent. C. ed, Clinical risk Management: Enhancing Patient Safety 2nd Edition, (London, BMJ Books, 2001): 48. 32 John Williams, “Risk Management in Surgery,” in Charles Vincent. ed, Clinical Risk Management: Enhancing Patient Safety 2nd Edition, (London, BMJ Books, 2001), 138.
黃清華、王吉善 62 有研究分析風險感知與風險適應⾏爲或者風險控制的關係。33 這說明,將風險感知理論運⽤於風險管理還需要跨越⼀些認知障礙。 在英國,患者安全發端於臨床風險管理,⽽臨床風險管理,理論上說,則始於臨床風險感知。34 醫療保健系統的主體對於各種安全風險的感知能⼒越強,越有利於加強風險控制實現患者安全⽬標。如何能夠全⾯提⾼主體(醫護⼈員和患者)的風險感知能⼒,隨著風險感知能⼒的提⾼,如何能夠將這種能⼒及時轉化爲團隊的默契的風險防控措施,可能是未來的研究⽅向。 4、積極的㊟意義務理論(Proactive Duty of Care) 提⾼⾃律性,對於預防控制 PSEs具有積極意義。在民事領域,爲了促進⾃律,侵權責任法主要通過過錯責任原則、注意義務(duty of care)和注意標準(standard of care)調整⼈們的⾏爲。35 注意義務強調「鄰⼈原則」,要求根據可預⾒性和接近程度對可能受到⾃⼰⾏爲影響的⼈,給予合理的注意,避免損害其權益。36 因此,注意的標準是客觀的,⽽注意的程度,有⼀個理性⼈通常的注意和⼀個理性的專業⼈⼠的專業注意之分(special standards)。37 當前,討論患者安全問題的侵權責任法,⼤體上是在這種傳統理論框架下討論醫⽅的注意義務和注意標準的。 從患者安全的角度觀察,侵權責任法之注意義務是⼀種針對⼈身損害事故發⽣後的責任分析、判斷和分配機制,是消極的和反應型的(reactive),38 ⽽預防 PSEs需要積極的和前瞻(proactive)的注意,這是積極的注意義務理論的精髓。該理論主張預防 PSEs,需要建⽴和加強安全責任主體「積極的注意義務」,醫療保健系統應有⾼於司法標準的⾃⼰的注意義務標準,⽽提⾼注意標準和注意程度,在制度經濟學上意味著增加醫療保健系統的運⾏成本。因此,從醫療保健系統的公共屬性出發, 33 孟博、劉茂、李清水等,〈風險感知理論模型及影響因子分析〉,《中國安全科學學報》,2010年 10期,59-66。 34 孟博、劉茂、李清水等,〈風險感知理論模型及影響因子分析〉,33、47。 35 Michael A. Jones, Textbook on Torts 8th Edition, (Oxford University Press, 2002): 32. 36 Michael A., Textbook on Torts 8th Edition, 37, 32-37. 37 Michael A., Textbook on Torts 8th Edition, 211-213. 38 Huang Qinghua, “Clinical Risk Management, Medical Negligence Prevention and the Law: A Review,” International Journal of Risk and Safety in Medicine 20.4 (2008): 9-11.
黃清華、王吉善 64 醫療保健系統爲藍本,並且主要是從管理學、系統科學或者認知科學的角度進⾏闡述的,對於中國衛⽣健康體系和醫療保健系統這樣⼀種中西醫結合的體制機制,其患者安全問題的⼀些獨特性,例如中醫醫院的患者安全問題,中西醫結合醫療的患者安全問題,相關的理論研究似乎沒有受到⾜夠重視。推⽽廣之,世界各國各民族地⽅,除了西醫之外,還有其民族醫療與醫藥,相應的患者安全問題的狀況和科學研究,需要受到重視,這對於改善民族醫療與醫藥的品質,⼗分必要。再者,醫療保健系統及衛⽣健康體系的(安全)運⾏,在很⼤程度上,是⼀個政治—經濟學問題,廣泛涉及衛⽣資源分配倫理與公共政策。41 在政治法律層⾯,患者安全作爲⾃然⼈安全在醫療保健領域的要求,對於患者安全的深刻理解,需要在⼈格與⼈格權理論⽅⾯有所突破,以解釋患者或者醫⽣⼈格安全利益尤其是精神安全利益受到損害(因⽽⾃殺)的案例,甚至需要揭⽰發展中國家衛⽣資源分配決策與衛⽣健康體系安全性、醫療保健系統⾼可靠性的關係。⽽在經濟層⾯,價值醫療研究質量、安全、患者體驗與成本的關係,42 患者安全是價值醫療的⼀個重要考量、⼀項基礎指標。這說明,衛⽣經濟上對價值醫療的研究應當關注患者安全影響因素。就此⽽⾔,圍繞如何建設更安全的衛⽣健康體系和⾼可靠性的醫療保健系統,科學研究上需要總結更多更有說服⼒的理論或學說,以合理解釋爲何中國醫療保健系統過度醫療與服務不⾜等嚴重問題並存,患者安全問題長期以來較爲突出,並能科學地應對中國醫藥業和(新⼀代)衛⽣信息技術創新發展(可能)帶來的安全問題。此外,如何運⽤現有理論促進醫療保健系統的安全性,使其在安全上具有⾼可靠性的品質,就所涉理論、⽅法與結果的關係問題,也需要更深入的研究。 總之,患者安全在科學層⾯還有⼤量理論問題需要深入研究,⽽研究的⽅向,⼀是如何從體系或系統上解釋患者安全問題提⾼系統的安全性可靠性︔⼆是對特定種類的患者安全問題作出科學解釋,拿出合理可⾏的患者安全解決⽅案。 (㆓)、從技術的角度來看 PSEs的發⽣發展及其預防控制,與技術的關係⼗分密切。經過⼆⼗餘年的發展, 41 有關詳細內容請參見肖玲、趙慶華、肖明朝,〈患者安全管理中常用理論與工具比較〉之內容。 42 Teisberg, Elizabeth, Olmsted, et al, Redefining Health Care: Creating Value-Based Competition on Results, (Harvard Business School Press Books, 2006): 1-2.
論作爲醫學基礎學科的患者安全科技與人文 65 已經形成三⼤類患者安全技術。 1、患者安全基礎技術 至少可分爲兩個亞類:(1)系統安全管理技術。醫療保健系統安全管理的完善、安全⽔平的提⾼、可靠性的增強,離不開技術的運⽤和新技術的研發。如丹⿆、英國、美國、澳⼤利亞等發達國家於本世紀初以來,運⽤信息技術和互聯網,紛紛在全國範圍內建⽴起 PSEs報告—學習系統。該系統的研發,催⽣「病⼈安全與警⽰⽅法、設備和系統」(美國專利申請 20140032221)43 和南澳洲事故管理⾼級系統(SAAIMS),這項技術堪稱患者安全領域的基礎專利技術。(2)患者安全參與技術。患者參與尤其是患者有組織地參與患者安全,是促進患者安全的基本原則。但是,患者參與患者安全知易⾏難,44 ⽽運⽤技術⽅法促進患者參與患者安全是很好的策略。患者安全參與技術,包括創建患者⾨⼾網站,開發患者安全參與軟件,運⽤移動設備(如床旁平板電腦)和遠程技術,便於患者隨時隨地訪問,就醫療保健中的安全問題與醫療保健團隊互動,患者安全參與技術得到廣泛應⽤,並獲得良好的醫療效果和經濟—社會效果。45 以 Kaiser Permanente 醫療集團 2009年⼼臟協同診療項⽬爲例,研究顯⽰:「⼼臟協同診療團隊通過堅持讓患者實踐各種⾏之有效的冠⼼病風險降低策略,患者在⼼臟病發病後 90天內⼼源性相關死亡風險下降 88%,全因死亡率下降 76%,⼼源性死亡率下降 73%。」46 在這個實例中,⽣活⽅式改變、服藥管理、患者宣教和檢查結果監測這些具體策略,都是通過團隊與患者互動式參與完成的,⽽運⽤信息技術爲項⽬設計專⾨的保健與安全管理軟件,則是基本的技術⼿段。 43 Uspto, “Patient Safety and Alert Methods, Devices and Systems,” United States Patent Application 20140032221, http://www.freepatentsonline.com/y2014/0032221.html. Accessed 30 December, 2020. 44 The Lancet Editorial, “Patient Safety is not a Luxury,” The Lancet 387 (2016): 1-2. 45 “10 Tips for Enhancing Care by Empowering and Educating Patients’,” Lenovo. com/health. Accessed January 2016. 46 “The Blockbuster Drug of the Century, Power Patients Engagement with Technology,” www.healthstandard.com /. Accessed August 2012.
黃清華、王吉善 66 2、㊩藥產品安全技術 醫療設備、器械或⽤品設計不當、維護不當、使⽤不當或安全管理問題,例如不適清潔可能會導致器械失效、設備故障,並對患者造成潛在傷害︔不正確設置呼吸機警報參數,可置患者於缺氧性腦損傷或死亡的風險之中︔數字影像設備的不適當使⽤可能會造成不必要的輻射暴露,設備清潔液滲入電器組件可能導致設備損壞和⽕災,……47 這⼀類患者安全問題,隨著⼤量醫藥科技產品運⽤於臨床,⽇益凸顯出來,昭⽰醫療器械、設備、產品安全技術研究的重要性,以便從技術層⾯預防或控制醫療器械、設備、產品的安全風險。 3、㊩療服務安全技術 ⽤藥安全、⼿術安全、麻醉安全、分娩安全、護理安全和患者跌倒等意外事件的預防,同樣與醫學和藥學等相關技術的改進關係密切。例如《⼿術安全核對清單》(surgical safety checklist)系外科領域的通⽤技術︔48 抗菌包膜(⼀種可以嵌入抗⽣素的包膜)技術可⽤於預防⼼臟植入裝置引發的感染︔49 在眼科領域,運⽤⼈因學理論研發醫療保健系統「⼈因失誤辨識⽅法」,可以以提⾼醫⽣操作質量、改善指導培訓和提升患者安全。將其⽤於⿐內鏡下淚囊⿐腔吻合術,可有效觀察眼科⼿術的⼈因失誤原因,進⾏類型與模式分析,從⽽爲預防醫療保健系統⼈因失誤危害奠定基礎。50 這些都可視爲患者安全專⾨技術。 4、小結 患者安全技術的分類,應當說現實⽣活中有多少種患者安全問題,就可能有多 47 ECRI, “Top10 Health Technology Hazards for 2018/2019,”. 48 詳見淩武娟編譯,〈WHO手術安全核對清單十周年報告:全球 139個國家引用該清單〉,2020年 1月 18日載於 https://www.medsci.cn/article/show_article.do?id=3d3418650849, 瀏覽於 2021年 10月10日。 49 “ Cleve and Clinic announces Top 10 Medical Innovations for 2020,” https://www.cleveland.com/news/g66l-2019/10/0749afdeb89104/cleveland-clinic-announces-top-10-medical-innovations-for-2020.html. accessed 30 December, 2021. 50 付丹妮,〈適用於眼科手術的人因失誤辨識方法研究〉,頁 1-2。
論作爲醫學基礎學科的患者安全科技與人文 67 少種患者安全技術解決⽅案。盡管如此,從患者安全技術的重要性或價值的角度來看,可以把患者安全技術分爲:患者安全基礎技術、患者安全核⼼技術(例如麻醉安全技術)和患者安全⼀般技術。作爲 PSSTH的患者安全技術部分,未來的發展⽅向是,發現、總結患者安全技術創新的⼀般規律,分析、檢討現有患者安全技術使⽤情況、效果、存在的主要問題、妨礙患者安全技術推廣應⽤的因素,對患者安全技術進⾏成本與效果分析,提出技術改進或⾰新⽅法等等。例如:⼀項對《⼿術安全核對清單》使⽤情況的研究發現:「促進⼿術安全核對清單的落實,必須進⾏團隊合作。需要確認所有⼈都對⼿術的理想操作⽅式有了解。然⽽,在等級制和服從性的傳統⽂化國家中,以及在競爭激烈的環境(如美國醫學院)中,很難采⽤團隊合作的⽅式。」51 以上所有這些⽅⾯,證明運⽤患者安全科學原理發展患者安全技術的必然性和必要性,但⽬前在患者安全技術⽅⾯,尤其是對醫療技術風險與患者安全技術創新的關係,創新性技術對於患者安全的影響,以及相應的技術—經濟—倫理—⽂化問題,相關的安全技術研究與知識傳播還很不充分。 (㆔)、從㆟文的角度來看 患者安全的定義和 PSEs分類表明,患者安全事關患者和醫護⼈員雙⽅的⽣命、健康、⾃由與尊嚴等基本權利,涉及衛⽣健康體系與醫療保健系統的價值觀,涉及對醫患雙⽅和所有利益相關⼈的⼈⽂關懷,因⽽對相關的醫學與科技⼈⽂建設提出新要求(本⽂稱之爲「患者安全⼈⽂」),患者安全倫理、⽂化和審美,則是其重點。 1、患者安全倫理 患者安全倫理討論患者安全倫理關係的主體、權利義務與客體,體現爲⽣命倫理在患者安全領域的倫理規範建設和倫理治理要求。PSEs的發⽣與醫患雙⽅的⽣命倫理意識,往往密切相關。從決策層⾯到具體部⾨再到醫護⼈員的⽣命倫理意識缺 51 “ Cleve and Clinic announces Top 10 Medical Innovations for 2020,” https://www.cleveland.com/news/g66l-2019/10/0749afdeb89104/cleveland-clinic-announces-top-10-medical-innovations-for-2020.html. accessed 30 December, 2021.
論作爲醫學基礎學科的患者安全科技與人文 75 療的衛⽣(經濟)政策的科學制定、衛⽣健康資源的分配倫理、衛⽣職業倫理、衛⽣健康體系的法治監督和⼈⽂品格,信息技術、⼈⼯智能和⼤數據對衛⽣健康體系安全運⾏的影響,患者安全基礎科學與技術,患者安全科技倫理治理,所有這些衛⽣健康體系的基本要素與患者安全的關係,都需要長期深入的研究。67 在微觀層⾯,如何從⼈體解剖學、⼈體⼯程學、微⽣物學、臨床各學科、流⾏病學、藥物研發,以及風險控制⼯具、⼈⼯智能⼿術機器⼈輔助⼿術特點等等⽅⾯,分析、解釋、解決醫藥產品安全技術、醫療服務安全技術問題,以及相應的倫理治理問題,同樣需要相應的回應。⽽ PSSTH,則試圖從保障醫患雙⽅安全的角度,基於患者安全⽬標和科學規律,結合中國國情,整合並提升這兩⼤塊的理念、知識、技能和⽂化,以滿⾜醫學⽣(員)獲得經過整合的關於衛⽣健康體系安全性和醫療保健系統⾼可靠性的知識,並隨著腦科學的發展,深入研究患者安全中易被忽略的精神安全問題,提⾼醫學⽣對於職業觀的認識,進⽽養成具有創新能⼒的健全的職業⼈格—獨⽴判斷、團結合作、尊重⽣命、堅持操守、循證⾏醫、信奉科學,這樣⼀種社會對於醫者的合理期待。 以上表明,WHO《患者安全教程》與 PSSTH 的關係,恰似法律(學)與法學的關係,前者研究患者安全規則及其運⽤,後者則研究患者安全規則及其運⽤背後的規律和理論及相關知識。從這個角度來講,提出基於 PSSTH的發展思路和學科發展框架,是中國對世界的貢獻。 五、結語 安全與⾃由、尊嚴⼀樣,屬於基本價值範疇。68 實現⼈的安全,在全球「⼤醫科」、中國「新醫科」和安全科技倫理治理領域,就是要強調患者安全,保障醫患雙⽅的安全。作爲「⼤醫科」的基礎學科,患者安全的基本問題是如何預防和控制 PSEs,基本任務是將衛⽣健康領域可預防的醫療保健相關的不必要傷害風險,在⼀定的資源條件下減少到可接受的最低限度,並將醫療保健系統發展成爲⾼可靠性系統,探 67 Susan E. Skochelak, Richard E. Hawkins, et al, Health Systems Science, (AMA Education Consortium, 2017), Contents. 68 《世界人權宣言》第 1、3條主張「人人享有安全、自由與尊嚴。」
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劉麗芬、劉若斯 84 Supplier Relationship and Cost Stickiness: The Moderating Effect of Manager Capability Liu, Lifen1; Liu Ruosi (1. Lecturer, School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: It is not sufficient for enterprises to implement low-cost strategies based solely on the internal resources’ optimization. In this connection, from the perspective of external supplier relationships, ABJ model and Weiss model are used to study the antecedents of enterprise cost stickiness, with a view to opening the “black box” of enterprise cost control. With reference to the sample of A-share listed enterprises from 2011 to 2019, it is found that supplier concentration is negatively correlated with cost stickiness, and that the capability of managers enhances the relationship between the supplier concentration and cost stickiness. Furthermore, the degree of supplier fluctuation is positively correlated with enterprise cost stickiness, but the capability of managers can inhibit the impact of the supplier fluctuation on cost stickiness. Based on the research findings, it is proposed that enterprise cost control should start from both internal management and external supplier relationships, and competition between enterprises has expanded to the supply chain level. The capability of managers exists and is effective in the competition at the supply chain level, as it will help enterprises adjust the impact of external supplier relationships on internal cost stickines. Keywords: Cost Stickiness; Supplier Relationship; Supplier Concentration; Supplier Fluctuation; Manager Capability
供應商關係與企業成本粘性:管理者能力的調節效應 85 一、 引言 邁克爾・波特(Michael Porter)指出低成本戰略是企業三⼤戰略之⼀,低成本是企業的核⼼競爭⼒,⽬前⼤部分企業主要通過內部優化調整成本來實現。然⽽,成本與產量(收入)之間並非簡單的線性關係,成本具有粘性,這給企業實施低成本戰略增加了難度。1 因此,⼤量學者針對企業成本粘性尤其是其影響因素展開了研究。截至⽬前,許多內部層⾯和宏觀層⾯的影響因素均得到證實。2 然⽽,供應商關係同樣與企業成本息息相關,企業還應站在供應商關係視角來控制與降低企業成本。少數學者關注到該問題,例如於浩洋等,韋琳等,朱開悉、胡秀峰,陳良華等和 Yan, Yuchen均從中國上市企業外部供應商關係(中觀層⾯)分析了對成本粘性的影響,但結論卻不⼀致。 供應商關係對成本粘性的影響是⼀把「雙刃劍」。3 ⼀⽅⾯集中且穩定的供應商關係有利於企業間傳遞和獲取資訊,進⽽更容易獲取外部的有限資源和降低交易成本︔另⼀⽅⾯集中且穩定的供應商關係可能會有很強的議價能⼒,可能會存在「店⼤欺客」的現象,甚至可能會出於⾃身利益給企業帶來不可估量的損失。因此,本 1 Anderson, Mark-C., Rajiv D. Banker, and Surya N. Janakiraman, “Are Selling, General, and Administrative Costs “sticky”?,” Journal of Accounting Research 41.1 (Chicago: 2003): 47-63; Chen, Clara-Xiaoling, Hai Lu, and Theodore Sougiannis, “The Agency Problem, Corporate Governance, and the Asymmetrical Behavior of Selling, General, and Administrative Costs,” Contemporary Accounting Research 29.1 (Toronto:2012): 252-282; Banker, Rajiv-D., Dmitri, Byzalov, Mustafa, Ciftci, Raj, Mashruwala, “The Moderating Effect of Prior Sales Changes on Asymmetric Cost Behavior,” Journal of Management Accounting Research 26.2 (Sarasota: 2014): 221-242; 孫錚、劉浩,〈中國上市公司費用「粘性」行為研究〉,《經濟研究》,第 12 期(北京:2004),26-34;張路、李金彩、張瀚文、王會娟,〈管理者能力影響企業成本粘性嗎?〉,《會計研究》,第 3 期(北京:2019),71-77。 2 Anderson, Mark-C., Rajiv D. Banker, and Surya N. Janakiraman, “Are Selling, General, and Administrative Costs “sticky”?,” 47-63; Calleja, Kenneth, Michael, Steliaros, Dylan, C-Thomas, “A Note on Cost Stickiness: Some International Comparisons,” Management Accounting Research 17.2 (London: 2006): 127-140; Chen, Clara-Xiaoling, Hai Lu, and Theodore Sougiannis, “The Agency Problem, Corporate Governance, and the Asymmetrical Behavior of Selling, General, and Administrative Costs,” 252-282; 劉媛媛、劉斌,〈勞動保護、成本粘性與企業應對〉,《經濟研究》,第五期(北京:2014)63-76;江偉、姚文韜、胡玉明,〈《最低工資規定》的實施與企業成本粘性〉,《會計研究》,第 10 期(北京:2016),56-62。 3 方紅星、張勇,〈供應商/客戶關聯式交易、盈餘管理與審計師決策〉,《會計研究》,第 1 期(北京:2016),79-86。
劉麗芬、劉若斯 86 ⽂擬探究⼆者關係以及影響程度。同時,企業是由管理者負責構建、維護和供應商之間的關係。當採購等⾏為發⽣,即外部供應商影響企業成本粘性時,管理者會從企業⾃身出發,調節和幹預⼆者關係。本⽂還認為管理者的學歷、背景、任期和薪酬等都是表像,最終影響供應商關係和成本粘性的是管理者能⼒,它是企業管理者在特定情境下的⼀個綜合表現。 本⽂以中國 A股上市企業 2011-2019年的資料為樣本,從供應商中觀層⾯即供應商集中程度(SC)和供應商波動程度(SF),運⽤ ABJ模型和Weiss模型衡量外部供應商關係對成本粘性的直接影響以及程度,兩個模型得到的結論⼀致。為了進⼀步研究管理者能⼒的調節作⽤,本⽂借鑒 Demerjian, Peter et al.構建的 DEA-Tobit模型,計算出管理者能⼒指標,4 結果發現中國情境下,管理者能⼒可以調節和幹預供應商關係對企業成本粘性的影響。基於以上結論,本⽂得出:當前集中且穩定的供應商關係從企業成本粘性的角度是利⼤於弊的,並且管理者能⼒會⾃主、有效的調節⼆者關係,這⼀結論也佐證了中國當前不斷地提出要增強產業鏈的韌性、穩定性和⾃主可控⼒的政策合理性。 二、 文獻回顧與研究假設 (㆒)、文獻回顧 成本粘性的概念由 Anderson, Mark C. et al.⾸次提出,是指當銷售量增加 1%時成本隨之增加的比例⼤於當銷售量減少 1%時成本隨之減少的比例。5「調整成本觀」「管理者樂觀預期」和「管理層機會主義」是當前成本粘性前因變數研究的主要理論。「調整成本觀」認為銷售量在隨機變化,因此當銷售量下降時,管理者不會隨之同比例降低成本,因為許多成本屬於固定成本,並且減少成本使得企業付出的代價 4 Demerjian, Peter, Baruch, Lev, Sarah, McVay, “Quantifying Managerial Ability: A New Measure and Validity tests,” Management science 58.7 (Providence, R.I.: 2012): 1229-1248; 張路、李金彩、張瀚文、王會娟,〈管理者能力影響企業成本粘性嗎?〉,71-77。 5 Anderson, Mark-C., Rajiv D. Banker, and Surya N. Janakiraman, “Are Selling, General, and Administrative Costs “sticky”?, ”, 47-63.
供應商關係與企業成本粘性:管理者能力的調節效應 87 更⼤,企業反⽽更願意維現有合同不變。6「管理者樂觀預期」認為管理者通常對未來充滿信⼼,所以當銷售量下降時,企業不會⽴即調整成本,因為當銷售量回升時,重新購置資源的代價會更⾼。7「管理層機會主義」是指由於經理⼈與股東的⽬標不⼀致,⾃利的管理者傾向於維持現有資源合同不變,使個⼈效⽤最⼤化⽽非股東利益的最⼤化(代理理論)。當銷售量上升時,基於管理者的「帝國構建」⽬標,管理者傾向增加企業的規模或資源︔⽽當銷售量下降時,管理者會保持現有資源合同不變進⽽產⽣成本粘性。8 關於成本粘性的前因變數研究,⼤部分學者從企業內部層⾯和宏觀層⾯展開。企業內部層⾯包括:資本密集度、員⼯密集度、產權性質、內部控制等︔宏觀層⾯包括:就業保護⽴法、國家⽂化、法律體系、最低⼯資規定等。國外學者 Banker, Rajiv D. et al. (2013b) 的研究發現,企業內部的前因變數對成本粘性的影響為 25%,⽽宏觀層⾯的變數對企業成本粘性的直接影響為 37%,在此基礎上⽂章還提出前因變數研究應從供應⽅角度尋求突破。9 中國於浩洋等以滬深所有上市企業為樣本,研究發現集中的供應商關係通過影響企業的交易量、交易成本進⽽影響調整成本,並能作為⼀種治理機制,起到監督和約束企業管理層作⽤︔波動的供應商關係則會增加企業的調整成本和減弱約束作⽤,即供應商集中程度可以減弱成本粘性,⽽供應商波動程度會加劇成本粘性。10 韋琳等選擇我國 A股上市企業為樣本,研究供應商關係強度(供應商集中程度)和供應商關係穩定性(供應商波動程度)對成本粘性的影響,發現供應商關係強度越⼤,成本粘性越⼩,⽽供應商關悉穩定性越⾼,成本粘性越⼩。11 朱開悉、胡秀峰以製 6 Holzhacker, Martin, Ranjani Krishnan, Matthias D. Mahlendorf, “The Impact of Changes in Regulation on Cost Behavior,” Contemporary Accounting Research 32.2 (Toronto: 2015): 534-566. 7 Chen, Clara-Xiaoling, Hai Lu, and Theodore Sougiannis, “The Agency Problem, Corporate Governance, and the Asymmetrical Behavior of Selling, General, and Administrative costs,”, 252-282. 8 Anderson, Mark-C., Rajiv D. Banker, and Surya N. Janakiraman, “Are Selling, General, and Administrative Costs “sticky”?,”, 47-63; Chen, Clara-Xiaoling, Hai Lu, and Theodore Sougiannis, “The Agency Problem, Corporate Governance, and the Asymmetrical Behavior of Selling, General, and Administrative Costs,”, 252-282. 9 Banker, Rajiv-D., Dmitri Byzalov, and Lucas Threinen, “Determinants of International Differences in Asymmetric Cost Behavior,”, 1-74. 10 于浩洋、王滿、黃波,〈內部控制品質、供應商關係與成本粘性〉,《管理科學》,第 3 期(哈爾濱:2017),122-135。 11 韋琳、張玲、徐立文,〈產權性質、供應商關係密切度與成本粘性—基於關係資本的視角〉,《會計
劉麗芬、劉若斯 88 造業上市企業為樣本進⾏研究得出了相反的結論,認為供應商集中度越⾼企業成本粘性越強(正相關)。12 陳良華等對滬深 A 股製造業上市企業的研究表明,供應商集中程度與企業成本粘性存在非線性關係,呈現倒 U型。並進⼀步探討了供應鏈地理距離和供應鏈合作夥伴關係對成本粘性的影響。13 Yan, Yuchen選擇製造業上市企業為樣本,研究顯⽰供應商集中程度與成本粘性負相關,供應商波動程度與成本粘性正相關,且存在關聯關係的供應商集中程度與成本粘性的負相關更顯著。14 Chen, Clara Xiaoling et al.從管理層機會主義的角度選擇四個指標:經營活動現⾦流,CEO任期,CEO變更和 CEO薪資來研究管理層「帝國構建」動機對成本粘性的影響,以及公司治理對⼆者關係的調節作⽤。結果顯⽰:管理層「帝國構建」動機與成本粘性顯著正相關並且在公司治理弱的企業表現更明顯。15 梁尚坤研究管理者過度⾃信對成本粘性的影響,並得出管理者過度⾃信會導致較⾼的成本粘性。16江偉、姚⽂韜研究⾼管任期對成本粘性的影響,並得出⾼管任期越長成本粘性越⼤且在⾼管臨近離任時,成本粘性會有所減弱。17 張偉華等研究國有企業⾼管團隊薪酬激勵和差距對成本粘性的影響,並得出國有企業⾼管薪酬⽔準和差距越⼤成本粘性越低。這些⽂章從不同側⾯研究管理者某⼀特性對成本粘性的影響。18 國內僅有張路等研究管理者能⼒對成本粘性的直接影響,並得出管理者能⼒與企業成本粘性顯著負相關。19 Daryaei, Abbas Ali et al.研究管理者四個特性(非執⾏管理者、管理者能⼒、管理者過度⾃信和盈餘管理)對成本粘性的直接以及交互影響。⽂章得出 之友》,第 15 期(太原:2018),65-71。 12 朱開悉、胡秀峰,〈供應商/客戶集中度、專用性資產與企業成本粘性〉,《會計之友》,第 6 期(太原:2018),112-118。 13 陳良華、胡雨菲、遲穎穎,〈基於供應鏈視角的供應商關係對企業成本粘性影響研究—來自中國製造業上市公司的經驗資料〉,《河海大學學報(哲學社會科學版)》,第 3 期(南京:2019),37-45。 14 Yan, Yu-chen, “Supplier Association Relationship and Cost Stickiness: Analysis of Cooperation Effect Based on Environmental Uncertainty.” Open Journal of Business and Management 9.3 (New York:2021): 1210-1229. 15 Chen, Clara-Xiaoling, Hai Lu, and Theodore Sougiannis, “The Agency Problem, Corporate Governance, and the Asymmetrical Behavior of Selling, General, and Administrative Costs,”, 252-282. 16 梁上坤,〈管理者過度自信、債務約束與成本粘性〉,《南開管理評論》,第 3 期(天津:2015),122-131。 17 江偉、姚文韜、胡玉明,〈《最低工資規定》的實施與企業成本粘性〉,《會計研究》,第 10 期(北京:2016),56-62。 18 張偉華、郭盈良、王春燕,〈國有企業管理者薪酬、產品市場競爭與費用粘性〉,《科學決策》,第 4期(北京:2017),38-59。 19 張路、李金彩、張瀚文、王會娟,〈管理者能力影響企業成本粘性嗎?〉,71-77。
供應商關係與企業成本粘性:管理者能力的調節效應 89 非執⾏管理者與成本粘性顯著負相關,管理者過度⾃信對成本粘性顯著正相關,管理者能⼒和盈餘管理與成本粘性負相關但不顯著,並且⽂章還得出非執⾏管理者對管理者過度⾃信存在調節作⽤,減弱管理者過度⾃信對成本粘性的正相關關係。20 外部供應商關係對成本粘性的影響是動態多變且具有不確定性,現有⽂獻從未有學者在此基礎上研究管理者能⼒在綜合企業⾯臨的各種風險和機會時,調節和幹預⼆者關係,進⽽從企業⾃身出發做出適合企業的決策。 (㆓)、假設的提出 本⽂借鑒王迪等的定義,認為供應商關係是指企業在⽇常的經營活動中與供應商建⽴起來的以購銷交易為基礎的商業關係,以及衍⽣發展⽽來的包括私⼈關係在內的其他關係。21 本⽂從兩個角度研究供應商關係:供應商集中程度和供應商波動程度。 供應商集中程度是衡量企業與供應商關係親疏的指標。根據資源依賴理論:任何企業的資源都是有限的,22 加之當前經濟全球化和企業垂直分⼯,企業間需要相互依存與共⽣,供應商集中程度越⾼使得雙⽅越容易形成密切和長遠的合作關係。供應商集中程度⾼,企業可以投入時間、精⼒和物⼒構建相互信任機制,增加資訊溝通和交流,減少資訊不對稱帶來的經營風險,節省交易成本。另⼀⽅⾯由於企業和供應商之間的協同效應,企業對於未來的環境預測也會更準確,不會因為錯誤的預測導致成本的浪費。尤其是中國企業當前處於經濟制度改⾰時期,企業所處的經濟環境更加多變且不明朗,建⽴獨有的關係網會更加準確的預測對⽅的⾏為,進⽽有利企業及時作出應對策略,減少調整成本。此外供應商出於⾃身利益的考量,也會利⽤雙⽅建⽴的關係網從企業利益相關者的角度監督和約束企業管理層的機會主義⾏為。因此,本⽂提出假設 H1a: 20 Daryaei, Abbas- Ali, Yasin, Fattahi, Hamed, Sadeqi, Ramazan, Hasani, “Management Characteristics and Cost Stickiness: An Examination Based on Agency Theory,” Environmental Energy and Economic Research 5.1 (Tehran: 2021): 1-15. 21 王迪、劉祖基、趙澤朋,〈供應鏈關係與銀行借款—基於供應商/客戶集中度分析〉,《會計研究》,第 10 期(北京:2016),42-49。 22 Pfeffer, Jeffrey, Gerald R. Salancik, The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. (California, Stanford University Press, 2003), 1-336.
供應商關係與企業成本粘性:管理者能力的調節效應 91 三、 研究設計 (㆒)、模型構建 本⽂借鑒 ABJ模型,檢驗供應商關係對成本粘性的影響並構建模型(4.1)。模型中:供應商集中程度為 SC,供應商波動程度為 SF, 表⽰控制變數。 (4.1)(表示營業總成本變動) (表示營業總收入變動) 公式(4.1)中 是⼀個啞變數,它表⽰當第 t期的銷售收入相對於 t-1下降時 ,其它情況 。由於供應商關係影響的是下⼀年的企業成本,以及為了避免內⽣性問題,本⽂將供應商關係變數做滯後⼀期處理。 借鑒已有⽂獻,本⽂選取的控制變數有:(1)企業層⾯的控制變數:資本密集度(FI),勞動⼒密集度(EI),收入連續下降(SUC_D),應計盈餘管理(DA),⾃由現⾦流(FCFI),財務杠杆(LEV),獨⽴董事比例(INDE)資產收益率(ROA),企業上市年限(AGE)。(2)宏觀層⾯的控制變數:宏觀經濟增長(GDP)。(3)其它控制變數:⾏業(INDUSTRY),年份(YEAR)。 此外本⽂參考 Demerjian, Peter et al.提出管理者能⼒的計量⽅法,通過DEA-Tobit 兩階段模型來計算管理者能⼒。25 並且為降低該指標的噪⾳,本⽂借鑒張路等⽅法,將得到的管理者能⼒(MC)進⾏賦值,且賦值為 1、2、3、4,賦值越⼤,代表管理者能⼒越⾼。26 此外,為了保證結果的可信度,本⽂將在穩健性檢 25 Demerjian, Peter, Baruch, Lev, Sarah, McVay,“Quantifying Managerial Ability: A New Measure and Validity Tests,” 1229-1248. 26 張路、李金彩、張瀚文、王會娟,〈管理者能力影響企業成本粘性嗎?〉,71-77。 kCONTROLS, 0 1 , 2 , , 3 , ,, , , ,ln ln ln ln ( )lni t i t i t i t i t i tk i t i t k i t i i tCOST SALE d SALE d SALE SC SFd SALE CONTROLS INDUSTRY YEARa a a aa eD = + D + D + D ´+ D ´ + + +å å,, , , 1, 1osln ln lnCos lnCosCosi ti t i t i ti tC tCOST t tt --D = = -,, , , 1, 1ln ln ln lni ti t i t i ti tSaleSale Sale SaleSale --D = = -,i td, 1i td = , 0i td =
劉麗芬、劉若斯 92 驗中⽤管理者能⼒數值直接進⾏檢驗。為了研究管理者能⼒對供應商關係與成本粘性的調節作⽤。本⽂以管理者能⼒(MC)和供應商關係(供應商集中程度 SC或者供應商波動程度 SF)的交乘項得出模型(4.2): (4.2) (㆓)、主要變數定義 表 1是對模型(4.1)和(4.2)中的變數進⾏匯總解釋。 表 1 變數定義表 , 0 1 , 2 , , 3 , ,4 , , , ,, ,ln ln ln ln ( )ln ( ) lni t i t i t i t i t i ti t i t k i t i t ki t i i tCOST SALE d SALE d SALE SC SFd SALE SC SF MC d SALE CONTROLSINDUSTRY YEARb b b bb beD = + D + D + D ´+ D ´ ´ + D ´+ + +å å變數類型 變數名稱 變數符號 變數解釋 被解釋變數 成本粘性存在 ( ) 營業總收入下降相對於營業總收入上升時,同期的營業總成本隨營業總收入變化幅度之差。(i=2,3,4) 解釋變數 供應商集中程度 SC 前一年前5名供應商採購金額與同期採購總金額的比值 供應商波動程度 SF 前三年前5名供應商採購比例的標準差與同期採購均值的比值 調節變數 管理者能力 MC 參考Demerjian, Peter et al.(2012)模型計算得出,詳見模型構建 控制變數 資本密集度 FI 總資產與同期營業收入的對數之差 勞動力密集度 EI 應付職工薪酬與同期營業收入對數之差 收入連續下降 SUC_D 連續兩年營業收入下降取1,否則取0 應計盈餘管理 DA 修正的Jones模型計算所得 自由現金流 FCFI 經營活動產生的現金流量淨額減去分配股利、利潤或償付利息支出的現金與同期總資產的比值 , %i i tda, %i i tdb
供應商關係與企業成本粘性:管理者能力的調節效應 93 (㆔)、研究樣本與㈾料來源 本⽂以中國 A 股上市企業 2011-2019 年的資料為樣本,所有實證資料均來⾃CSMAR 資料庫和新浪財經網站。由於本⽂管理者能⼒變數和供應商關係變數的計算分別需要⽤到研究前四年和前三年的資料,所以實際資料搜集期間為 2007-2019年。得到初始資料後進⾏了如下篩選:(1)剔除 ST,*ST,PT上市企業︔(2)剔除⾦融業上市企業︔(3)剔除樣本缺失值和異常值︔(4)剔除了⾏業樣本數⼩於 10的資料︔(5)對所有連續變數在上下 1%的⽔準上進⾏ winsorize處理︔(6)考慮到關鍵的控制變數:收入連續下降(SUC_D)。該指標要求企業的存續時間連續且持續 2年或以上。經過上述整理,最終得到 777個企業樣本,共 6,014個樣本資料。 四、 實證結果與分析 (㆒)、描述性統計分析 表 2是對所有變數的描述性統計分析,如:均值、最⼤值,最⼩值等等。 財務杠杆 LEV 總負債與同期總資產的比值 獨立董事比例 INDE 獨立董事人數與同期董事人數的比值 資產收益率 ROA 淨利潤與同期總資產的比值 企業上市年限 AGE 樣本選擇年度與企業上市年份的差值 宏觀經濟增長 GDP 樣本選擇年度GDP增速 行業 INDUSTRY 行業虛擬變數。根據證監會2012年修訂的上市企業行業分類標準分類,樣本屬於某一行業取1,否則取0 年度 YEAR 年度虛擬變數,樣本屬於某一年度取1,否則取0
劉麗芬、劉若斯 102 (1) (2) (3) (4) 假設 H1a H1b H2a H2b INDUSTRY 控制 控制 控制 控制 YEAR 控制 控制 控制 控制 N 6014 6014 6014 6014 Adjusted R2 0.9243 0.9242 0.9244 0.9243 說明:***代表 1%水準下顯著,**代表 5%水準下顯著,*代表 10%水準下顯著。 2、模型替換 ABJ模型有很多優點,同時它也是研究粘性學者的⾸選模型。但是 ABJ模型不能直接取得成本粘性的數值,⽽Weiss模型可以。Weiss模型的成本粘性計算⽅式為:當收入減少和收入上升時,成本變動額占收入變動額比例的對數差額。Weiss 模型公式為: (5.1) 其中 表⽰第 i家企業第 t年的四個季度中最接近年末收入降低的季度,表⽰第 i 家企業第 t 年的四個季度中最接近年末收入上升的季度。27 根據模型可知,測算成本粘性需滿⾜以下兩個條件:企業⼀年中既存在收入上升的季度,也存在收入下降的季度︔且企業的收入和成本是同⽅向變動的。基於 Weiss 模型本⽂構建模型(5.2)和(5.3)。模型(5.2)為: (5.2) 模型(5.3)為: (5.3) 27 Weiss, Dan, “Cost behavior and analysts’ earnings forecasts,” The Accounting Review 85.4 (Sarasota:2010): 1441-1471. {, , ,( ) log( ) , ,..., 3ii t iSCOST COSTt tSALE SALTICKY loEg t t t tD D- Î -D D=,( )iCOSTSALl gEo tDD,log( )iCOSTSALE tDD, 0 1 , ,( )i t k k i t i i tSticky SC SF CONTROLS INDUSTRY YEARa a a e= + + + + +å å, 0 1 2, ,( ) ( )i t k ki t i i tSticky SC SF SC SF MC CONTROLSINDUSTRY YEARb b b be= + + ´ ++ + +å å
劉麗芬、劉若斯 108 析〉,《會計研究》,第10期(北京:2016),42-49。 [13] 王勇、劉志遠,〈供應商關係與企業現⾦持有:來⾃中國製造業上市公司的經驗證據〉,《審計與經濟研究》,第1期(南京:2016),83-91。 [14] ⽅紅星、張勇,〈供應商/客⼾關聯式交易、盈餘管理與審計師決策〉,《會計研究》,第1期(北京:2016),79-86。 ㆓、英文期刊論文 [1] Anderson, Mark-C., Rajiv D. Banker, and Surya N. Janakiraman. “Are Selling, General, and Administrative Costs “sticky”?” Journal of Accounting Research 41.1 (Chicago: 2003): 47-63. [2] Chen, Clara-Xiaoling, Hai Lu, and Theodore Sougiannis. “The Agency Problem, Corporate Governance, and the Asymmetrical Behavior of Selling, General, and Administrative Costs.” Contemporary Accounting Research 29.1 (Toronto: 2012): 252-282. [3] Banker, Rajiv-D., Dmitri, Byzalov, Mustafa, Ciftci, Raj, Mashruwala. “The Moderating Effect of Prior Sales Changes on Asymmetric Cost Behavior.” Journal of Management Accounting Research 26.2 (Sarasota: 2014): 221-242. [4] Calleja, Kenneth, Michael, Steliaros, Dylan, C-Thomas. “A Note on Cost Stickiness: Some International Comparisons.” Management Accounting Research 17.2 (London: 2006): 127-140. [5] Yan, Yu-chen. “Supplier Association Relationship and Cost Stickiness: Analysis of Cooperation Effect Based on Environmental Uncertainty.” Open Journal of Business and Management 9.3 (New York: 2021): 1210-1229. [6] Demerjian, Peter, Baruch, Lev, Sarah, McVay. “Quantifying Managerial Ability: A New Measure and Validity Tests.” Management science 58.7 (Providence, R.I.: 2012): 1229-1248. [7] Holzhacker, Martin, Ranjani Krishnan, Matthias D. Mahlendorf. “The Impact of Changes in Regulation on Cost Behavior.” Contemporary Accounting Research 32.2
供應商關係與企業成本粘性:管理者能力的調節效應 109 (Toronto:2015): 534-566. [8] Banker, Rajiv D., Dmitri, Byzalov, Lei, Tony-Chen. “Employment Protection Legislation, Adjustment Costs and Cross-country Differences in Cost Behavior.” Journal of Accounting and Economics 55.1 (Amsterdam: 2013a): 111-127. [9] Banker, Rajiv-D., Dmitri Byzalov, and Lucas Threinen. “Determinants of International Differences in Asymmetric Cost Behavior.” (Amsterdam,2013b): 1-31, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2312772 [10] Kitching, Karen, Raj Mashruwala, Mikhail, Pevzner. “Culture and Cost Stickiness: A Cross-country Study.” The International Journal of Accounting 51.3 (Champaign, Ill.: 2016): 402-417. [11] Daryaei, Abbas- Ali, Yasin, Fattahi, Hamed, Sadeqi, Ramazan, Hasani. “Management Characteristics and Cost Stickiness: An Examination Based on Agency Theory.” Environmental Energy and Economic Research 5.1 (Tehran: 2021): 1-15. [12] Pfeffer, Jeffrey, Gerald R. Salancik. The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective. (California, Stanford University Press, 2003): 1-336. [13] Weiss, Dan. “Cost Behavior and Analysts’ Earnings Forecasts.” The Accounting Review 85.4 (Sarasota: 2010): 1441-1471. [14] Jun Shen, Renhui Zhang. “Cost Stickiness, Ownership Concentration and Fixed Assets Investment.” Advances in Computer Science Research 77 (Netherlands: 2018): 180-184. [15] Coyne J. “Model Misspecification in the Sticky Cost Literature.” International Journal of Accounting Research 4 (Sarasota:2016): 130.
武俊松 112 Legal Dilemmas and Solutions to the Conservation and Optimum Utilization of Fisheries Resources Under Global Climate Change: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea as a Perspective Wu, Junsong (Faculty of International Law, China University of Political Science and Law; Balsillie School of International Affairs, University of Waterloo) Abstract: The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea has established a relatively well-developed system of conservation and optimum utilization of fishery resources, which provides a sufficient legal guarantee for the sustainable development of fish stocks. However, the growing problem of global climate change, in particular sea level rise and ocean warming, has significantly challenged the regime for the conservation and optimum utilization of fishery resources under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which is mainly manifested in the possible change of fisheries resources jurisdiction, the deterioration of the overfishing situation, and the increase of international fisheries disputes. Based on this, measures such as maintaining or freezing the territorial sea baselines, preserving the rights of maritime features, strengthening cooperation among countries, and improving regional and international governance mechanisms may stabilize the current international maritime order. Keywords: Global climate change; Conservation of fishery resources; Optimum utilization of fishery resources; United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
全球氣候變化下漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的法律困境及紓解之策—以《聯合國海洋法公約》為視角 113 一、引言 政府間氣候變化專⾨委員會於 2019 年 9 ⽉發佈的氣候變化中的海洋和冰凍圈(特別報告)顯⽰,⼤氣中溫室氣體的增加造成地球系統中超過 90%的熱量被海洋所吸收。1 這⼀境況導致海洋暖化、海平⾯上升等情勢愈演愈烈。值得注意的是,海洋暖化和海平⾯上升不僅對海洋⽣態環境的保護與保全構成嚴重威脅,還對《聯合國海洋法公約》所確⽴的海洋權益產⽣不利影響。本⽂將主要圍繞全球氣候變化對漁業資源養護與適度利⽤制度的挑戰及應對展開論述。從⾃然層⾯來看,海洋暖化使產卵棲息地溫度超過最敏感⽣命階段的耐受極限。2 另外,海平⾯上升又破壞了近岸底棲⽣物棲息地如紅樹林、海藻和珊瑚礁等,這些因素導致漁業產量⼤幅下降。3 從法律層⾯來看,海洋暖化改變了⿂類種群的地理分佈現狀,加之海平⾯上升不僅可能會造成領海基線向陸地⼀側移動,還可能會致使島嶼、岩礁、低潮⾼地的法律地位發⽣改變。這些潛在的法律問題對《聯合國海洋法公約》項下的國家漁業管轄權與國際合作治理範式構成法律挑戰,甚至增加了引發國際漁業爭端的法律風險。 素有「海洋憲法」之稱的 1982年《聯合國海洋法公約》不僅為不同海域的漁業資源的養護與適度利⽤規定了基本框架,同時它還明確呼籲通過其他國際機構就附加⽂書進⾏談判以實施其規定,特別是在漁業保護與可持續利⽤⽅⾯,4 但這並不意味著《聯合國海洋法公約》可以對當前全球氣候變化影響下的漁業資源的養護與適度利⽤做出妥善的法律安排。當前,全球氣候變化已經動搖了《聯合國海洋法公約》中所確⽴的漁業資源養護與適度利⽤制度,這需要國際社會及時採取適當的法律⾏動以有效應對氣候危機所帶來的不利影響。 1 IPCC, Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, (London: Cambridge University Press, 2022): 83. 2 Flemming Dahlke, Sylke Wohlrab, Martin Butzin, and Hans-Otto Portner, “Thermal Bottlenecks in the Life Cycle Define Climate Vulnerability of Fish,” Science, 6499.369 (New York: 2020.07): 65-70. 3 Iris Monnereau, Hazel Oxenford, “Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries in the Coastal and Marine Environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS),” Caribbean Marine Climate Change Report Card: Science Review, (London: 2017.01): 128. 4 International Relations and Defence Committee, UNCLOS: The Law of the Sea in the 21st Century, (London: 2022, Published by the Authority of the House of Lords): 9.
武俊松 114 二、《聯合國海洋法公約》對漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的法律建構 (㆒)、空間維度:《聯合國海洋法公約》㆘不同海洋區域的漁業㈾源養護與㊜度利用制度 1.國家主權管轄㆘的海域 其⼀、領海。《聯合國海洋法公約》第 2(1)條規定沿海國的領⼟主權及于其領海。儘管該條款並未明確提及漁業資源,但 1962年聯合國⼤會第 1803號決議確⽴了⾃然資源永久主權原則,作為更廣泛的領⼟主權原則的應⽤,它反映了習慣國際法。5 換⽽⾔之,沿海國的領⼟主權可延伸至領海範圍內的海洋漁業資源。公約第19(2)(i)條規定若船舶通過領海期間對沿海國進⾏任何捕⿂活動,則不構成《聯合國海洋法公約》項下的領海無害通過。為有效規制這⼀有損沿海國和平、良好秩序或安全的通過⾏為,公約第 21(1)(e)條賦予沿海國制定防⽌他國船舶違反沿海國漁業法律和規章的權利。 其⼆、群島⽔域。《聯合國海洋法公約》第 49(2)條規定群島國的主權及於群島⽔域,以及其中所包含的資源,該條款明確指出群島⽔域中的資源,尤其是漁業資源屬於國家主權管轄事項。第 51(1)條是公約第四部分唯⼀提到「捕⿂」⽤語的規則,即在不妨礙第 49條的情況下,群島國應當承認直接相鄰國家在群島⽔域範圍內的某些區域內的傳統捕⿂權利和其他合法活動。該條款處理的是對⼀切直接相鄰國家的權利的照顧。6 開頭的引導語也暗⽰了其他合法活動的開展不得對群島⽔域漁業資源的養護與適度利⽤構成任何威脅。 5 Lorenzo Cotula, “Reconsidering Sovereignty, Ownership and Consent in Natural Resource Contracts: From Concepts to Practice,” in European Yearbook of International Economic Law, eds. Marc Bungenberg, Markus Krajewski, Christian J. Tams, Jorg Philipp Terhechte, Andreas R. Ziegler. (Berlin: Springer, 2018): 143-174. 6 薩切雅・南丹、沙蔔泰・羅森著,呂文正、毛彬譯,《1982聯合國海洋法公約評注第二卷》,(北京:海洋出版社,2014),414。
全球氣候變化下漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的法律困境及紓解之策—以《聯合國海洋法公約》為視角 115 2、國家主權權利管轄㆘的海域 其⼀、專屬經濟區。《聯合國海洋法公約》第 56(1)(a)條規定沿海國對專屬經濟區內的⽣物資源享有主權權利,與領海主權不同,專屬經濟區的主權權利受到公約第 58條承認的其他國家在專屬經濟區內的權利和義務的限制。值得注意的是,第 58條未將與公海有關的「捕⿂⾃由」載入其中,這就意味著《聯合國海洋法公約》賦予沿海國或群島國對領海基線起 200 海裡範圍內的漁業資源專有權。7公約第 61條和第 62 條均強調沿海國應對專屬經濟區內漁業資源的可捕量及本國的捕撈能⼒做出決定,明確沿海國在專屬經濟區負有養護和管理漁業資源的責任。由於 90%的漁業資源位於專屬經濟區,8 考慮到不同⿂類種群的⽣活習性,公約第 63-67 條還確⽴了特殊⿂類種群制度。 其⼆、⼤陸架。《聯合國海洋法公約》第 77(1)條規定沿海國對⼤陸架上的⾃然資源⾏使主權權利,第 77(2)條確認了該權利具有專屬性,即沒有沿海國「明⽰同意」,其他國家或實體不得勘探⼤陸架或開發其⾃然資源。9 結合公約第 68 條和第 77(4)條,可以推斷出沿海國對⼤陸架上的定居種⽣物享有絕對的管轄權。儘管⼤陸架制度僅規定勘探和開發⾃然資源,未提及對⾃然資源的養護,但考慮到定居種⽣物與上覆⽔域的漁業資源可能存在海洋食物鏈或共⽣關聯,故對⼤陸架定居種⽣物採取積極有效的養護措施將有益於專屬經濟區漁業資源的長期向好發展。10 3、國家管轄範圍以外的海域 其⼀、公海。《聯合國海洋法公約》第 87(e)條重申公海捕⿂⾃由的傳統原則,但也強調公海捕⿂並非絕對⾃由,受條約義務和專屬經濟區有關條款的限制。由於 7 Leonardo Bernard, “Historic Fishing Rights and the Exclusive Economic Zone,” Indonesian Journal of International Law, 2.18 (Indonesian:2021.01): 161-182. 8 James Kraska, “The Lost Dimension: Food Security and the South China Sea Disputes,” Harvard Law School National Security Journal, (Cambridge: 2015.02): 5. 9 薩切雅・南丹、沙蔔泰・羅森著,呂文正、毛彬譯,《1982聯合國海洋法公約評注第二卷》,805。 10 王傳良、張晏瑲,〈論海洋漁業資源的法律地位—以 1982年聯合國海洋法公約為中心〉,《國際法研究》,第 1期(北京:2019.01),44-60。
武俊松 116 公海約占地球海洋表⾯的三分之⼆,是洄游的⾼營養⿂類和長壽物種的棲息地。11 因此,為有效養護和管理公海的⽣物資源,公約要求各國通過國際合作以採取積極措施或設⽴分區域/區域漁業組織。除此之外,公約第 119條提及將捕撈⿂種的數量維持在或恢復到能夠⽣產最⾼持續產量的⽔準或其繁殖不會受到嚴重威脅的⽔準,這也暗⽰著「產出管控」可能成為公海漁業資源養護與適度利⽤的主要⼿段。12 其⼆、國際海底區域。《聯合國海洋法公約》第 133條對「資源」的法律概念予以了界定,即僅指從國際海底區域回收的礦物資源,這意味著海洋⽣物資源並不屬於公約第⼗⼀部分所調整的法律物件。換⽽⾔之,公約沒有為海底漁業資源養護與適度利⽤提供充分的法律保護。相反,第⼗⼆部分海洋環境的保護與保全,尤其是公約第 192條和第 194條可能為海底⽣態系統的保護奠定了法律基礎。13 (㆓)、內容維度:《聯合國海洋法公約》㆘漁業㈾源養護與㊜度利用制度的重要組成部分 1、漁業㈾源捕撈配額制度 《聯合國海洋法公約》開啟海洋漁業資源由傳統開發型向養護管理型轉化的新時代。14 捕撈配額制度的確⽴是最為直接的體現。公約第 61條、第 62條和第 119條均對海洋漁業資源養護與適度利⽤的捕撈配額制度授予法律規定。例如,公約第61條強調確保專屬經濟區內⽣物資源的維持不受過度開發的危害,這表明捕撈配額制度更注重漁業資源的可持續性發展和良性迴圈,避免因過度捕撈⽽出現⿂類種群瀕危甚至滅絕的情形。由於沿海國對專屬經濟區的漁業資源享有排他性的主權權利,故沿海國對專屬經濟區漁業資源的養護負有法律義務,即由沿海國決定影響其漁業資源最⾼產量、⿂種數量的可捕量並積極採取監管措施。公約第 62條規定沿海國應 11 Laurenne Schiller, Megan Bailey, Jennifer Jacquet, Enric Sala, “High Seas Fisheries Play a Negligible Role in Addressing Global Food Security,” Science Advances, 8.4 (New York: 2018.08): 1-8. 12 白洋、朱伯玉,〈公海漁業資源養護和利用國際法律制度研究〉,《中國人口·資源與環境》,第 6 期(濟南:2014.06),171-176。 13 Richard Caddell, “Deep-Sea Bottom Fisheries and the Protection of Seabed Ecosystems: Problems, Progress and Prospects,” in The Law of the Seabed: Access, Uses, and Protection of Seabed Resources, eds. Catherine Banet. (Leiden: Brill, 2020): 255-284. 14 薛桂芳,《海洋法學》,(北京:海洋出版社,2018),158。
全球氣候變化下漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的法律困境及紓解之策—以《聯合國海洋法公約》為視角 117 決定其捕撈專屬經濟區內漁業資源的能⼒,若沒有能⼒捕撈全部可捕量,應通過協議或其他安排,准許其他國家捕撈可捕量的剩餘部分。該條款設⽴的⽬的在於減少因漁業資源得不到充分開發⽽造成資源浪費的情形,因為將⿂類種群的數量維持在⼀個適度的範圍內將更有助於其繁衍和⽣存,同時還能滿⾜⼈們⽇益增長的物質需要。但實際上,鮮有沿海國願意向他國開放其專屬經濟區的漁業資源剩餘可捕量。與專屬經濟區不同,公海的漁業資源捕撈配額制度僅限於養護,並不包括適度利⽤,例如公約第 119條,這與公海捕⿂⾃由原則有著密切的關聯。⼀⽅⾯,專屬經濟區的創⽴加劇了沿海國在公海從事遠洋捕撈的情勢。另⼀⽅⾯,公海歷來是被過度捕撈的區域,不存在剩餘捕撈量的問題。當前,通過捕撈配額制度以加強對公海漁業資源的養護是國際社會最為緊迫的事務之⼀。 2、㈵殊魚類種群法律制度 為紓解《聯合國海洋法公約》項下「政治定義的空間」(特定的⼈類管理制度所涵蓋的地理區域)與「⽣態定義的空間」(⾃然⽣態系統延伸的區域組成)之間缺乏⼀致性的難題,15 公約第 63條至 67條針對跨界種群、越界種群、⾼度洄游⿂種、海洋哺乳動物、溯河產卵種群和降河產卵⿂種確⽴了特殊⿂類種群制度。跨界種群常處於多個沿海國的專屬經濟區,其他特殊⿂類種群(不含海洋哺乳動物)則在多個沿海國的專屬經濟區與公海之間遊動。通過對公約第 63、64、66、67條的規範釋義,可以推斷出沿海國對跨界種群所在⽔域擁有絕對管轄權,其他國家無權參與治理,⽽對其他特殊⿂類種群來說,沿海國和在公海上捕⿂的國家均有權利參與管理。16 鑒於特殊⿂類種群的養護與適度利⽤關係到不同沿海國海域管轄權的⾏使,因此加強合作是該法律制度的核⼼內容。合作並不侷限於有關國家之間,還可以直接或通過分區域/區域或國際組織進⾏。但遺憾的是,公約中關於在養護與適度利⽤特殊⿂類種群⽅⾯進⾏合作的條款並不⼗分具體,同時對有關國家拒絕合作⽽應承 15 Lawrence Juda, “Considerations in Developing a Functional Approach to the Governance of Large Marine Ecosystems,” Ocean Development and International Law, 2.30 (London: 1999.06): 89-125. 16 邁倫・諾德奎斯特、約翰・摩爾、薩義德・馬赫穆迪著,傅崐成等譯,《維吉尼亞大學海洋法論文三十年精選集 1977-2007》,(廈門:廈門大學出版社,2010),1166。
武俊松 118 擔的法律後果也⽚字未提,17 這在很⼤程度上增加共同合作養護與適度利⽤特殊⿂類種群的難度。除此之外,公約第 65條擴⼤沿海國更嚴格的禁⽌、限制或管制對專屬經濟區內的海洋哺乳動物尤其是對鯨類資源開發的權利,其作⽤是當沿海國打算禁⽌捕撈其管轄範圍內的海洋哺乳動物時可以免受來⾃其他國家的異議。18 3、漁業㈾源爭端解決制度 《聯合國海洋法公約》第 297(3)條是有關漁業資源爭端解決制度的規定。⾸先,《聯合國海洋法公約》為各國漁業資源糾紛提供廣泛爭端解決機構,包括國際法院、國際海洋法法庭、仲裁和特別仲裁等。考慮到氣候變化對海洋⽣物多樣性的影響,公約項下的爭端解決機構的管轄權可能會擴⼤到影響漁業資源養護與適度利⽤的陸基海洋污染源。19 其次,《聯合國海洋法公約》將專屬經濟區漁業資源養護與適度利⽤的事項適⽤於強制爭端解決程式認定為沿海國的權利⽽非義務,從⽽優化沿海國漁業資源爭端解決的路徑選擇。實際上,強制爭端解決程式也在不斷提升⾃我能⼒建設以增加對案件的吸引⼒。以國際海洋法法庭為例,它審理的絕⼤多數案件都是申請迅速釋放被指控在沿海國專屬經濟區內未經授權捕⿂的漁船,這些案件通常被視為變相的漁業爭端。20 在所處理的案件中,國際海洋法法庭表現良好,它所做的決定都是經過深思熟慮的,判例在內部也保持了⼀致性,同時裁決的速度亦很講究。21 最後,《聯合國海洋法公約》明確規定經爭端任何⼀⽅請求,應將專屬經濟 17 Sonja Elin Kleven Jakobsen, “Management of Shared and Straddling Fish Stocks, Biological Diversity and Climate Change: A Perspective on the Legal Regime of the Cooperation in the Barents Sea,” Chapter IV (Master diss., The Arctic University of Norway, 2019), 23, https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/17697/thesis.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y. Accessed 3 November, 2022. 18 薩切雅・南丹、沙蔔泰・羅森著,呂文正、毛彬譯,《1982聯合國海洋法公約評注第二卷》,(北京:海洋出版社,2014),603。 19 Jahanzeb Butt, Khadija Zulfiqar, Yen-Chiang Chang, Ali M. A. Iqtaish, “Maritime Dispute Settlement Law towards Sustainable Fishery Governance: The Politics over Marine Spaces vs. Audacity of Applicable International Law,” Fishes, 2.7 (Basel: 2022.03): 1-18. 20 Eugene H. Buck. “U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: Living Resources Provisions.” Congressional Research Service. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47744. Accessed 4 November, 2022. 21 Howard Schiffman, “UNCLOS and Marine Wildlife Disputes: Big Splash or Barely a Ripple,” Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy, 3.4 (Basel:2001.01): 257-278.
全球氣候變化下漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的法律困境及紓解之策—以《聯合國海洋法公約》為視角 119 區漁業資源爭端提交附件五第⼆節所規定的調解程式,與附件五第⼀節規定的調解程式不同,後者程式的提起必須基於爭端各⽅的同意,⽽前者程式的提起由爭端任何⼀⽅向爭端他⽅發出書⾯通知即可。儘管調解委員會最終形成的報告不具有法律約束⼒,但降低適⽤調解程式的⾨檻將有助於提⾼爭端各⽅選擇調解程式的積極性以避免或減緩漁業資源爭端事態的進⼀步升級和惡化。 三、全球氣候變化下《聯合國海洋法公約》漁業資源養護與適度利用制度面臨的法律挑戰 (㆒)、海平面㆖升動搖了公約㊠㆘的漁業㈾源管轄權 不可否認的是,海平⾯上升貌似動搖維持世界海洋秩序的國際法原則。「陸地統治海洋」,致使領海基線和海洋區域的外部界限備受質疑,從⽽對沿海國和群島國海洋權利空間的管轄權造成很⼤的負⾯影響,這無疑加劇沿海國和群島國之間在⾃然資源獲取,尤其是漁業資源捕撈⽅⾯的緊張侷勢。22 當前,有關海平⾯上升是否會誘發領海基線和海洋區域外部界限向陸地⼀⾯移動尚無明確定論。有學者通過對《聯合國海洋法公約》的規範釋義並結合有關國家的實踐,得出領海基線具有移動性特徵,從⽽推定沿海國和群島國的海洋權利空間的外部界限也應當隨之移動的結論。值得注意的是,⼀旦認定領海基線是可移動的,勢必對沿海國和群島國的領海、專屬經濟區等國家管轄範圍內的海洋權益產⽣諸多顛覆性的法律效果。 1、領海部分或全部變為專屬經濟區 海洋權利空間的變更或海洋區域外部界限的移動本質上是沿海國海上管轄權的變更。就漁業資源養護與適度利⽤⽽⾔,無論是內海還是領海,沿海國對漁業資源 22 Bleuenn Guilloux, Romain Schumm, “Which International Law for Ocean and Climate,” Ocean and Climate Scientific Notes, 2.2 (Ostufer:2016.11): 79-88.
武俊松 120 都享有絕對的、排他性的完全主權。但當領海部分或全部變為專屬經濟區時,漁業資源的養護與適度利⽤可能⾯臨較為複雜的情勢。與領海不同,公約第 73條規定沿海國可扣留與逮捕其專屬經濟區從事非法捕⿂活動的船隻及其船員,但在提出適當的保證書或其他擔保後,應迅速獲得釋放。如有關國家無相反的協定,亦不得包括監禁,或任何其他⽅式的體罰。相比⽽⾔,沿海國在專屬經濟區對外國船舶非法捕⿂的制裁嚴厲程度遠低於領海。⼀⽅⾯,沿海國在領海可以因非法捕⿂活動暫停外國船舶的無害通過,⽽在專屬經濟區則不能因該違法⾏為⽽限制外國船舶的航⾏⾃由,因為在獲得適當的保證後,必須迅速對外國船舶予以放⾏。另⼀⽅⾯,沿海國可以將外國船舶在領海內實施的毒⿂、炸⿂⾏為認定為擾亂當地安寧或領海良好秩序性質的罪⾏,從⽽對其⾏使刑事管轄權,這意味著外國船員可能會⾯臨監禁的處罰,⽽專屬經濟區則將監禁處罰予以了限制性的排除。遼闊的專屬經濟區及其偏遠的邊界需要強⼤的執法能⼒來監管已授權從事捕⿂⾏動的外國漁船,並阻⽌未經授權的外國漁船在其專屬經濟區開展捕撈活動,但現有證據表明,許多國家的執法能⼒和⼒度都是極其有限的。23 這可能加重了沿海國養護與適度利⽤變更海域漁業資源的成本和負擔。 2、專屬經濟區部分或全部變為公海 沿海國的專屬經濟區是受海平⾯上升影響最⼤的海洋權利空間,因為專屬經濟區的部分或全部消失意味著這些區域將成為公海的⼀部分,24 ⽽公約第 89 條明確規定任何國家對公海主權的主張都將歸於無效。公約第 87 條還重申了公海⾃由原則,儘管《聯合國海洋法公約》對公海捕⿂⾃由予以了⼀定的限制,但仍難以防⽌或減少非法、未報告、無管制遠洋捕⿂活動。其⼀,公約第 119(2)條規定有關國家應經常提供和交換可獲得的科學情報、漁獲量和漁撈努⼒量統計,以及其他有關養護⿂類種群的資料。但事實上,沿海國可能難以跟蹤和監測所有懸掛其國旗的漁 23 Gabriel Englander, “Are Unauthorized Foreign Vessels Deterred from Fishing Inside Exclusive Economic Zones?” Global Fishing Watch. https://globalfishingwatch.org/fisheries/foreign-vessels-fishing-eezs/. Accessed 4 November, 2022. 24 Elizabeth Thomas, “Protecting Cultural Right in the South Pacific Islands: Using UNESCO and Marine Protected Areas to Plan for Climate Change,” Fordham Environmental Law Review, 3.29 (NewYork: 2018.05): 413-483.
全球氣候變化下漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的法律困境及紓解之策—以《聯合國海洋法公約》為視角 121 船,即使在本國管轄範圍內的海域,沿海國都不能確保船舶不誤報漁獲量,更何況是在遙遠的公海。25 其⼆,公約第 63(1)規定沿海國有義務直接或通過適當的分區域或區域組織,協調並確保跨界種群的養護和發展。跨界種群往往處於多個沿海國的專屬經濟區內,鑒於負有養護跨界種群的沿海國的數量是明確且具體的,因此雙邊或多邊合作的難度似乎不是很⼤。相反,當海平⾯上升致使專屬經濟區部分或全部變為公海時,跨界種群可能會成為公約第 63(2)條項下的越界種群,即出現在專屬經濟區內⽽又出現在專屬經濟區外的鄰接區域內。如果此時與專屬經濟區鄰接的區域是公海,則負有養護越界種群的國家將不再限於沿海國,還包括在公海內捕撈該種群的所有國家。與專屬經濟區的跨界種群相比,公海的義務主體是廣泛且不定數的,無論是直接還是通過適當的分區域或區域組織以達成養護與適度利⽤越界種群的協議都是比較困難的。 3、群島國法律㆞位及海洋權利部分或全部喪失 海平⾯上升對群島國的負⾯影響不僅僅意味著群島國可能會失去對珊瑚礁、低潮⾼地和低窪島嶼等海上地物的權利,還有可能會損害其滿⾜第 47 條關於基線最⼤長度和⽔陸比例的詳細要求的能⼒,進⽽動搖其群島地位。26 ⼀⽅⾯,海平⾯上升客觀上使低潮⾼地永久處於海洋下腹⽔域,低潮⾼地的消失將改變原有群島基線的⾛向,直接導致群島國領海、專屬經濟區外部界限向內⼀側轉移。另⼀⽅⾯,低窪島嶼則⾯臨被降格為「荒蕪的礁⽯」的法律風險,這可能對群島國既已取得的海洋權益造成潛在的不利影響。27 因為島嶼與礁⽯的主要區別在於前者可以產⽣領海、專屬經濟區和⼤陸架等海洋權利。無論是群島基線的移動還是島嶼的「降格效應」都限制了群島國對原有管轄範圍內漁業資源主權或主權權利的⾏使。除此之外,當海平⾯上升致使群島國不符合公約第 47 條⽽喪失群島地位時,群島國的群島⽔域 25 Ann Powers, “Sea-Level Rise and Its Impact on Vulnerable States: Four Examples,” Louisiana Law Review, 1.73 (Louisiana 2013.05): 151-173. 26 David Freestone. Duygu Cicek. “Legal Dimensions of Sea Level Rise: Pacific Perspectives.” World Bank Group, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/6ae3f9d7-4d5f-55ce-bfee-1b124561e486/content. Accessed 5 November, 2022. 27 陳曦笛:〈海平面上升對海上地物國際法地位的影響:規則演進與中國因應〉,《交大法學》,第 3期(上海:2022.05),117-132。
武俊松 122 也將隨之不復存在,原群島⽔域有可能變為某⼀島嶼或其他國家的領海或專屬經濟區,又或者是公海。因此,第 51(1)條項下的傳統捕⿂權利將不再僅限於群島國與直接相鄰國家所共有。為有效應對海平⾯上升,群島國試圖通過修建⼈⼯島嶼以維護國家的領⼟主權和海洋權益,但由於公約第 121條僅適⽤于天然的陸地形成物或個體島嶼,28 加之第 60(8)條規定⼈⼯島嶼不能主張領海、專屬經濟區和⼤陸架,這就表明《聯合國海洋法公約》「廢除」⼈⼯島嶼產⽣海洋權利的能⼒,29 這相當於直接宣告修建⼈⼯島嶼並不能成為群島國穩固其原有國家管轄範圍內⽣物資源,尤其是關係到影響其國計民⽣的漁業資源的主權或主權權利的法律⽅法。 (㆓)、海洋暖化加劇了公約㊠㆘的漁業㈾源國際爭端 海洋漁業的地理分佈可能會受到氣候變化導致的海洋條件改變的影響,這主要表現在海洋暖化促使海洋⿂類和⽔⽣無脊椎動物的分佈趨向於往⾼緯度和深⽔⽅向轉移。30 據預測,到本世紀末,世界上 81%的專屬經濟區將經歷至少⼀個⿂類種群的變化,這種變化程度反映在專屬經濟區之間跨界種群的漁獲量比例變化上。31 ⼀⽅⾯,漁業物種分佈的變化會加劇過度捕撈的情勢,因氣候變化⽽失去漁業的國家可能會過度捕撈⽬標物種以補償預期損失。32 另⼀⽅⾯,國家之間跨界⿂類種群的重新分配問題可能也會破壞現有國際漁業協議的有效性與合法性。33 基於此,海洋 28 薩切雅・南丹、沙蔔泰・羅森著,呂文正、毛彬譯,《1982聯合國海洋法公約評注第三卷》,(北京:海洋出版社,2016),301。 29 Jenny Grote Stoutenburg, Disappearing Island States in International Law, (Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2015), 172. 30 William W.L.Cheung, Vicky W.Y.Lam, Jorge L.Sarmiento, Kelly Kearney, Reg Watson Dirk Zeller, Daniel Pauly, “Large-Scale Redistribution of Maximum Fisheries Catch Potential in the Global Ocean Under Climate Change,” Global Change Biology, 1.16 (Illinois:2010.01): 1-12. 31 Juliano Palacios-Abrantes, Thomas L.Frolicher, Gabriel Reygondeau, U. Rashid Sumaila, Alessandro Tagliabur, Colette C. C. Wabnitz, William W. L. Cheung, “Timing and Magnitude of Climate-Driven Range Shifts in Transboundary Fish Stocks Challenge Their Management,” Global Change Biology, 7.28 (Illinois:2022.01): 2312-2326. 32 Ibrahim Issifu, Juan Jose Alava, Vicky W. Y. Lam, U. Rashid Sumaila, “Impact of Ocean Warming Overfishing and Mercury on European Fisheries: A Risk Assessment and Policy Solution Framework,” Frontiers in Marine Science, 8 (Lausanne:2022.02): 1-13. 33 IPCC, The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate, (London: Cambridge University Press, 2022): 535.
全球氣候變化下漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的法律困境及紓解之策—以《聯合國海洋法公約》為視角 123 暖化產⽣⼀系列不利影響在很⼤程度上增加《聯合國海洋法公約》項下漁業資源國際爭端的可能性。具體⽽⾔,《聯合國海洋法公約》項下漁類種群養護與適度利⽤制度的關鍵是對合作義務的履⾏,其中既包括國家間的合作,也強調分區域、區域組織和全球治理的重要作⽤。然⽽,當漁業合作安排因為全球氣候變化這⼀因素⽽被迫中⽌或終結時,國家單邊主義勢頭將會迅速崛起,從⽽誘發搶奪漁業資源的國際糾紛與⽭盾。 就國家間合作⽽⾔,由於《聯合國海洋法公約》並未明確規定未達成國家間合作的法律後果,這在很⼤程度上便弱化成員國認真遵約的意願,降低不履⾏相關國際義務的法律成本,為此,因⿂類種群遷移⽽引發的國際⽭盾與衝突愈發頻多。例如:2007年英國、北歐沿海與冰島、法羅群島之間爆發了「鯖⿂戰爭」,儘管在 2014年通過多邊漁獲份額協定得到部分解決,但這場衝突遠未結束,它仍有可能會再次爆發,並升級為更⼤的國際漁業爭端。無獨有偶,北極因海冰消融⽽出現新興捕⿂⽔域,不同的權利主張有可能會觸發嚴重的肢體衝突。34 就分區域和區域組織合作⽽⾔,職能的侷限性極⼤地限制了其作⽤的發揮,尤其是第 65條要求在有關鯨⽬動物⽅⾯,通過適當的國際組織致⼒於這種⽔⽣動物的養護、管理和研究。事實上,很多區域性漁業管理組織僅監管漁業保護區範圍內的單⼀物種,其他⿂類種群不⼀定會得到實質性的養護。35 除此之外,作為區域性管理⼯具的海洋保護區被納入更廣泛的漁業管理框架以期實現海洋漁業管理的養護和可持續性⽬標,但由於海洋保護區與漁業保護區之間存在著巨⼤的監管重疊或空缺,導致部分海洋保護區在區域性漁業管理組織下仍處於可捕撈區的狀態,⽽部分區域性漁業管理組織下的漁業保護區也不受海洋保護區的保護。36 ⿂類種群養護與適度利⽤制度的核⼼是使捕撈⿂種的數量維持在或恢復到能夠⽣產最⾼持續產量的⽔準和最適度的開發,若某⼀⿂類種群因全球氣候變化向⾼緯度或深⽔⽅向的地區遷移,⽽該海域的區域性漁業監管組織可能並不承擔養 34 Eric Schwaab, Rod Fujita, Jacqui Vogel, “Climate Change is Causing Fishery Problems, But We Can Solve Them.” Environmental Defense Fund. https://blogs.edf.org/edfish/2022/04/21/climate-change-is-causing-fishery-problems-but-we-can-solve-them/. Accessed 6 November, 2022. 35 Richard Caddell, “Corrected Oral Evidence: UNCLOS: Fit for Purpose in the 21st Century.” House of Lords. https://committees.parliament.uk/oralevidence/2959/html/. Accessed 6 November, 2022. 36 邢望望,《界定公海保護區的國際法概念》,(北京:中國社會科學出版社,2020),175。
武俊松 124 護與適度利⽤這⼀⿂類種群的職能,加之海洋保護區與漁業保護區之間缺少必要的法律銜接,則遷移的⿂類種群⼤概率會成為過度捕撈的對象之⼀。鑒於此,氣候利益既得國與遠洋捕⿂強國可能會利⽤區域性漁業監管組織的職能漏洞來謀取本國漁業利益的最⼤化,⽽對於那些依賴某⼀⿂類種群⽣存的群島國和沿海國⽽⾔,它們⾯臨著與氣候利益既得國、遠洋捕⿂強國爭奪漁業資源的挑戰,這種競爭是由於它們的經濟社會發展需要所引起的。 實際上,保護和促進漁業資源的可持續發展,緩和並解決漁業⽭盾與衝突是區域性漁業管理組織的重要價值所在。然⽽,全球氣候變化進⼀步突顯區域性漁業管理組織職能的缺陷,這在⼀定程度增加了誘發國際漁業爭端的風險。 誠然,《聯合國海洋法公約》⾃⽣效以來⼀直致⼒於構建統⼀協調的全球海洋治理體系,但全球氣候變化的嚴峻形勢為國際海洋事務的有效處理蒙上⼀層陰影。由於⼆氧化碳活動與全球氣候變化的因果關係,充分地表明瞭任何有意義的緩解⽅案都需要國際社會的共同努⼒,包括但不限於形成具有強制法律約束⼒的全球治理範式。然⽽,與氣候變化制度不同,《聯合國海洋法公約》缺乏⼀個通過締約國集體⾏動和執⾏措施決定的法律機制。37 最新的研究表明,在海洋暖化的背景下,全球範圍內的海洋⿂類將以每⼗年數⼗至數百公⾥的速度向極點遷移,預計這些變化將導致中⾼緯度的海洋漁類豐度增加,⽽熱帶地區的海洋漁類豐度減少。38 作為⼀個法律框架,《聯合國海洋法公約》會進⼀步發展和完善,其中《聯合國⿂類種群協定》則體現國際社會為進⼀步發展《聯合國海洋法公約》、填補空缺和應對新問題進⾏合作的能⼒。39 事實上《聯合國⿂類種群協定》項下分區域和區域性漁業管理組織的職能侷限性,已決定其無法對受海洋暖化影響⽽⼤規模遷移的⿂類種群進⾏全⾯且綜合性的治理。綜上,海洋暖化背景下漁業資源養護與適度利⽤的全球治理活動亟需國際社會在頂層設計⽅⾯完善相關法律制度,以便為實踐提供良好的法律指導。 37 Nilufer Oral, “Ocean Acidification: Falling Between the Legal Cracks of UNCLOS and the UNFCCC,” Ecology Law Quarterly, 1.45 (California:2018.01): 9-30. 38 Wenjia Hu, Jianguo Du, Shangke Su, Hongjian Tan, “Effects of Climate Change in the Seas of China: Predicted Changes in the Distribution of Fish Species and Diversity,” Ecological Indicators, 134 (Netherland:2022.01): 1-13. 39 米格爾・塞爾帕・蘇亞雷斯,實現目標 14:《聯合國海洋法公約》的作用,聯合國紀事,https://www.un.org/zh/chronicle/article/20666,瀏覽日期為 2022年 11月 7日。
全球氣候變化下漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的法律困境及紓解之策—以《聯合國海洋法公約》為視角 125 四、全球氣候變化下《聯合國海洋法公約》漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的路徑優化 (㆒)、穩固海洋權益以解決因海平面㆖升而引起的漁業管轄權變更的困境 1、維持或凍結領海基線 從現實角度來看,海平⾯上升確實會加快海岸低潮線向陸地⼀⾯轉移的速度,但地理位置的變化尚未引起任何的法律效果,因國際社會對《聯合國海洋法公約》項下領海基線和海洋外部界限能否移動的爭論仍在繼續。當前,維持或凍結領海基線或許更有利於維護現⾏有效的國際海洋法律秩序,包括防⽌或減少全球氣候變化下因漁業管轄權變更⽽誘發的國際爭端。除此之外,維持或凍結領海基線亦能保持原有海洋邊界協定的法律效⼒,這將直接排除第三國在海洋權利空間變更後的海域主張漁業捕撈權,尤其是在專屬經濟區部分或全部變為公海的區域。事實上,維持或凍結領海基線是有法律依據可循的,《聯合國海洋法公約》第 5條規定「正常基線是沿海國官⽅承認的⼤比例尺海圖所標明的沿岸低潮線」,與動態的低潮線相比,靜態的⼤比例尺海圖是《聯合國海洋法公約》承認的具有法律效⼒的檔。⼀旦選定的低潮線被正式標注於海圖之上,並得到沿海國的承認,則無論海平⾯是否上升,正常基線都可以保持不變,這將避免船舶導航的不確定性以確保航⾏安全。40 另外,「官⽅承認」⼀詞也表明⼤比例尺海圖中更新的正常基線是否對沿海國產⽣法律效果往往取決於沿海國⾃身的態度和⽴場。對因海平⾯上升⽽喪失⼤量國家管轄範圍海域的沿海國或群島國⽽⾔,它們既不會主動更新本國的⼤比例尺海圖,也不會承認由他國⽔⽂部⾨製作的有關本國的⼤比例尺海圖。除此之外,部分國家實踐尤其是太平洋⼩島嶼發展中國家為確保氣候變化和海平⾯上升不會導致領⼟管轄權的減 40 Sarra Sefrioui, “Adapting to Sea Level Rise: A Law of the Sea Perspective,” in The Future of the Law of the Sea: Bridging Gaps Between National, Individual and Common Interests, eds. Genna Andreone. (Berlin: Springer, 2017): 3-22.
武俊松 126 少⽽多次聯合發表政治宣⾔並開展有關集體⾏動。這些舉動似乎想要主張形成新的習慣國際法或者作為已有習慣國際法的「⼀貫反對者」,或通過《維也納條約法公約》第 31(1)(3)條規定的「嗣後實踐」來解釋《聯合國海洋法公約》第 5條。41 更重要的是,海平⾯上升可能也並不符合《維也納條約法公約》第 62條項下的「情勢變更」,因為該條款明確將邊界條約排除在法律適⽤範圍之外,這意味著國家之間的海域外部界限並不會受到海平⾯上升的影響。為了維持或凍結領海基線⽽做出上述規範性解釋和分析雖不產⽣任何的法律效⼒,但不可否認的是,國家之間的漁業管轄權將會得到充分且明晰的確認。考慮到漁業管轄權是《聯合國海洋法公約》項下⿂類種群養護和適度利⽤的前提要件,因此,維持或凍結領海基線更符合漁業資源可持續發展的要求。 2、保存海㆖㆞物的權利 《聯合國海洋法公約》第 6條、第 13條和第 121條為礁⽯、低潮⾼地和島嶼確⽴不同的海洋權利,即礁⽯僅能劃定近 452平⽅海裡的領海,島嶼可以產⽣約 125664平⽅海裡的領海、專屬經濟區和⼤陸架,42 ⽽超過領海寬度的低潮⾼地則不能劃定領海。不難發現,島嶼與礁⽯的海洋權利相差⼗分懸殊,與島嶼相比,礁⽯缺少涵蓋近 90%漁業資源的專屬經濟區。⼀旦海平⾯上升使島嶼客觀上淪為礁⽯,則無疑會加劇群島國對變更海域漁業資源過度捕撈的境況以滿⾜⾃身的⽣活與⽣產需要,⽽島嶼和礁⽯完全淹沒更意味著沿海國或群島國將失去對原海上地物所衍⽣的⼀切海洋權利,包括但不限於對⿂類種群的養護與適度利⽤。除此之外,考慮到海洋⽣物資源是群島國賴以⽣存的物質基礎,因⽽《聯合國海洋法公約》規定群島國的主權可及於群島⽔域的漁業資源,這體現公約對群島國的特殊照顧。⽬前,群島國已對群島⽔域的漁業資源養護與適度利⽤形成較為妥善的法律安排,⽽海上地物的消失可能會改變群島基線的⾛向,對群島⽔域的管轄範圍造成負⾯影響,甚至威脅到群島國的群島地位,進⽽弱化群島國對原群島⽔域漁業資源的監管⼒度和養護能⼒。 41 朱利江、武俊松:〈全球氣候變化背景下的聯合國海洋法公約:權利挑戰、規則重構和訴訟願景〉,《太平洋學報》,第 9期(北京:2022.09),23-34。 42 Clive Schofield, “Parting the Waves: Claims to Maritime Jurisdiction and the Division of Ocean Space,” Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 1.1 (Penn:2021.04): 40-58.
全球氣候變化下漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的法律困境及紓解之策—以《聯合國海洋法公約》為視角 127 基於此,為維護國際海洋秩序的穩定,可考慮保存海上地物降格後的海洋權利,尤其是對⿂類種群的養護與適度利⽤。⼀⽅⾯,國際法對建造海港⼯程、堤壩、防洪堤或類似設施以保護地物免受侵蝕或淹沒沒有設⽴任何法律限制,43群島國可採取措施以有效避免群島基線發⽣偏離或防⽌海上地物法律地位降格,從⽽維持其對漁業資源養護與適度利⽤的專屬管轄權。另⼀⽅⾯,《聯合國海洋法公約》第 121(3)並未明細島嶼與礁⽯的區分標準,該條款將「⼈類居住」與「經濟⽣活」⽤「或」字加以聯繫,可闡釋為凡滿⾜其任⼀條件,便符合島嶼的認定要求。事實上,「經濟⽣活」這⼀⽤語就涵蓋島嶼附近海域所存在的⾃然資源,⽽海平⾯上升並不會極⼤改變⾃然資源的地理分佈,尤其是非⽣物資源。鑒於此,因海平⾯上升⽽減少的島嶼,即使客觀上淪為礁⽯或低潮⾼地,也並不會失去其在海洋法中的法律地位。44海上地物法律地位的變更切實關係到群島國的領⼟主權和海洋權益,單就漁業資源的養護與適度利⽤⽽⾔,這不僅攸關其整個國民經濟體系的發展,還關乎漁業資源全球治理的整體⾛向。 (㆓)、完善國際合作機制以破解因海洋暖化而引起的魚類種群遷移的難題 1、國家層面 不可否認的是,海洋暖化將促使部分國家尤其是⿂類種群遷入國受益,⽽⿂類種群遷出國特別是以漁業為⽣的國家將⾯臨失去經濟⽀柱產業、甚至陷入⽣存困境的難題。這⼀情勢在很⼤程度上加劇國家之間的漁業爭端。雖然這些與漁業有關的爭端如攔截或炸毀漁船、海軍和海岸警衛隊之間的交⽕並未升級為戰爭,但它們體現當前漁業治理⽅法背後的緊張關係。45 除此之外,執⾏原有漁業捕撈配額協議也可能會加劇對⽬標⿂類種群的過度捕撈,若因海洋暖化⽽宣佈原有漁業協定無效,則會影響《聯合國海洋法公約》項下漁業資源養護與適度利⽤制度的有效性、穩定 43 Alfred Soons, “The Effects of a Rising Sea Level on Maritime Limits and Boundaries,” Netherlands International Law Review, 2.37 (London:1990.05): 207-232. 44 Jeeny Grote Stoutenburg, Disappearing Island Sates in International Law, 152. 45 Elizabeth Mendenhall, “Climate Change Increases the Risk of Fisheries Conflict,” Marine Policy, 117 (Netherland:2020.07): 1-9.
武俊松 128 性與權威性。鑒於過往國家之間的合作協定未完全考慮到全球氣候變化因素,故當事國很難依據現有合作內容以有效解決它們之間的漁業糾紛或爭端。基於此,有必要完善國家之間的合作內容以更好地適應新形勢下⿂類種群的養護與適度利⽤。⼀⽅⾯,⿂類種群遷出國與遷入國可在談判協定中以捐贈基⾦款項的形式引入附帶性⽀付,這將增強合作協定的靈活性,並有可能使合作協定更好地適應協議締約⽅之間固有的不對稱。46 例如:為彌補加拿⼤在跨界⿂類種群遷移中所失去的既得利益,根據《太平洋鮭⿂協定》的有關規定,美國向該協定設⽴的兩項基⾦分別捐贈 7500萬美元和 6500 萬美元的初始捐款,其投資收益將⽤於兩國共⽤⿂類種群的養護和適度利⽤。另⼀⽅⾯,⿂類種群遷出國和遷入國還可以在專屬經濟區交換漁業准入權以平衡共⽤⿂類種群的變化。47 例如,前蘇聯經常將巴倫⽀海的部分鱈⿂配額換成挪威獨有的⿂類種群,包括紅⿂、格陵蘭比⽬⿂和賽特⿂,這種以相互准入規則為⽀撐的配額交換安排極⼤地緩解前蘇聯與挪威之間漁業爭端的緊張侷勢。48 值得注意的是,此論述並非試圖全⾯推翻國家間合作的現有成果,⽽是⼒爭將全球氣候變化作為重要的考慮因素納入到有關漁業談判協定之中,以確保因海洋暖化⽽遷移的⿂類種群不受過度捕撈的危害。 2、區域層面 漁業資源管理的合作並非是⼀個新理念。在聯合國糧農組織內及不附屬於聯合國糧農組織的區域性漁業管理組織非常多。以⾦槍⿂為例,包括印度洋漁業委員會、印度—太平洋漁業理事會、國際⼤西洋⾦槍⿂保護委員會、美洲熱帶⾦槍⿂委員會等。49 筆者認為,無論是區域漁業組織對成員國的有效性,還是區域漁業組織之間的協調性均對全球氣候變化背景下的漁業合作事項產⽣深刻的影響。為更好地促進 46 Kathleen Miller, Gordon Munro, “Climate and Cooperation: A New Perspective on the Management of Shared Fish Stocks,” Marine Resource Economics, 3.19 (Chicago:2004.01): 367-393. 47 Malin Pinsky, “Preparing Ocean Governance for Species on the Move,” Science, 6394.360 (New York: 2018.06): 1189-1191. 48 Anne-Kristin Jørgensen, “Stock-Shifts and Regime Resilience in the Barents Sea,” in Marine Resources, Climate Change and International Management Regimes, eds. Olav Schram Stokke, Andreas Østhagen and Andreas Raspotnik. (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2022) 153-177. 49 薩切雅・南丹、沙蔔泰·羅森著,呂文正、毛彬譯,《1982聯合國海洋法公約評注第二卷》,597。
全球氣候變化下漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的法律困境及紓解之策—以《聯合國海洋法公約》為視角 129 區域漁業資源的養護與適度利⽤,優化區域⿂類種群捕撈配額以形成良性競爭模式或可以成為最佳的路徑選擇,即在總捕撈量不變的前提下,認真遵守並執⾏區域漁業管理組織所規定的漁業養護與適度利⽤措施的成員國可額外獲得⼀定比例的捕撈配額。同時,負責監管不同海區⿂類種群養護和利⽤的區域組織應加強有關漁業資訊、統計和資料的交流與分享,可考慮就單⼀⿂類種群建⽴常態化的聯合監管機制。除此之外,為解決區域漁業管理組織與區域海洋組織在區域漁業治理⽅⾯存在的法律銜接問題,有必要通過協調努⼒進⾏區域跨機構的合作,尤其是將海洋保護區納入到整體漁業管理計畫之中,並與海洋保護區外其他控制捕撈強度的措施相結合。50 這不僅有利於養護與適度利⽤進入某⼀區域漁業管理組織(尤其是負責單⼀種群的區域漁業監管機構)的其他⿂類種群,還有利於防⽌和減少遠洋捕撈漁船有效規避國際漁業法律規範以過度捕撈海洋保護區或漁業保護區內的遷移種群。 3、國際層面 國家管轄範圍以外的海洋區域(以下簡稱 ABNJ)約占地球表⾯的 40%,海洋表⾯的 64%,海洋體積的 95%,是鯨⿂、鯊⿂、海龜和⾦槍⿂等⽔⽣物種的經常棲息地。51 受全球氣候變化的影響,塊狀式的區域性漁業管理⽅式難以有效應對⿂類種群遷移的問題。例如,中北冰洋公海漁業資源開發與治理很有可能會成為傳統遠洋捕⿂⼤國與北極國家之間新的⽭盾聚焦點。基於此,可考慮從公海的整體效益出發,將公海的漁業監管納入到《國家管轄範圍外海域海洋⽣物多樣性養護與可持續利⽤協定》(以下簡稱為 BBNJ協定)的國際⽴法談判之中,以協調區域性漁業管理組織之間的合作關係。儘管 BBNJ 協定是否應覆蓋漁業活動仍存在很多爭議之處,但公海漁業管理和海洋⽣物多樣性維護在⽣態系統本質和法律規制等⽅⾯的交集和聯繫客觀存在,不應被忽視和割裂。52 在 2015至 2016年期間舉⾏的 BBNJ協 50 Lei Zhang, “Global Fisheries Management and Community Interest,” Sustainability, 15.13 (Basel:2021.07): 1-18. 51 Terminal Evaluation of the Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) Program Coordination, Part of the Global Sustainable Fisheries Management and Biodiversity Conservation in ABNJ, 2020.10, GCP/GLO/541/GFF, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1. 52 李潔,〈BBNJ協定與公海漁業制度的關聯與協調〉,《邊界與海洋研究》,第 2期(武漢:2021.03),52-65。
武俊松 130 定籌委會上,各國深入討論了氣候變化與海洋問題,特別提到了海洋酸化與海洋恢復⼒、區域關聯⼯具和海洋保護區的關係。53 與此同時,2022年 BBNJ協定最新修訂草案在若⼲不同條款中也提及氣候變化和海洋酸化問題,如第 1(8)條、第 5(g)條、第 14條(c)。54 之所以強調 BBNJ和⿂類種群養護與適度利⽤之間的關係,是因為 BBNJ 協定的整體治理原則將為區域漁業管理組織在採⽤養護和管理措施時提供法律上的指導,並可能修改現有檔中過於限制或不明確的任務內容。55 除此之外,BBNJ協定未來作為《聯合國海洋法公約》項下第三份具有法律約束⼒的國際條約,它極有可能會成為協調不同海洋區域或跨部⾨職能的法律機制,以有效解決 ABNJ海洋資源管理上所存在的管轄權重疊或缺失的問題。56 同時,區域性漁業管理組織和區域性海洋組織也應提升其程式的透明度,以便與 BBNJ 體系框架進⾏資訊交流與合作,協同治理氣候變化對 ABNJ漁業造成的任何新影響。57 五、結語 全球氣候變化對海洋環境的影響愈發明顯,尤其是海平⾯上升和海洋暖化已經對漁業資源養護與適度利⽤制度構成嚴重的威脅。當前,因漁業資源管轄權和⿂類種群遷移⽽引發的國際漁業爭端事件不斷增加,這並不利於國際海洋秩序的穩定。鑒於《聯合國海洋法公約》旨在尋求建⽴和平、穩定、安全、綠⾊的國際海洋秩序,⽽全球氣候變化卻在不斷衝擊其體系架構。因此,有必要通過條約解釋規則(至少 53 Nilufer Oral, “Ocean Acidification: Falling between the Legal Cracks of UNCLOS and the UNFCCC,” Ecology Law Quarterly, 1.45 (Califormia:2018.01): 9-30. 54 Further Revised Draft Text of an Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, 2022.08, A/CONF.232/2022/5, Intergovernmental conference on an international legally binding instrument under UNCLOS on the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity of areas beyond national jurisdiction. 55 戴瑛,〈BBNJ國際協定與全球漁業治理的協調機制研究〉,《江漢論壇》,第 6期(武漢:2021.06),137-144。 56 David Berry, “Unity or Fragmentation in the Deep Blue: Choices in Institutional Design for Marine Biological Diversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction,” Frontiers in Marine Science, 8 (Lausanne:2021.10): 1-16. 57 Johann Bell, “Pathways to Sustaining Tuna-Dependent Pacific Island Economies During Climate Change,” Nature Sustainability, 4 (New York:2021.07): 900-910.
武俊松 132 徵引書目 ㆒、㆗文文獻 [1] 薩切雅・南丹、沙蔔泰・羅森著,呂⽂正、⽑彬譯,《1982聯合國海洋法公約評注第⼆卷》,北京:海洋出版社,2019。 [2] 薩切雅・南丹、沙蔔泰・羅森著,呂⽂正、⽑彬譯,《1982聯合國海洋法公約評注第三卷》,北京:海洋出版社,2016。 [2] 王傳良、張晏瑲,〈論海洋漁業資源的法律地位—以1982年聯合國海洋法公約為中⼼〉,《國際法研究》,第1期(北京:2019),44-60。 [3] ⽩洋、朱伯⽟,〈公海漁業資源養護和利⽤國際法律制度研究〉,《中國⼈⼜・資源與環境》,第6期(濟南:2014),171-176。 [4] 薛桂芳,《海洋法學》,北京:海洋出版社,2018。 [5] 邁倫・諾德奎斯特、約翰・摩爾、薩義德・⾺赫穆迪著,傅崐成等譯,《維吉尼亞⼤學海洋法論⽂三⼗年精選集1977-2007》,廈⾨:廈⾨⼤學出版社,2010。 [6] 陳曦笛,〈海平⾯上升對海上地物國際法地位的影響:規則演進與中國因應〉,《交⼤法學》,第3期(上海:2022),117-132。 [7] 邢望望,《界定公海保護區的國際法概念》,北京:中國社會科學出版社,2020。 [8] 朱利江、武俊松,〈全球氣候變化背景下的聯合國海洋法公約:權利挑戰、規則重構和訴訟願景〉,《太平洋學報》,第9期(北京:2022),23-34。 [9] 李潔,〈BBNJ協定與公海漁業制度的關聯與協調〉,《邊界與海洋研究》,第2期(武漢:2021),52-65。 [10] 戴瑛,〈BBNJ國際協定與全球漁業治理的協調機制研究〉,《江漢論壇》,第6期(武漢:2021),137-144。 ㆓、英文書目 [1] IPCC. Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. London: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
全球氣候變化下漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的法律困境及紓解之策—以《聯合國海洋法公約》為視角 133 [2] Jenny Grote Stoutenburg. Disappearing Island States in International Law. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2015. [3] IPCC. The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate. London: Cambridge University Press, 2022. [4] Leonardo Bernard. “Historic Fishing Rights and the Exclusive Economic Zone.” Indonesian Journal of International Law, 2.18 (Indonesian:2021.01): 161-182. [5] Lawrence Juda. “Considerations in Developing a Functional Approach to the Governance of Large Marine Ecosystems.” Ocean Development and International Law, 2.30 (London: 1999.06): 89-125. [6] Howard Schiffman. “UNCLOS and Marine Wildlife Disputes: Big Splash or Barely a Ripple.” Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy, 3.4 (Basel:2001.01): 257-278. [7] Bleuenn Guilloux, Romain Schumm. “Which International Law for Ocean and Climate.” Ocean and Climate Scientific Notes, 2.2 (Ostufer: 2016.11): 79-88. [8] Elizabeth Thomas. “Protecting Cultural Right in the South Pacific Islands: Using UNESCO and Marine Protected Areas to Plan for Climate Change.” Fordham Environmental Law Review, 3.29 (NewYork: 2018.05): 413-483. [9] Ann Powers. “Sea-Level Rise and Its Impact on Vulnerable States: Four Examples.” Louisiana Law Review, 1.73 (Louisiana 2013.05): l51-173. [10] Clive Schofield. “Parting the Waves: Claims to Maritime Jurisdiction and the Division of Ocean Space.” Penn State Journal of Law and International Affairs, 1.1 (Penn: 2021.04): 40-58. [11] Alfred Soons. “The Effects of a Rising Sea Level on Maritime Limits and Boundaries.” Netherlands International Law Review, 2.37 (London: 1990.05): 207-232. [12] Elizabeth Mendenhall. “Climate Change Increases the Risk of Fisheries Conflict.” Marine Policy, 117 (Netherland: 2020.07): 1-9. [13] Nilufer Oral. “Ocean Acidification: Falling between the Legal Cracks of UNCLOS and the UNFCCC.” Ecology Law Quarterly, 1.45 (Califormia:2018.01): 9-30. [14] Flemming Dahlke, Sylke Wohlrab, Martin Butzin, and Hans-Otto Portner. “Thermal
武俊松 134 Bottlenecks in the Life Cycle Define Climate Vulnerability of Fish.” Science, 6499.369 (New York:2020.07): 65-70. [15] Iris Monnereau, Hazel Oxenford. “Impacts of Climate Change on Fisheries in the Coastal and Marine Environments of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS).” Caribbean Marine Climate Change Report Card: Science Review, (London: 2017.01): 128. [16] International Relations and Defense Committee. UNCLOS: The Law of the Sea in the 21st Century. London:2022, Published by the Authority of the House of Lords, 9. [17] Johann Bell. “Pathways to Sustaining Tuna-Dependent Pacific Island Economies During Climate Change.” Nature Sustainability, 4 (New York:2021.07): 900-910. [18] David Berry. “Unity or Fragmentation in the Deep Blue: Choices in Institutional Design for Marine Biological Diversity in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction.” Frontiers in Marine Science, 8 (Lausanne: 2021.10): 1-16. [19] Lei Zhang. “Global Fisheries Management and Community Interest.” Sustainability, 15.13 (Basel: 2021.07): 1-18. [20] Anne-Kristin Jørgensen. “Stock-Shifts and Regime Resilience in the Barents Sea.” in Marine Resources, Climate Change and International Management Regimes, eds. Olav Schram Stokke, Andreas Østhagen and Andreas Raspotnik. New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2022, 153-177. [21] Malin Pinsky. “Preparing Ocean Governance for Species on the Move.” Science, 6394.360 (New York: 2018.06): 1189-1191. [22] Kathleen Miller, Gordon Munro. “Climate and Cooperation: A New Perspective on the Management of Shared Fish Stocks.” Marine Resource Economics, 3.19 (Chicago: 2004.01): 367-393. [23] Sarra Sefrioui. “Adapting to Sea Level Rise: A Law of the Sea Perspective.” In The Future of the Law of the Sea: Bridging Gaps Between National, Individual and Common Interests, eds. Genna Andreone. Berlin: Springer, 2017, 3-22. [24] Wenjia Hu, Jianguo Du, Shangke Su, Hongjian Tan. “Effects of Climate Change in the Seas of China: Predicted Changes in the Distribution of Fish Species and Diversity.”
全球氣候變化下漁業資源養護與適度利用制度的法律困境及紓解之策—以《聯合國海洋法公約》為視角 135 Ecological Indicators, 134 (Netherland: 2022.01): 1-13. [25] William W.L.Cheung, Vicky W.Y.Lam, Jorge L.Sarmiento, Kelly Kearney, Reg Watson Dirk Zeller, Daniel Pauly. “Large-Scale Redistribution of Maximum Fisheries Catch Potential in the Global Ocean Under Climate Change.” Global Change Biology, 1.16 (Illinois: 2010.01): 1-12. [26] Juliano Palacios-Abrantes, Thomas L.Frolicher, Gabriel Reygondeau, U. Rashid Sumaila, Alessandro Tagliabur, Colette C. C. Wabnitz, William W. L. Cheung. “Timing and Magnitude of Climate-Driven Range Shifts in Transboundary Fish Stocks Challenge Their Management.” Global Change Biology, 7.28 (Illinois: 2022.01): 2312-2326. [27] Ibrahim Issifu, Juan Jose Alava, Vicky W. Y. Lam, U. Rashid Sumaila. “Impact of Ocean Warming Overfishing and Mercury on European Fisheries: A Risk Assessment and Policy Solution Framework.” Frontiers in Marine Science, 8 (Lausanne: 2022.02): 1-13. [28] Jahanzeb Butt, Khadija Zulfiqar, Yen-Chiang Chang, Ali M. A. Iqtaish. “Maritime Dispute Settlement Law Towards Sustainable Fishery Governance: The Politics over Marine Spaces vs. Audacity of Applicable International Law.” Fishes, 2.7 (Basel: 2022.03): 1-18. [29] James Kraska. “The Lost Dimension: Food Security and the South China Sea Disputes.” Harvard Law School National Security Journal, (Cambridge: 2015.02): 5. [30] Laurenne Schiller, Megan Bailey, Jennifer Jacquet, Enric Sala. “High Seas Fisheries Play a Negligible Role in Addressing Global Food Security.” Science Advances, 8.4 (New York: 2018.08): 1-8. [31] Richard Caddell. “Deep-Sea Bottom Fisheries and the Protection of Seabed Ecosystems: Problems, Progress and Prospects.” In The Law of the Seabed: Access, Uses, and Protection of Seabed Resources, eds. Catherine Banet. Leiden: Brill, 2020, 255-284.
武俊松 136 ㆔、電子網路㈾源 [1] Sonja Elin Kleven Jakobsen. “Management of Shared and Straddling Fish Stocks, Biological Diversity and Climate Change: A Perspective on the Legal Regime of the Cooperation in the Barents Sea.” Chapter IV (Master diss., The Arctic University of Norway, 2019), 23, https://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/17697/thesis.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.Accessed 3 November, 2022. [2] Gabriel Englander, “Are Unauthorized Foreign Vessels Deterred from Fishing Inside Exclusive Economic Zones?” Global Fishing Watch. https://globalfishingwatch.org/fisheries/foreign-vessels-fishing-eezs/. Accessed 4 November, 2022. [3] Eugene H. Buck. “U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea: Living Resources Provisions.” Congressional Research Service. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47744. Accessed 4 November, 2022. [4] David Freestone. Duygu Cicek. “Legal Dimensions of Sea Level Rise: Pacific Perspectives.” World Bank Group, https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/6ae3f9d7-4d5f-55ce-bfee-1b124561e486/content. Accessed 5 November, 2022. [6] Eric Schwaab, Rod Fujita, Jacqui Vogel, “Climate Change is Causing Fishery Problems, But We Can Solve Them.” Environmental Defense Fund. https://blogs.edf.org/edfish/2022/04/21/climate-change-is-causing-fishery-problems-but-we-can-solve-them/. Accessed 6 November, 2022. [5] Richard Caddell, “Corrected Oral Evidence: UNCLOS: Fit for Purpose in the 21st Century.” House of Lords. https://committees.parliament.uk/oralevidence/2959/html/. Accessed 6 November, 2022.
楊火枚、孫建榮 140 Construction of National Image during Public Health Emergencies: Discourse Analysis of Macao Daily’s Diachronic Report on COVID-19 Yang, Huomei, Sun, Jianrong (Lecturer, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: National image often undergoes dramatic change over the course of emergency events, and the use of media language will highlight these changes. This study focuses on the relationship between media language and national image construction in the reporting of public health emergencies in Macao. Based on the three-dimensional framework of Fairclough's critical discourse analysis, this paper analyzes the diachronic reports of Macao Daily News on China's fight against COVID-19 in 2021 and the discourse function of national image construction from three aspects: text, discourse practice, and social practice. It is found that the respect to high-frequency words and collocations, the media tends to choose words indicating positive evaluation. In terms of agenda setting, more positive words are used for reporting. Authoritative information sources of domestic mainstream media are the main sources of information, and information is conveyed in an indirect way that can better reflect the position of Macao media. It has established a discourse on COVID-19 prevention and control that provides positive guidance and is easier for the audience to identify with, and plays a positive role in building the image of an amiable, credible, and respectable world power that is capable of bearing the responsibility of fighting against the pandemic through a united front. Keywords: Critical discourse analysis; Public health emergencies; National image construction
楊火枚、孫建榮 160 《外語研究》,第39期第1卷(2022),19-25+33+112。 [13] ⾟斌,《批評語⾔學:理論與應⽤》,上海外語教育出版社,2005。 [14] 熊偉,《話語偏⾒的跨⽂化分析》,湖北:武漢⼤學出版社,2011。 [15] 王燦龍,〈「寧可」的語⽤分析及其他〉,《中國語⽂》,第3期(2003),220-229、287-288。 [16] 杜若凡,〈《⼈民⽇報》新冠肺炎疫情報導的批評話語分析〉,《宜春學院學報》,第44期第7卷(2022),72-78。 [17] 胡開寶,李濤,孟令⼦,《語料庫批評翻譯學概論》,北京:⾼等教育出版社,2018。 [18] 陽捷,孫建榮,〈基於語料庫的學習型漢語詞典例證搭配研究〉,《澳⾨科技⼤學學報》第14卷第2期(澳⾨:2020),28-39。 [19] 孫宏林,〈詞語搭配在⽂本中的分佈特徵〉,「中⽂資訊處理國際會議」,1998。 [20] 郭慶光,《傳播學教程》,北京:中國⼈民⼤學出版社,1999。 ㆓、英文書目與期刊 [1] M, Lazar, “Equalising Gender Relations: A Case Study of Double Talk,” Discourse &Amp; Society, 4 (1993): 443-465. [2] S, Hunston, Corpora in Applied Linguistics, Cambridge University Press, 2002. [3] N, Fairclough, Discourse and Social Change, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992. [4] J.Thompson, Ideology and Modern Culture, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990. [5] Combs, Mc, Shaw, D, M.E. “The Agenda-setting Function of Mass Media,” Public Opinion Quarterly 36.2 (1972): 176-187. [6] J, Kristeva, Word, Dialogue and Novel, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986. [7] G, Leech, Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose, London: Longman, 1981.
世漢學會國際中文教育研究專欄 The Column of the International Society for Chinese Language Teaching 此專欄係教育部中外語言交流合作中心、世界漢語教學學會與《澳門科技大學學報》編輯部合作設立,並由教育部中外語言交流合作中心資助,特此鳴謝。
教育部㆗外語言交流合作㆗心 簡 介 中外語言交流合作中心(簡稱「語合中心」,英文名稱 Center for Language Education and Cooperation,簡稱 CLEC)隸屬於中國教育部,是發展國際中文教育事業的專業公益教育機構,致力於為世界各國民眾學習中文、瞭解中國提供優質的服務,為中外語言交流合作、世界多元文化互學互鑒搭建友好協作的平臺。 語合中心的主要職能為發展國際中文教育與促進中外語言交流合作提供服務,統籌建設國際中文教育資源體系,參與制定國際中文教育相關標準並組織實施;支持國際中文教師、教材、學科等建設和學術研究;組織實施國際中文教師考試、外國人中文水準系列考試,開展相關評估認定;運行漢語橋、新漢學、獎學金等國際中文教育相關項目;開展中外語言交流合作等。 世界漢語教㈻㈻會 簡 介 世界漢語教學學會(簡稱「世漢學會」,英文名稱 The International Society for Chinese Language Teaching)成立於 1987年 8月 14日,是經中華人民共和國民政部登記註冊的國際社會組織和非營利性民間學術團體,主管單位為中華人民共和國教育部,秘書處設在教育部中外語言交流合作中心(北京市西城區德勝門外大街 129號 401)。2011年 10月與聯合國教科文組織建立合作關係,會員遍佈全球 79個國家和地區,主要由世界各地從事漢語教學、研究和推廣的人士及相關機構組成。 學會宗旨是遵守中華人民共和國憲法、法律、法規和國家政策,遵守社會道德風尚;促進國際漢語教學、研究和推廣;加強世界各地漢語教學與研究工作者之間、機構之間的聯繫。 學會理事會為議事決策機構。歷任會長為朱德熙、呂必松、陸儉明、許嘉璐等,現任會長於 2019年 12月當選,為天津師範大學校長鍾英華教授。第十一屆理事會由來自 31 個國家和地區的國際中文教育學術團體、各國高等院校及中文專業院系、著名漢學家、具有較高聲望的學術帶頭人、世漢學會創會會員、永久會員和普通會員等 65位理事(單位)組成。
杜鳳梅 166 The Development and Influencing Factors of Implicit and Explicit Knowledge of Thai Chinese Language Learner Du, Fengmei (College of International Education and Cultural Exchange, Tianjin Normal University) Abstract: Based on existing literature, this study employed untimed grammaticality judgment tasks and target word monitoring experiments to investigate the development of explicit and implicit knowledge among Thai learners of the Chinese language. The research findings reveal that language proficiency and the presence of sentence violations significantly impact the development of explicit knowledge, whereas the influence of grammatical construction types is statistically insignificant. Furthermore, language proficiency and grammatical construction types exert significant effects on response times in implicit knowledge tests. Notably, native Chinese speakers exhibit the shortest response times in target word monitoring tasks, while low-proficiency Thai learners of Chinese show the longest response times. Additionally, the study identifies an interaction between language proficiency and grammatical construction types. Lastly, language proficiency, grammatical construction types, and the presence of sentence violations significantly influence participants’ accuracy judgments in implicit knowledge tests. These results collectively suggest an inherent asynchrony and imbalance in the development of explicit and implicit knowledge, with language production being contingent on the monitoring role of explicit knowledge. The attainability of learner's implicit knowledge to a native speaker level appears to be contingent on the complexity of the learned Chinese language segments. Keywords: Explicit knowledge; Grammar judgment; Target word monitoring
泰國漢語學習者隱性知識和顯性知識發展及影響因素研究 167 一、引言 (㆒)、顯性知識與隱性知識及相關概念 隱性學習(Implicit learning)這個術語最早由⼼理學家 Arthur S. Reber提出,他認為隱性學習是指在沒有明確意圖和無意識的情況下獲取複雜環境中規則和刺激物知識的過程。相對應的,顯性學習被定義為有意識獲取外部知識的過程。1 早期研究探討顯性學習與隱性學習的關係是由Krashen在第⼆語⾔習得領域⾸次提出。2 根據他的理論,語⾔習得是⼀種⾃然⽽然的過程,通過關注語⾔的含義來實現,這與兒童母語習得的過程相符,也就是所謂的隱性學習。與之相對,語⾔學習是⼀種有意識的過程,通過教師的教導、有意識的練習和記憶等活動來掌握語⾔知識和語法概念,這就是我們所稱的顯性學習。N.C. Ellis、R. Ellis、Hulstijn等學者都對隱性學習和顯性學習的概念進⾏深入探討,強調「有無意識」作為區分這兩種學習⽅式的核⼼特徵。3 隱性學習是獲取隱性知識的過程,⽽顯性學習是獲取顯性知識的過程。雖然學習本身是難以量化的,但有無意識學習的知識可以通過測量來作為學習的依據。因此,研究這兩種學習⽅式必然涉及相應的知識類型,即「顯性知識」和「隱性知識」。R. Ellis將顯性知識定義為學習者明確知道⾃⼰知道的知識,是可以⽤語⾔表達的知識,學習者在應⽤顯性知識時具有⾃我意識,例如歷史知識和地理知識。顯性語⾔知識由關於語⾔的知識構成,其中包括語法規則,如學習者瞭解⼀個語⾔中的辭彙 1 Reber, Arthur S, “Implicit learning of Artificial Grammars,” Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior, 6.6 (NewYork:1967.12): 855-863. 2 Krashen, S. D, “The Monitor Model for Second Language Acquisition,” Second language acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching, edited by R. Gingras, Center for Applied Linguistics, (Arlington, VA: 1978): 1-26; Krashen, S. D, “The Input Hypothesis and its Rivals,” Implicit and explicit learning of languages, edited by N. C. Ellis, Academic Press, (London:1994.03): 45-77. 3 Ellis, N. C., ed. Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages, (London: Academic Press,1994), 30-50; Ellis, R, “Explicit Knowledge and Second Language Learning and Pedagogy,” Encyclopedia of Language and Education, Volume 6: Knowledge about Language, edited by J. Cenoz & N. Hornberger, Springer, (New York: 2008.04), 143-153; Hulstijn, J. H., “Theoretical and Empirical Issues in the Study of Implicit and Explicit Second-language Learning,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 2.27 (Cambridge: 2005.06): 129-140.
杜鳳梅 168 和句⼦等。相對地,隱性知識是指那些學習者無意識地掌握的知識(默會的知識),學習者並不知道⾃⼰已經內化這些知識,在使⽤時無需有意識地處理。例如,兒童在母語習得過程中無意識地掌握母語的規則和結構,這就是隱性知識。4 R. Ellis將這兩種知識分別稱為「語⾔的知識」(knowledge of language)和「關於語⾔的知識」(knowledge about language),5 國內學者也對這兩種知識的定義進⾏深入闡述。6 (㆓)、顯性知識與隱性知識關係的㆔種假說 顯性學習與隱性學習之間的交互⼀直是第⼆語⾔習得研究的爭論焦點。爭議的關鍵在於,第⼆語⾔學習者是否能夠發展出完備的隱性知識,以及顯性知識在這⼀過程中扮演什麼樣的角⾊。根據顯性知識是否能夠轉化為隱性知識,研究觀點主要可以分為三種:無介⾯說、強介⾯說和弱介⾯說。無介⾯說主張顯性知識和隱性知識存儲在⼤腦的不同區域,它們之間無法相互轉化。這⼀觀點的代表⼈物是 Krashen,他認為隱性知識是語⾔理解和⽣成的源頭,⽽顯性知識⽤於語⾔輸出的監控和調整。強介⾯說主張顯性知識經過加⼯和訓練可以轉化為⾃動化的隱性知識,代表⼈物是Dekeyser。弱介⾯說則認為顯性知識可以通過幫助學習者習得隱性知識,代表⼈物是 R. Ellis。⽬前,第⼆語⾔研究界主要⽀持弱介⾯說,即顯性學習在⼀定程度上可以幫助學習者關注語⾔輸入的⼀些形式特徵,提供有效的回饋,從⽽促進隱性知識的學習。基於這⼀理論,許多學者進⾏實證研究,如 Davidson & Indefrey、Andringa, Glopper & Hacquebord,他們的研究結果表明顯性知識在⼀定程度上可以促進隱性學習和隱性知識的發展。7 國內學者也通過測量英語作為第⼆語⾔學習者的顯性知 4 Ellis, R., “The Definition and Measurement of L2 Explicit Knowledge,” Language Learning 2.54 (Oxford: 2004.06): 227-275. 5 Ellis, R, “Explicit Knowledge and Second Language Learning and Pedagogy,” 143-153. 6 戴曼純,〈二語習得的「顯性」與「隱性」問題探討〉,《外國語言文學》,第 2期(福州:2005.05),101-111。 7 Davidson, D. J. & Indefrey, P, “An Event-related Potential Study on Changes of Violation and Error Responses during Morphosyntactic Learning,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3.21 (New York: 2009.03): 433-446; Andringa, S. J., de Glopper, K & Hacquebord, H. I, “Effect of Explicit and Implicit Instruction on Free Written Response Task Performance,” Language Learning 3.61 (Cambridge: 2011.09): 868-903.
泰國漢語學習者隱性知識和顯性知識發展及影響因素研究 169 識和隱性知識,以考察⼆者的發展情況和相互轉程度等,以驗證這些介⾯說的觀點。8 (㆔)、顯性知識和隱性知識測量方式 兩種知識的測量⼀直是第⼆語⾔習得研究的重要難題,特別是對隱性知識的測量⽅法存在廣泛爭議。國外早期的⽅法包括事後詢問意識的⽅法、有聲思維的⽅法、間隔時間的測量⽅法、以及意識測量⽅法。9 後來,⼀些成熟的測量⽅法包括語法判斷(grammaticality judgment),如 R. Ellis和 Tokowicz & MacWhinney︔⼜頭誘導式模仿(oral elicited imitation),如 Erlam, R.︔⽬標詞監控(word monitoring),如Suzuki & Dekeyser︔以及視覺—世界任務(visual-world task),如 Trenkic, D. J. Mirkovic & G. T. M.和 Tanenbaum, M. K. M.。10 語法判斷是最常⽤的測量⽅法之⼀,它根據時間限制的不同分為限時語法判斷 8 曾永紅,〈英語專業學生隱性語法知識應用實證研究〉,《外語教學與研究》,第 4期(北京:2009.07),298-302+321; 蘇建紅,〈顯性/隱性教學與語言分析能力對二語知識習得的交互作用〉,《現代外語》第 4期,(廣州:2012.11),385-392; 穆無雙,〈大學英語學習者顯性與隱性語法知識發展差異研究〉,《外語界》第 2期,(上海:2016.02),61-68; 顧琦一、陳方,〈中國英語學習者隱性知識和顯性知識發展研究〉,《外語教學與研究》,第 6期(北京:2018.11),922-935。 9 Williams, J. N, “Learning without Awareness,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 2.27 (Cambridge: 2005.06): 269-304; Hama, M & Leow, R. P, “Learning without Awareness Revisited: Extending Williams(2005) ,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 3.32 (Cambridge: 2010.09): 465-491; Grey, S, Williams, J. N. & Rebuschat, P, “Incidental Exposure and L3 Learning of Morphosyntax, ”Studies in Second Language Acquisition 4.36) (Cambridge: 2014.12): 611-645; Rebuschat, P, Hamrick, P, Sachs, R, Riestenberg, K, & Ziegler, N, “Triangulating Measures of Awareness: A Contribution to the Debate on Learning without Awareness,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 37 (Cambridge: 2015.06): 299-334. 10 Ellis, R., “Measuring Implicit and Explicit Knowledge of a Second Language,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 27 (Cambridge: 2005.06): 141-172; Tokowicz, N & B. MacWhinney, “Implicit and Explicit Measures of Sensitivity to Violations in Second Language Grammar,” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 27 (Cambridge: 2005.06): 173-204; Erlam, R, “Elicited Imitation as a Measure of L2 Implicit Knowledge: An Empirical Validation Study,” Applied Linguistics 3.27 (Oxford: 2006.09): 464-491; Suzuki, Y. & R. Dekeyser, “Comparing Elicited Imitation and Word Monitoring as Measures of Implicit Knowledge,” Language Learning 4.65 (Oxford: 2015.12): 860-895; Trenkic, D., J. Mirkovic, & G. T. M. Altmann, “Realtime Grammar Processing by Native and Non-native Speakers: Constructions Unique to the Second Language,” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2.17 (Cambridge: 2014.04): 237-257; Tanenhaus, M. K., M. J. Spivey-Knowlton, K. M. Eberhard, & J. C. Sedivy, “Integration of Visual and Linguistic Information in Spoken Language Comprehension,” Science 5217.268 (Washington, D.C.: 1995.06): 1632-1634.
杜鳳梅 170 測試和非限時語法判斷測試。在限時條件下,受試者需要判斷測試句是否包含語法錯誤。學者認為,在時間壓⼒下,受試者更側重於句⼦的意義和內容,⽽對句⼦的語法形式判斷更多地依賴於受試者的隱性知識。11 ⽬標詞監控最早出現在 Nature上的⼀項關於句⼦感知的研究。12 具體操作⽅法是提前告知受試者⼀個⽬標詞,然後要求受試者在接下來聽到測試句的過程中判斷該句是否包含⽬標詞。受試者的反應時間被⽤來推斷他們對句⼦的處理過程。如果句⼦中存在語法錯誤,受試者會在聽到該句時延長反應時間,這表明他們具有對這種語法結構的隱性知識,因此這⼀錯誤會導致句⼦處理時間延長。13 限時語法判斷測試的隱性知識測量⽅法存在⼀定爭議,但非限時語法判斷測試更適合顯性知識的測量。因此,本研究選擇非限時語法判斷測試⽅法來測量受試者的顯性知識。⽬標詞監控⽅法是⼀種較新的研究⽅法,國內學者只有少數⼀項研究使⽤了這種⽅法,14 但這是測量隱性知識的有效⽅法,因此本研究選擇⽬標詞監控⽅法來測量受試者的隱性知識,希望能取得更好的研究成果。 (㆕)、漢語補語語序偏誤相關研究 補語是表現現代漢語特點的語法結構之⼀,它在其他許多語⾔中並不常⾒,因此對於學習者來說,學習補語結構是⼀項較具挑戰性的任務。尤其在補語語序⽅⾯,學習者常常出現各種偏誤現象。研究者和教師們對這⼀問題進⾏廣泛的研究。本研究選擇補語作為研究對象,因為實驗中使⽤的⽬標詞監控測試⽅法更適⽤於測試存在語序偏誤的句⼦的顯性和隱性知識掌握。經研究發現,在漢語補語的學習過程中,學⽣在結果補語、趨向補語、可能補語、數量補語(包括時量補語與動量補語)四種補語類型中常常存在語序偏誤,⽽程度補語和情態補語的偏誤類型中幾乎不包括語序偏誤。因此,本研究選擇結果補語、趨向補語、可能補語、數量補語(包括時 11 Ellis, R., “Measuring Implicit and Explicit Knowledge of a Second Language,”, 141-172. 12 Marslen-Wilson, W. & L. Tyler, “Processing Structure of Sentence Perception,” Nature 257 (London: 1975.10): 784-786. 13 Suzuki, Y. & R. Dekeyser, “Comparing Elicited Imitation and Word Monitoring as Measures of Implicit Knowledge,”, 860-895. 14 顧琦一、陳方,2018 〈中國英語學習者隱性知識和顯性知識發展研究〉,922-935。
泰國漢語學習者隱性知識和顯性知識發展及影響因素研究 183 斷產⽣顯著影響。低⽔準泰國漢語學習者對隱性知識的判斷準確率較低,⾼⽔準泰國漢語學習者稍⾼,⽽漢語母語者表現最好。不同語法專案類型中,結果補語、趨向補語和時量補語的隱性知識判斷準確率明顯⾼於動量補語,但仍然顯著低於可能補語。此外,被試對沒有語法錯誤的句⼦判斷準確率⾼,對存在語法錯誤的句⼦判斷準確率較低。語法專案類型和是否存在違例之間也存在交互作⽤,被試在結果補語、趨向補語、時量補語和動量補語的正確句⼦上的判斷準確率顯著⾼於錯誤句,但對可能補語,兩者之間沒有顯著差異。 總的來說,顯性知識和隱性知識的發展並不同步,存在明顯的不平衡。語⾔輸出的依賴程度不僅依賴隱性知識,還需要顯性知識的監控。學習者是否能夠達到漢語母語者的⽔準與語⾔段落的⼤⼩有關。⼩語段知識⽅⾯,泰國漢語學習者經過學習能夠達到漢語母語者的語⾔⽔準,但在⼤語段知識⽅⾯,他們較難達到漢語母語者的語⾔⽔準。 從⼆語教學的角度來看,語⾔輸出的發展依賴於隱性知識的積累,因此如何促進漢語非母語學習者的隱性知識發展尤為關鍵。現有的認知⼼理學和⼆語習得研究已經證實,顯性和隱性知識的研究包括三個⽅⾯:顯性和隱性的學習過程、顯性和隱性的知識結構、顯性和隱性的教學⽅法。顯性和隱性學習是⼀個過程,顯性知識和隱性知識是其結果,⽽教學則是實現這⼀過程的⼿段。這三個⽅⾯需要相互結合,以確保學習者獲得⼀定的語⾔能⼒。因此,隱性教學的設計顯得尤為緊迫。根據 R. Ellis的解釋,隱性教學的關鍵在於吸引學習者將注意⼒集中在⽬標成分上,同時引導部分注意資源關注語⾔結構和規則。這有助於學習者在⾃然交際中,通過⼤量的交際實例,注意到並推導出語⾔規則,從⽽在不經過明確的規則講解的情況下習得語⾔規則。隱性教學⽅法可以包括以語義為中⼼的課堂教學或在泛讀中對特定句式和辭彙的隨機記憶。19 研究結果還表明,顯性知識並未完全轉化為隱性知識,教學中應注重促進顯性知識向隱性知識的轉化。同時,在實際語⾔交流任務中,掌握顯性知識的⼆語學習者未必能夠準確、流利地接收或表達資訊。因此,建議在教學中多使⽤功能交際法 19 Ellis, R., “Form-focused Instruction and the Measurement of Implicit and Explicit L2 Knowledge,” in Patrick Rebuschat (Ed.), Implicit and explicit learning of languages, (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2015), 417-442.
泰國漢語學習者隱性知識和顯性知識發展及影響因素研究 185 徵引書目 ㆒、㆗文書目與期刊 [1] 戴曼純,〈⼆語習得的「顯性」與「隱性」問題探討〉,《外國語⾔⽂學》,第2期(福州:2005.05),101-111。 [2] 曾永紅,〈英語專業學⽣隱性語法知識應⽤實證研究〉,《外語教學與研究》,第4期(北京:2009.07),298-302+321。 [3] 蘇建紅,〈顯性/隱性教學與語⾔分析能⼒對⼆語知識習得的交互作⽤〉,《現代外語》第4期,(廣州:2012.11),385-392+437。 [4] 穆無雙,〈⼤學英語學習者顯性與隱性語法知識發展差異研究〉,《外語界》,第2期(上海:2016.02),61-68。 [5] 顧琦⼀、陳⽅,〈中國英語學習者隱性知識和顯性知識發展研究〉,《外語教學與研究》,第6期(北京:2018.11),922-935。 [6] 靳洪剛、侯曉明,〈漢語作為第⼆語⾔實證研究縱觀:顯性與隱性學習、知識、教學〉,《世界漢語教學》,第3期(北京:2016.07),379-400。 [7] 劉⽉華,《實⽤現代漢語語法》,北京:商務印書館,2001。 [8] 趙雲中,〈俄語語段切分的若⼲問題〉,《外國語》第1期,(上海:1980.01),40-46。 ㆓、英文書目與期刊 [1] Reber, Arthur S. “Implicit Learning of Artificial Grammars.” Journal of Verbal Learning & Verbal Behavior 6.6 (NewYork: 1967.12): 855-863. [2] Krashen, S. D. “The Monitor Model for Second Language Acquisition.” Second language Acquisition and Foreign Language Teaching. Edited by R. Gingras, Center for Applied Linguistics, (Arlington, VA: 1978): 1-26. [3] Krashen, S. D. “The Input Hypothesis and its Rivals.” Implicit and Explicit Learning
杜鳳梅 186 of Languages. Edited by N. C. Ellis, Academic Press, (London: 1994): 45-77. [4] Ellis, N. C. Ed, Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages, London: Academic Press, 1994. [5] Ellis, R. “The Definition and Measurement of L2 Explicit Knowledge.” Language Learning 2.54 (Oxford: 2004.06): 227-275. [6] Ellis, R. “Explicit Knowledge and Second Language Learning and Pedagogy.” Encyclopedia of Language and Education Volume 6: Knowledge about Language. Edited by J. Cenoz & N. Hornberger, Springer, (New York: 2008.04): 143-153. [7] Hulstijn, J. H. “ Theoretical and Empirical Issues in the Study of Implicit and Explicit Second-language Learning.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 2.27 (Cambridge: 2005.06): 129-140 . [8] Davidson, D. J. & Indefrey, P. “An Event-related Potential Study on Changes of Violation and Error Responses during Morphosyntactic Learning.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 3.21 (New York: 2009.03): 433-446. [9] Andringa, S. J., de Glopper, K & Hacquebord, H. I. “Effect of Explicit and Implicit Instruction on Free Written Response Task Performance.” Language Learning 3.61 (Cambridge: 2011.09): 868-903. [10] Williams, J. N. “Learning without Awareness.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 2.27 (Cambridge: 2005.06): 269-304. [11] Hama, M & Leow, R. P. “Learning without Awareness Revisited: Extending Williams (2005).” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 3.32 (Cambridge: 2010.09): 465-491. [12] Grey, S, Williams, J. N. & Rebuschat, P. “Incidental Exposure and L3 Learning of Morphosyntax.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 4.36 (Cambridge: 2014.12): 611-645. [13] Rebuschat, P, Hamrick, P, Sachs, R, Riestenberg, K, & Ziegler, N. “Triangulating Measures of Awareness: A Contribution to the Debate on Learning without Awareness.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 37 (Cambridge: 2015.06): 299-
泰國漢語學習者隱性知識和顯性知識發展及影響因素研究 187 334. [14] Ellis, R. “Measuring Implicit and Explicit Knowledge of a Second Language.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 2.27 (Cambridge: 2005.06): 141-172. [15] Tokowicz, N & B. MacWhinney. “Implicit and Explicit Measures of Sensitivity to Violations in Second Language Grammar.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 2.27 (Cambridge: 2005.06): 173-204. [16] Erlam, R. “Elicited Imitation as a Measure of L2 Implicit Knowledge: An Empirical Validation Study.” Applied Linguistics 3.27 (Oxford: 2006.09): 464-491. [17] Suzuki, Y. & R. Dekeyser. “Comparing Elicited Imitation and Word Monitoring as measures of Implicit Knowledge.” Language Learning 4. 65 (Oxford: 2015.12): 860-895. [18] Trenkic, D., J. Mirkovic, & G. T. M. Altmann. “Realtime Grammar Processing by Native and Non-native Speakers: Constructions Unique to the Second Language.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2.17 (Cambridge: 2014.04): 237-257. [19] Tanenhaus, M. K., M. J. Spivey-Knowlton, K. M. Eberhard, & J. C. Sedivy. “Integration of Visual and Linguistic Information in Spoken Language Comprehension.” Science 5217.268 (Washington, D.C.: 1995.06): 1632-1634. [20] Marslen-Wilson, W. & L. Tyler. “Processing Structure of Sentence Perception.”Nature 257 (London: 1975.10): 784-786. [21] Ellis, R. Form-focused Instruction and the Measurement of Implicit and Explicit L2 Knowledge, in Patrick Rebuschat (Ed.), Implicit and Explicit Learning of Languages, 417-442. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2015.
楊靜雲、王婷 190 A Study on the Semantic Access of Chinese as a Third Language Yang, Jingyun; Wang, Ting (University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology) Abstract: Using a psychological experimental paradigm of cross-linguistic repetition priming, the present study examines the semantic access mechanism of Russian-English-Chinese trilingual students with different levels of L3 Chinese and the significant priming effects found in all cases. The results show that: (1) for those who are proficient in both L2 and L3, the semantic access to L3 Chinese lexicon is facilitated by L2 English but not by L1 Russian; (2) for those who are proficient in L2 but not in L3, the semantic access to L3 Chinese lexicon is facilitated by L2 English, while L1 Russian plays an inhibitory role; (3) in addition to language proficiency, trilingual semantic access is also influenced by cross-language factors such as language distance, language status, and recency of use. Keywords: Trilingual; Semantic access; Language proficiency; Cross-language repetition priming
漢語作為第三語言的語義通達研究 191 一、引言 ⼼理詞彙(mental lexicon)又稱「⼼理詞典」或「⼼理詞庫」,是研究詞彙是怎樣儲存在記憶裏和怎樣被提取的,包括母語⼼理詞彙和多語⼼理詞彙。1 ⼀般認爲,雙語⼼理詞彙記憶模式由詞彙表徵和概念表徵組成,詞彙表徵(語⾳和形式)獨⽴存儲,概念表徵(語義)共享存儲。語義通達(semantic access)指的就是詞彙表徵和概念表徵之間的聯結⽅式,其强度隨著語⾔的熟練程度⽽變化。具體來說,⼆語初學者需借助⼀語詞彙來通達語義,隨著⼆語熟練程度的提⾼,最終可直接通達概念,2 但前提是⼆語⽔平達到⼀定的閾值。3 三語⼼理詞彙研究是建⽴在雙語語⾔表徵研究基礎之上的,與雙語相比,多⼀種語⾔會使語⾔間的通達模式變得更爲複雜。那麽,在三語語義通達中,先前習得的語⾔如何發揮作⽤?三語初學者與熟練者的語義通達機制是否不同,且受到哪些因素的影響?本研究將對上述問題展開探討。 二、文獻綜述 三語習得中學習者先前已有的語⾔知識經驗之間會產⽣跨語⾔影響,但在三語的理解和輸出過程中,⼀語和⼆語所起的作⽤是不同的。4 有研究認為⼀語發揮主導作⽤,或者⼆語發揮主導作⽤,或者⼀語和⼆語同時發揮作⽤。5 然⽽也有研究 1 桂詩春,《新編心理語言學》,上海:上海外語教育出版社,2000;賈冠杰,〈多語心理詞彙模式與二語習得研究〉,《外語與外語教學》,第 6期(2008),27-31。 2 Kroll, J. F. & Stewart, E, “Category Interference in Translation and Picture Naming: Evidence for Asymmetric Connections Between Bilingual Memory Representations,” Journal of Memory & Language 33.2 (1994): 149-174. 3 Tremblay, M. C, “Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: The Role of L2 Oroficiency and L2 Exposure,” Ottawa Papers in Linguistics (2006): 109-119. 4 Ringbom, H, Cross-linguistic Similarity in Foreign Language Learning, (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2007). 5 有關一語研究請見 Hermas, A, “Multilingual Transfer: L1 Morphosyntax in L3 English,” International Journal of Language Studies 8.2 (2014): 10-24; Aparicio, X. & Lavaur, J.-M., “Masked Translation Priming Effects in Visual Word Recognition by Trilinguals,” Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 45.6 (2015): 1369-1388; 陳建林、龔逸菲、于美連、蔣詞,〈俄—英—漢三語者詞彙語義通達模式研究〉,《世界漢語教學》,第 2 期(2022),225-235。有關二語研究請見 Bardel, C. & Falk, Y., “The Role of the Second
楊靜雲、王婷 192 發現⼀語或⼆語對三語語義通達有抑制作⽤,認為多語者在選擇和提取⽬標詞彙時需要抑制非⽬標語⾔詞彙,影響較⼤的有 Green 的抑制控制模型(The Inhibitory Control Model, ICM)。6 三語學習者會更多借⽤語⾔距離較近的語⾔以促進⽬的語的習得。7 語⾔距離可分為客觀距離和主觀距離。客觀距離指兩種語⾔在類型上的相關性或形式上的相似性︔主觀距離指語⾔使⽤者主觀感知到的語⾔間的差異,又稱「⼼理類型」。8 Rothman提出語⾔類型優選模型(Typological Primacy Model, TPM),認為三語習得是受⼀語還是⼆語的影響取決於客觀距離,即語⾔間類型上的相似性,同樣也受到主觀距離,即學習者所感知到的相似性,相似性越⾼對⽬的語的影響越⼤。9 Carvalho & Silva的實驗證明這⼀點,在「西班牙語—英語—葡萄牙語」和「英語—西班牙語—葡萄牙語」兩組學⽣中,西班牙語無論作為⼀語還是⼆語都是三語葡萄牙語遷移的來源,因為西班牙語與葡萄牙語更相似,並指出語⾔距離比習得順序更重要。10 同樣,劉承宇、謝翠平研究了「漢語—英語—法語」學⽣第⼆外語學習中的跨語⾔影 Language in Third Language Acquisition: The Case of Germanic Syntax,” Second Language Research 23.4 (2007): 459- 484; Bardel, C. & Falk, Y, “The L2 Status Factor and the Declarative/Procedural Distinction.” in Studies in Bilingualism, eds. J. Cabrelli Amaro, S. Flynn, & J. Rothman, 61-78. (Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2012); Tsang, W. “The L3 Acquisition of Cantonese Reflexives.” in Third Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar, ed. Y. Leung, 192-219, (Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 2009). 認為兩語同時發揮作用之研究請見 González Alonso, J, “Assessing Multilingual Lexical Incorporation Hypotheses through a Primed Picture-naming Task,” Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 2.1 (2012): 91-107; 李利、張揚、李璇、郭紅婷、伍麗梅、王瑞明,〈三語者語義通達中的跨語言重複啓動效應〉,《心理學報》,第 11期(2016),1401-1409;陳亞平、汪苗,〈漢—英—德三語者不同通道的三語語義通達〉,《外語教學與研究》,第 4期(2020),559-568+640。 6 Green, D. W. “Mental Control of the Bilingual Lexico-semantic System,” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1.2 (1998): 67-81 7 Fouser, R. “Too Close for Comfort? Sociolinguistic Transfer from Japanese into Korean as an L3.” in Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic Perspectives, eds. J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen & U. Jessner, 149-169. (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 2001). 8 Kellerman, E. “Now You See It, Now You Don’t.” in Language Transfer in Language Learning. Eds. S. Gass. & L. Selinker, 112-134. Massachusetts: Newbury House, 1983. 9 Rothman, J. “L3 Syntactic Transfer Selectivity and Typological Determinacy: The Typological Primacy Model.” Second Language Research 27.1 (2011): 107-127; Rothman, J. “Linguistic and Cognitive Motivations for the Typological Primacy Model (TPM) of Third Language (L3) Transfer: Timing of Acquisition and Proficiency Considered.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18.2 (2015): 179-190. 10 Carvalho, A. M. & Silva, A. J. B., “Cross-Linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: The Case of Spanish-English Bilinguals’ Acquisition of Portuguese.” Foreign Language Annals 39.2 (2006): 185-202.
漢語作為第三語言的語義通達研究 193 響,發現超過 90%的學習者認為三語習得中來⾃⼆語英語遷移的影響⼤於⼀語漢語,這正是因為法語和英語之間無論是客觀距離還是主觀語⾔距離都更⼩。11 學習者熟練⽔平較⾼的背景語⾔更有可能影響三語,並且,三語初學者更容易受到先前習得的語⾔之間遷移的影響。12 Foryś-Nogala et al. 採⽤可接受性判斷任務(Acceptability Judgement Task, AJT)考察 49名「波蘭語—英語—義⼤利語」學習者三語習得過程中的跨語⾔影響,回歸分析顯⽰三語⽔平是 AJT成績的唯⼀顯著預測因數。13 三語意⼤利語⽔平較低時,⼆語英語產⽣了負⾯跨語⾔影響或⼀般基於認知的問題,隨著三語⽔平的提⾼,這些問題也逐漸減少。Hammarberg對⼀位三語瑞典語的學習者進⾏縱向個案研究,發現被試在早期運⽤⼀語英語作為外部的⼯具語⾔,⼆語德語則在三語的新詞結構和發⾳模式上發揮作⽤,⼆語⽔平越⾼,對三語的影響就越⼤,⼀語和⼆語的功能會隨著三語⽔平的提⾼⽽逐漸減少。14 然⽽,三語反過來也會對⼆語產⽣影響,倪傳斌、張之胤研究「漢語—英語—⽇語」和「漢語—英語—法語」兩組三語初學者,發現相較於⽇語組,三語法語更容易對與其語⾔距離更近的⼆語英語產⽣逆向影響。15 然⽽該研究使⽤的實驗材料為同源詞,如使⽤非同源詞是否也會產⽣類似的結果仍有待討論。 綜上,三語語義通達會受到⼀語和⼆語、語⾔距離和語⾔⽔平等跨語⾔因素的影響。國內現有關於三語語義通達的研究還很少,從語⾔⽔平⽅⾯來考察三語語義通達模式的僅有陳建林等,其研究對象為⼆語⽔平不同的藏漢英三語學⽣。16 此外, 11 劉承宇、謝翠平,〈外語專業學生第二外語學習中的跨語言影響研究〉,《外語教學》,第 1期(2008),43-47。 12 Williams, S. & Hammarberg, B. “Language Switches in L3 Production: Implications for a Polyglot Speaking Model,” Applied Linguistics 19.3 (1998): 295-333; De Angelis, G, Third or Additional Language Acquisition, (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2007). 13 Foryś-Nogala, M., Broniś, O., Opacki, M. & Otwinowska, A. “Cross-linguistic Influences, Language Proficiency and Metalinguistic Knowledge in L3 Italian Subject Placement.” International Journal of Multilingualism (2020): 1-21. 14 Hammarberg, B. “Roles of L1 and L2 in L3 Production and Acquisition.” in Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic Perspectives, eds. J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen & U. Jessner, 21-41. (Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 2001). 15 倪傳斌、張之胤,〈三語對二語詞彙識別的影響〉,《外語與外語教學》,第 6期(2011),30-34。 16 陳建林、張聰霞、 劉曉燕、 程蓉,〈二語水平對藏—漢—英三語者英語詞彙語義通達的影響〉,《外語教學與研究》,第 5期(2018),727-737+801。
楊靜雲、王婷 194 將漢語作為第三語⾔的研究更是鮮少有之,僅有的有李利等和陳建林等。17 鑒於此,本研究採⽤跨語⾔重複啟動的⼼理學實驗範式,以「俄語—英語—漢語」跨語系三語者為研究對象,考查不同三語⽔平學習者的詞彙語義加⼯機制,旨在回答三個研究問題:⼀、三語⽔平相對熟練者,三語漢語詞彙語義通達是否要借助⼀語俄語或⼆語英語?⼆、三語⽔平不熟練者,三語漢語詞彙語義通達是否要借助⼀語俄語或⼆語英語?三、除了語⾔⽔平,三語漢語語義通達還會受到哪些跨語⾔因素的影響? 三、研究方法 (㆒)、被試 選⾃國內幾個⼤學的俄語國家留學⽣,通過語⾔歷史問卷進⾏篩選,該問卷參照 Li et al. 的 Language History Questionnaire(LHQ)3.0版本進⾏改編,問卷內容包括語⾔習得的年齡、時間、數量、種類、習得順序和語⾔⽔平等。18 並使⽤ 7分等級量表(1=非常不熟練,7=非常熟練)讓學⽣分別對俄語、英語、漢語的熟練程度進⾏⾃評。19 問卷設計完成後,⾸先請 1位不參加實驗的俄羅斯學⽣對問卷進⾏試填以及漢俄翻譯糾錯,以確保問卷題⽬合適且能夠達到預期的結果。該學⽣俄語爲母語,漢語已通過漢語⽔平考試(HSK)五級,對應《歐洲語⾔共同參考框架》(The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages,CEFR)達到 C1標準。通過某平台問卷⼩程序進⾏問卷發放,回收問卷 53份。剔除第⼀語⾔不是俄語的學⽣,由任課⽼師根據學⽣英語和漢語的平時成績,結合學⽣的⾃評結果,最後篩選出 27位符合實驗要求並⾃願參與正式實驗的研究對象。包括 12位男⽣和 15位女⽣,年齡在 20—30歲之間。所有被試的裸眼視⼒或矯正視⼒正常。實驗开始前均 17 李利、張揚、李璇、郭紅婷、伍麗梅、王瑞明,〈三語者語義通達中的跨語言重複啓動效應〉,1401-1409;陳建林、龔逸菲、于美連、蔣詞,〈俄—英—漢三語者詞彙語義通達模式研究〉,《世界漢語教學》,第 2期(2022),225-235。 18 Li, Li, Lei Mo, Ruiming Wang, Xueying Luo, Zhe Chen. “Evidence for Long-term Cross-language Repetition Priming in Low Fluency Chinese-English Bilinguals.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13.1 (2009): 13-21. 19 參照李利、張揚、李璇、郭紅婷、伍麗梅、王瑞明,〈三語者語義通達中的跨語言重複啓動效應〉,1401-1409。
漢語作為第三語言的語義通達研究 195 簽署知情同意書。 (㆓)、實驗範式 參照 Zeelenberg & Pecher和 Li et al.的⼼理語⾔學⾏為實驗,以跨語⾔重複啟動(cross—language repetition priming)作為三語語義通達的實驗範式,該範式包括編碼 (學習)和提取(測驗)兩個階段。20 編碼和提取是記憶的兩個重要加⼯階段,編碼是對記憶的初始加⼯,提取是對編碼後儲存在記憶中的信息重複啟動,通常採⽤「學習—測驗」範式進⾏研究。21 主要⽬的是考察被試在學習階段已學的材料是否會影響測驗階段對⽬標刺激的識別和判斷。22 如果⽬標刺激在學習階段學習過,那麼在測驗階段可能會產⽣啟動效應。在這⼀任務範式中,參與者很清楚每個階段的實驗⽬標,但不清楚整個實驗的⽬的以及啟動和⽬標刺激之間的關係。因此,整個實驗過程是參與者的無意識和內隱的認知過程,由此避免被試在實驗過程中對啟動詞採取翻譯等有意識地加⼯策略。 (㆔)、實驗材料 實驗材料⽤詞以漢語為原詞,參照教育部和國家語⾔⽂字⼯作委員會 2021年 7⽉ 1⽇正式實施的《國際中⽂教育中⽂⽔平等級標準》(以下簡稱《標準》),作為選詞來源和標準。《標準》將學習者中⽂⽔平分為「三等九級」,1—3級作為初等階段,學習者應掌握⾳節 608個,漢字 900個,詞語 2245個,語法點 210個,因此,這⼀等級所包含的詞語可以視為⾯向漢語學習者的最常⽤詞語。從該詞表中選擇 60 個漢語常⽤名詞,以雙⾳節詞爲主,如「杯⼦」,其中包括 10個單⾳節詞,如「⽺」,翻譯成相對應的英語和俄語詞。並邀請 3位不參加實驗的俄羅斯留學⽣幫助篩選材 20 Zeelenberg, R. & Pecher, D, “Evidence for Long-term Cross-language Repetition Priming in Conceptual Implicit Memory Tasks,” Journal of Memory and Language 49.1 (2003): 80-94; Li, Li, Lei Mo, Ruiming Wang, Xueying Luo, Zhe Chen, “Evidence for Long-term Cross-language Repetition Priming in Low Fluency Chinese-English Bilinguals,” 13-21. 21 林無忌、孟迎芳、林靜遠,〈提取干擾對內隱記憶的影響〉,《心理學報》,第 7期(2017),897-908。 22 李利、張揚、李璇、郭紅婷、伍麗梅、王瑞明,〈三語者語義通達中的跨語言重複啓動效應〉,1401-1409。
楊靜雲、王婷 202 表 6呈現三語漢語⽔平不熟練時,在已學和未學兩種條件下,⼆語英語對三語漢語詞彙語義的啟動效應。配對樣本 t 檢驗結果發現,被試對漢語詞呈現過的英語對譯詞的反應時間顯著快於對未呈現過的英語對譯詞的反應時間,t = -2.438,p = .016〈 .05︔⽽在正確率⽅⾯則沒有顯著差異,t = 1.865,p = .064〉 .05。這表明被試在學習階段對漢語詞進⾏概念判斷時同時啟動了相應的英語詞,由此在測驗階段能夠更快地對英語詞做出判斷,已學漢語詞在英語翻譯對等詞判斷時出現了跨語⾔重複啟動效應。由此可以推斷,三語漢語⽔平較低者,即⼆語熟練、三語不熟練者,三語漢語詞彙語義通達會借助⼆語英語。 (㆔)、小結 1、㆔語㈬平相對熟練者的語義通達機制 實驗 1探討三語者三語⽔平相對熟練時,⼀語俄語和⼆語英語對三語漢語語義通達的影響。結果發現已學漢語詞的俄語翻譯對等詞的反應時與未學過的反應時之間沒有顯著差異,不存在跨語⾔重複啟動效應︔⽽已學漢語詞的英語翻譯對等詞的反應時與未學過的反應時之間則具有顯著差異,存在跨語⾔重複啟動效應。兩者在正確率⽅⾯均沒有顯著差異。說明當被試三語漢語⽔平相對熟練時,在通達三語漢語詞彙語義時會啟動⼆語英語,但沒有啟動⼀語俄語。這⼀結果與之前研究的部分結論⼀致。李利等採⽤視覺和聽覺條件下的三語語義通達任務,其被試爲 24名印尼語留學⽣,三語漢語均已達到 HSK五級,但是在視覺條件下三語漢語仍然需要借助⼆語英語來通達語義。24 這⼀現象可以⽤ Bardel & Falk的第⼆語⾔主導模型(The L2 Status Factor Model, L2SFM)來解釋。25 該模型依據 Paradis的神經語⾔學理論,認為⼀語依賴於程式性(procedural)記憶,是在⾃然環境下習得的,⼆語、三語等依賴於陳述性(declarative)記憶,⼀般是在學校等正式教育環境下習得的。26 兩種記憶涉及不同類型的⼤腦表 24 李利、張揚、李璇、郭紅婷、伍麗梅、王瑞明,〈三語者語義通達中的跨語言重複啓動效應〉,1401-1409。 25 Bardel, C. & Falk, Y., “The L2 Status Factor and the Declarative/Procedural Distinction.”, 61-78. 26 Paradis, M, Declarative and Procedural Determinants of Second Languages, Amsterdam: John Benjamins,
漢語作為第三語言的語義通達研究 203 徵,所有後期習得的語⾔(L2, L3..., Ln)在很⼤程度上都是由陳述性記憶來維持的,因此會表現出彼此之間的動態⼲擾,⽽不是來⾃⼀語。本研究中,⼆語英語和三語漢語都屬於陳述性知識,均由學習者從學校中獲取,⼆語和三語知識也都由陳述性記憶維持,其認知模式具有相似性,所以三語會借助⼆語來通達語義。此外,L2SFM還強調⼆語在三語習得中占主導作⽤,並且在⼆語⽔平越⾼時,越能發揮正⾯促進作⽤。本研究中當三語者⼆語英語⽔平⾼時,三語漢語詞彙語義通達借助⼆語英語,但不借助⼀語俄語,就驗證了這⼀點。 2、㆔語㈬平不熟練者的語義通達機制 實驗 2探討了三語者三語⽔平不熟練時,⼀語俄語和⼆語英語對三語漢語語義通達的影響。結果發現,已學漢語詞的俄語與英語翻譯對等詞的反應時與未學習過的反應時之間均有顯著差異,都存在跨語⾔重複啟動效應。⽽兩者在正確率⽅⾯均沒有顯著差異。不同的是,前者已學習過的反應時顯著慢於未學習過的反應時,後者已學習過的反應時顯著快於未學習過的反應時。說明當被試三語漢語⽔平不熟練時,在通達三語漢語詞彙語義時會啟動⼆語英語,⽽⼀語俄語則起到了抑制作⽤。這⼀結果與之前研究的部分結論⼀致。⾸先,三語⽔平不熟練者語義通達是否會借助⼆語?王瑞明等通過考察晚期⼆語英語學習者對其三語習得的影響,發現⼆語熟練、三語不熟練者在跨語⾔重複啟動範式下會經由⼆語英語實現三語法語的詞彙語義通達。27 Chen的實驗也同樣發現,⼆語漢語熟練,三語英語不熟練的藏語母語者,三語需借助⼆語通達語義。28 LHQ調查發現,⼆語英語在漢語初學者的學習和⽣活中的使⽤程度均爲 45.45%(表 2)。事實情況是,留學⽣在中國⼤學學習漢語時,為⽅便與中國⽼師和同學交流,在學習和⽣活中普遍使⽤⼆語英語和三語漢語,較少使⽤⼀語俄語。尤其是留學初期,被試的漢語⽔平不⾼,⼆語英語成了主要使⽤的語⾔。因此,即便被試三語漢語⽔平不熟練,其語義通達仍然會借助⼆語英語,同 2009. 27 王瑞明、張潔婷、李利、莫雷,〈二語詞彙在雙語者三語詞彙語義通達中的作用〉,《心理科學》,第4期(2010),853-856 28 Chen, J, “How do L3 Words Find Conceptual Parasitic Hosts in Typologically Distant L1 or L2? Evidence from a Cross-linguistic Priming Effect,” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23.10 (2020): 1238-1253.
楊靜雲、王婷 204 樣⽀持 L2SFM。 其次,三語⽔平不熟練者語義通達是否會借助⼀語?在實驗 2中,當三語⽔平低時,⼀語俄語對三語漢語詞彙識別產⽣了負影響,即⼀語對三語語義通達起到了抑制作⽤。這⼀現象驗證 Green的抑制控制模型(ICM),認為雙語者在提取⽬標詞彙時,會同時啟動兩種語⾔的詞彙,非⽬標詞彙和⽬標詞彙之間存在競爭。29 同樣,多語者在選擇和提取⽬標詞彙時也需要抑制非⽬標語⾔詞彙,通過抑制先前處於啟動狀態的非⽬標詞彙通達至⽬標語⾔詞彙表徵。非⽬標語⾔⽔平越⾼,抑制程度越⼤。在實驗 2a中,被試在學習階段對漢語詞進⾏概念判斷時,同時啓動了⼀語俄語和⼆語英語翻譯對等詞,在測試階段,⽬標詞爲⼀語俄語,非⽬標詞爲⼆語英語,需要對學習階段啓動的已學漢語詞的英語翻譯對等詞進⾏抑制。由於非⽬標詞英語⽔平較⾼,與⽬標詞俄語間存在競爭,因此這⼀抑制過程加⼤了識別俄語已學翻譯對等詞的難度,從⽽在反應時間上産⽣⼀定的滯後性。這與孫鑫、李偉對「漢語—英語—法語」學習者的語義通達研究發現類似,三語法語⽔平⾼者在漢語和英語條件下都出現跨語⾔負啟動效應,⽽法語⽔平低者在漢語條件下出現跨語⾔負啟動效應。30 也就是說,無論三語法語⽔平熟練或不熟練,⼀語漢語都起到了抑制作⽤。 3、跨語言因素對㆔語語義通達的影響 三語會受到先前已經習得的⼀語和⼆語的跨語⾔影響。通過上述討論發現,在「俄語—英語—漢語」三語語義通達中,無論被試三語漢語⽔平如何,其⼆語英語詞彙都得到了啟動。這可能是因為三語習得不同於⼆語習得,除了學習者的語⾔⽔平之外,還受到語⾔距離、語⾔地位和新近使⽤程度等跨語⾔因素的影響。 本研究中,LHQ調查發現,40.74%的學⽣認為英語離漢語更近(俄語 25.93%,不確定 33.33%)。可⾒,俄語母語者在主觀距離上覺得英語與漢語更接近,因此三語漢語語義通達⾃然⽽然會借助⼆語英語。符合 Rothman 的語⾔類型優選模型(TPM),認爲學習者感知到的語⾔類型相似性越⾼,對⽬的語的影響越⼤。31 其次, 29 Green, D. W, “Mental Control of the Bilingual Lexico-semantic System,”: 67-81. 30 孫鑫、李偉,〈不同三語學習者的語義通達機制對比研究〉,《外語與外語教學》,第 3期(2014),49-54。 31 Rothman, J. “L3 Syntactic Transfer Selectivity and Typological Determinacy: The Typological Primacy
漢語作為第三語言的語義通達研究 205 55.55%的學⽣認為⼆語英語對三語漢語的學習幫助更⼤(俄語 18.52%,不確定25.93%)。這可能與語⾔地位,準確地說是⼆語地位有關,學習者在輸出第三語⾔時傾向於啟動第⼆語⾔⽽不是第⼀語⾔。32 學習者在⽬標語中更容易接受非母語詞彙,因為對正確性的感知(perception of correctness)使學習者⼀開始就認為⼀語的使⽤肯定是錯誤的︔並且幾種類型相近的語⾔同時出現在腦海中時,外語性的認知關聯(association of foreignness)就會促使學習者使⽤非母語,因為學習者⼀般認為外語和外語之間的關係比和母語更近。33 因此,本研究中三語學習者在學習漢語時會借助⼆語英語,除了語⾔距離更近以外,還可能是受到⼆語地位和外語效應的影響,因此更願意使⽤⼆語英語來學習漢語。 此外,這可能與學⽣的語⾔新近使⽤程度和教師的教學語⾔有關。三語學習中存在⼀種「新近」效應,語⾔習得近況對遷移有⼀定的影響,學習者更容易在⼤腦中獲取新近儲存的語⾔信息,因此新近使⽤或學習的語⾔更有助於激發語際間的影響。34 本研究中的被試學習⼆語英語的平均時間為 12.23(SD ± 5.66)年,並且,LHQ調查發現,⼆語英語在留學⽣學習中的使⽤程度占 48.14%(俄語 14.81%,漢語 37.05%),在⽣活中的使⽤程度占 44.44%(俄語 40.74%,漢語 14.82%)。說明學⽣在中國⼤學學習漢語時,其學習環境和⽣活交際仍然是以⼆語英語為主,新近使⽤程度較⾼,因⽽三語詞彙語義通達會啟動⼆語英語。然⽽,這⼀結果與陳建林等的研究截然不同。35 同樣是考察「俄語—英語—漢語」三語者的詞彙語義通達模式,結果發現三語漢語需要借助⼀語俄語詞彙通達語義,但不借助⼆語英語詞彙。這是因為其被試的教學媒介語為⼀語俄語,並且俄語作為優勢語⾔,使⽤頻率⼤於⼆語英語。⽽本研究中被試的教學語⾔為漢語和英語,尤其在三語學習初期,教師的教 Model.”: 107-127; Rothman, J. “Linguistic and Cognitive Motivations for the Typological Primacy Model (TPM) of Third Language (L3) Transfer: Timing of Acquisition and Proficiency Considered,” 179-190 32 Cenoz, J. “The Effects of Linguistic Distance, L2 Status and Age on Cross: linguistic Influence on Third Language Acquisition.”, 8-20; Tsang, W. “The L3 Acquisition of Cantonese Reflexives.” in Third Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar, ed. Y. Leung, 192-219, (Bristol: Multilingual Matters, 2009). 33 De Angelis, G. “Multilingualism and Non-native Lexical Transfer: An Identification Problem.” International Journal of Multilingualism 2.1 (2005): 1-25. 34 Shanon, B. “Faulty Language Selection in Polyglots.” Language and Cognitive Processes 6.4 (1991): 339-250; Dewaele, J. “Lexical Inventions: French interlanguage as L2 versus L3.” Applied Linguistics 19.4 (1998): 471-490. 35 陳建林、龔逸菲、于美連、蔣詞,〈俄—英—漢三語者詞彙語義通達模式研究〉,225-235。
楊靜雲、王婷 208 ㆓、英文文獻 [1] Aparicio, X. & Lavaur, J.-M., “Masked Translation Priming Effects in Visual Word Recognition by Trilinguals.” Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 45.6 (2015): 1369-1388. [2] Bardel, C. & Falk, Y., “The Role of the Second Language in Third Language Acquisition: The Case of Germanic Syntax.” Second Language Research, 23.4 (2007): 459- 484. [3] Bardel, C. & Falk, Y. “The L2 Status Factor and the Declarative/Procedural Distinction.” in Studies in Bilingualism. Eds. J. Cabrelli Amaro, S. Flynn, & J. Rothman, 61-78. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2012. [4] Carvalho, A. M. & Silva, A. J. B., “Cross-Linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: The Case of Spanish-English Bilinguals’ Acquisition of Portuguese.” Foreign Language Annals 39.2 (2006): 185-202. [5] Cenoz, J. “The Effects of Linguistic Distance, L2 Status and Age on Cross-linguistic Influence on Third Language Acquisition.” in Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Eds. J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen & U. Jessner, 8-20. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 2001. [6] Chen, J. “How do L3 Words Find Conceptual Parasitic Hosts in Typologically Distant L1 or L2? Evidence from a Cross-linguistic Priming Effect.” International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 23.10 (2020): 1238-1253. [7] De Angelis, G. “Multilingualism and Non-native Lexical Transfer: An Identification Problem.” International Journal of Multilingualism 2.1 (2005): 1-25. [8] De Angelis, G. Third or Additional Language Acquisition. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 2007. [9] Dewaele, J. “Lexical Inventions: French interlanguage as L2 versus L3.” Applied Linguistics 19.4 (1998): 471-490. [10] Fouser, R. “Too Close for Comfort? Sociolinguistic Transfer from Japanese into Korean as an L3.” in Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition:
漢語作為第三語言的語義通達研究 209 Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Eds. J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen & U. Jessner, 149-169. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 2001. [11] Foryś-Nogala, M., Broniś, O., Opacki, M. & Otwinowska, A. “Cross-linguistic Influences, Language Proficiency and Metalinguistic Knowledge in L3 Italian Subject Placement.” International Journal of Multilingualism (2020): 1-21. [12] González Alonso, J. “Assessing Multilingual Lexical Incorporation Hypotheses through a Primed Picture-naming Task.” Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 2.1 (2012): 91-107. [13] Green, D. W. Mental Control of the Bilingual Lexico-semantic System. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1.2 (1998): 67-81. [14] Hammarberg, B. “Roles of L1 and L2 in L3 Production and Acquisition.” in Cross-linguistic Influence in Third Language Acquisition: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Eds. J. Cenoz, B. Hufeisen & U. Jessner, 21-41. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 2001. [15] Hermas, A. “Multilingual Transfer: L1 Morphosyntax in L3 English.” International Journal of Language Studies 8.2 (2014): 10-24. [16] Kellerman, E. “Now You See It, Now You Don’t.” in Language Transfer in Language Learning. Eds. S. Gass. & L. Selinker, 112-134. Massachusetts: Newbury House, 1983. [17] Kroll, J. F. & Stewart, E. “Category Interference in Translation and Picture Naming: Evidence for Asymmetric Connections Between Bilingual Memory Representations.” Journal of Memory & Language 33.2 (1994): 149-174. [18] Li, Li, Lei Mo, Ruiming Wang, Xueying Luo, Zhe Chen. “Evidence for Long-term Cross-language Repetition Priming in Low Fluency Chinese-English Bilinguals.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13.1 (2009): 13-21. [19] Li, Ping, Fan Zhang, Anya Yu, Xiaowei Zhao. “Language History Questionnaire (LHQ3): An Enhanced Tool for Assessing Multilingual Experience.” Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23.5 (2020): 938-944. [20] Paradis, M. Declarative and Procedural Determinants of Second Languages.
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「與科大卓越同行—前沿學術發展動態專欄」 215 澳科大李行偉校長(右六)與AACSB實地訪評專家組一行合影 在航天領域⽅⾯,澳科⼤與澳⾨科技⼤學基⾦會及澳⾨基⾦會簽訂〈澳⾨空間技術與應⽤研究院成⽴儀式暨合作備忘錄〉。9⽉ 1⽇,在中聯辦青年⼯作部部長李雪⾶、特派員公署新聞和公共外交部主任⾼原參贊、澳⾨政策研究和區域發展局局長張作⽂、經濟及科技發展局局長戴建業以及澳科⼤校監廖澤雲,副校監、校長李⾏偉,全國政協⼗四屆委員、澳科⼤校董會秘書長陳季敏,副校長唐嘉樂、姜志宏、鄺應華等嘉賓⾒證下,澳⾨空間技術與應⽤研究院(Macau Institute of Space Technology and Application)正式成⽴,研究院是澳科⼤因應⽬前航天科技最新發展⽽設⽴之新平台。戴建業局長表⽰「經過特區政府、國家航天局及澳科⼤四年來之攜⼿努⼒,『澳科⼀號』衛星已於本年 5⽉成功發射,是澳⾨融入國家科技發展強⽽有⼒標誌,亦是透過發揮澳⾨作為合作平台之優勢。配合國家建設⽅向,開拓航天國際合作之重要載體。……期望研究院未來能夠對澳⾨的航天科技發展發揮積極作⽤。……助⼒基礎科學研究、⾼新技術及發展、匯聚⾼端⼈才、國際交流等⼯作,提升澳⾨在國際科技界的影響⼒。」 中國科學院上海天⽂台沈志強台長線上致辭表⽰「……澳⾨空間技術與應⽤研究院的成⽴既是澳⾨特區與內地科技合作的亮點成果,是澳⾨謀劃科技創新佈局和產業結構升級藍圖的⼀個重要標誌。未來,中國科學院上海天⽂台與澳⾨空間技術與應⽤研究院進⼀步深化交流合作,有效地推動「澳科⼀號」衛星任務和後續的空
《澳門科技大學學報》編輯部 曾幸麒 220 「澳門科學一號」成功發射 在環境⼯程科學⽅⾯,為促進澳科⼤在環境科學領域研究多元化發展,深化與⼤灣區連繫,國家科技部早於 2021年 10⽉ 9⽇批准成⽴「澳⾨海岸帶⽣態環境國家野外科學觀測研究站」,藉以暸解與研究澳⾨周遭⽔利環境之變化。李⾏偉校長上任後,⼤學投放更多資源發展野外站,同時獲澳⾨科學技術發展基⾦會等機構資助。10 3⽉ 28⽇由澳⾨科技⼤學主辦,⾦沙中國協辦⾸屆「海岸帶環境科技創新與可持續發展國際交流論壇」於澳⾨威尼斯⼈西西⾥宴會廳順利開幕。是次論壇獲得澳⾨特別⾏政區政府教育基⾦資助(DSEDJ, FE)、經濟及科技發展局(DSEDT)、澳⾨科學技術發展基⾦(FCDT)、國際⽔利與環境⼯程學會(International Association for Hydro-Environment Engineering and Research)和⽔利部珠江⽔利委員會(Pearl River Water Resources Commission Ministry of Water Resources P.R.C.)⽀持。本次論壇將分別於 3⽉ 28⽇至 3⽉ 31⽇期間展開⼀系列的主題演講、會議以及實地考察。 澳⾨科技⼤學副校監、校長李⾏偉講座教授在論壇開幕式上致歡迎辭,表⽰「2022 年參訪多間葡萄牙著名⼤學,對海岸環境以及 AI 創新創業相關的科技有很 10 有關資訊由創新工程學院環境科學與工程系(FIE, DESE)金俊華技術員提供。
「與科大卓越同行—前沿學術發展動態專欄」 221 深印象。是次論壇進⼀步探討氣候變化適應的科學研究和創新創業科技,澳⾨科技⼤學澳⾨環境研究院和剛成⽴的澳⾨海岸帶⽣態環境國家野外科學觀測研究站正在積極承擔氣候變化研究和關鍵數據觀測收集的責任。澳科⼤也正在進⾏重⼤的投入,與各國和地區合作。本次論壇中將看到許多與氣候變化和⽔相關的創新和創業精神。」同時特邀第 127任澳⾨總督韋奇⽴將軍講話,他指出「澳⾨科技⼤學作為被中央政府指定為⼤灣區發展科技的重點⼤學,積極履⾏了⼤學職責,為社會建設做出了重⼤貢獻,為解决氣候變化問題、政治合作和社會發展的提供了重要的交流平台,同時建⾔獻策,幫助國際社會和地區實現可持續發展。」 葡萄牙⾥斯本⼤學⾼等理⼯學院(Instituto Superior Técnico)副院長 Fatima Montemor 教授在致辭中表⽰,「本次論壇將會讓中葡之院校機構建⽴⼀個更強⼤聯盟,在海洋資源保護等關鍵領域,葡萄牙⾥斯本⼤學和澳⾨科技⼤學都是重要領導者,兩者在科學和科技⽅⾯已準備迎接氣候變化等挑戰,皆有能⼒培養優秀的科學家、企業家和管理者等專業⼈才。」葡萄牙國家⼟⽊⼯程實驗室(LNEC)負責⼈Helena Alegre博⼠在發⾔時表⽰,「LNEC作為葡萄牙重要國家研究機構,⼀直致⼒於在⼟⽊⼯程研究領域進⾏研究和創新。本次論壇是⼀個非常難得的好機會,讓葡萄牙的學者跟中國、新加坡等國家和地區的科研企業⼈員相互瞭解並進⾏合作,相信將來展開的合作研究會更多。」最後,美國⾺⾥蘭⼤學環境科學中⼼(University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science)校長 Peter Goodwin教授在視頻致辭中,分享了氣候變化導致的嚴重環境危機的例⼦,如微塑膠污染和⽔體營養化,指出「我們⾯臨和新冠肺炎類似的困境,需要全世界進⼀步加強互信合作,從危機中找到平衡。本次論壇提供了⼀個獨特的建⽴願景和未來道路的機會。澳⾨和⼤灣區可成為海岸帶和⽣態系統建設管理的典範。」 除此之外,澳科⼤與中國⽔利⽔電科學研究院合作建⽴之⾸個跨境的重點實驗室—「⽔利部流域數字孿⽣重點實驗室」亦於同⽇進⾏揭牌儀式,同時邀請中國⽔利⽔電科學研究院黨委書記彭靜教授致辭,爾後在澳⾨特別⾏政區政府經濟財政司司長代表、澳⾨科學技術發展基⾦主席陳允熙先⽣、經濟及科技發展局局長戴建業先⽣、澳⾨科技⼤學副校監、校長李⾏偉講座教授、校董會秘書長陳季敏女⼠、中國⽔利⽔電科學研究院副院長丁留謙教授及⽔利部流域數字孿⽣重點實驗室副主任劉嘉宏教授為實驗室正式揭牌。數字孿⽣科技作為中國重要的戰略科技,涵蓋⽔利
「與科大卓越同行—前沿學術發展動態專欄」 223 以來⾸次舉辦的校慶活動。醫學部著重於科研與教育的發展,以應對現時對教學、研究、創新和服務需求的急速變化。醫學部由原來的醫學院(包括已合併到醫學院的藥學院)、中醫藥學院、醫學⼈⼯智能實驗室及再⽣醫學中⼼整合⽽成,以提升⼤學在全球的競爭⼒和影響⼒,並融入國家、⼤灣區及澳⾨「⼤健康」戰略發展,他期望透過本次峰會,醫學部能充分發揮優勢,在教學、科研等⽅⾯持續發展。」與此同時,峰會很榮幸邀請兩位諾⾙爾得獎者擔任主講嘉賓。4⽉ 3⽇,曾於 1991年獲得「諾⾙爾⽣理學或醫學獎」、德國哥廷根⾺克斯普朗克⽣物物理化學研究所膜⽣物物理系主任、澳⾨科技⼤學埃爾⽂內爾博⼠⽣物物理與創新藥物實驗室主任、澳科⼤特聘教授、澳科⼤榮譽博⼠埃爾⽂・內爾教授 (Professor Erwin Neher)以“ Advances in Cellular Signaling and Structural Biology: New Options for Drug Development and Cancer Research”(細胞信號和結構⽣物學的研究進展:藥物開發和腫瘤研究的新選擇)為題之主旨演講︔4⽉ 4⽇,曾於 1996年獲得「諾⾙爾⽣理學或醫學獎」、墨爾本⼤學杜赫提研究所贊助⼈、榮譽教授,⽥納西州孟菲斯 St. Jude 兒童研究醫院免疫學系⽣物醫學研究主席Michael F Tamer、澳科⼤榮譽博⼠彼得・杜赫提教授 (Professor Peter Doherty)以“What’s Next with Pandemics and What Should We Do?”(如何⾯對下⼀役的⼤流⾏病)為題之主旨演講。兩場主旨演講吸引不少海內外學者專家參與,並於演講後與兩位諾⾙爾得獎者展開深入交流。 「第二屆『探索醫學前沿』峰會:轉化醫學與藥物研發」與會人士現場合影 除了⽉球探索、環境⼯程與醫學領域有重⼤突破外,語⾔學領域亦再次獲世界
「與科大卓越同行—前沿學術發展動態專欄」 225 of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics,IACL‐29)在澳科⼤ D座禮堂順利舉⾏開幕式。本屆年會為國際學院主辦,承蒙教育部中外語⾔交流合作中⼼、澳⾨科技⼤學基⾦會、國際中國語⾔學學會與歐亞基⾦會贊助,以及澳⾨語⾔學會、澳⾨郵電局與永利澳⾨有限公司⽀持。中聯辦教育與青年⼯作部副處長徐之平,海峽兩岸關係協會駐澳⾨辦事處主任王剛,澳⾨政府教育及青年發展局⾼等教育廳代廳長馮家健,國際中國語⾔學學會會長⽵越孝(Takashi Takekoshi),澳科⼤校長李⾏偉,永利澳⾨有限公司總裁、董事會副主席、澳科⼤校董陳志玲、內地⾼校代表以及逾 300名專家學者參與。李⾏偉校長指出「澳科⼤的戰略規劃包括多樣性、國際化,以及跨學科性,⽽國際化則是澳科⼤發展的重要⽅向。澳科⼤已在多個領域與內地和國際⼀流⼤學建⽴了教育和研究合作關係,他期待在中國語⾔學領域也能與國內、國際拓展更多交流合作。」⽵越孝會長致辭時表⽰「這是國際中國語⾔學學會⾸次在澳⾨舉辦年會,對澳科⼤表⽰由衷的感謝。……本屆年會是很好的交流機會,將會有效推進中國語⾔學的進⼀步研究。無論世界發⽣什麼變化,學術研究將永不停⽌,期望國際中國語⾔學學會能成為所有學者,尤其是年輕學者的重要研究平台。」國際中國語⾔學學會是全球唯⼀研究中國語⾔和語⾔學之世界性學術組織,本屆年會亦是⾸次在澳⾨舉辦,同時也是新冠疫情後⾸次線下舉辦之年會。 本屆年會共設 12場主旨演講和 34場特邀演講,內容涵蓋與漢語及中國境內其他語⾔有關的最新研究,涉及語⾳、⾳系、形態、句法、語義、語⽤、漢語⽅⾔、詞匯學、⽂字學、語⾔獲得、語⾔類型學、歷史語⾔學、⼼理語⾔學、神經語⾔學、社會語⾔學等諸多語⾔學核⼼領域及跨學科領域。演講者不乏歐洲科學院院⼠、台北中研院院⼠、重要學術研究機構掌⾨⼈等重量級學者。作為澳科⼤本年度最重要的學術活動之⼀,本屆年會的成功舉辦將提升澳科⼤在全球範圍內的聲譽和影響⼒,進⼀步加強澳科⼤與世界⼀流學校及學者的交流與合作,有助於加速澳科⼤國際化進程,對於澳⾨乃至整個粵港澳⼤灣區、⼤中華地區的語⾔學研究與語⾔教育發展都具有極其重要的作⽤。13 13 請參閱「國際中國語言學學會第 29屆年會順利開幕 逾三百國際中國語言學專家匯聚澳科大」,「最新動態」,載於澳門科技大學科研管理處網頁( 2023 年 5 月 29 日),網址為:https://www.must.edu.mo/rtao/news/51526-article20230529,瀏覽日期為 2023年 8月 2日。
《澳門科技大學學報》編輯部 曾幸麒 226 國際中國語言學學會第 29屆年會與會人士合影 澳門科技大學學術研究動態一覽表(2023年 9月至 2023年 11月)[1] 一、各領域之學術活動 日期 活動名稱 主辦者/承辦者 9月 11日至 15日 「第十八屆世界水資源大會」—「嚴格精細化管理水資源,推進江河湖泊生態復興」、「為生態系統投資創造良性循環:常見挑戰與實際解決方案」及「通過工程創新實現沿海生態系統服務功能的轉換」 國際水資源學會組織主辦 國際水利與環境工程學會(IAHR)主席及澳科大李行偉校長作主旨演講 9月 27日 科技大師系列講座—「星際空間,日珥爆發及極光奇觀」 澳門科技大學主辦 台灣中央研究院院士、美國國家工程院海外院士及澳科大榮譽博士李羅權院士主講 10月 11日 科技大師系列講座—“ A Pain in the Backside or a Crooked Spine? My 30-year Journey” 澳門科技大學主辦 英國皇家外科醫學院院士、香港大學深圳醫院院長、著名脊柱外科專家張文智院士主講 10月 13日 「澳門科學一號」國際專題研討會 英國皇家天文學會伯林頓府與皇家研究院主辦 10月 17日 「酒旅名家論壇」系列講座—「以編輯視角談如何在頂級期刊發表文章」 酒店與旅遊管理學院主辦 荷蘭布雷達應用科技大學 Perry Hobson教授主講 10月 19日 「內地與澳門產學研合作路演對接會」 「科創中國」技術路演 澳科大科研管理處產教融合事務拓展辦公室承辦 醫學部卓越演講系列講座—“Fighting Against Metastatic Cancers” 醫學部及中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室聯合主辦 中國科學院院士、世界科學院院士
《澳門科技大學學報》編輯部 曾幸麒 228 三、學術研究成果 (中國銀行學術研究優秀獎、國際銀行學術研究獎與 Best Research Output Award之申報成果) 獎項 論文/成果 期刊 作者 所屬學院 Best Research Output Award (商業與酒旅領域) Does Economic Policy Uncertainty Drive Volatility Spillovers in Electricity Markets: Time and Frequency Evidence Energy Economics 馬如飛 副教授 商學院 Best Research Output Award (社會科學含藝術人文) Temporal Variations in Calls for Police Service During COVID-19: Evidence From China Crime & Delinquency 代孟良 助理教授 法學院 Best Research Output Award ( 生物醫藥領域) Suppression of PD-L1 release from small extracellular vesicles promotes systemic anti-tumor immunity by targeting ORAI calcium channels Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 于海杰 副教授 中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室 Best Research Output Award (工程及應用科學領域) Rethinking Sustainable Sensing in Agricultural Internet of Things: From Power Supply Perspective IEEE Wireless Communications 李 東 副教授 計算機科學與工程學院 中國銀行學術研究優秀獎 [2] Advanced Carbon-Based Anodes for Potassium-Ion Batteries Advanced Energy Materials 張 偉 副教授 中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室 中國銀行學術研究優秀獎 [2] Task-Oriented Feature-Fused Network With Multivariate Dataset for Joint Face Analysis IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics 梁延研 副教授 計算機科學與工程學院 國際銀行學術研究獎 [2] The effects of supply chain diversification during the COVID-19 crisis: Evidence from Chinese manufacturers Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 林永佳 副教授 商學院 國際銀行學術研究獎 [2] A study of how LGBTQ tourists’ perceptions of residents’ feelings about them affect their revisit intentions: an emotional solidarity perspective Journal of Sustainable Tourism 黃穎祚 副教授 酒店與旅遊管理學院 四、大學慶典/重大紀事 日期 事項 3月 27日 23 周年校慶暨榮譽博士學位頒授典禮 5月 26日 第十三屆全國政協副主席、國務院港澳事務辦公室主任夏寶龍、中央駐澳聯絡辦公室主任鄭新聰及經濟財政司司長李偉農親臨澳科大考察兩所國家重點實驗室 7月 與劍橋大學設立「廖澤雲博士獎學金」
234 The Journal Submission Guidelines of Macau University of Science and Technology (Revised in February 2023) 1. The Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology is a comprehensive academic publication, which covers in various fields, such as Humanities and Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, Engineering Technology, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Science and Technology, and Management. We welcome all professional manuscripts from different experts and scholars from home and abroad. 2. Make sure submit final version of manuscript. Once your manuscript is accepted for publication and received at the Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology no further changes can be made. 3. Do not submit papers to Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology if they have been published somewhere else, or are being considered for publication elsewhere. 4. Submit your paper only as a Word file. The article must use Traditional Chinese and English and cannot be over 30,000 words (except for the special article). The Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology is a Quarterly one published in March, June, September and December. 5. The article must provide no more than 500 words of Chinese and English abstract and five keywords. Define all non-standard abbreviations when they first appear. Remember to include a title, all author names and affiliations, and the corresponding author’s email address. 6. If your paper uses figures, tables, or parts of text that have been published elsewhere, you need permission from the copyright holder. Number tables and figures, ensure they all have a legend. Define the meaning of any bold or italic formatting in your tables. Figures should be high-resolution and in a common image format. (e.g. .eps or .tif) 7. All references should be readable and accurate. The article must need to follow the format references to the Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology style when you first submit your paper.
235 8. Include acknowledgements, conflict-of-interest declarations and details of funding sources and grant numbers at the end of your paper. Include the full funder name. Use author initials to indicate which authors received grants. 9. Include all supplementary data files, which is the application from, with your submission. Use Word’s ‘Insert equation’ and ‘Insert symbol’ functions to insert symbols or special characters. Do not use images. Times New Roman and Arial Unicode MS typically provide the widest range of symbols and special characters. 10. After we have reviewed your manuscript, we may ask for editable files, higher resolution figures, or edited files to fit journal style. 11. The article must follow the “Committee on Publication Ethics Rules”. If we have clear evidence that findings are plagiarism, unreliable, a result of major error, fabrication, falsification, or published elsewhere without proper attribution to previous sources or disclosure to the editor, permission to republish, or justification of article, the Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology will retract the further article. 12. We now use the new system for submission. The author should register and submit the article on the system. However, we still keep the email submission method. The author should attach the submission form and further necessary documents to the journal’s email: publication@must.edu.mo (please write information clearly as “date_author_article title”). We will reply to the author in ten days and confirm whether your article is accepted for the next stage or not. In general, the processing of articles will take around 30-40 working days. If we do not reply for over six months, the author can deal with it by himself. 13. The Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology has the final decision of publication, editorship and right of interpret for each article.
240 初引、再引與徵引書目: ⾹港電台(RTHK),「Travelling with Water: Joseph LEE (I)」(與⽔同游/遊:李⾏ 偉 教 授 ) , Our Scientists (English Version) ,https://podcast.rthk.hk/podcast/item.php?pid=1344&eid=105927&lang=zh-CN,瀏覽⽇期為 2022 年 6⽉ 23⽇。 (2)英文書目之引用(Bibliography) † 英文徵引書目之引用需留意作者/譯者/編者名字先(First Name)而姓氏後(Last Name)。如遇多位作者,只需調整第一位作者即可。如出現四位或以上作者,於註釋第一作者後以 et al.表示,但在徵引書目必須詳列所有作者。 I. 西文專書(Books) Ø 作者─書名─版次 ed.─(出版地點: 出版公司, 出版年分)─⾴碼。 初引:Nathan Henry, The History of Fashion, 1500-1900, 2nd ed. (Hongkong: University of Hongkong Press, 2020), 50-80. 再引:Nathan, The History of Fashion, 1500-1900, 50-70. 徵引書目:Henry, Nathan. The History of Fashion, 1500-1900, 2nd ed. Hongkong: University of Hongkong Press, 2020. Ø 作者—書名—, ed./trans.編∕譯者姓名—(出版地點: 出版公司, 出版年分)—⾴碼。 初引:Walter Bagehot, The English Constitution, ed. Miles Taylor (Oxford: University of Oxford, 2001), 32-80. 再引:Bagehot, The English Constitution, 20-25. 徵引書目:Bagehot, Walter. The English Constitution. Edited, Miles Taylor. Oxford: University of Oxford, 2001. Ø 章節作者—“章節標題”—in 書名—,ed(s).編者—(出版地: 出版者, 年份)—⾴碼。(譯者亦如是—,trans譯者) 初引:Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, “Prince Philip: Sportsman and Youth Leader,” in
241 The Man Behind the Queen: Male Consorts in History, eds. Charles Beem and Miles Taylor. (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 223-239. 再引:Ina Zweiniger-Bargielowska, “Prince Philip: Sportsman and Youth Leader,” 223-239. 徵引書目:Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. “Prince Philip: Sportsman and Youth Leader.” in The Man Behind the Queen: Male Consorts in History. Eds. Charles Beem and Miles Taylor, 223-239. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. †只需調整單一章節作者即可,編者不需調整姓氏與名字次序。 II. 期刊論文(Journals and Articles) Ø 作者—“篇名,” —期刊名稱—期.卷數—(出版地: 年份/⽉份)—: ⾴數。 初引: Yan, Hao-Chen, Lam, Man-Yue, Lee, Joseph Hun-Wei, “Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Transients in HDPE Pipeline with PRV Interaction,” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 147.6 (ASCE: 2021.06): 67. 再引:Yan, Hao-Chen, Lam, Man-Yue, Lee, Joseph Hun-Wei, “Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Transients in HDPE Pipeline with PRV Interaction,” 67. 徵 引 書 目 : Hao-Chen, Yan, Lam, Man-Yue, Lee, Joseph Hun-Wei, “Field Measurements and Numerical Modeling of Hydraulic Transients in HDPE Pipeline with PRV Interaction.” Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 147.6 (ASCE: 2021.06): 1-67. 研討會或論文集,未經正式出版之成果(Unpublished manuscripts, Lectures and Working papers),引註如下: ◎作者—“篇名”—(研討會名稱/參與地: 參與場所, ⽇期)—⾴數。 初引: 1. David G. Harper, “The Several Discoveries of the Ciliary Muscle” (PowerPoint presentation, 25th Anniversary of the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society, Bethesda, MD, March 31,2012), 24. 2. Deborah D. Lucki and Richard W. Pollay, “Content Analyses of Advertising: A
242 Review of the Literature” (working paper, History of Advertising Archives, Faculty of Commerce, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1980), 46. 再引: 1. David G. Harper, “The Several Discoveries of the Ciliary Muscle”, 24. 2. Deborah D. Lucki and Richard W. Pollay, “Content Analyses of Advertising: A Review of the Literature”, 46. 徵引書目: 1. David G. Harper, “The Several Discoveries of the Ciliary Muscle” PowerPoint presentation, 25th Anniversary of the Cogan Ophthalmic History Society, Bethesda, MD, March 31, 2012. 2. Deborah D. Lucki and Richard W. Pollay, “Content Analyses of Advertising: A Review of the Literature” Working paper, History of Advertising Archives, Faculty of Commerce, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, 1980. III. 電子書(Electronic Books) Ø 作者—書名—(出版地: 出版社, 年份)—電⼦書類型—⾴數. 初引:John Jowett, et al, The Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works, 2nd ed, (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005), EPUB, 60. 再引:John Jowett, et al, The Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works, 2nd ed, EPUB, 60. 徵引書目:Jowett, John, William Montgomery, Gary Taylor, Stanley Wells. The Oxford Shakespeare: the Complete Works, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005, EPUB. IV. 報紙(Newspapers) Ø 作者/機構—“標題”—報刊名稱—⽉⽇, 年/期數—版數(如有)—URL/資料庫(如有). 初引:Georgina Rannard, “Five planets to line up in rare planetary conjunction” BBC News Climate & Science, June 24, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61910977.
243 再引:Georgina Rannard, “Five planets to line up in rare planetary conjunction”, BBC News Climate & Science, June 24, 2022. 徵引書目:Rannard, Georgina, “Five planets to line up in rare planetary conjunction” BBC News Climate & Science, June 24, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61910977. V. 碩博士學位論文(thesis and dissertations.) Ø 作者—“論⽂名稱” —章節—(碩/博⼠論⽂ , 畢業⼤學 , 年份)—⾴數—URL(如有). 初引:Melanie Subacus, “Duae Patriae: Cicero and Political Cosmopolitanism in Rome,” abstract (PhD diss., New York University, 2015), v, http://pqdtopen.pro quest.com/pubnum/3685917.html. 再引:Melanie Subacus, “Duae Patriae: Cicero and Political Cosmopolitanism in Rome,” abstract, v. 徵引書目:Subacus, Melanie, “Duae Patriae: Cicero and Political Cosmopolitanism in Rome.” PhD diss., New York University, 2015, http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/pubnum/3685917.html. VI. 檔案與政府文件(public and Legal documents) Ø 作者—檔案匯編名稱/卷/冊數—(出版地: 出版商, 年份)—⾴數. Ø 作者(如有)—檔案/⽂件名稱—⽇期(如有)—檔案/⽂件編號—收藏機構(如有)—⾴數(如有). 初引: 1. Arthur Christopher, Viscount Esher, The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondent between the Years 1837-1861, Vol. III(London: John Murray, 1908, Published by Authority of Her Majesty the King), 163-178. 2. Act of Settlement, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2. 再引: 1. Arthur Christopher, Viscount Esher, The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondent between the Years 1837-1861, Vol. III, 163-178.
244 2. Act of Settlement, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2. 徵引書目: 1. Christopher, Arthur, Viscount Esher. The Letters of Queen Victoria: A Selection from Her Majesty’s Correspondent between the Years 1837-1861, Vol. III. London: John Murray, 1908, Published by Authority of Her Majesty the King. 2. Act of Settlement, 1701,12 & 13 Will. 3, c. 2. VII. 其他網絡資源(Websites resources) Ø 作者/機構/其他名稱—“標題” 網站名稱—瀏覽/最後修改⽇期—網址. 初引、再引與徵引書目: 1. Alliance for Linguistic Diversity, n.d. “Balkan Romani.” Endangered Languages. Accessed April 6,2016. http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5342. 2. Google. 2016. “Privacy Policy.” Privacy & Terms. Last modified March 25,2016. http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/.