二 二一年 第十五卷 第二期JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYVol.15 No.2 December 2021ISSN 1994-4926半年刊Semiannual Vol.15澳門基金會資助出版
澳門科技大學學報主辦單位:澳門科技大學Organizer: Macau University of Science and Technology編委會主席:李行偉Chairman of Editorial Board: LEE, JOSEPH HUN WEI主編:李行偉Chief Editors: LEE, JOSEPH HUN WEI編輯: 《澳門科技大學學報》編輯部Editor: The Editorial Department, Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology ● 電話(Tel):+853-8897 3932 ● 電郵(E-mail):publication@must.edu.mo ● 地址(Address):澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 澳門科技大學科研管理處 Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau Research and Technology Administration Office Macau University of Science and Technology出版及總發行:澳門科技大學Publisher & Distribution: Macau University of Science and Technology ● 電話(Tel):+853-8897 3932 ● 電郵(E-mail):pr@must.edu.mo ● 地址(Address):澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 澳門科技大學 Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau Macau University of Science and Technology 印刷:100本Print Run: 100出版日期:2021年12月Issued Date: December 2021國際標準期刊號:ISSN: 1994-4926規格:21cm×29.7cmSize: 21cm width by 29.7cm height版權所有,翻印必究All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher.
《澳門科技大學學報》編輯委員會 The Editorial Board List for Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology
《澳門科技大學學報》編輯委員會 The Editorial Board List for Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology
ContentsResearch on criminal judicial assistance in the context of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area——A case study of combating cross-border money laundering in Macao………………………………Songxin LU (1)Genre Analysis on Introductions of Master's Theses in MTCSOL ………………………………… Jing YAN(12)Studies on Chinese Language Teachers' Willingness to Innovate Online Teaching During "COVID-19" Pandem-ic…………………………………………………………………………………………………… Ziyan LI(22)The Influencing Mechanism of Servant Leadership on Employee' Safety Performance ………Kuang Huixia(29)A Study on the "Patriot Governing Macao" Standard in the Context of Special Administrative Regions…………………………………………………………………………………………………Ting ZHOU(44)The Significance of Research on Modern Art and Design History of Zheng Guanying's Prosperous Prophecy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………Juxin ZHENG(53)A Comparative and Mutual Learning Analysis of the Localization of Second Language Teaching textbook in Ma-cao from the Perspective of Third Space Theory………………………………………………ZHONG Jiali(60)Investigating the Efficiency of Peer Feedback and Mobile-assisted Feedback for Chinese Pronunciation Correction in the Context of Learning Chinese as Second Language……………………………Wei WEI, Chen ZHAO(75)Further to the Retractions Declaration of Huang Zhixin's Article (Vol. 14, No.1 Journal 2020)………………(87)
1 15 2 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.15 No.2 2021 12 31 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2021 粵港澳大灣區背景下的刑事司法協助研究——以澳門特區打擊跨境洗錢犯罪為視角盧頌馨*技 學摘要: 根據《粵港澳大灣區發展規劃綱要》,澳門、香港與廣東省之間的關係日益密切,澳門也亟需融入國家發展大局。由於澳門特殊的產業結構和地理位置導致跨境洗錢犯罪非常氾濫,因此刑事司法協助也被提上了日程。本文將從澳門與其鄰近地區針對洗錢犯罪的的立法沿革和司法現狀出發,在探索刑事司法協助困境的過程中分析爭議問題所涉及的原則問題,同時從既有立法、法律依據和實踐基礎三個維度論證粵港澳大灣區背景下刑事司法協助的可行性。最後,在堅持主權唯一原則和相互尊重原則的前提下,通過拓展個案協查制度、增強區際警務合作交流機制、促進各地間刑事司法協助協議簽訂的三種具體路徑,從而尋求 「一國兩制」下粵港澳大灣區刑事司法協助的新模式。關鍵詞: 粵港澳大灣區;澳門特區;「一國兩制」;刑事司法協助;跨境洗錢犯罪Research on criminal judicial assistance in the context of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area——A case study of combating cross-border money laundering in Macao Songxin LU*(Shenzhen Polytechnic)Abstract: According to the "Outline Development Plan for Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area", the relationship between Macao, Hong Kong and Guangdong Province is becoming closer and closer, and Macao SAR should integrate into the overall development of the country. Due to the special industrial structure and geographical location, the crime of cross-border money laundering in Macao SAR is very widespread, so the criminal judicial assistance has also been put on the agenda. The article will start from the legislative evolution and judicial status of money laundering in Macao and its neighboring areas, analyze the principles involved in the controversial issues in the process of exploring the dilemma of criminal judicial assistance, and demonstrate the feasibility of criminal judicial assistance in the context of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao from three dimensions of constitutional basis, existing legislative, legal basis and practical basis. Finally, on the premise of adhering to the principle of sovereignty and mutual respect, through expanding the case investigation system, strengthening the inter regional police cooperation and exchange mechanism, and promoting the signing of criminal judicial assistance agreements between different regions, we can seek to form a new mode of 資助項目:深圳職業技術學院科研青年創新項目「粵港澳大灣區背景下法治創新建設的進路研究」(項目編號:6021310010S);國家社科基金青年項目「健全特別行政區行政長官對中央政府負責制度研究」(項目編號:20CFX013)。 ﹡通訊作者:盧頌馨,哲學博士(法學),深圳職業技術學院專任教師,深圳大學監察研究院兼職研究員,遼寧科技大學碩士生導師,澳門刑事法研究會會員,主要研究方向:粵港澳大灣區法律制度、澳門法律制度、刑法學。E-mail:lusongxin@szpt.edu.cn,Tel:13652586330。
1215 2 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.15 No.2 2021 12 31 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2021 漢語國際教育專業碩士學位論文引言結構體裁分析顏靜*澳門科技大學 學摘要: 本文採用Chen & Kuo(2012) 提出的應用語言學英文碩士論文引言體裁分析框架,對30篇2017-2020年漢語國際教育專業中文碩士學位論文引言部分進行了體裁分析。結果表明,漢語國際教育專業碩士論文引言中,語步一「建立研究領域」和語步三「介紹目前研究工作」在引言中屬於必要語步。其中,「概括議題內容,提供背景資訊」是語步一中最常用的步驟,語步三中高頻出現描述研究目的、內容、方法、價值的步驟,而與理論研究相關的步驟出現的頻率較低。語步二「確立研究地位」的使用頻率較低,屬常規語步。在該語步中,學生通過指出「前期研究的差距」來指出進一步研究的重要性或必要性, 或者「指出實踐中存在的問題」,如教學或漢語學習中出現的困難或問題,來確立研究地位。除此之外,研究也發現完整的「語步一—語步二—語步三」線性結構在本語料庫中很少出現,而「語步一—語步三」的循環模式被大量使用。語步二的缺失和「語步一—語步三」的循環使用,說明漢語國際教育專業碩士生對「引言」的交際目的、修辭結構了解不夠,在引言部分反復強調研究背景意義,介紹當前研究的相關資訊,論證研究的重要性和必要性時不夠簡潔。本文呼籲加強學術漢語論文寫作的體裁分析方法教學,提高漢語國際教育專業碩士學術寫作的體裁意識。關鍵詞: 漢語國際教育;碩士論文;引言;體裁分析Genre Analysis on Introductions of Master's Theses in MTCSOL Jing YAN*(University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology)Abstract: By utilizing Chen & Kuo's (2012) framework for Applied Linguistics master thesis introductions, this study is intended to investigate the rhetorical structure in the introduction sections of 30 master's theses in the field of Master of Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other Languages (MTCSOL) from 2017-2020. The results show that Move 1 Establishing a territory and Move 3 Occupy the niche are considered as obligatory moves for their high occurrences. To be more specific, Providing topic generalization/background is the most frequent step employed in Move 1, while in Move 3, steps related to the purpose, content, method and value of the research are commonly used with the theory-oriented steps less frequent. The occurrence of Move 2 Establishing a niche is much lower, thus being considered as a conventional move. The step Indicating gap in previous research is most frequently used in Move 2, followed by the step Indicating a problem or need existing in the Chinese teaching or learning to emphasize the necessity for further research. In addition, the linear structure "Move1-Move2-Move3" rarely appears in the current corpus. However, the circular pattern of "Move1-Move3" is widely utilized. The less frequency of Move 2 and the circular pattern of "Move1-Move3" indicate that student writers lack sufficient understanding of the communicative purposes and rhetorical structure of "introduction", thus they ﹡通訊作者:顏靜,澳門科技大學在讀博士生,高級講師,主要研究方向:語篇分析,二語習得。E-mail: jyan@must.edu.mo,Tel: (853)88972818
130 引言研究生應具備的基本專業素養包括觀察現象 提出問題 借鑒相關的理論研究解決問題論文寫作規範 嚴謹 和具備創新價值 李泉2021 [1] 學位論文寫作是體現其專業素養的重要手段之一 碩士學位論文作為一種高風險的學術論文 是碩士研究生完成碩士學位必不可少的環節碩士研究生必須向研究生委員會表明其已經完成獨立學習 熟悉專業領域的知識和研究技能 此外 因學術論文具有高度的規約性 碩士研究生必須遵守其學術社團約定俗成的修辭習慣 無論是形式還是風格 都需要滿足學術界的期望 H ttner, Smit, & Mehlmauer-Larcher, 2009 [2] 對於漢語國際教育專業的碩士生來說 論文寫作是他們最主要的壓力來源 對漢語學術論文的寫作規範 學術漢語語言特點和修辭策略的學習是他們最迫切的需求 高增霞 2020 [3] 學界應重視學術漢語教學 尤其是以學位論文寫作為代表的論文寫作教學 加強學生漢語學術論文訓練 提升漢語學術論文寫作能力 高增霞 2020 [3] 但是 在教學實踐及研究上 學術漢語還沒有引起足夠的重視對於漢語學術論文的研究也處於起步階段 本文在對漢語學位論文進行語篇分析的研究中 借用了相對成熟且完善的英文學術寫作研究和教學理論體裁分析 Genre analysis 該方法已經在中英文學術論文對比研究中印證了其可行性 姜玉宇2010 李俊儒 2010 [4-5] 也有研究者直接應用於漢語學術期刊論文的分析中 李顥 2018 劉鳳琴鄭通濤 2019 劉弘 楊欣怡 2017 [6-8]所謂體裁 Genre 就是由一系列交際事件組成 交际成員具有有共同的交際目的 而這些交際目的是由話語社團中的專家成员公認的 從而構成該體裁的理論基礎 該理論基礎最終形成話語的圖式結構 並影響和制約話語內容和風格的 選 擇 Swales, 1990 58 [9] Bhatia 認 為 體 裁是一種內部結構特徵鮮明 高度約定俗成的交際事件 各種不同體裁對於其意圖 位置 形式和功能價值表現出諸多約束限制 這些約束限制常被該體裁的話語社團中的專家研究 目的在於在社會可辨認的目的框架內實現自己的目的或意圖 Bhatia, 1993 [10] 體 裁 分 析 Genre analysis通過觀察個體如何使用語言來融入某個特定交際情境 從而幫助教師揭示語言和文本類型 形式和功能之間的練習 進而支持寫作教學 Hyland, 2004:195 [11]目前應用最為廣泛的體裁分析方法源於 Swales 1990 針對 48 篇英語期刊論文引言部分的研究 他 提 出 了 經 典 的 CARS Create A Research Space 模型 : 根據交際目的將期刊論文引言部分劃分出三個語步 Move 確立研究領域 建立研究地位 佔據研究地位 每個語步由不同的步驟 Step 組成 [9] 此後 很多學者基於 CARS 模型對長篇學術論文 如英語博士學位論文或碩士學位論文的引言部分進行了體裁分析 Bunton, 2002; Chen&Kuo, 2012; Cheung, 2012; Dudley-Evans, 1986; Nguyen & Pramoolsook, 2014 [12-16], 並 對 CARS 模型進行了不同程度的修改 除此之外 跨文化跨語言 跨學科的體裁對比分析研究也成為一大熱點 Samraj, 2008; Shirani & Chalak, 2016 [17-18]但大多數對比研究是基於英語和其他語言的對比針對中文論文引言部分的體裁分析也主要是進行英漢對比研究 如姜玉宇 2010 和李俊儒 2010對比了應用語言學中英文期刊論文引言部分的語步結構 提出了中文期刊論文引言部分的分析模型 [4-5] 將體裁分析直接應用於漢語語篇的研究are inclined to present the background information and introduce the current research repeatedly and redundantly in the introduction so as to claim the importance and necessities of the research. This paper calls for applying the genre-based approach to the teaching of Chinese for Academic Purposes and improving the awareness of genre in thesis writing for MTCSOL postgraduate students.Keyyords: MTCSOL; master's thesis; introduction; genre analysis 學
21[1] 李泉 漢語國際教育專業碩士 指導性培養方案 修訂建議國際中文教育 中英文 2021 6 02 18-26[2] H ttner, J., Smit, U., & Mehlmauer-Larcher, B. ESP teacher education at the interface of theory and practice: Introducing a model of mediated corpus-based genre analysis. System, 2009, 37(1): 99-109.[3] 高增霞 留學生研究生漢語學術論文寫作需求及能力調查 雲南師範大學學報 對外漢語教學與研究版 2020 18 0668-75[4] 姜玉宇 中英文應用語言學論文引言體裁分析 合肥工業大學學報 社會科學版 2010 24 02 141-144[5] 李俊儒 中英文應用語言學論文引言部分的體裁分析與對比 [D] 上海 上海外國語大學 2010[6] 李顥 基於體裁分析的學術引言寫作及教學應用 [D] 杭州 浙江大學 2018[7] 劉鳳琴 鄭通濤 對外漢語專業碩士學位論文引言分析 海外華文教育 2019 04 135-142[8] 劉弘 楊欣怡 基於語步的漢語國際教育專業本科生教學研究類論文引言結構考察.雲南師範大學學報 對外漢語教學與研究版 2017 15 02 48-56[9] Swales, J. M. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990: 45 47, 52 60.[10] Bhatia, V. K. Analysing genre: language use in professional settings. London: Routledge, 1993.[11] Hyland K. Genre and second language writing. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press, 2004.[12] Bunton, D. Generic moves in PhD thesis introductions. Academic discourse, 2002, 57-75.[13] Chen, T. Y., & Kuo, C. H. A genre-based analysis of the information 參考文獻學; 學 學學 學 學學Hyland2004 [11] 學學 學structure of master's theses in applied linguistics. The Asian ESP Journal, 2012, 8 (1) : 24-52.[14] Cheung, Y. L. Understanding the writing of thesis introductions: An exploratory study. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012, 46: 744-749.[15] Dudley-Evans, T. Genre analysis: An investigation of the introduction and discussion sections of MSc dissertations. Talking about text, 1986, 14: 128.[16] Nguyen L, Pramoolsook I. Rhetorical Structure of Introduction Chapters written by Novice Vietnamese TESOL postgraduates. 3L The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 2014, 20 (1) : 61-74.[17] Samraj, B. A discourse analysis of master's theses across disciplines with a focus on introductions. Journal of English for Academic Purposes, 2008, 7 (1) : 55-67.[18] Shirani, S., & Chalak, A. A Genre Analysis Study of Iranian EFL Learners' Master Theses with a Focus on the Introduction Section. Theory & Practice in Language Studies, 2016, 6 (10) : 1982.[19] 徐有志 郭麗輝 徐濤 學術論文體裁教學不可或缺 英語專業碩士學位論文引言寫作情況調查 中國外語 2007 (04) 47-51+60[20] Kanoksilapatham, B. Rhetorical structure of biochemistry research articles. English for Specific Purposes, 2005, 24: 269-292. [21] Swales, J. M. Research genres : explorations and applications., 2004.[22] 教育部 關於下達 漢語國際教育碩士專業學位設置方案 的通知 [EB/OL] 2007-03-30 [2021-06-03] http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A22/moe_833/200703/t20070330_82703.html.[23] Ebadi, S., Salman, A. R., Nguyen, T. T. L., & Weisi, H. Rhetorical Structure Variations in Abstracts and Introductions of Applied Linguistics Master's Theses by Iraqi and International Students. Iranian Journal of Language Teaching Research, 2019, 7 (1) : 101-117.學學學 學學 學
2215 2 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.15 No.2 2021 12 31 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2021 「新冠」疫情期間漢語教師線上教學創新意願研究李紫嫣*澳門科技大學 學摘要: 本文通過問卷對「新冠」疫情期間海內外漢語教師線上教學的創新意願開展調查研究,研究對象為104名全職漢語教師。本文分析了性別、學歷、學校類別和授課形式等因素對漢語教師線上教學創新意願的影響。結果顯示,性別和授課形式因素對創新意願沒有表現出顯著性,而學歷和學校類別因素存在顯著差異。關鍵詞: 線上教學;漢語教師;創新意願Studies on Chinese Language Teachers' Willingness to Innovate Online Teaching During "COVID-19" Pandemic Ziyan LI*(University International College, Macao University of Science and Technology)Abstract: In this paper, a survey on the online teaching innovation willingness of Chinese language teachers during the "COVID-19" pandemic is conducted. A total of 104 full-time Chinese language teachers at home and abroad were taken as the research objects. This paper analyzed the effects of various factors on Chinese language teachers' willingness to innovate in online teaching, such as gender, education, school category, and teaching method, etc. The results demonstrated that there were no significant differences between the factors of gender and teaching method on their willingness, while there were significant differences between the factors of education and school category.Keyyords: Online teaching; Chinese language teachers; Willingness to innovate*通訊作者:李紫嫣,澳門科技大學博士生,主要研究方向漢語國際教育。E-mail:ibonnieli@foxmail.com,Tel:656385950 研究背景疫情期間 海內外學生的學習方式逐漸從線下轉移到了線上 世界出現了史上規模最大而且影響深遠的教育改革 這種前所未有的變革必然會引起教學模式 資源和方法的巨大變化 以及教學觀念 內容和管理方式等方面的創新 如何實現特殊時期的教學創新 是所有教育從業者正在面臨的現實問題漢語教師是漢語教學中 三教 問題的核心崔希亮 2010 [1] 但是在漢語教學領域 專門針對漢語創新的研究並不多見 人們主要關注教師的知識結構 教學方法和理論 教師標準和培訓制度等方面 劉力 蔔凡堯 2019 [2] 且多是以理論分析為主的質性研究 量化研究並不多見為了解當前漢語教師教學創新的現狀 筆者以 漢語教師創新 為主題在 CNKI 資料庫進行了論文檢索 檢索到的文獻數量極少 僅有 8 篇 最早的文獻發表於 2008 年 最新的發表於 2018 年
29 15 2 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.15 No.2 2021 12 31 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2021 ﹡通訊作者:鄺慧霞,博士研究生,主要研究方向:企業管理。E-mail: kuanghx@foxmail.com,Tel: 13798992084服務型領導對員工安全績效的影響機制研究鄺慧霞*澳門科技大學 學摘要: 傳統的安全管理關注糾正員工的不安全行為,但隨著近年來學界對積極組織行為學的重視,管理的重點轉向關注人的優勢,開發員工的積極性。服務型領導也由此受到重視,本文基於通過對生產型企業672份主管-員工匹配問卷的分析,研究服務型領導對員工安全績效的影響。結果表明:(1)服務型領導和管理安全承諾跨層次正向影響員工的安全促進心理所有權和安全績效;(2)管理安全承諾和安全促進心理所有權在服務型領導與員工安全績效間起仲介作用;(3)安全促進心理所有權在服務型領導對員工安全績效的影響路徑中起到關鍵作用。關鍵詞: 服務型領導;員工安全績效;管理安全承諾;安全促進心理所有權The Influencing Mechanism of Servant Leadership on Employee' Safety PerformanceKuang Huixia*(School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology)Abstract: Traditional safety management focuses on correcting employees' unsafety behaviors. However, with the emphasis on positive organizational behavior in recent years, organization management has shifted to focus on developing the enthusiasm of employees. Based on the analysis of 672 supervisor-employee matching questionnaires, this paper examines the effect of servant leadership on employees' safety performance. The results show that :(1) Servant leadership and management commitment to safety have a positive cross-level impact on employees' psychological ownership of safety promotion and safety performance. (2) Management commitment to safety and psychological ownership of safety promotion mediates the relationship between servant leadership and employee safety performance. (3) Psychological ownership of safety promotion plays a key role in the path of servant leadership's influence on employees' safety performance.Keyyords: servant leadership; safety performance; management commitment to safety; psychological ownership of safety promotion0 引言工作場所內的安全管理是管理領域的一個重要課題 因為它是大量組織內直接和間接成本的來源 [1] 也是一個有價值和戰略性的目標 正確理解可能影響安全管理結果的因素 將有助於減少工作場所的事故數量 從而提高組織的安全績效 [2] 因此對於員工安全績效的研究有助於識別和降低人為錯誤 以防止嚴重事故的發生 以往研究已經發現了主管的領導風格與員工的態度和績效之間的聯繫 支持型領導更有可能增加員工的內在動機和工作滿意度 [3] 隨著積極組織行為學的蓬勃發展 研究的重點逐漸轉向如何採取積極的領導措施發揮員工的優勢和潛能 目前 變革型
40參考文獻屬工作績效的作用機制提供了另一種思考的方向本研究將管理安全承諾和安全促進心理所有權作為仲介變數時 考慮兩者在模型中的因果關係 證實管理安全承諾對安全促進心理所有權有正向影響作用 運用 Bootstrap 置信區間法進行仲介檢驗說明以管理安全承諾和安全促進心理所有權為仲介的跨層仲介模型成立 且 服務型型領導 安全促進心理所有權 安全績效 服務型領導管理安全承諾 安全績效 服務型領導管理安全承諾 安全促進心理所有權 安全績效三條仲介路徑均存在 從而更深刻地闡釋了服務型領導對員工安全行為的作用路徑及作用機制 服務型領導為了達到提高員工安全績效的目的 除了可以通過直接影響管理安全承諾和安全促進心理所有權 還可以通過管理安全承諾對安全促進心理所有權產生影響 服務型領導出於關心下屬安全 支援下屬發展的需要 給予下屬更多的資源授權和支援 能充分展示服務型領導的管理安全承諾 消除員工在工作中的顧慮和擔憂 當下屬以 主人翁 的態度來參與安全工作 完成安全目標時 就會不斷改進安全行為 提高安全績效基於此 在企業的安全管理實踐中 由於管理安全承諾和安全促進心理所有權在服務型領導和員工安全績效中的仲介作用 服務型領導不僅要注重對管理安全承諾的展示 還需要通過良好的管理安全承諾對員工安全促進心理所有權進行影響進而進一步提升員工的安全績效水準第三 安全促進心理所有權在服務型領導與員工安全績效中起重要仲介作用 由於傳統的組織行為學在安全管理中強調預防和糾正員工的不安全行為和不良工作態度方法存在種種弊端 隨著積極組織行為學的發展 在管理研究中我們愈發強調引導員工建立正確的價值觀 鼓勵員工從組織的需求出發 通過員工的努力提高組織的績效水準 服務型領導對安全促進心理所有權有顯著正向影響 安全促進心理所有權對安全績效有顯著正向影響 同時安全促進心理所有權在服務型領導與安全績效中起仲介作用 這些都說明了安全促進心理所有權的關鍵作用 因此 在安全管理實踐中 服務型領導不能僅僅關注對員工不安全行為的糾正 同時也要關注如何激勵員工的安全行為 可以通過開發員工的積極心理狀態提高員工對企業和對安全管理的主人翁精神 化被動為主動 更好地發揮服務型領導的管理優勢5.2 研究局限與未來展望由於條件限制 本研究有以下局限性 首先使用主觀的安全行為資料可能會導致潛在的錯誤從而影響結果 雖然使用客觀記錄安全資料的缺點也存在 但未來的研究可以探索服務型領導與客觀的安全資料間的關係或結合實驗法 設計合適的情境來驗證變數間的關係 得到更具說服力的研究結果 其次 雖然目前的研究揭示了一些安全指標 並提出了一個可以接受的模型 但未來的研究應該考慮其他可能影響領導和安全之間關係的潛在仲介變數 使領導行為與員工安全績效之間的關係變得更為明確 最後 應該研究組織如何防範 服務型領導 的潛在黑暗面 即 服務型領導 可能會以犧牲組織利益為代價來偏袒下屬[1] Neal A, Griffin M A. A study of the lagged relationships among safety climate, safety motivation, safety behavior, and accidents at the individual and group levels. Journal of applied psychology, 2006, 91(4) : 946.[2] Clarke S. Safety leadership: A meta analytic review of transformational and transactional leadership styles as antecedents of safety behaviours. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 2013, 86 (1) : 22-49.[3] Jang J, Kandampully J. Reducing employee turnover intention through servant leadership in the restaurant context: A mediation study of affective organizational commitment. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 2018, 19 (2) : 125-141.[4] Enderle G. Some perspectives of managerial ethical leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 1987, 6 (8) : 657-663.[5] Dirik H F, Seren Intepeler S. The influence of authentic leadership on safety climate in nursing. Journal of nursing management, 2017, 25 (5) : 392-401.[6] Sarkus D J. Servant-leadership in safety: Advancing the cause and
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43 員
4415 2 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.15 No.2 2021 12 31 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2021 特別行政區語境下的「愛國者治澳」憲制標準周挺*澳門科技大學 學摘要: 「愛國者治澳」原則是澳門基本法所遵循的一項不成文根本原則。本文採用大陸法系通行的法律解釋規則對特別行政區語境下的「愛國者」標準展開了分析,最終提出特別行政區下的「愛國者」必須堅持「國家統一」原則;尊重與維護「中國共產黨的領導」原則,並且要支持「融入國家發展大局」的原則。關鍵詞: 「愛國者治澳」原則;體系解釋;融入國家發展大局A Study on the"Patriot Governing Macao" Standard in the Context of Special Administrative Regions Ting ZHOU*(Faculty of Law, Macau University of Science and Technology)Abstract: The principle of "patriots governing Macao" is an unwritten fundamental principle in the basic law of Macao. This paper analyzes the "patriotic" standard in the context of the Special Administrative Region by using the common rules of legal interpretation in the civil law system, and finally proposes that the Patriots in the Special Administrative Region must adhere to the principle of "national unity", respect and maintain the principle of "the leadership of the Communist Party of China" and support the principle of "integrating into the overall situation of national development".Keyyords: The principle of "patriots governing Macao"; Frame explanation; Integrating into the overall situation of national development*通訊作者:周挺,博士,澳門科技大學法學院助理教授,主要研究方向:憲法、港澳基本法與行政法。E-mail: tzhou@must.edu.mo Tel: 00853-889717640 導言愛國者治澳 港 是我國前國家領導人鄧小平先生在上個世紀八十年代就回歸後治澳港 主體的必備條件所作出的明確表示 現時的基本情況是對於一 在憲制度秩序層面 愛國者治澳 港 是特區治理主體資格獲取的必要條件 以及二 在權力依據層面 中央有權來決定用以確保特區治理主體愛國性的機制 這兩點的正當性已有諸多的論述了 而且也已經論述得很清楚了 本文就不在此論述了不過 在該範疇 有一個核心的問題卻並沒有得到一個清晰的詮釋 即在特別行政區的憲制秩序下 判斷 愛國者 的標準究竟是什麼 符
53 15 2 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.15 No.2 2021 12 31 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2021 《盛世危言》中的近代美術與設計史觀鄭巨欣*澳門科技大學 學摘要: 長期以來,人們津津樂道於鄭觀應的種種遠見卓識,盛贊其代表作《盛世危言》在政治、經濟、文化、教育、宗教、醫學、軍事、法律、社會、外交、新聞等方面的積極貢獻,卻惟獨不太注意包含在《盛世危言》中的鄭觀應設計思想表述。本文通過研讀該書發現,《盛世危言》不僅貫穿著「富強救國」的主題,而且還是中國使用「美術」外來語的最早出典,甚至近代中國設計思想的育成等,在《盛世危言》中也是燦然有跡可循。關鍵詞: 鄭觀應;《盛世危言》;美術;設計The Significance of Research on Modern Art and Design History of Zheng Guanying's Prosperous Prophecy Juxin ZHENG*(Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology)Abstract: People have been talking a lot about Zheng Guanying's visions, hailing his masterpiece Prosperous Prophecy as the contribution it has made in political, economic, cultural, educational, religious, medical, military, legal, social, diplomatic, and journalistic aspects. Yet they failed to notice the idea of designing communicated by Zheng in his Prosperous Prophecy. Based on an intensive research, in this article, the author discovers the theme of "saving and invigorating the country" in Prosperous Prophecy, and further identifies the book as the first one in China to use "Mei Shu" (the fine arts) as an alien word. Furthermore, the author also traces the breeding of the idea of designing in modern China.Keyyords: Zheng Guanying; Prosperous Prophecy; fine arts; designing0 引言盛世危言 是鄭觀應於 1886 年 45 歲時退隱澳門的四五年間 勞心苦慮撰就於鄭家大屋內的劃時代巨著 鄭觀應本名官應 字正翔 號陶齋別號杞憂生 慕雍山人等 中年後 則多使用羅浮待鶴山人名號 1842 年 7 月 24 日生於廣東香山縣 今中山市 雍陌鄉 自幼浸染在父親鄭文端開設的秀峰家塾 熟讀孔孟經書 1858 年 17 歲時奉父命到上海學習經商 一邊在洋行做買辦 一邊私淑叔父學英語 成年後在政治 實業兩方面探索救國道路 成 著名的啓蒙思想家 實業家教育家 更是當時具備世界視野的重要人物 1921年 6 月 14 日在上海輪船招商局公學駐校的校董公寓病逝 次年移葬澳門前山 鄭觀應的 盛世危言 甫問世即啓惕光緒皇帝 喚醒仁人士志 [1] 更*通訊作者:鄭巨欣,澳門科技大學人文藝術學院特聘教授,E-mail: jxzheng@must.edu.mo
59[9] 邵宏 東西美術互釋考 北京 商務印書館 2018 194 相關內容見此著第十二章 西學 美術史 東漸一百年 作者註本章根據2003年11月22日在日本京都大學文學研究科的講演改寫[10] 呂澎 20世紀中國美術史 北京 北京大學出版社 2006 498 20世紀中國美術史 北京 新星出版社 2018 1 2 69[11] 陳旭光 20世紀初的 美術革命 論爭與現代 美術 觀念的形成.美育學刊 2013 53[12] 鄭觀應 盛世危言 上 上海 上海古籍出版社 2008 67原本十六葉a[13] 夏東元編 鄭觀應集 上冊 上海 上海人民出版社 1982266[14] 意大利 喬爾喬 瓦薩 意大利藝苑名人傳 劉耀春譯湖北 湖北美術出版社 長江文藝出版社 2003 15[15] Giorgio Vasari. Vasari on Technique: Being the Introduction to the Three Arts of Design, Architecture, Sculpture and Painting, Prefixed to the Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors and Architects. (Maclehose, Louisa S., trans.) New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1960:205 206. Erwin Panofsky, Idea: A Concept in Art Theory. (Peake, Joseph J. S., trans.) New York: Harper & Row, 1968:61-62.[16] Reports by the Juries on the Subjects in the Thirty Classes into Which the Exhibition was Divided, London: Printed for Royal Commission by William Clowes& Sons Stamford Street and Charing Cross, 1852, 708-749.[17] 鄭觀應 盛世危言 上 上海 上海古籍出版社 2008 217原本九葉a[18] 陸玖譯註 呂氏春秋 孟冬紀 北京 中華書局 2011 280清 阮元校刊 十三經註疏 禮記 無作毋[19] 鄭觀應 盛世危言 上 上海 上海古籍出版社 2008 224原本十七葉b[20] 鄭觀應 盛世危言 上 上海 上海古籍出版社 2008 233原本十七葉b[21] 鄭觀應 盛世危言 上 上海 上海古籍出版社 2008 235原本十八葉a[22] 鄭 觀 應 盛 世 危 言 上 上 海 上 海 古 籍 出 版 社2008:376 377 原本二十九葉b 三十葉a[23] 鄭觀應 盛世危言 上 上海 上海古籍出版社 2008 289原本四十五葉a[24] 鄭觀應 盛世危言 上 上海 上海古籍出版社 2008583 587 原本三十葉a 三十三葉a 《 》
6015 2 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.15 No.2 2021 12 31 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2021 *通訊作者:鐘佳利,在讀博士生,主要研究方向:國際中文教育、生態語言學、語料庫語言學、話語分析、語言景觀。E-mail: 631684113@qq.com澳門葡語和中文本土化教材的第三空間創設與互鑒分析鐘佳利*澳門科技大學 學摘要: 澳門自上個世紀八十年開始編著出版葡語和中文(普通話)綜合性本土化教材。基於第三空間理論,挖掘澳門葡語和中文教材文化滲透和空間呈現的共性與差異,嘗試探索澳門葡語和中文本土化教材的第三空間創設與互鑒路徑。葡語教材以Passo a passo...EM PORTUGUÊS(IPOR,2010)和《環球葡萄牙語》(澳門理工學院,2011),中文教材以《普通話教材》(澳門教青局,2010)和《國際漢語教程》(澳門理工學院,2020)作為典型樣本展開分析與闡釋。研究結果表明:1)教材整體通過「引導接受世界觀的初步重塑」和「多元文化事實的橫向並舉」兩個視角彰顯從兩極化的民族中心主義向民族相對主義和多元文化主義的轉向;2)基於教師、教學與教材的「整合統一」視角,四本教材通過詞彙-短語-話輪空間交疊選材形式和日常化與情景化並舉定位「教師的引路者」角色;選材通過主動走出第一空間約束、修正第二空間的刻板印象、勾畫第三文化圖式推進「教學的配合者」角色;3)基於空間滲透的共性差異,Passo通過人物與場景在第一和第二空間共現與交替使兩種文化接觸自然過渡特質凸顯,《國》利用話題當代性引導學習者主動探索空間之間的協商優勢明顯,《環》通過營造「跨文化對話者」和「跨文化內容」的兩個空間滲透路徑引導學習者探尋「文化接口」和建構第三身份,《普》以對話語篇、地方特色練習以及生活情境提問沉浸式的第一空間元素建構方式值得其他教材互通互鑒。綜上,探究同地區不同語言教材本土化第三空間創設,能夠進一步挖掘教材互學互鑒的編寫價值。關鍵詞: 第三空間;教材本土化;教材互鑒;教材角色;中文教材;葡語教材A Comparative and Mutual Learning Analysis of the Localization of Second Language Teaching Textbook in Macao from the Perspective of Third Space TheoryZHONG Jiali*(University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology )Abstract: Macao has been producing and publishing comprehensive localized teaching materials in Portuguese and Chinese (Putonghua) since the 1980s. Based on the third space theory, the researcher explores the commonalities and differences in the cultural genre penetration and spatial presentation of Portuguese and Chinese teaching materials in Macao, and attempts to explore the paths of third space creation and mutual appreciation of Portuguese and Chinese
611 研究問題的提出由於歷史原因澳門形成以中文 葡文 英文為書面語 以及普通話 粵語 英語以及葡語為口語的 三文四語 多元文化融合的語言環境澳門自上個世紀八十年開始編著出版葡語和中文普通話 綜合性本土化教材 葡語綜合性本土化教材如 M todo de Portugu s 印務局 1982基礎葡萄牙語 澳門文化學會 1988 葡萄牙語 教育暨青年局 1996 目前在澳門使用率較高的是 Passo a passo...EM PORTUGUÊSIPOR 2010 以及 環球葡萄牙語 澳門理工學院 2011 中文綜合性本土化教材如 普通話課程 程祥徽 1982 普通話津梁 何廣中 1997 普通話進階 黃翊 1997普通話教程 教育暨青年局 2000 20022004 2010 2012 近期針對學習漢語葡語系國家的本科生編寫 國際漢語教程 澳門理論學院 2020 是目前首部中葡英三語區域型教材第二語言教學中的文化教學問題常常捉襟見肘 文化教學傾向隨意和盲目 付小秋 & 張紅嶺2017 教學者往往容易忽視文化的多樣性和異質性 顧曉樂 2019 由此引發學習者內在文化衝突 Atkinson 1999 就外語語言課上教授什麼文化問題提出爭論 Kramsch 1995 也提出是否教授本族文化和目的語文化的異質和衝突的疑問 這意味著外語學習者內心存在本族文化和目的語文化的衝突 Kramsch 2009 近年來國內開始關注基於第三空間探討教材使用研究 王黎2013 認為國內大學英語綜合性教材以第三空間為導向 可強化英語教學手段 同時打破弱勢文化與強勢文化在語言教學中的不平衡現象 唐金萍 & 耿江華 2019 就英語教材的非語言層面 如表情和手勢 探第三空間創設 顧曉樂 2019基於第三空間理論通過教學案例闡釋在實際教學中搭建 第三空間 的路徑 實踐證明第三空間以文化教學促進語言學習的有效性 而針對視聽說教材 徐婷婷 2018 認為教材編寫要關注話題的當代性 比如對互聯網的熱衷 對全球性資訊傳播的敏感 選材是只注重正面的對答 不合localized teaching materials in Macao. Researcher selected Portuguese-language textbooks Passo a passo...EM PORTUGUÊS (IPOR, 2010) and Português Global (Instituto Politécnico de Macau, 2011), while the Chinese language textbooks Putonghua Textbook (Gabinete da Educação e Assuntos da Juventude, 2010) and A Course in International Chinese (Macao Polytechnic Institute, 2020) as typical samples to analyse and interpret. The results of the study show that: 1) the localised textbooks as a whole present a turn towards ethnorelativism and multiculturalism in the third space model by guiding the initial reshaping of a passive worldview and the horizontal juxtaposition of multicultural facts; 2) the role of the textbooks towards the third space model: The selection of material is presented through the overlap of two cultural spaces and the combination of the everyday and the situational, positioning the role of the "teacher's guide" . The selection of materials promotes the role of "pedagogical collaborator" by actively stepping out of the constraints of the first space, correcting the stereotypes of the second space and drawing a third cultural picture. 3) Based on the commonality of spatial presentation, Passo highlights the natural transition between the two cultures through the co-presentation and alternation of characters and scenes in the first and second spaces. A Course in International Chinese 's use of topic contemporaneity to guide learners to actively explore the advantages of negotiation between spaces is evident. Portuguese Global guides learners to explore the "cultural interface" and construct a third identity by creating two spatially permeable pathways of "intercultural interlocutors" and "intercultural content". Putonghua Textbook are constructed in an immersive first space element with conversational discourse, practice of local features, and life situations questions, which is worthy of study in other textbooks. To sum up, exploring the localized creation of third spaces in different language materials in the same region can further explore the value of writing materials for mutual learning and appreciation.Keyyords: Third Space Theory; Localization of Textbook; Mutual Learning of Textbook; The Roles of Textbook; Chinese Textbook; Portuguese Textbook 澳門
68[1] 信息來源 鄭觀應公立學校2018/2019學年學生用書資料https://www.eozgy.k12.edu.mo/eozgy/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/sg1.pdf美士中葡中學2015/2016年度初二學生各科用書http://www.eslc.k12.edu.mo/Homepage/14-15events/notice/150728-SG2booklist.pdf[2] 信息來源 教育暨青年局公開信息http://www.eslc.k12.edu.mo/Homepage/esr/ERG%20-%20%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD/revision/LP.pdf[3] 信息來源 澳門理工學院長者書院普通話高班https://www.ipm.edu.mo/cntfiles/upload/docs/common/senior/mandarin_advance.pdf[4] 信息來源 採訪澳門本地基礎教育階段教師[5] Atkinson D. TESOL and culture[J]. TESOL quarterly, 1999, 33(4) : 625-654.[6] Bhaba H K. The question of the other: Difference discrimination and colonial discourse[J]. = Te'oria uvikoret, 1994, 5: 144-157.[7] Bennett J M, Bennett M J. Developing intercultural sensitivity: An integrative approach to global and domestic diversity[M]. na, 2004.[8] Hall E T, Hall T. The silent language[M]. Anchor books, 1959.[9] Kramsch C. The cultural discourse of foreign language textbooks[J]. Towards a new integration of language and culture, 1988: 63-68.[10] Kramsch C. Context and culture in language teaching[M]. Oxford university press, 1993.[11] Kramsch C. Embracing Conflict versus Achieving Consensus in Foreign Language Education and Response to Claire Kramsch and Reply to Heidi Byrnes and Elizabeth B. Bernhardt[J]. ADFL Bulletin, 1995, 26(3) : 6-17.[12] Kramsch C. 9. Cultural perspectives on language learning and teaching[M]//Handbook of foreign language communication and learning. De Gruyter Mouton, 2009: 219-246.[13] Lo Bianco J, Liddicoat A J, Crozet C. Striving for the Third Place: Intercultural Competence through Language Education[M]. 1999.[14] Lefebvre H, Nicholson-Smith D. The production of space[M]. Blackwell: Oxford, 1991.參考文獻當代性引導學習者主動探索空間之間的協商優勢明顯 環球葡萄牙語 通過營造 跨文化對話者和 跨文化內容 的兩個空間滲透路徑引導學習者探尋 文化接口 和建構第三身份 普通話教材以對話語篇 練習地方特色以及生活情境話題沉浸式的第一空間元素建構方式值得其他教材互通互鑒 因此 從同一地區的第二語言教材本土化的空間滲透路徑中探索教材與教師 教學的關係明確教材在第三空間的創設 有利於全方位推進第三空間理論進入到教學實踐中 也有利於進一步挖掘本土化教材互學互鑒的編寫價值[15] Merkin R S. Uncertainty avoidance and facework: A test of the Hofstede model[J]. International Journal of intercultural relations, 2006, 30(2): 213-228.[16] Oldenburg R. The Great Good Place: Cafes[J]. Coffee Shops, Community Centers, 1989.[17] Zarate G. Enseigner une culture trang re[M]. FeniXX, 1985.[18] 付小秋 張紅玲 綜合英語課程的跨文化教學設計與實施[J] 外語界 2017 (1) 89-95[19] 顧曉樂 第三空間 視域下的跨文化交際能力培養實踐探索[J] 外語界 2019 4[20] 盧俊勇 陶青 教材 教學與教師之間的關係 論課堂教學中教師的仲介作用[J] 教師教育研究 2011 23(3) 36-39[21] 唐金萍 耿江華 大學英語教材的第三空間創設[J] 科教文匯 (上旬刊) 2019 6[22] 徐婷婷 基於跨文化交際第三空間理論的高級漢語視聽說教學選材新探[J] 華文教學與研究 2018 4 19-24[23] 王文龍 中高級漢語口語教材中的不合意應答[J] 雲南師範大學學報 對外漢語教學與研究版 2013 2 64-70[24] 王永陽 跨文化交際的第三空間與國際漢語教師跨文化交際能力培養的第三空間模式[J] 孔子學院 2013 2 28-33[25] 王黎 淺析 第三空間 對中國英語教學的啟示[J] 瀋陽工程學院學報 社會科學版 2013 9 4 525-527 王振亞 以跨文化[26] 交往為目的的外語教學 系統功能語法與外語教學 北京語言大學出版社 2005[27] 葉洪 中國文化保護與跨文化的 第三空間 求索 7 (2010) 44-46[28] 周小兵 漢語教材需要本土化嗎[J] 國際漢語教學研究 2014 1 10-11[29] 曾祥娟&焦新平 批評對比修辭學視域下的跨文化英語寫作 第三空間 文化與傳播 2014 01 35-40
69附 錄附錄一:中文和葡語教材內容摘取與分析 澳門分析視角中文教材內容圖例與分析葡語教材內容圖例與分析彰顯視角 1:引導接受世界觀的初步重塑教材:《普通話教程》(2012)分析:第一課適應聲調的不同(粵語的八個聲調 vs 普通話的四個聲調)教材:《Passo》(2010)分析:K/W/Y 的特殊性教材:《國際漢語教程》(2020)分析:第一課聲調標調的特點:聲調符號要標在主母音(響度最大的母音)上,例如:馬(mǎ)。母音 i 上有調號時,要去掉 i 上的點,例如你(nǐ)。教材:《環球葡萄牙語》(2016)分析:第一課以葡萄牙常用名(安德烈)和葡語老師情景帶入,葡語特有的語法點加入彰顯視角 2:多元文化事實的橫向並置教材:《普通話教程》(2012)分析:水坑尾(澳門)、麥當勞(美國)、 香港教材:《Passo》(2010)分析:中國、葡萄牙、澳門共現 (目的語人物引導情景發展)
70教材:《國際漢語教程》(2020)分析:教材人物文化背景的多元化(葡萄牙、巴西、美國、俄羅斯、中國內地、澳門)推動故事情景發展教材:《環球葡萄牙語》(2016)分析:中國、葡萄牙、澳門共現(少)選材在兩個文化空間交疊呈現教材:《普通話教程》(2012)分析:粵普對照(親屬稱謂詞、普通名詞、動詞、短語)教材:《Passo》(2010)分析:人物(第二空間元素)、發生場景(第一空間元素)教材:《國際漢語教程》(2020)分析:第一空間和第二空間元素在「你叫什麼名字」情景中交匯教材:《環球葡萄牙語》(2016)分析:對話式課文,選擇巴西人 Paulo 和中國人 Feng Yili圍繞:去哪裡、在哪裡學習/工作等個人資訊,展開跨文化交際對話。
73跨文化對話者 跨文化內容分析:對話式課文,選擇巴西人 Paulo 和中國人Feng Yili 圍繞:去哪裡、在哪裡學習 /工作等個人資訊,展開跨文化交際對話。分析:Marco(葡萄牙人):喜歡喝咖啡Croquetes(炸肉丸子)pastéis(蛋糕)Lili(中國人):喜歡喝茶Galinha(母雞)附錄二:空間滲透的共性差異教材圖例與分析 澳門人物:第二空間元素場景:第一空間元素人物:第一空間元素場景:第一、二空間元素交疊平衡母語文化和目的語文化搭建跨文化的 文化介面
75 15 2 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.15 No.2 2021 12 31 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2021 *通訊作者:韋衛,博士,國際學院副教授,主要研究方向是計算機輔助教學、教育測試與評估、教師專業發展與評估、語言教學,郵箱: wewei@must.edu.mo,電話: 00853+88972013。探究同伴反饋和手機輔助反饋對漢語作爲第二語言學習者語音語調糾正的影響韋衛*,趙晨澳門科技大學 學摘要: 本次研究邀請105名漢語作爲第二語言的學習者參與研究,數據包含前後兩次語音測試成績、語音反饋途徑頻率調查問卷、九份訪談文稿, 用定量和定性相結合的研究方法,先從七個維度(聲母/韻母/聲調/停頓/重讀/句調/流利度)實證比對了不同反饋方式對漢語語音語調糾正的情況,然後分別依據自建模型和TAM模型分析訪談數據歸結出同伴反饋和手機輔助反饋的不足之處。最終,定量研究結果通過SPSS分析得出,在漢語語音語調糾正方面,同伴反饋和手機輔助反饋整體不如面對面反饋和教師反饋的糾正效果;相應的定性研究分別從四個方面和兩個方面歸結出了同伴反饋和手機輔助反饋的不足之處。關鍵詞: 漢語作爲第二語言的學習者;漢語語音語調糾正;同伴反饋;手機輔助反饋Investigating the Efficiency of Peer Feedback and Mobile-assisted Feedback for Chinese Pronunciation Correction in the Context of Learning Chinese as Second Language Wei WEI*, Chen ZHAO(University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology)Abstract: The study was conducted on 105 CSL learners. The data derived from two pronunciation test (pre-/post-test), one questionnaire on the frequency of using different types of feedback, and nine interviews. This research uses the combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Firstly, from following seven dimensions (Consonant/ Vowel/ Tone/ Pause/ Stress/ Intonation/ Fluency), the effectiveness of different feedback on the Chinese pronunciation correction were empirically compared. Then, corresponding shortcomings of feedback are concluded from interview transcripts based on literature-built model and TAM model. Finally, after analyzing data using SPSS, the quantitative study shows that for improving Chinese pronunciation, the actual effect of peer feedback and mobile-assisted feedback is inferior to the traditional teacher feedback and face-to-face feedback. The qualitative study summarizes the limitations of peer feedback from four aspects and the shortcomings of using mobile-assisted feedback from two aspects respectively.Keyyords: Learning Chinese as Second Language learners; Chinese pronunciation correction; Peer feedback; Mobile-assisted feedback
83自同伴的反饋他肯定了一定的作用 但也表示不是最好的選擇 他說 : " He could make mistakes most of time. What's should be done is to search for the teachers who can help me " 來自韓國尹汝靜同學也表達了類似的看法 我感覺沒太有用 我覺得大家都差不多 大家的語音語調聽起來和錄音材料不同 怪怪的 老師是中國人當然說起來是最標準的了 2 在反饋種類方面 同伴反饋較教師反饋少解釋性的評論 這點與寫作領域的結論相似 有同學反映 同伴反饋通常只會指出錯誤停留在表面不會提供有更多的解釋 而老師更有經驗和方法在糾錯的同時 還會指出學生發生偏誤的緣由並提供一些指導 進而從根本上解決問題如陳美莉說 同學一般不知道 什麽他們說你這 錯了 可以練習一下 你可以複習一下 一般 他們不知道 什麽 但老師可以告訴我 什麽 比如 比如說文章中 一 的發音老師會提醒我 什麽時候 一 讀二聲 什麽時候讀四聲 老師有很多經驗 他知道怎麽解釋好 再如尹汝靜說 我是韓國人 我們發音中沒有 f f 這個音 我會把漢語中的 f f讀成 b p p ph 這是老師上次給我分析幫我提出來的原因 我覺得很對 我很認同 後面我會更加注意這個問題 同學的意見 一般不會說太多 就是幫你指出錯誤 可見 相較於教師反饋 同伴反饋很少解釋緣由 缺少解釋性的評論3 在反饋效果方面 同伴反饋對未知和靈活性問題 如漢語中的語流音變現象 的糾正效果比教師反饋差如 高 米 耐 表 示 " for classmates, perhaps I only turn to them for which I used to know, or something it is not a bit hard. However, If I need to learn something or grab something, teachers will be the best choice. For example, if I want to get the sound of four tones which have been taught in class, classmates may help me memorize them. But if I want to know how to pronounce several words in a flow, which is completely new knowledge to us, I will go to teachers."4 在反饋方法方面 同伴反饋較教師反饋缺乏方法 這點在寫作領域中沒有出現 原因可能是語音的糾正有難度 相比於寫作來 更需要策略和技巧 據被採訪者表示 教師在糾音的過程中 會提供一些專業的方法幫助學生感知較難或易錯的語音項目 除此之外 教師會更科學地選例和設計練習 這對語音項目的鞏固和掌握有幫助 而這些正是同伴反饋相對缺乏的地方如高米耐舉例 明了教師反饋對糾正其 q 和j 發音混淆的有效性 相比於同伴反饋簡單直接的修正 教師運用到了吹紙法從根本上幫助他區分了這對送氣音和不送氣音 " It's your way help me most. The other classmates also corrected them, but not in those papers like you (Chinese teacher) They just corrected, but you showed me how to distinguish 'q' and 'j'. Now I am totally clear " 再如陳美莉反映 教師在給予反饋的時候 由於熟悉學生的學習水平和已掌握的詞彙句型 所以在語言使用以及舉例方面 兼顧了新知和複現 從而強化了糾錯效果 老師會選我們學過的詞 比如練習第一聲和第四聲時 老師給我舉了香蕉 睡覺醫院 大巴 吃飯等等例子 這些詞我都很熟悉 減輕了我的壓力 我反復讀這些 真的有效果 由此可見 相較於教師反饋 同伴反饋在語音反饋上缺少方法指導4.2.2 手機輔助反饋對漢語語音語調糾正不足之處根據上章談到的分析框架 本部分將依照TAM 模型中主觀認 的有效性和主觀認 的好用性這兩個方面具體分析六位留學生的採訪文稿具體闡述如下1 主觀認 有效性較低首先 有些學生認 在手機上辨音有困難有些以英語為母語的漢語初級留學生表示 很難 學
84辨別領會微信中的音調語調信息 他們更依賴於面對面的這種糾音方式 因 他們可以通過觀察對方發音的部位 藉助對方的一些手勢 感知音調的起伏變化 這對他們語音學習特別是音調學習很有幫助 如 Billy: " (On the phone) When he is speaking ,we don't exactly figure out whether she is using a third tone meaning 馬 . However, most of the time, (Face to face) she uses her hands. Draw in the air to make me go up and down or whatever, finally it works. Then we will know ah it's that tone, and we could try as much as possible to make it sound like that." 還有些漢語初級留學生提到了 除聲調以外的 漢語中其他的發音要素 如聲母 韻母的區別 在微信上也很難直觀實時地展現出來如 Nature: "I know I get puzzled with 'zh' and 'z', Remember the first time I asked people on the phone, a voice message came and he let me repeat, actually I was still puzzled with it, and felt so embarrassed to open my mouth. At that time, I determined that I will never ask these questions on the mobile, it's useless."其次 學生認 手機上的糾音行 較 簡略 ,容易遺忘 有同學指出在手機上糾音通常情況下都是就事論事 相對於面對面反饋 同步的講解和練習要少很多 這也許是因 面對面反饋時交際雙方的同時空性更易於引發的更多的交際行 手機上的簡略的回答方式極易導致理解不夠深入 容易遺忘 長期的糾正效果並不好 如 毛陽 " On the mobile, it's quite limited For example, People directly correct your mistakes, then we are prone to stop there, busy with other things. But as for face-to-face, it's interesting that you may see, a small mistake may trigger out a series of conversation. People are willing to repeat more, give you more explanation, have more patience to wait Obviously, for me, the latter one leaves a deep impression on me " 克里斯也表達了類似的看法 她 我用微信問其他人問題 大家回答完 都不太關注 會繼續聊一些輕鬆的話題 而我面對面和他們說話的時候他們還會即興想一想詞 句子 如果我發音還不對 他們還會告訴我不是這樣發 而是那樣發我幾乎可以完全掌握另外 學生認 手機上交際要素不完整 記憶不深刻 影響學習效果的持續 手機微信交流的異時空性 導致了交流較多情況下局限於語言信息 而面對面交際 不僅包含語言信息的刺激還包含其他非語言信息 如表情 交際環境 的刺激 這會讓交際過程更加豐富多元 調動學習者更多的體驗 繼而對發音 生正面強化作用 如Bennett: "(Face to Face) When I was there, You know she has facial expression. Once she looks a bit weird, then I get to know that ah perhaps something I said and something I did is awkward. I have to say that it is her facial expression that helps me a lot. I reflect on myself and try to do my best, because I don't want to get embarrassed again. Until now, I haven't made those mistakes."2 主觀認 好用性較低首先 學生認 在手機上糾音不及時 访谈中許多留學生反映 有些時候 手機反饋容易中斷回復也不是非常及時 會牽扯許多額外時間 一定程度上影響學習體驗 如 Nature: "When it comes to mobile, I mean most of time, time delay happens. I spent lots of time waiting the answer, it upsets me a lot." 毛陽 "Sometimes, on the mobile, the instant reply is hard to get. When you text others, maybe they are occupied, maybe they are dealing with something important, maybe they are off line, balabala But face to face, things would be improved."其次 學生認 手機上糾音不容易做標註有同學反映 在微信上交流更多地使用電子文本一方面雙方做標註很難同時展示 一方面一邊 語音文件一邊在電子文稿上做標記操作起來不是很方便 而面對面的方式易於共享文本 雙方標記的內容較容易共享 文本參照與講解同步配合得更好 , 學習體驗更加流暢 如毛陽 "...... (face-to-face)We share the same paper, he could write something
85on it, and I could also make some notes. Last time when we talk about tones, he circled my mistakes, and I made some notes along with his speaking. I would say it is so convenient, there is no need to shut down the document when I start to speak......"另外 學生認 在手機上溝通存在障礙 大多數的漢語初級留學生表示 提問或理解存在困難 在手機微信上僅能以文字或語音形式進行溝通 由於本身漢語水平不高 英語水平也不高 特別母語非英語的小語種留學生 再加上不能藉助肢體或手勢 因此在手機上溝通常常會因 蹩脚的漢語或英語使對方誤解 或直接導致交際失敗 同樣地 對象發送的語音或文字信息也很難被 留 學 生 理 解 如 Nature:" (on the Wechat) My mother tongue is French, I am not so good at Chinese or English You know, it's hard for me, I need to use translator. I like face-to-face, at least, body language would help me." 對於一些漢語聽說能力和漢字水平發展不平衡的留學生來 手機上文字或語音的交流方式有時會給他們帶來困惑與尷尬 如尹汝靜 我從小在中國長大 漢語說漢語沒有問題 但是我的漢字水平很差 認不出多少漢字 很多時候 大家發給我答案喜歡打漢字 如果我要求他們再說成語音也不太好意思 而且人家也可能忙 不方便 我覺得很麻煩最後 學生認 在手機上交流有距離感 人與人關係不親近 , 學習體驗不佳 有學生表示手機上只能傳遞信息 較難傳遞情感 有時候容易誤解別人意思 體驗不佳 如 Nature: "On the mobile, you can't see your friends. Sometimes, you may misunderstand others only depending on text. Face to face, you could touch, you could see, so it is a kind of pleasant experience." 5 討論與建議學[2]學 學[10]學學Yang Yin 學學 學[18] Fouz-gonzalez 學學 學[17]學12會大學科技參考文獻[1] 王建勤 2009 第二語言習得研究 北京 商務印書館[2] 王青 2011 同伴糾錯性反饋 在對外漢語語音教學中的作用研究 浙江省杭州市 浙江大學外國語言文化與國際交流學院 學
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87《澳門科技大學學報》撤稿聲明《澳門科技大學學報》
JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITYOF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYSemiannual, Started in June 2007Vol.15 No.2 December 202120 澳門 /二 二一年 第十五卷 第二期JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYVol.15 No.2 December 2021