ISSN 1994-4926半年刊Semiannual Vol.14澳门基金会资助出版二 二 年 第十四卷 第二期JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYVol.14 No.2 December 2020
澳门科技大学学报主办单位: 澳门科技大学Organizer: Macau University of Science and Technology编委会主席: 刘良Chairman of Editorial Board: Liu Liang主编: 许敖敖Chief Editors: Xu Ao Ao编辑: 《澳门科技大学学报》编辑部Editor: The Editorial Department, Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology ● 电话: +853-8897-2173 Tel: +853-8897-2173 ● 传真:+853-2888-0022 Fax: +853-2888-0022 ● 电邮:publication@must.edu.mo E-mail: publication@must.edu.mo ● 地址:澳门科技大学 澳门氹仔伟龙马路 Address: Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau出版及总发行:澳门科技大学Publisher & Distribution: Macau University of Science and Technology ● 电话:+853-8897-2166 Tel: +853-8897-2166 ● 电邮:cbpsadmin@must.edu.mo E-mail: cbpsadmin@must.edu.mo ● 地址:澳门科技大学 澳门氹仔伟龙马路 Address: Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 印刷: 400本Print Run: 400出版日期:2020年12月Issued Date: December2020国际标准期刊号:ISSN: 1994-4926规格: 21cm×29.7cmSize: 21cm width by 29.7cm height版权所有,翻印必究All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher.
编辑委员会Editorial Board编委会主席:刘良Chairman of Editorial Board: Liu Liang主编 :许敖敖Chief Editors: Xu Ao Ao编委:刘良、许敖敖、祈务晨、余秋雨、张志庆、姜志宏、方泉、林伟基、戴龙基、黎晓平、唐泽圣、陈乃九、庞川、孙立云、孙建荣Editorial Board Members:Liu Liang, Xu Ao Ao,Keith Robert Barclay Morrison, Yu Qiu Yu, Zhang Zhi Qing, Jiang Zhi Hong, Fang Quan, Lam Wai Kei, Dai Long Ji, Li Xiao Ping, Tang Ze Sheng, Chan Lai Kow, Pang Chuan, Sun Li Yun, Sun Jian Rong
ContentsHumanities and ArtsResearch on the methods and paths of cultural and creative design in Macau——Thoughts on brand development based on“ Gold Wood Design”…Xueqing WANG, Guanghui HUANG (1)Ka Ho Village Road to Modernization--with the development of infrastructure as centre………Ioc Heng LEI (8) Who is more likely to spread rumors? A study of the relationship between critical thinking, health anxiety, helpfulness, exhibitionism, and health rumor transmission on WeChat among older adults in China……Di WANG, Zhifei MAO (18)A Corpus-based Study on Collocation of Examples in Chinese Dictionaries for Foreign Learners…Jie YANG, Jianrong SUN (28)Path Dependence: Development of College English Programs in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau Universities – A Case Study on South China University of Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic Universities, and Macau University of Science and Technology …………………………………………………Leyi CAO (40)Management and TourismThe Impact of Inclusive Financial Development and Economic Development Level onRural Residents’ Income………………………………………………………Zhiyuan XIAO, Kwo Ping TAM (47)Wealth Management Ability,Relational Capital and Operational Performance——An Empirical Study on Chinese Commercial Banks…………………Shun-Ho CHU, Jing LI, Jiahui LUO (58)Investigating the Relationship Between Service Quality and Brand Trust for Theme Park Reopening: The Mediation of Perceived Uniqueness…………………………………………………………Jingjing LUO (70)LawStudy on the Legal Mechanism of Cross-border Ecological Protection and Supervision in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area……………………………Mingjian HUANG, Jing WU, Yijia CHENG (83)
1第 14 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.14 No.2 2020 年12 月 31 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2020 澳門文創設計方法與路徑研究——基於“格物設計”品牌研發的思考王雪青,黃光輝*(澳門科技大學人文藝術學院,澳門)摘要:� 澳門,一個獨具特色的歷史、文化名城,一個包容東方與西方,傳統與現代的繁榮都市,也是一個人來人往,川流不息的旅遊城市。這個城市的特質,給澳門的文化創意設計帶來了巨大的發展生機。澳门科技大学,一個身處於這個特殊城市,又肩負著助力發展本土文化創意產業責任的人文機構,一個擁有人文藝術學院與藝術設計專業的特色大學,如何能結合澳門的地域性文化特色,開啟學院師生的藝術設計創作潛能,為這個城市的歷史、文化、經濟建設發聲、助力是我們義不容辭的責任。“格物設計",一個立足澳門,秉承“格物"的科學信仰和設計的藝術精神,以開發澳門文化創意產業為己任,依托一批具有創造力、專業精神和務實作風的設計師與工作團隊的設計品牌,人文藝術學院藝術設計專業便是這個品牌發展重要的核心力量之一。由此導出的對這個文創設計品牌定位的思考:對澳门地域性文化特色的考量,對澳門這個特殊城市的历史、文化與內涵深入的挖掘,以及一個帶有學院的研究性與獨創性特質,致力於為澳門城市發展發聲、助力所創辦的文創品牌研發的設計方法與路徑研究。同時,也是站在學院的角度,對“產學研"一體化關係的探索與考量。關鍵詞:� 澳門文創設計;“格物設計";研發路徑;產學研Research on the methods and paths of cultural and creative design in Macau ——Thoughts on brand development based on“ Gold Wood Design” Xueqing WANG, Guanghui HUANG*(Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )Abstract: � Macau, a famous historical and cultural city with unique characteristics, is a prosperous city that embraces both the East and the west, traditional and modern, and also a tourist city with endless fl ow of people. The characteristics of this city have brought great vitality to the cultural and creative design of Macau. Macau University of Science and Technology, a humanistic institution located in this special city and shouldering the responsibility of helping the development of local cultural and creative industries, a characteristic school with Humanities and Arts and artistic design majors. It is our bounden duty to help exploring the regional cultural characteristics of Macau, tap the creative potential of teachers and students of the academy, and speak for the history, culture and economic construction of the city.“ Gold Wood Design” is a design brand based in Macau, adhering to the scientifi c belief of “Gold Wood Design” and theartistic spirit of design, taking the development of Macau's cultural and creative industries as its own responsibility, relying on a number of creative, professional and pragmatic designers and working teams. Artistic design majors of Humanities and Arts are one 收稿日期:2020-09-26;修訂日期:2021-01-26。*通訊作者:黄光輝,女,博士,澳門科技大學人文藝術學院助理教授,主要研究方向:視覺傳達設計。E-mail:106007135@qq.com,Tel: 00853-63569102
2of the core forces for the development of this brand. The thinking on the positioning of the cultural and creative design brand is as follows: the consideration of the regional cultural characteristics of Macau, the in-depth excavation of the history, culture and connotation of Macau as a special city, and the characteristics of academicism and study, which is committed to the research and development of the cultural and creative brands established by Macau. At the same time, it is also the exploration and consideration of the integration of “industry-university-research” cooperation, learning and research from the perspective of the college.Keywords: � cultural and creative design in Macau; “ Gold Wood Design”; research and development path; “industry-university-research” cooperation0 缘起 澳門,一個獨具特色的歷史、文化名城,一個包容東方與西方,傳統與現代的繁榮都市。澳門,也是一個典型的旅遊城市,人們被這個城市獨具的特色所吸引,人來人往,川流不息。這個城市的特質,給澳門的文化創意設計帶來了巨大的發展生機。澳门科技大学,一個身處於這個特殊城市,又肩負著助力發展本土文化創意產業責任的人文機構,一個擁有人文藝術學院與藝術設計專業的特色大學,如何能結合澳門的地域性文化特色,開啟學院師生的藝術設計創作潛能,為這個城市的歷史、文化、經濟建設,發聲、助力是我們義不容辭的責任。“格物設計”,一個立足澳門,秉承“格物”的科學信仰和設計的藝術精神,以開發澳門文化創意產業為己任,依托一批具有創造力、專業精神和務實作風的設計師與工作團隊的設計品牌,人文藝術學院藝術設計專業便是這個品牌發展重要的核心力量之一。因此,如何助力於品牌的設計拓展,如何針對澳門這個特殊城市的历史、文化與內涵進行深入的挖掘,如何找到合理有效的設計方法與路徑,便是我們在起步階段亟待思考與解決的關鍵問題。同時,結合“格物設計”品牌文化創意產品的研發,也是從學院的角度對“產學研”一體化關係的探索與考量。作為“格物設計”品牌研發的一個切入點,我們將項目研發以“澳門圖形銀行 /Macau Graphic Bank”的主題嵌入了碩士研究生“視覺傳達項目方法學”的課程教學,整個課程的思路是希望把學校品牌“格物設計”對澳門傳統文化、地域性特色、当代語境的設計開發納入我們的研究生教學體系,帶著一種教學、科研相結合的目標,期待著最終能夠將部分教學成果轉換成設計產品。通過“產學研”一體化的結合,為澳門科技大學的教學、研究、品牌開發與我們生活的澳門城市之間搭建起一座貫通的橋樑。1 “澳門圖形銀行”的理念與定位“澳門圖形銀行”是針對“視覺傳達項目方法學”課程,圍繞與“澳门”相關的內容所提出的一個研究主題,也是一個以視覺傳達設計手段切入,針對澳門城市的實際設計項目的思考。假如我們從主題的名稱來解析“澳門圖形銀行”,其內在的涵意為:“澳門”,即地域的定位,這是一座獨具特色的中西文化交融、多元共存於一地,被列入“世界文化遺產”目錄的歷史名城;“圖形”,即對澳門以圖形的形式進行呈現的定位;“銀行”則並非金融銀行的概念,其含義相當於一個宏觀的澳門圖形的“儲存庫”,即在“澳門圖形銀行”這個儲存庫之中,聚集了各種各樣與澳门相關的,以圖形形式呈現的設計資源,能夠成為之後的澳門文創設計的源泉之一。因此,在這個課程整體的把控中,我們希望首先能夠解決對澳門這個特色城市展開圖形的基礎研究,為下一步“格物設計”的文創產品研發做好前期的準備與圖形基礎的積累。也是致力於將設計專業的教學與社會的實際需求進行融合,培養學生的工作與就業能力的一個有力的舉措。
7遺產中吸取精神性的養料?如何提取可為今天創新設計所用的設計元素、符號、色彩,並尋找易於活化、創新,進行設計拓展的形式與載體?儘管這些傳統的習俗、節慶都是一些“老東西”,“時代性的升級”“重新演繹”又將如何體現?哪些是傳承與活化的有效舉措?這是我們的基礎研究階段直面與思考的問題,也是設計方法論的研究。從整體上說,我們的設計策略是從澳門幾個重要傳統節慶中提取重要的、有代表性的元素——人物、物件、建築,如媽祖、哪吒、廟宇;從節慶活動氛圍中尋找不同的道具、物件,如舞龍、舞獅、燈籠、舞蹈、巡遊⋯⋯在畫面的組織關係上,尋求平面化構圖形式,增強畫面的當代性裝飾趣味,尤其是運用一些與節慶相關的道具活躍畫面,加強節日氣氛;在色彩的配置上,選擇主套色與輔助套色配合的用色手段——主套色運用高飽和度色彩,以加強節日氛圍,多用於主體圖形;輔助套色則選擇更加時尚、年輕的高明度色彩,多用於底色,以加強畫面整體的時尚性。在传统与创新的问题上,正如同在巴黎享有盛名的韩国著名服装设计师李英熙(LEE Young Hee)所言:“传统,只仅仅谈论是不够的,需要与其同在,需要将其融入今天的生活之中。”“我在寻觅途中……没有过去的传统,我无法呈现今天的价值,是传统给我指引了道路。”[8] 總之,對於我們而言,如何能夠使人們從我們的這些設計中感受到其來源並根植於傳統,但又能夠融入並感受到今天的時尚生活氣息,這便是我們所期待的,也是“格物設計”尋求的突破點。結語“格物設計”文化創意品牌的研發,從其起步之初就具備了一種特殊的身份與性質。無論是對於澳門這麼一座具有特殊地域性文化特質城市的擔當,或者是站在一種人文與藝術的創新角度的思考,我們都義不容辭地去為這個品牌的研發定位、方向,尤其是在後續設計的思路、方法與創新上進行研究與探索。正如聯合國教科文組織總幹事伊琳娜 . 博科娃所言:“文化創意產業,為世界創建了美好的未來” [9] 我們期待著從這個肩負特殊使命的學院出發所展開的一個文化創意品牌的設計,能夠成為不斷地發掘澳門的文化潛質,充分地弘揚澳門城市的特色,又能夠對接於這個世界的時代性特徵的文化使者。發揚澳門科技大學人文藝術學院所具有的藝術創新與設計的潛能,以“另闢蹊徑、換方法出牌”的方針去努力深度挖掘能夠體現澳門文创設計新面貌的路徑與方法,將是我們整個研創工作始終堅持的目標與方向。無論是在設計主題選擇的典型性,還是在切入與創新視角的獨特性方面,或是在表現的風格與文創產品形式的創新性方面,都寄希望於這個品牌的文創產品能夠成為澳門獨樹一幟,兼具地域性、文化性以及國際性語言等創新型產品。不僅如此,期待著伴隨這個文創品牌的研發,能夠開啟人文藝術學院師生無限的藝術設計、創作潛能,為這個城市的歷史、文化、經濟建設發聲、助力。同時,也能夠從“產學研”的新視角推進學院設計專業的研究與教學,培養能夠更好地適應於社會的就業需求,並具有獨創藝術設計能力與時代性感知的優秀人才。[1] 鄭美京[韓],王雪青,圖形語言與設計,上海人民美術出版社,2019.[2] 尹定邦,圖形與意義,湖南科學技術出版社,2001.[3] 澳門新八景,(2019-04-30)百科百度網站 baike.baidu.com.[4] 雍昕,邮礼澳门之新八景,2020. [5] 賈栖童,澳門圖形銀行——身臨其澳品牌策劃,2020.[6] 王雪青/鄭美京[韓]/王小丁,東方設計的傳承與活化,中國美術學院出版社,2020.[7] 貢布里希[英],藝術的故事,廣西美術出版社,2008.[8] LEE Young Hee,LEE YOUNG HEE[韓],Studio Paris,1995.[9] 周雯晶,國外文化創意產業政策及其對澳門的啟示,澳門大學社會科學及人文學院 公共行政,澳門,2012.参考文献王雪青等 澳門文創設計方法與路徑研究——基於“格物設計”品牌研發的思考
8第 14 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.14 No.2 2020 年12 月 31 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2020 收稿日期:2020-12-03;修訂日期:2021-01-23。*通訊作者: 李玉馨,女,澳門科技大學社會和文化研究所2019級歷史學博士研究生,研究方向為中國近代史、澳門史。九澳村的現代化之路——以基礎設施建設為中心李玉馨*(澳門科技大學,澳門)摘要:� 在1970年至2020年的五十年間,澳門半島、氹仔與路環連成一體,經濟快速增長,澳門的現代化進程快速推進,位於路環東北角的九澳村也隨之走上了從屬於澳門半島的現代化道路。上世紀70年代以前,偏僻的九澳曾被用於安置痲瘋病人;70-90年代間,油電能源儲存於九澳,隨之修建的道路、港口將九澳捲入現代化進程中;90年代以後,九澳的自然和文化優勢逐漸引起關注,其現代化進程被賦予一定的自主性及協同性。由於被動地接受現代化洗禮,九澳發展較為緩慢,村民對現代化的參與也不足,但卻因此保留了較好的自然環境以及部分古代建築與傳統民俗。未來九澳現代化之路,必須通過政府與民間的合作,傳承和弘揚九澳獨特的客家文化,使之成為澳門多元文化乃至世界旅遊休閒中心的有機組成部分。關鍵詞:� 澳門;九澳;客家村;基礎建設;現代化Ka Ho Village Road to Modernization——With the Development of Infrastructure as CentreIoc Heng LEI * (Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China)Abstract: � In the 50 years between 1970 and 2020, with Macau, Taipa and Coloane connected and accessible as one area, Macau’s economy swiftly grew and fl ourished, thus lending impetus to Macau and pushing it towards modernization. Ka Ho village is situated in the isolated north east corner of Coloane and, along the way of the modernization of the Macau peninsula, Ka Ho was also being pulled into this process. Before the 70s, it was simply a site for the leprosy colony; in the 70s and 90s, major infrastructure for electricity, fuel and container port was built in Ka Ho, and roads were constructed for ease of accessibility. In the 90s and after, as Ka Ho began to attract attention and recognition for its own cultural merits as well as its natural environment; modernization in Ka Ho entered a new era of self-consciousness and collaboration. As Ka Ho was initially just being pulled onto the modernization wagon, the development of Ka Ho proceeded at a rather slow pace and the participation of the villagers in the modernization process was simply insuffi cient. However, this slow pace did benefi t Ka Ho in that the local natural environment, the culture and traditions of the local Hakka and part of the older architectures were left intact. To navigate successfully further down the road of modernization for Ka Ho would require collaboration of both the Macau government and the locals in fostering this unique Hakka heritage that is an inherent part of the area, thus cementing Ka Ho as an important element in this multi-cultural global tourism and leisure centre that is Macau.Keywords: � Macau; Ka Ho; Hakka village; infrastructure; modernization
15有燒烤爐及兒童遊樂設施。公園雖小,但後面即是全長 1,490 米的九澳高頂家樂徑(Trilho do Altinho de Ká Hó),可以遠眺九澳水庫和高爾夫球場的景色,適合家庭遠足;此徑連通黑沙水庫家樂徑及黑沙水庫郊野公園,步行徑全程達 8.4 公里,是九澳連接黑沙的綜合郊野公園。[52]澳門高爾夫球鄉村俱樂部(Clube de Golfe e de Campo de Macau) 坐落在黑沙馬路傍,球場的大部份坐落於九澳山的南側,而餘下一部份則是在九澳高頂馬路北側,鄰近九澳水庫,從圖 2 可見高爾夫球場幾乎全部在九澳範圍之內,因此將高爾夫球俱樂部撇除在九澳地區之外既不現實亦不合理。高爾夫球俱樂部在 1993 年啟用,是澳門最早的高爾夫球會,至今仍在營運。這個十八洞的高爾夫球俱樂部是華南地區提供最完善設施的高爾夫球會之一,自 1998 年開始每年都舉辦澳門高爾夫球公開賽[53]。目前該高爾夫球會為私人會員俱樂部,尚未對公眾開放。除了生態公園、高爾夫球場等休閒娛樂設施之外,九澳村的人文價值也逐漸為學界和社會所重視。相關研究顯示[54][55],九澳村自清中葉已有人居住。這樣一條稀有的客家雜姓村落,偏處海隅,歷經三百餘年的滄桑,至今仍有村民聲稱保留清朝道光年間的地契。雖然村中並無祠堂,但卻保留客家方言及受供奉的觀音廟、三聖廟、伯公神壇、土地廟和海神神壇等。可以說,九澳村是澳門僅存的、符合後現代化物質文明逐步回歸生態文明的原生態村落之一。當然,九澳的這種現代化發展亦遇到許多困難。上世紀 70 年代至 90 年代,九澳的現代化進程,在一定程度上破壞了九澳原有的自然和人文生態,導致九澳村既不能在經濟上自給自足,亦難以傳承其獨特的客家文化。更為嚴重的是,現代化和城鎮化的進程,致使九澳的社會生態難以維繫。受外界的意識形態衝擊和城鄉差距的影響,九澳青年村民嚮往城市生活,而便捷的交通增加了前往城市求學與工作的機會,青年村民出走日趨平常。目前,九澳村登記村民 200 多人,常住村民只有 40 人左右。[56]小村落最終無法抵禦現代化和城鎮化的浪潮,聖母村和幾座神廟只能算是保留了關於昔日九澳的“歷史想像”。然而,對以多元文化並存揚名於世的澳門而言,保留九澳獨特的客家文化才是真正需要考慮和研究的。九澳村正處於破碎的邊緣,任何發展計劃都必須首先認識九澳的過去和現在,否則,試圖將九澳村重塑和維持傳統的客家村落將是徒勞無功的。長遠來看,九澳的規劃必須融入澳門整體規劃中,與澳門作為一個整體相互呼應和輝映。雖然九澳已不可能回復成傳統村落原貌,但重新規劃為帶有傳統客家文化的“新村”卻是可行的。由於九澳有便利的交通網絡通往市區,一個大膽的想法是對九澳的現有房屋和土地作詳細核查和分析,研究九澳村現存的有形資產(如廟宇等)和無形資產(習俗),保留有價值且具代表性及能夠持續發展的部分,將剩下房屋及土地重新規劃,供給那些願意遠離市區擁擠喧囂生活、到九澳尋找濃郁客家文化和寧靜新生活的都市居民。政府的作為,其中一個可能性是提供可持續的補助,使九澳“新村”能夠散發客家文化的魅力,吸引居民和遊客的到來。在政府財政許可的情況下,所有有形資產應該同期統一處理修繕,否則會失卻地區整體規劃及區域間的互補意義。九澳不能亦不應分離規劃,只有將九澳的發展與澳門整體規劃掛鉤,才有可能令九澳村延續客家文化,再展生機。沒有常住居民就不可能保留傳統文化,不將九澳融入澳門整體發展亦可能導致九澳村的繼續衰敗。在澳門逐步自我提升為旅遊勝地以配合國家發展規劃的同時,將澳門各個區域分拆成獨立個體處理將不利於澳門的整體發展;澳門半島、氹仔、路氹填海區及路環應互助互補、相輔相成,通過整體規劃以滿足未來發展需要。同時,懸而未決的九澳土地權屬問題應盡快協商解決。特區政府和九澳村民甚至澳門市民必須以堅定的決心、李玉馨 九澳村的現代化之路——以基礎設施建設為中心
16無比的努力,才能讓九澳搭上澳門現代化的順風車,這不僅有利於九澳的“重生”,亦有利於澳門的整體發展。4 結語70 年代以前,九澳位於主要貿易路線的相反方向,而成為澳門早期現代化的邊緣地帶。70-90年代,受到內地經濟發展以及澳門與內地政治經濟聯繫的深化,澳門經濟快速發展,城市迅速擴張,九澳成為澳門部署風險產業的地區而被拉入澳門現代化進程之中。在這一過程中,九澳的自然生態、社會結構以及傳統文化都受到了不同程度的衝擊,並被迫承擔了澳門半島現代化過程中伴生的污染與風險。但相應的,九澳的基礎設施和生活水平也在這一時期大幅提高。90 年代以後,儘管九澳在澳門整體經濟中處於邊緣位置,但也隨著內地與澳門經濟聯繫越來越密切,以及澳門經濟的轉型,九澳開始注重環境和諧,發掘自身文化資源,結合整體經濟環境,探索平衡和諧發展的新道路。九澳的現代化和澳門經濟發展、內地與澳門關係,以及九澳的自然、社會條件有密切的關係。不同時代的經濟環境給九澳村帶來不同的機遇和挑戰。如何抓住內地與澳門經濟聯繫密切以及澳門經濟結構調整的機遇,利用自身的人文、自然條件,促進與澳門半島的協同發展,是九澳今後面臨的重要挑戰。澳門已被納入國家發展規劃中,並致力建設成為世界旅遊休閒中心;澳門在旅遊、科研、中醫藥、環境、娛樂、物流運輸、創意工業以及中國與葡語國家商貿合作平台等領域將在大灣區發揮重要作用。但澳門是彈丸之地,必須善用資源,結合新的創意和要素以產生新的競爭力和吸引力。九澳客家村已經凋零,然而九澳的內涵,包括九澳港及工業區,與大自然結合的高爾夫球場,以及九澳水庫、步行徑、聖母村、三聖廟、觀音廟等等名勝古蹟,加上村裡的客家移民後裔及其習俗,在保育和優化前提下,在九澳村民的主動參與下,均可成為創新、創業的新元素。同時,政府應注重環境保護,讓港口和污染行業區保留在九澳聖母馬路的北側,適時變更和優化部份規劃,針對性地創建不同系列的休閒配套設施,挖掘、弘揚客家歷史文化,發展文化旅遊,將九澳發展成為澳門建設世界旅遊休閒中心的有機組成部分。[1] 施航華, 翟毅, 賈瓊. 城市基礎設施建設投融資理論與實踐創新[M], 天津:南開大學出版社, 2016. [2] Mayhew, Leon H., ed. Talcott Parsons on Institutions and social evolution: selected writings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.[3] W.W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth, The Economic History Review, Second Series, Vol XII, No. 1, 1959.[4] Alex Inkeles & D.H. Smith, Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974.[5] 張飛岸.歷史比較:現代化研究不可或缺的視野[J]. 中國人民大學學報,2010(2):128-136.[6] 張長河. 城鄉發展失衡成為經濟生活突出矛盾, 教育醫療社保等方面差距應高度重視[EB/OL]. (2020-08-03). http://www.gov.cn/zwhd/2006-11/21/content_449061.htm.[7] 鄭煒明, 陳德好. 九澳聖母村:澳門最後的麻瘋病留醫所[M]. 澳門理工學院, 2013.[8] 摩拉. 澳門之麻瘋[J]. 麻瘋季刊,1936(3):111-115.[9] 董少新. 明清時期澳門麻風病院[J]. 澳門雜誌, 2005(34):80-90.[10] 林韻薇. 澳門麻風病院歷史初探[J]. 澳門理工學報, 2006(3):156-163.[11] 于玲玲. 澳、氹、路麻瘋病院及其與廣東各地麻瘋病院的比較[J]. 海島逥瀾, 2011(2):40-48.[12] 譚世寶. 金石銘刻的氹仔九澳史: 清代氹仔九澳廟宇碑刻鐘銘等集錄研究. 廣州:廣東人民出版社, 2011.[13] 鄭德華. 澳門路環九澳村: 一條濱海客家村的歷史考察[J]. 文化雜誌(中文版), 2007(62):1-12.[14] 蕭國健. 澳門路環島九澳灣之棋盤石刻[J]. 海島逥瀾, 2013(5):39-40.参考文献
18第 14 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.14 No.2 2020 年12 月 31 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2020 Manuscript received: 2020-07-30; revised: 2020-11-17.﹡Corresponding author: Zhifei Mao, Ph.D. Assistant Professor. Her research interests are risk society theory, fi nancial communication. E-mail: feimyks@163.com, Tel:0755-86581096 Who is more likely to spread rumors? A study of the relationship be-tween critical thinking, health anxiety, helpfulness, exhibitionism, and health rumor transmission on WeChat among older adults in China Di WANG1, Zhifei MAO2*(1.Department of Humanity and Art, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China;2.School of Journalismand Commmunication, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China)Abstract: � With the popularity of social networking sites, rumors also found their way in these sites. Health is one of the most popular rumor topics on WeChat, one of the most popular social networking sites in China[1]. Among the people who transmit health rumors, older adults have become the main force[2].誰更有可能散佈謠言? 微信上中國老年人的批判性思維、健康焦慮、樂於助人,自我宣傳癖和健康謠言傳播的關係研究王迪1,茅知非2*(1.澳門科技大學人文藝術學院,澳門;2.深圳大學新聞與傳播學院,深圳)摘要:隨著社交網站的普及,謠言也出現在了這些網站上。健康謠言是微信(中國最受歡迎的社交軟件之一)上最流行的謠言話題之一[1]。在傳播健康謠言的人群中,老年人已成為主要力量[2]。 關於謠言的經典研究主要集中在諸如戰爭或地震等極端事件下特定謠言資訊傳播的預測因數[3~4],而忽視了謠言傳播的群體或社會文化決定因素[5]。本研究探討了日常生活中健康謠言傳播的個人特質預測變量,以及反映人際影響的預測變量。具體來説,我們假設批判性思維低、高健康焦慮、樂於助人和自我宣傳癖的老年人更願意在SNS上傳播謠言。 這項針對中國50歲以上老年人(n = 914)的調查結果表明,批判性思維與謠言傳播意圖呈負相關,樂於助人與謠言傳播意圖呈正相關,而健康焦慮和自我宣傳癖與謠言傳播意圖沒有明顯的相關關係。關鍵詞:� 謠言;批判性思維;健康焦慮;樂於助人;自我宣傳癖Keywords: � Rumor; critical thinking; health anxiety; helpfulness; exhibitionism Classical studies on rumor mainly focused on the predictors of the transmission of specific rumor messages under extreme events, such as war or earthquake[3~4] and overlooked the group or sociocultural determinants of rumor transmission[5]. This study examined the trait predictors of the transmission of health rumor in everyday life, and included predictor variables that refl ect interpersonal infl uence. Specially, we hypothesized that older people who are low in critical thinking, high in health anxiety, helpfulness and exhibitionism are more willing to transmit rumor on SNSs. Results from a survey with Chinese older adults who are 50 years or older (n = 914) showed that critical thinking was negatively related to rumor transmission intention, helpfulness was positively related to rumor transmission intention, while health anxiety and exhibitionism were not signifi cantly related to rumor transmission intention.
19王迪等 Who is more likely to spread rumors? A study of the relationship between critical thinking, health anxiety, helpfulness, exhibitionism, and health rumor transmission on WeChat among older adults in China0 IntroductionRumor generally refers to an unverifi ed proposition for belief that has topical relevance for people who are actively involved in its dissemination[6]. As one of the most popular applications for sharing information, social media has become a common platform for spreading rumors[7]. In 2017, WeChat, one of the most popular social networking sites in China, has found and refuted rumor 490 million times, covering 140 million users[8]. Health is one of the most popular rumor topics on WeChat[1]. The overflow of health rumors not only misguides public opinion and creates public panic, but also triggers actual imitation behavior of individuals, which endangers their health and even their lives[9].China has become an aging society since 1999[11]. According to the data released by the National Bureau of statistics, by the end of 2019, China's elderly population aged 60 and above reached 254 million, accounting for 18.1% of the total population, and the elderly population aged 65 and above reached 176 million, accounting for 12.6% of the total population. Data from China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) showed that the number of elderly users of social networking increased rapidly in the past few years [12]. As a “new generation” of social networking sites, older adults are actively sharing information on WeChat[10]. Along with the information being shared are rumors. According to WeChat statistics, in 2016, 80% of users who forwarded more than fi ve rumors on WeChat every month were people who were over 50 years old[2]. How to understand this rumor transmission behavior among older adults is the focus of this study.Many scholars have tr ied to explain the motivations behind rumor transmission. Allport and Postman’s[3] rumor model proposed two predictors of rumor transmission: ambiguity and importance. Rosnow[13] extended the model and included four factors behind rumor transmission: uncertainty of the situation, relevance of the rumor to the person, anxiety associated with the rumor, and trust in the rumor based on its perceived accuracy. However, these models focused mainly on factors infl uencing the transmission of a specific rumor; few studies have tried to explore what individual characteristics lead to habitual rumor transmission. What is more, Bordia and DiFonzo[5] criticized the fact that rumor transmission is a group phenomenon, yet these models did not include the group impact factor. This study will add to the literature by examining two group-related variables: helpfulness and exhibitionism.The third contribution of the study is that previous studies on rumor mainly focused on the extreme-event scenarios, such as earthquakes[14], war[3], terrorist attack[15] and kidnapping[16]. Few studies have investigated rumors in normal everyday life. This study will focus on the most popular everyday rumor, namely health-related rumor, to fi ll the gap in the literature.As transmission of rumor is socially undesirable, few people would admit that they have transmitted rumors and talk about their motivations for doing so. Therefore we want to explore whether there are some common personal traits that affect their willingness to transmit rumors. To explore this question, we borrow insights from previous theoretical perspectives, that is Bordia and DiFonzo’s[17] three motivations underlying the spreading of rumor (fact finding, relationship building and self-enhancement) and the anxiety factor identifi ed in previous research[18]. Specially, people who are motivated by fact-finding motivations are likely to spread rumors in the hope that collective wisdom can help them to varify the information in the rumor. Those who are high in critical thinking may not need other people’s wisdom to verify the information in the rumor. They may verify the information themselves before forwarding the information to others. Whereas, those who are low in critical thinking may forward rumor information without verifying it themselves, in the hope that others may verify it for them. People who are motivated by relationship building and self-enhancement motivations may spread rumors to get the attention of the listener, appear “in the know”, and show their status or prestige by knowing valuable information before others. Therefore, those who are high in exhibitionism may forward rumors more than those who are low in exhibitionism. Appearing helpful
20may be another factor behind the relationship building motivation as it can enhance interpersonal relationships. Finally, as health rumors are specifically related to health issues, elderly people who are highly concerned about their health conditions may forward health rumors more than others. Therefore, we hypothesize that that older people who are low in critical thinking, and high in health anxiety, helpfulness and exhibitionism, are more willing to transmit rumor on social networking sites (SNSs).Critical thinking and health rumor transmission.Critical thinking is refl ective and rational thinking, which focuses on deciding what to believe or do[17]. Critical thinking is an important part of media literacy, which allows the public to discover the truth and refute the misinformation in rumors[20]. Many scholars believed that there should be a negative relationship between critical thinking and rumor transmission[20,21~22]. However, there are few empirical studies that specifically test this hypothesis, thus we shall test this hypothesis in the current study.As people get older, their cognitive abilities also get worse[23]. Zhao[24] found that critical thinking is positively related to the cognitive ability of the elderly. Therefore, we can infer that critical thinking also declines with age. What is more, the educational level of older adults currently in China is relatively low[25]. Zhao[24] found that education is positively correlated with the cognitive ability of the elderly. Thus, the low education level of Chinese older adults may be another factor leading to their low critical ability.As the critical thinking ability of Chinese older adults is relatively low, when faced with a large amount of health information on WeChat, they lack the relevant knowledge and critical ability to judge and resist rumors, and may end up transmitting rumors. Therefore our fi rst hypothesis is as follows:H1: Critical thinking is a negative predictor of health rumor transmission on SNSs for older adults.Health anxiety and health rumor transmission.Anxiety is an acute or chronic emotional state that arises from or is associated with an impending, potentially disappointing outcome [13]. Knapp[26] argued that one of the purposes of rumor transmission is to share one’s anxiety with other people and to get reassurance and emotional support. Bordia, DiFonzo, Haines, and Chaseling[27] argued that although anxiety encourages people to find the truth, excessive anxiety also inhibits people's ability to rationally assess the situation they face. Many studies have found that anxiety can lead to rumors[4~5,28]. However, most of these studies have focused on situational anxiety. Studies have shown that chronic anxiety can also lead to rumors [18]. Older adults are prone to have health problems, which may lead to high chronic health anxiety[29]. Lagoe and Atkin[30] found that health anxiety is positively related to health information seeking on the Internet. This heightened health anxiety may also lead older people to be more willing to spread health rumors to reduce their health anxiety[3]. Therefore, our second hypothesis is the following:H2: Health anxiety is a positive preditor of health rumor transmission on WeChat for older adults.Helpfulness and health rumor transmission.Helpfulness is defined as the tendency of an individual to provide helps to needy others[31]. Penner, Fritzsche, Craiger, and Freifeld[31] treat helpfulness as a stable personal trait, rather than a situational choice, and proposed that it is one of the two components of a prosocial personality. As there is still debate about the motivational mechanisms behind prosocial behaviors, that is, whether people help others out of altruism or egotism[32], we shall use helpfulness as a trait without distinguishing the motivations behind it. Knapp[26] argued that the motivation to transmit rumors, especially panic rumors, may come from the desire to inform others of impending danger or threat. Health-related rumors often appeal to fear to attract the attention of the reader. Thus, older adults who are high in helpfulness may forward these rumors to inform others of their potential health problem. Altruism has been found to be a major motivation for online knowledge sharing[33-36]. Studies showed that prosocial tendencies increase with age[37]. Thus, helpful older adults may be highly motivated to share health
21information online. However, as health information involves medical science and other professional knowledge, which makes it difficult to distinguish between true and false for nonprofessional people, knowledge sharing may unintentionally become rumor dissemination. A study with members of online cancer discussion groups found that altruistic motivation is one of the most frequently mentioned motivations for cancer rumor transmission[38]. Based on the above literature, our third hypothesis is: H3: Helpfulness is a positive predictor of health rumor transmission on WeChat for older adults.Exhibitionism and health rumor transmission.Exhibitionism is one of the seven components of narcissism[39]. Exhibitionists have a relentless need to validate their self-beliefs in front of others, and are characterized by prestige seeking, trendsetting and compliment seeking[40]. Exhibitionism has been found to be positively related to self-promoting SNS behaviors such as interacting with a large, public Facebook community[41]. Song, Cho, and Kim[42] found that exhibitionism positively predicts the propensity to become an opinion leader in social media.To enhance their social images, exhibitionists may resort to rumormongering as a means of heightening their personal status with their peers[26]. Norris[43] argued that members of online communities who share the latest news or rumors are providing a valuable and desired resource to the community. If the rumors turn out to be true, then the rumormonger will gain the prestige of being an expert[44] and will be reflected favorably by others[45]. Marett and Joshi[46] found that reputation-related motivations were signifi cantly related to rumor transmission.Older adults high in exhibitionism usually play the authority role in offline everyday life. They may also wish to extend their authority to the Internet. In order to win their right of speech, older adults may play an active role in information dissemination, among which may be rumors, so as to create an image of an opinion leader. Therefore, our fourth hypothesis is as follows:H4: Exhibitionism is a positive preditor of health rumor transmission on WeChat for older adults.1 Material and methods1.1 Participants and Survey development As older adults aged over 50 contributed a great proportion of the rumors on WeChat[2], we asked undergraduate students to refer participants who are 50 or older that have used WeChat before. The students received extra course credits for referring participants. A total of 1222 questionnaires were collected. After excluding ineligible participants that were younger than 50, a total of 914 valid questionnaires were included in the sample (509 females) with an average age of 55.09 (SD = 6.48) among the participants concerned.The rumor materials in this study were mainly obtained from “WeChat rumor-refuting assistant”, a small program launched by WeChat. After screening a large number of rumors, we divided health rumors into three categories: food/health care, disease-related lifestyle and medical science rumors and selected nine health rumors (three for each category) for pretest.A pretest (n = 84) was conducted to test the trustworthiness and familiarity of the nine health rumors. Familiarity was measured by the information familiarity scale adjusted from Gao, Xu and Liu[47]. Respondents were asked their agreement to three questions: “I am very familiar with this news.” “My relatives and friends have mentioned this message before.” “I have heard or seen media report on this message.” Credibility was measured by the credibility scale developed by Lichtenstein and Bearden[48]. The scale has 5 questions, but due to the similarity of the Chinese translation, only 3 distinct questions were remained the scale. “I think this information is very real.” “I think this information is very credible.” “I think this information is very reliable.” The two scales were both coded on a five point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree, 5= strongly agree).Results showed that of the nine messages that we tested, only four messages’ credibility score exceeded 3.00, which means respondents found them credible. Of these four messages, we chose the three least familiar 王迪等 Who is more likely to spread rumors? A study of the relationship between critical thinking, health anxiety, helpfulness, exhibitionism, and health rumor transmission on WeChat among older adults in China
22messages as the rumor messages for the main test (See Appendix: Figure 1).1.2 Measures1.2.1 Dependent variable: Rumor transmission intention. To test the transmission intention of older adults, we developed a scale based on previous studies[49~51]. To control for source credibility, we did not mention who the sender of the rumor was. We asked respondents: “If you see this message from WeChat, what will you do?” Respondents were asked their agreement to three statements: “I will forward this message to my friends/relatives.” “If my friends/relatives are in line with the above situations, I will forward this message to them.” “If my friends/relatives talk about topics similar to this, I shall forward this message to them.” Responses were coded with a five-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree, 5= strongly agree). Cronbach's Alpha was 0.94.1.2.2 Independent variables1) Critical thinking. Critical thinking was measured by the Chinese version of the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory[52]. It asked respondents’ agreement to seven statements, such as “There are four reasons for agreeing on something and one reason for disagreeing, I will choose to agree.” on a five point Likert scale (reverse coded as strongly agree =1,strongly disagree =5). Higher score indicates higher critical thinking. Cronbach's Alpha was 0.74.2) Health anxiety. Health anxiety was measured by the Chinese version of Short Health Anxiety Inventory[53]. Sample of the questions are: “I worry about my health”, “I will lose my dignity if I get a severe disease.” Responses were coded on a 0-3 scale (never = 0, sometimes = 1, often = 2, always = 3). Cronbach's Alpha was 0.85.3) Helpfulness.Helpfulness was measured by the 8-item “help” subscale of the warm-heartedness scale [54]. It asked respondents’ agreement to questions such as “I assist someone when he/she needs it.” Responses were coded on a 5-point Likert scale (1= “Strongly Disagree” to 5 = “Strongly Agree”). Cronbach's Alpha was 0.85.4) Exhibitionism. Exhibitionism was measured by the 7-item exhibitionism subscale of narcissism[39]. Sample of the questions are: “I like to be the center of attention”, “I am apt to show off if I get the chance.” Responses were coded on a 5 point scale (1= “Strongly Disagree” to 5 = “Strongly Agree”). Cronbach's Alpha was 0.86.1.2.3 Control variablesThe control variables were gender (female = 1, male = 0), age (years), education (recoded as years of education), the frequency of forwarding messages on WeChat (recoded as times per day), severe disease history (yes =1, no =0), and medical profession/major (yes = 1, no = 0).2 Result2.1 Descriptive statisticsResults showed that respondents’ average years of education were 14.18 years (M = 2.86), which means their average educational level is higher than high school. They forwarded 0.49 messages per day on average (SD = 0.84) (Table 1). Few people were medical profession or major (M = 0.09, SD = 0.29). More than half of the respondents have had a serious medical disease (M = 0.56, SD = 0.50).Table 1 Descriptive statistics N % M SDAge 914 55.09 6.48Gender 914 Male 405 44.3% Female 509 55.7% Years of education 914 14.18 2.86Forward frequency (times/day) 914 0.49 0.84Medical profession/major 914 0.09 0.29(Yes =1, No =0)Severe disease history 914 0.56 0.50 (Yes =1, No =0)
232.3 RegressionTo examine f ac to r s t ha t p r ed i c t rumor transmission intention, a hierarchical multiple regression analyses was conducted by entering demographic variables and SNS message forward frequency in the f i rs t s tep, cr i t ical thinking in the second step, health anxiety in the third step, helpfulness in the fourth step, followed by exhibitionism in the fi fth step. Control variables, such as age, gender and severe disease history were not related to the dependent variables, and were excluded in the regressions.Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that education (β = -0.07, p < 0.05), WeChat message forward frequency (β = 0.08, p < 0.05), medical profession/major (β = -0.06, p < 0.05), critical thinking (β = -0.26, p < 0.001), helpfulness (β = 0.27, p < 0.001) were signifi cantly related to rumor transmission intention, while health anxiety and exhibitionism were not significantly related to rumor transmission intention (Table 4). The results supported H1 and H3, and rejected H2 and H4.For the indicators predicting rumor transmission intention, the largest R2 change was caused by critical thinking (ΔR2 = 0.11), followed by helpfulness (ΔR2 = 0.06), and demographic variables and WeChat message forward frequency (ΔR2 = 0.03). Together, the predictor variables explained 20% of the variance Table 4 Hierarchical multiple regression analyses.Predictors and Steps β R2 Δ R2 ΔFStep 1 Education -0.08* Forward frequency 0.13*** Medical profession/major -0.06 0.03 0.03 8.45***Step 2 Education -0.06 Forward frequency 0.11*** Medical profession/major -0.07* Critical thinking 0.33*** 0.14 0 . 1 1 110.05***Step 3 Education -0.06 Forward frequency 0.11*** Medical profession/major -0.07* Critical thinking -0.32*** Health anxiety 0.04 0.14 0.00 0.23Step 4 Education -0.08* Forward frequency 0.08* Medical profession/major -0.07* Critical thinking -0.25 Health anxiety 0.03 Helpfulness 0.26*** 0.20 0.06 67.37***Step 5 Education -0.07* Forward frequency 0.08* Medical profession/major -0.06* Critical thinking -0.26*** Health anxiety 0.03 Helpfulness 0.27*** Exhibitionism -0.02 0.20 0.00 0.182.2 CorrelationsTable 3 showed that the predictor variables were moderately correlated, which indicates an acceptable degree of multicollinearity among predictors. Table 3 Descriptive statistics and correlations. 1 2 3 4 5 M SD1. Critical thinking 1 -0.30** -0.29** -0.42** -0.34** 2.85 0.622. Health anxiety 1 0.13** 0.28** 0.14** 2.24 0.443. Helpfulness 1 0.44** 0.35** 3.75 0.514. Exhibitionism 1 0.22** 2.79 0.665.Rumor transmission 1 3.62 0.98 intention** p < .01.* p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.王迪等 Who is more likely to spread rumors? A study of the relationship between critical thinking, health anxiety, helpfulness, exhibitionism, and health rumor transmission on WeChat among older adults in China
24in the criterion variable (R2 = 0.20).3 DiscussionThis study aimed to examine the trait predictors of health rumor transmission for older adults in China. Although correlation analysis supported all of our hypotheses, in multiple regression analysis, only critical thinking and helpfulness were signifi cant predictors, while health anxiety and exhibitionism were not s t rong predic tors of hea l th rumor transmission for older adults in China.H1 hypothesized that critical thinking is a negative preditor of older adults’ health rumor transmission intention on WeChat, which was supported by the data. The mean score of critical thinking was 2.95 (SD = 0.62), which means that the critical thinking level of older adults in the sample is a bit low. Critical thinking became the core of American education in the 1980s and 1990s. It was only at the end of the twentieth century that the concept was introduced into China[55]. At the end of the twentieth century, most of the adults in our sample were in their thirties (age: M = 55.09, SD = 6.48), thus they may have lacked training in critical thinking. Moreover, Ku and Ho[56] argued that the reason that Chinese people generally have a lower critical thinking ability than westerners is because of the traditional Confucian-collectivistic values, which stress respect for authority, tradition and social harmony. Accordingly, critical thinking, which leads to diversity in opinions, may not be appreciated. Thus, when facing new information, older adults who are low in critical thinking often make judgments based on their own experience or intuition, and may end up trusting and transmitting rumors.At the same time, the lack of critical thinking among older adults is also linked to the lack of media literacy, as critical thinking is an important part of media literacy[20]. Older adults have just started to use new media in recent years, and they are quick to trust information on the Internet[12]. Thus they may easily trust misinformation on WeChat because of their trust in the media.Our second predictor, health anxiety, was not significantly related to older adults’ rumor transmission intention on WeChat in controlling for other independent variables. There are two possible reasons for failing to fi nd support for this hypothesis. The first is because the three rumor messages we selected were not directly related to the respondents’ health problems. The respondents in the current study were not very old with a mean age of 55.09 years old (SD = 6.48), and their health anxiety was also not very high (M = 2.24, SD = 0.44). Perhaps the reason some of them want to forward these health rumors is that they think that others may need this information, rather than that the message is of great importance to themselves. Second, when answering questions about severe disease and death, older adults may consider them taboo and may not answer them truthfully. Some of the participants in the pretest reported feeling unpleasant emotions after answering the health anxiety questions. Future research could develop a new health anxiety scale that can reflect respondents’ health anxiety level without directly touching on their taboo.H3 hypothesized that helpfulness is a positive predictor of health rumor transmission intention on WeChat, which was supported by the data. The average value for helpfulness was 3.77 (SD = 0.51), which means older adults in our sample were generally very helpful. Warm-hearted older adults may transmit health information to show their concern for others and hope to help others. This helpful behavior may help older adults to build and maintain relationships with their friends and relatives, which is consistent with Bordia and DiFonzo’s[17] argument that rumors serve the purpose of relationship building. However, this well-intended knowledge-sharing behavior may end up being rumor dissemination. H4 hypothesized that exhibitionism is a positive predictor of health rumors transmission intention on WeChat, which was not supported by the data. There are two possible reasons for failing to fi nd support to this hypothesis. The fi rst is that the design of the study did not really allow them to show
25messages to their peers. Without actual transmission behavior, one cannot show off one’s knowledge to others, and will not get social approval from others. Thus exhibitionism may be related to rumor transmission in real life, but cannot be detected by the current study due to the limitations of the current design. Second, due to social desirability bias, older adults may not want to admit that they like to show off. The mean score of exhibitionism was only 2.79 (SD = 0.66). Future research could design more realistic field studies that address the first problem and use better measurements that could reduce social desirability bias.In addition, the study also found a significant relationship between the control variables and rumor transmission. The more education one received, the less likely one will transmit health rumors. Medical profession/major older adults were less likely to transmit health rumors than others, which is consistent with Chuaa and Banerjee’s[57] study. Older adults who report forwarding WeChat message frequently in their everyday life are also more likely to transmit the health rumor messages.4 ConclusionsTo sum, this study found that critical thinking, helpfulness were significantly related to WeChat rumor transmission for older adults in China, while health anxiety and exhibitionism were not strong predictors of WeChat rumor transmission for older adults in China. The practical implication of this study is to cut down the rumor transmission by “taking advantage” of the two factors that significantly increase the transmission of rumors by elderly people—the lack of critical thinking and the desire to help others. With regards to the lack of critical thinking, we suggest the community colleges for elder people in China to launch courses or programs of media literacy. Regarding “helpfulness”, we suggest that the government and media platforms to release more posts on refuting rumors. Out of the desire to help others, the helpful elderly people in China may also forward the counter-rumor posts, which can cut down the rumor transmission effi ciently. FundingThis study was supported by Faculty Research Grant of Macau University of Science and Technology, Grant ID: FRG-20-002-FA (Di Wang); Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Young Scholar Grant. Grant ID: 20C10590040 (Zhifei Mao).References [1] Tencent Technology. 2017 Tencent Rumor Control Report. 2017, [EB/OL].(December 20, 2017)[July 22, 2020]. http://tech.qq.com/a/20171220/026316.htm[2] China Youth Daily. Observation: 80% of the rumor forwarding households are middle-aged and elderly people, and mental emptiness is the main reason. 2017, [EB/OL].(May 05, 2017)[July 22, 2020].http://www.chinanews.com/sh/2017/05-05/8216080.shtml[3] Allport, G. W. & Postman, L. Reining in rumors[J]. Organizational Dynamics, 1994, 23(1): 47-62.[4] Prasad J. The psychology of rumour: A study relating to the great Indian earthquake of 1934[J]. British Journal of Psychology. General Section, 1935, 26(1): 1-15.[5] Bordia P., DiFonzo N. When social psychology became less social: Prasad and the history of rumor research[J]. Asian Journal of Social 王迪等 Who is more likely to spread rumors? A study of the relationship between critical thinking, health anxiety, helpfulness, exhibitionism, and health rumor transmission on WeChat among older adults in ChinaPsychology, 2002, 5(1): 49-61.[6] Rosnow R L., Kimmel A J. Rumors. Encyclopedia of Psychology (Vol. 7, pp. 122–123)[J]. 2000.[7] Kwak, H., Lee, C., Park, H., & Moon, S.What is Twitter, a social network or a news media?. In Proceedings of the 19th international conference on World wide web ,2010:591-600.[8] Pengpai 2018 report on the management of WeChat rumors: Refuting rumor 490 million times a year by rumor refuting center. 2018, [EB/OL].(March 02, 2018)[July 22, 2020]. https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2015392[9] Guangzhou Daily. A man fell to the ground while eating because of a message from WeChat Moment! Doctor: patients should not stop taking medicine without authorization. 2018, [EB/OL].(July 30, 2018)[July 22, 2020].https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_
26forward_2305036[10] Guangzhou Daily. Forty percent of the 100 rumors related are to health preservation. 2018, [EB/OL].(December 10, 2018)[July 22, 2020]. http://m.xinhuanet.com/gd/2018-12/10/c_1123832650.htm[11] Chen B. (2016). China's population aging trend and its impact. [EB/OL].(January 22, 2016)[March 1, 2021]. http://www.sic.gov.cn/News/455/5900.htm[12] Zhao K., Tian F., Zhu D., Gao W., He W., Wang X. & Zhu Y. (2018). Research Report on Internet life of middle aged and old people. (March, 2018)[March 1, 2021]. https://tengyun.tencent.com/storage/source180712/fi les/中老年互联网生活研究报告.pdf[13] Rosnow R L. Inside rumor: A personal journey[J]. American psychologist, 1991, 46(5): 484.[14] Oh O., Kwon K H., Rao H R. An Exploration of Social Media in Extreme Events: Rumor Theory and Twitter during the Haiti Earthquake 2010[C]//Icis. 2010, 231: 7332-7336.[15] Jong W., Dückers M L A. Self-correcting mechanisms and echo-effects in social media: An analysis of the “gunman in the newsroom” crisis[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2016, 59: 334-341.[16] Simon T., Goldberg A., Leykin D., et al. Kidnapping whatsapp–rumors during the search and rescue operation of three kidnapped youth[J]. Computers in human behavior, 2016, 64: 183-190.[17] DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. Psychological motivations in rumor spread[M]//Rumor Mills. Routledge, 2017: 87-102.[18] Anthony S. Anxiety and rumor[J]. The Journal of social psychology, 1973, 89(1): 91-98.[19] Ennis R H. A logical basis for measuring critical thinking skills[J]. Educational leadership, 1985, 43(2): 44-48.[20] Tanaka Y., Sakamoto Y., Matsuka T. Toward a social-technological system that inactivates false rumors through the critical thinking of crowds[C]//2013 46th Hawaii International conference on system sciences. IEEE, 2013: 649-658.[21] Chorus, A. The basic law of rumor. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1953, 48(2): 313-314.[22] Shibutani T. Improvised news: A sociological study of rumor[M]. Ardent Media, 1966.[23] Whalley L J., Deary I J., Appleton C L., et al. Cognitive reserve and the neurobiology of cognitive aging[J]. Ageing research reviews, 2004, 3(4): 369-382.[24] Zhao, H. A study of the relationship between critical thinking tendency, openness and cognitive ability of elderly individuals. Unpublished master's thesis, Chongqing, Southwestern University of China, 2015.[25] Zhang, H. Current status and changes in the education level of the elderly population in China. Chinese Journal of Gerontology, 2016, 36(5): 1215-1216.[26] Knapp R H. A psychology of rumor[J]. Public opinion quarterly, 1944, 8(1): 22-37.[27] Bordia P., DiFonzo N., Haines R., et al. Rumors denials as persuasive messages: Effects of personal relevance, source, and message characteristics 1[J]. Journal of applied social psychology, 2005, 35(6): 1301-1331.[28] Jaeger M E., Anthony S., Rosnow R L. Who hears what from whom and with what effect: A study of rumor[J]. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 1980, 6(3): 473-478.[29] Barsky A. J. and Klerman G. L. Overview: hypochondriasis, bodily complaints, and so-matic styles[J]. American Journal of Psychiatry,1983, 140: 273-283.[30] Lagoe C., Atkin D. Health anxiety in the digital age: An exploration of psychological determinants of online health information seeking[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2015, 52: 484-491.[31] Penner L A., Fritzsche B A., Craiger J P., et al. Measuring the prosocial personality[J]. Advances in personality assessment, 1995, 10: 147-163.[32] Batson C D., Batson J G., Slingsby J K., et al. Empathic joy and the empathy-altruism hypothesis[J]. Journal of personality and social psychology, 1991, 61(3): 413.[33] Cheung C M K., Lee M K O. What drives consumers to spread electronic word of mouth in online consumer-opinion platforms[J]. Decision support systems, 2012, 53(1): 218-225.[34] Ho J Y C., Dempsey M. Viral marketing: Motivations to forward online content[J]. Journal of Business research, 2010, 63(9-10): 1000-1006.[35] Ma W W K., Chan A. Knowledge sharing and social media: Altruism, perceived online attachment motivation, and perceived online relationship commitment[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2014, 39: 51-58.[36] Zhang X., Liu S., Deng Z., et al. Knowledge sharing motivations in online health communities: A comparative study of health professionals and normal users[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2017, 75: 797-810.[37] Rushton J P., Fulker D W., Neale M C., et al. Ageing and the relation of aggression, altruism and assertiveness scales to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire[J]. Personality and individual differences, 1989, 10(2): 261-263.[38] DiFonzo N., Robinson N M., Suls J M., et al. Rumors about cancer: Content, sources, coping, transmission, and belief[J]. Journal of health communication, 2012, 17(9): 1099-1115.[39] Raskin R., Terry H.A principal-components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validity[J]. Journal of personality and social psychology, 1988, 54(5): 890.[40] Wallace H M., Baumeister R F. The performance of narcissists rises and falls with perceived opportunity for glory[J]. Journal of personality and social psychology, 2002, 82(5): 819-834.[41] Singh S., Farley S D., Donahue J J. Grandiosity on display: Social media behaviors and dimensions of narcissism[J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 2018, 134: 308-313.[42] Song S Y., Cho E., Kim Y K. Personality factors and flow affecting opinion leadership in social media[J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 2017, 114: 16-23.[43] Norris, P. “The Bridging and Bonding Role of Online Communities,” in P. Howard and S. Jones (Eds.) Society Online: The Internet in Context, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2004, 31-44. [44] Bordia P., Rosnow R L. Rumor Rest Stops on the Information Highway Transmission Patterns in a Computer-Mediated Rumor Chain[J]. Human Communication Research, 1998, 25(2): 163-179.[45] Rosnow R L. Communications as cultural science[J]. Journal of communication, 1974, 24(3): 26-38.[46] Marett K., Joshi K D. The decision to share information and rumors: Examining the role of motivation in an online discussion forum[J]. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 2009, 24(1): 4.[47] Gao, J., Xu, C. & Liu, C. A study on the impact of familiarity on tourist satisfaction evaluation of tourist destinations: based on the comparison of Chinese and western tourists visiting Xi'an. East China Economics & Management,2015, 29(2): 111-116.[48] Lichtenstein D R., Bearden W O. Contextual infl uences on perceptions of merchant-supplied reference prices[J]. Journal of Consumer Research, 1989, 16(1): 55-66.
27AppendixFigure 1. Rumors in the survey[49] Sun T., Youn S., Wu G., et al. Online word-of-mouth (or mouse): An exploration of its antecedents and consequences[J]. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 2006, 11(4): 1104-1127.[50] Zhang, J. Research on the influencing factors of the willingness of word-of-mouth re-dissemination in the network environment. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 2007.[51] Hua., S. A study of the factors infl uencing Internet rumor dissemination. Unpublished master's thesis, Zhejiang Normal University, Zhejiang, China, 2013[52] Yeh M L. Assessing the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory[J]. International journal of nursing studies, 2002, 39(2): 123-132.[53] Chiang, M. & Teng, M. An exploratory investigation on psychometric properties of the short health anxiety inventory Taiwan version. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2017,8 (2): 1-14.[54] Szymańska A. Developmetric Report on Properties of Aggressive and Warm-hearted Directiveness Scale (DAiS-R) and its application for measurement of parental communication style[J]. Studia Psychologica: Theoria et praxis, 2015, 2(15): 71-82.[55] Li, Z. & Li, Y. (2015). Strategic research on the implementation of critical thinking education for Chinese college students. Foreign Language Teaching Theory & Practice, 2015, 3: 49-56.[56] Ku K Y L., Ho I T. Dispositional factors predicting Chinese students’ critical thinking performance[J]. Personality and Individual Differences, 2010, 48(1): 54-58.[57] Chua A Y K., Banerjee S. Intentions to trust and share online health rumors: An experiment with medical professionals[J]. Computers in Human Behavior, 2018, 87: 1-9.王迪等 Who is more likely to spread rumors? A study of the relationship between critical thinking, health anxiety, helpfulness, exhibitionism, and health rumor transmission on WeChat among older adults in China
28第 14 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.14 No.2 2020 年12 月 31 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2020 收稿日期:2021-03-03;修訂日期:2021-03-24。﹡通訊作者:陽捷,女,在讀博士,主要研究方向:應用語言學。E-mail: 1909853mut30001@student.must.edu.mo,Tel: +86-182365176030 引言近義詞,是指詞彙意義相近的詞語,如果兩個詞語“近義”,意味著它們的意義存在部分一致的反映內容,但同時彼此的意義必有不同的外延[1]。近義詞的區分,是漢語二語教學的一個難點,在口語和書面語產出時,學習者往往會因為沒有全面瞭解其區別而出現偏誤。以“產生”和“發生”為例,在《漢語水準詞匯與漢字等級大綱》中,“發生”屬於甲級詞,“產生”屬於乙級詞;在 2010 年國家語言文字工作委員會發布的《漢語國際教育用音節漢字詞匯等級劃分》中,“產生”和“發生”都屬於一級(初級)詞匯,一級(初級)詞匯被稱為普及化等級,是現代漢語常用詞。這兩個漢字詞匯等級大綱都是基於詞頻劃分詞匯等級,因此可以看出,在實際應用中,“產生”基於語料庫的學習型漢語詞典例證搭配研究陽捷*,孫建榮(澳門科技大學國際學院,澳門)摘要:� 本研究以語料庫中學習者的近義詞(“產生"和“發生")使用情況以及學習型詞典中近義詞(“產生"和“發生")的例證搭配為文本,分析其在兩種環境中搭配行為之特徵,並進行對比,以管窺學習型漢語詞典在例證收錄和呈現方面的特點。分析結果發現學習型漢語詞典在處理例證信息時,有待在搭配詞語典型度、搭配信息充分性以及詞義辨析方面進一步改善。在此分析結果上,本研究提出了可考慮的解決方式。關鍵詞:� 近義詞;詞典例證;語料庫;典型搭配A Corpus-based Study on Collocation of Examples in Chinese Dictionaries for Foreign LearnersJie YANG*, Jianrong SUN(University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China)Abstract: � This paper analyzes the features manifested in the usage of the Chinese synonyms of “Chansheng” (“to emerge”) and “Fasheng” (“to occur”) in language use data corpus and the explanatory information as illustrated in usage examples provided in dictionaries for language learners. A comparison is made of the two types of analyses. The analyses reveal some discrepancies between usage examples and use authenticity in that usage examples provided in dictionaries lack representativeness and sufficiency in connotation meanings. Error analyses of learners’ use of the pair of the synonyms in Chinese suggest that an absence of considering factors concerning the learners might lead to inadequate use of the Chinese synonyms.Keywords: � Synonyms; Dictionary examples; Corpus; Collocation
39幫助學習者更好地區分近義詞詞義。同時需要指出的,二語學習者對近義詞的混淆點,跟母語者相比,可能存在差異。如本文提到的學習者對“產生”和“生產”的混淆。二語學習者學習近義詞時,由於混淆點不同、導致錯誤的原因各異,不宜強求詞典採取統一的辨析格式 [27]。也就是說,聚焦學習者近義詞學習的混淆點,要求詞典因類制宜,擴大漢語學習的近義詞的範圍,為不同類別的易混淆詞收錄和編排例證。4 結語學習型詞典的例證是學習者學習目標語的重要參考。本文在綜合考察了本族語語料庫和學習者語料庫的基礎上,對學習型詞典的例證進行了研究。通過提取本族語語料庫中的典型搭配詞和分析學習者語料庫中目標詞語的偏誤用法,發現“產生”和“發生”這組詞,在學習型詞典中的搭配,可以從“搭配典型性”“增加短語示例”“擴大辨析範圍”以及“聚焦學習者易混淆點”等方面進行改善。學習者詞彙習得受到多方因素的影響,而學習詞典作為重要的參考工具書,具有示範和指導作用。雖然學習型詞典在編寫時無法展現本族語詞語搭配的全貌,但是語料庫驅動的研究方法,可以發揮有力的支撐功能,更大程度地考慮漢語學習者因素。[1] 劉叔新. 漢語描寫詞彙學.北京:北京商務印書館, 2005:306.[2] Hartmann, R.R.K., & G. James. Dictionary of Lexicography. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2002:82.[3] Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Reppen, R. Corpus Linguistics Investigating Language Structure and Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.[4] Kennedy, G. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics. London and New York: Longman, 1998.[5] Thomas J., & Short M. Using Corpora for Language Research. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.[6] 王春豔. 基於語料庫的中國學習者英語近義詞區分探討. 外語與外語教學, 2009, 6:27-31.[7] 陸軍. 基於語料庫的學習者英語近義詞搭配行為與語義韻研究.現代外語, 2010, 33(3):276-286.[8] Firth, J. R. Papers in Linguistics 1934-1951. London: Oxford University Press, 1957.[9] Sinclair, J. The Phrase, The Whole Phrase and Nothing but the Phrase. Sylviane Granger and Fanny Meunier. Phraseology: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2008: 407-410.[10] 陸軍,衛乃興. 短語學視角下的二語詞語知識研究. 外語教學與研究, 2014, 46(6):865-878.[11] 陸方喆. 基於語料庫的對外漢語近義詞教學.雲南師範大學學報(對外漢語教學與研究版), 2016,14(5):49-56.[12] 曾利,陳叢梅. 漢英學習型詞典中動詞“提升”的類聯接資訊表徵研究. 辭書研究, 2020, 2:42-51.[13] 曹蓉. 語料庫驅動下現代漢語“一起”的義項分立研究. 解放軍外國語學院學報, 2019, 42(1):92-100.[14] 鄭定歐. 對外漢語學習詞典學芻議. 世界漢語教學, 2004, 4:85-94.[15] 魯健驥,呂文華. 編寫對外漢語單語學習詞典的嘗試與思考——《商務館學漢語詞典》編後. 世界漢語教學, 2006, 1:59-69.[16] 劉曉梅,梁青. 淺析《商務館學漢語詞典》例證的文化傳播功能. 辭書研究, 2011, 4:109-120.[17] 張宏. 外向型學習詞典《漢英雙解詞典》動詞例證調查與分析. 外語研究, 2007, 4:94-100.[18] 劉慧. 利用語義韻研究改進對外漢語學習詞典釋義及用例——以“可想而知”為例. 辭書研究, 2013, 6:27-33.[19] Sinclair, J. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.[20] 衛乃興. 語義韻研究的一般方法. 外語教學與研究, 2002, 34(4):300-307.[21] 周小兵. 對外漢語學習詞典的編寫. 辭書研究, 1997, 2:82-86.[22] 章宜華. 留學生對漢語學習詞典釋義方法和表述形式的需求之探討. 華文教學與研究, 2010, 3:50-56.[23] 劉川平. 對外漢語學習詞典用例的一般原則.辭書研究, 2006, 4:99-106.[24] Sinclair, J. Beginning the study of lexis. C. E. Bazell,et al. In Memory of J.R. Firth.London: Longman, 1966: 410-430.[25] 衛乃興. 基於語料庫和語料庫驅動的詞語搭配研究. 當代語言學, 2002, 4(2):102-114.[26] 孫宏林. 詞語搭配在文本中的分佈特徵.中文資訊處理國際會議論文集. 北京:清華大學出版社, 1998:230-236.[27] 張博. 外向型混淆詞辨析詞典的編撰原則與體例設想. 漢語學習, 2008, 1:85-92.参考文献陽捷等 基於語料庫的學習型漢語詞典例證搭配研究
40第 14 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.14 No.2 2020 年12 月 31 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2020 粵港澳三地大學英語課程發展的路徑依賴——以華南理工大學、香港理工大學和澳門科技大學為例曹樂怡*(澳門科技大學國際學院,澳門)摘要:� 本文以華南理工大學、香港理工大學和澳門科技大學為例,運用制度變遷理論中的路徑依賴理論,分析了粵港澳三地大學英語課程近年來的發展,指出雖然它們的變革有著不同的特點,但都是在自己原來路徑上進行,依賴著原有的一套模式和理念。在最近的發展中,三所高校越來越強調英語學習的重要性,但粵澳兩地學校的大學英語學分卻在減少,語言學習與專業學習的結合,以及英語課程的人文性培養,都有所欠缺,和課程改革前的模式並無太大差異;相比之下,由於歷史和社會因素的影響,香港一直大力推行英語教育,課改後不但增加大學英語學分,在與專業學習和人文教育融合上也一直做得較好,值得粵澳兩地高校借鑒和學習。相信三地的大學英語課程如能取長補短,優化整合、英語教學定能齊頭並進、協同發展。關鍵詞:� 路徑依賴;粵港澳高校;大學英語;課程發展Path Dependence: Development of College English Programs in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau Universities – A Case Study on South China University of Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and Macau University of Science and Technology Leyi CAO*(University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )Abstract: � Based on the idea of Path Dependence in Institutional Change Theory, the development of College English programs in Guangdong, Hong Kong, and Macau universities is analyzed. With South China University of Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and Macau University of Science and Technology as examples, the study points out that the universities have followed the old paths and depended on the original modes and ideas in developing their College English programs. Although the importance of English learning has been stressed in the program reform, universities in Guangdong and Macau have reduced the English course credits, and the combination of language learning, major learning, and humanity cultivation is not effective,which show the similarities of the College English programs before and after the reform. On the other hand, the College English program in Hong Kong universities is more reasonable in terms of the increase of credits and the combination of language learning, major learning, and cultivating humanity. If the universities in these three places can learn from each other to optimize their College English programs, it will benefi t not only the universities, but also the development of the greater bay area.Keywords: � Path Dependence; Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau universities; College English; Program Development收稿日期:2020-07-15,修訂日期:2020-08-13。*通訊作者:曹樂怡,女,在讀博士,澳門科技大學國際學院講師。主要研究方向:英美文學,教育學。Email: lycao@must.edu.mo,Tel: 00853-88972803
45但對於自己進入大學後的英語學習成效不滿意[11];也有研究指出,澳門高校的學生在學習以英語講授的專業課時,有語言上的困難[14]。由此可知,在學生學習英語需求增加的前提下,減少大學英語課程的學分,是值得商榷的做法,有可能抑制學生學習英語的熱情,影響學習效果。相比較而言,香港增加學分的做法更符合實際需求。其次,粵港澳三地高校都在強調英語學習和專業學習的融合,因為“……一個合格的大學生,他們都必須具有用英語閱讀本專業文獻,瞭解本學科國際前沿發展的能力”[19]。但廣東高校和澳門高校的大學英語課程還是沿著老路子,以單純訓練語言技能為主,就算有嘗試進行結合,也只是在小範圍內實施。而香港高校 EMI 專業課程始於殖民時期,最近的改革中,在語言學和二語習得等學科發展的推動下,不但增加了英語語言基礎課程 , 而且在鞏固語言基礎後,開設專業英語課程供不同專業的學生修讀。港校的教學模式頗為成功,體現在全球大學就業能力排名上。該調查對全球多個國家及地區的大學畢業生就業能力做出評估,其中一個標準包括英語專業基礎。2014年的排名中,香港居亞洲第一;到了 2019 年,中國只有香港一所高校沖進了該排名的前十。可見,香港高校在英語學習和專業學習的融合方面做得更到位更全面,因此粵澳高校可以參照香港的做法,在原有語言課的基礎上增設專業英語課程,為之後的專業課程英語授課打下堅實的基礎。除了上述英語和專業的結合,即語言的工具性得到重視,人文性教育也是粵港澳三地高校大學英語課程改革的方向。这符合全球教育发展的趋势。經濟發展與合作組織(OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) 提 出的核心素養框架中指出教育應“堅持終身學習的理念,以培養完整的人為價值取向,以個體的成功生活和社會的和諧發展為基本目標”。[20] 因此,我國有學者指出,外語教育不但要教會學生語言的知識,更重要的是幫助學生形成“構建人類命運共同體所需要的情感、態度和價值觀,發展全球勝任力。這正好說明,外語教育要堅持人文之道。”[21]本文提及的三所高校都開設了人文類的英語通識選修課,但具體的做法則略有不同。華工開設了各種內容豐富的英語通識課,但由於不要求學生必須修讀,最後導致選修的人數激減;澳科大的英語通識課不多,在最近的改革中數量又減少了兩門,而且這些課程只面向部分學生開設;港理工的英語通識課一共有七門,涉及文學閱讀和寫作,但要求每個學生至少選修一門。如此看來,在大學英語課程中,港校的做法更突現人文性的培養,而粵澳高校的英語通識課則被邊緣化,重要性大打折扣。所以,粵澳高校可以向香港高校學習,要求學生至少修讀一定學分的英語通識課,開闊他們的視野,培養學生人文性和跨文化交流能力。4 研究結果和不足粵港澳三地高校的大學英語課程在變革,由於三地的歷史和文化等因素的差異,它們的發展有著不同的特點,但變化都是在自己原來路徑上進行,依賴著原有的一套模式和理念。雖然作為世界通用語,英語的作用越來越被三地政府所重視,但英語在香港還有著特殊的意義,並且從殖民時期開始政府就大力推行英語教育,所以香港高校的大學英語課程設置更為完善和合理。廣東高校跟隨著全國高校的改革浪潮,大學英語課程所占學分變得越來越少,與專業結合和體現人文性這兩方面也有所欠缺,這很可能沒法滿足學生學習英語的需求。英語這一科目在澳門長期被忽視,雖然近年來由於全球化發展的需求,英語教學的地位得到提升,但歷史因素對高校英語教學的影響似乎並沒有消散,大學英語課程沒有得到應有的重視。通過瞭解三地大學英語課程的發展路徑,並分析它們之間的差異,發現粵澳兩地大學英語課程的問題以及港校的優勝之處,希望能對三地的大學英語課程發展起到一定的借鑒作用。相信如能取長補短,優化整合原有課程,三地的曹樂怡 粵港澳三地大學英語課程發展的路徑依賴
46大學英語教學定能齊頭並進、協同發展。但本研究也存在著不足之處。首先,由於只選取了三所高校作為例子進行分析,不一定能代表著三地其他高校的大學英語課程發展情況。其次,這三所學校學生的入學英語水準存在一定的差異,這可能會影響到學校英語課程發展的路徑。希望這兩個問題在未來的研究中,得到深入的探討。[1] 王 娟 , 華 軒 . 華 工 與 澳 門 大 學 簽 署 2 + 2 聯 合 培 養 協 定 对[EB/OL].(2019-4-11)[2020-1-10]. https:/ /www.sohu.com/a/307183453_119890.[2] 胡瑤.澳門科技大學與珠海簽署合作協定推進大灣區科技創新[EB/OL].(2019-5-27)[2020-1-10]. http://www.xinhuanet.com/2019-05/27/c_1124548702.htm.[3] 董有逸.五邑大學與香港理工大學簽署協議,攜手研發環保紡織材料[EB/OL].(2019-6-8)[2020-1-10]. http://kb.southcn.com/content/2019-06/08/content_187901552.htm.[4] North, D. C.. Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990.[5] 许长青,黄玉梅.制度变迁视域中粤港澳大湾区高等教育融合发展研究[J].中国高教研究,2019,(7),25-32.[6] 孟伟.改革开放以来我国大学英语课程政策分析[D].西安:西安外国语大学,2019.[7] 杨舒.大学外语教学改革的路径依赖、困境及其超越[J].教学研究,2016,39(3),62-66.[8] Evans, S.. Language Policy in Hong Kong Education: A Historical Overview. European Journal of Language Policy, 2017, 9(1), 67-84.[9] 李学书.沪港台英语课程发展[M].上海:上海大学出版社, 2018.[10] 王冬青.英语的身份:后殖民视野下的香港大学英语学科改革[J].江苏第二师范学院学报,2016,32(9),69-73.[11] 蔡基刚.关于大学英语课程设置与教学目标 --- 兼考香港高校大学英语课程设置[J].外语教学与研究,2011,43(4),609-617.[12] 曹蕾韵.香港高校的课程改革及启示 --- 以香港理工大学为例[J]. 大学(研究版),2017,(4),65-71.[13] 黄发来.澳门高等教育国际化发展现状研究—基于澳门大学和澳门科技大学的调查[D]. 厦门:厦门大学,2017.[14] Botha, W.. English-medium Instruction at a University in Macau: Policy and Realities. World English, 2013, 32(4), 461-475.[15] Lau, I.. TBL in English Language Learning in Macau: Effects on Chinese Tertiary Learner’s Beliefs and Motivations. Nottingham: The University of Nottingham, 2009.[16] 蔡潇彬. 诺斯的制度变迁理论研究[J]. 东南学术, 2016,(1),120-27.[17] 马早明.港澳台科技大学通识教育模式研究[M].广州:中山大学出版社,2017.[18] 马耀鹏. 诺斯路径依赖理论的基本要义探究[J]. 科学•经济•社会,2009,27(2),98-101.[19] 蔡基刚.再论我国大学英语教学发展方向:通用英语与学术英语[J].浙江大学学报,2015,45(4),83-93.[20] 乔鹤,徐晓丽.国际组织全球教育治理的路径比较研究—基于核心素养框架的分析[J].比较教育研究,2019,(8),52-58.[21] 蒋洪新.外语教育的人文之道. 王定华,曾天山编,民族复兴的强音—新中国外语教育70年.北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2019.参考文献學生活動廈大教授與澳科大酒旅師生探討“目的地的社區居民問題”澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院(下稱“酒旅學院”)於 2020 年 6 月 30 日組織舉辦暑期學術系列活動第五場之“目的地的社區居民問題”線上工作坊。本場工作坊邀請了廈門大學林德榮教授進行分享,酒旅學院院長吳國民教授、张杨课程主任等約百名師生參與本場學術講座,活動由澳門基金會贊助。林德榮是廈門大學管理學院旅遊與酒店管理系教授、全國旅遊管理專業學位(MTA)研究生教育指導委員會委員、教育部高等學校旅遊管理類教學指導委員會委員,其主要研究領域是旅遊企業管理、旅遊市場和消費者行為。在本場學術工作坊中,林教授對旅遊開發與社區居民的利益關係作出分析並提出應對策略。他指出,做好旅遊業的可持續發展,就必須處理好旅遊開發與社區居民的利益關係。酒旅學院師生就講題展開熱烈的討論和交流,針對同學們關於如何緩解主客衝突等的提問,林教授從資源環境、經濟利益、生活習慣等方面耐心分析,講解解決問題的對應措施。
47第 14 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.14 No.2 2020 年12 月 31 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2020 普惠金融發展、經濟發展水平對農村居民收入的影響肖志源*,譚戈平(澳門科技大學商學院,澳門)摘要:� 近年來,國家鼓勵普惠金融業務全面開展,國家的鼓勵政策不但能夠幫助農村貧困人群脫貧增收,進而為鄉村振興戰略的成功實施提供了有力支持。本文首先以我國31個省市2011-2018年的面板數據為研究樣本,運用固定效應模型對發展普惠金融能否增加農村居民收入進行了實證檢驗。其次,本文特別考察了《規劃》及一系列政策措施的推出,能否加强普惠金融對農村居民收入的增長作用。最後,本文考察經濟發展水平對普惠金融發展與農村居民收入之間關係的影響。實證結果表明《規劃》的出臺能顯著提升農村居民收入,在經濟發展水平較低地區發展普惠金融對農村居民收入的影響顯著強於經濟發展水平較高地區。本文進一步用分位回歸法驗證了此結論是穩健的。關鍵詞:� 普惠金融;經濟發展水平;農村居民收入;減貧效應;門檻效應The Impact of Inclusive Financial Development and Economic Development Level on Rural Residents’ IncomeZhiyuan XIAO*, Kwo Ping TAM(School of business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )Abstract: � In recent years, China has implemented national wide policy to promote the inclusive fi nancial (IF) services. Such promotion policy is a key measure to help the rural people to alleviate poverty and increase income. Further the policy provides strong support for the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. First, this study applies a fi xed effect model to test whether the development of inclusive fi nance can increase the rural residents’ income, by analyzing the panel data of 31 provinces from 2011 to 2018. Second, this study further investigates whether “Inclusive Finance Development Plan (2016-2020) ”and the subsequent measures can strengthen the role of inclusive fi nance in promoting rural residents’ income. Last, this study investigates whether economic development can alter the relationship between the development of inclusive fi nance and the income of rural residents. Evidence suggests that the national promoting policy has signifi cantly strengthened the impact of inclusive fi nance on improving rural area income. Also the development of inclusive fi nance has a stronger impact on rural residents’s income in the lower economic development areas than that in the higher economic development areas. Further robustness check on the conclusion is conducted via quantile regression.Keywords: � Inclusive Financial; Economic Development Level; Rural Residents' Income; Poverty Alleviation Effect; Threshold Effect收稿日期:2020-06-23;修訂日期:2021-03-15。基金項目:澳門科技大學研究基金資助項目(FRG-19-012-MSB)、澳門科學技術發展基金資助項目(0092/2018/A3)*通訊作者:肖志源,女,博士研究生,主要研究方向:公司金融。本文作者感謝丁浩副教授、曾寧副教授給論文草稿提供有用的建議,同時也非常感謝匿名審稿人提出的寶貴建議,文責自負。
57讓廣大偏遠地區的農村居民可以及時地、便捷地以合適的成本獲得高品質的金融服務,真正能從普惠金融發展中獲益。也能發揮普惠金融在脫貧攻堅中的作用,讓金融更好地為三農服務,從而有利於鄉村振興戰略的更好實施,早日打贏這場脫貧攻堅戰。從 2013 年中共十八屆三中全會正式提出發展普惠金融至今,普惠金融為脫貧攻堅、鄉村振興、全面建成小康社會提供了強有力的金融支援。普惠金融在我國發展的時間較晚,國家關於鼓勵發展普惠金融的相應政策、措施也在不斷地完善落實中 , 可觀察的年份數據是有限的。本研究運用非線性面板數據回歸方法初步發現發展普惠金融能顯著提升農村居民收入,《規劃》的出臺能加快農民增收的步伐。將來的研究可以在本研究的基礎上,圍繞發展普惠金融政策對農村居民收入的增收效應的傳導機制進一步展開研究,從而提高大家對普惠金融政策的理解。[1] 郭峰,王靖一,王芳,孔濤,張勳,程志雲(2020).測度中國數字普惠金融發展: 指數編制與空間特徵,經濟學季刊,19(04), 1401-1418[2] 陳慧卿,陳國生,魏曉博,彭六妍,張星星(2021).數字普惠金融的增收減貧效應——基於省際面板資料的實證分析.經濟地理. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/43.1126.k.20210122.1647.002.html[3] 何宜慶,王茂川,李雨純,李佳欣(2020).普惠金融數位化是“數位紅利”嗎?——基於農村居民收入增長的視角,南方金融,12,71-84[4] 陳丹,姚明明(2019).數字普惠金融對農村居民收入影響的實證分析.上海金融, 06,74-77[5] 劉錦怡,劉純陽(2020).數字普惠金融的農村減貧效應: 效果與機制, 財經論叢,01,43-53[6] 黃倩,李政,熊德平(2019). 數字普惠金融的減貧效應及其傳導機制,改革,11,243-254[7] Sandip, S. , Kumar, G. S. , & Mollika, P. . (2015). Role of banking-sector to inclusive growth through inclusive finance in bangladesh. Studies in Business and Economics, 10(2), 145-159.[8] 周利,廖婧琳,張浩(2021).數字普惠金融、信貸可得性與居民貧困減緩——來自中國家庭調查的微觀證據,經濟科學,01,145-157[9] 劉長庚,羅午陽(2019).互聯網使用與農戶金融排斥 ——基於CHFS2013 的實證研究.經濟經緯,36(02),141-148[10] Enowbi Batuo, M. , Guidi, F. , & Mlambo, K. . (2010). Financial development and income inequality: evidence from african countries. MPRA Paper, 51(1), 1-24.[11] Esmail Z.(2008). Neoliberal Development: the Impact of Microfinance on Poverty Alleviation. Canadian Journal of Globalisation (CJOG), 1(1).[12] Kapoor, A. (2014). Financial inclusion and the future of the indian economy. Futures, 56(feb.), 35-42.[13] 羅新雨,張林(2021).數字普惠金融的創業效應:機制、門檻及 政策價值,金融理論與實踐,02,17-26[14] 溫濤,冉光和,熊德平(2005).中國金融發展與農民收入增長.經濟研究,09,30-43[15] 許崇正,高希武(2005).農村金融對增加農民收入支持狀況的實證分析.金融研究,09,173-185[16] 孫玉奎,周諾亞,李丕東(2014).農村金融發展對農村居民收入的影 響研究.統計研究, 31(11),90-95[17] 余新平,熊皛白,熊德平(2010).中國農村金融發展與農民收入增 長. 中國農村經濟,06,77-86[18] 林秋斌,陳玲(2018).農村金融發展對農民收入的影響--基於“一帶一路”的重點省份資料的實證研究.福建農林大學學報(哲學社會科學版) , 21(03),30-37[19] 李鶴,張啟文(2019).農村金融發展對農民非農收入影響的實證分析.統計與決策,35(06),111-114[20] 莊曉棟,許澤慶(2019).中國普惠金融對農村地區經濟增長的影響研究.新疆農墾經濟,11,60-65. [21] 趙丙奇(2020).中國數字普惠金融與城鄉收入差距——基於面板門限模型的實證研究. 社會科學輯刊,01,196-205[22] Sarma M.(2008).Index of Financial Inclusion.Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi Working Papers.[23] 周澤炯,王磊(2014).農村金融發展對城鄉居民收入差距的影響效應分析及其檢驗.農村經濟, 10,49-53[24] Lin, K. J., Tan, J., Zhao, L., & Karim, K. (2015). In the name of charity: Political connections and strategic corporate social responsibility in a transition economy. Journal of Corporate Finance, 32, 327-346.[25] Huang, H., & Zhao, Z. (2016). The infl uence of political connection on corporate social responsibility——evidence from Listed private companies in China. International Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 1(1),1-19. [26] Li, W., & Zhang, R. (2010). Corporate Social Responsibility, Ownership Structure, and Political Interference: Evidence from China. Journal of Business Ethics, 96(4), 631-645.[27] Lins, K. V., Servaes, H., & Tamayo, A. N. E. (2017). Social Capital, Trust, and Firm Performance: The Value of Corporate Social Responsibility during the Financial Crisis. The Journal of Finance, 72(4), 1785-1824.[28] 王姣,馬國溫, 姚爽(2019).中國農村居民金融素養現狀及提升研究[J].農村經濟,03,82-84 参考文献肖志源等 普惠金融發展、經濟發展水平對農村居民收入的影響
58第 14 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.14 No.2 2020 年12 月 31 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2020 收稿日期:2021-03-04;修订日期:2021-03-28。基金项目:2018年澳門科技大學研究基金“粵港澳大灣區經濟增長影響因素之實證研究—基於人力資本的視角"(批准號:FRG-18-009-MSB)* 通訊作者:李靜,女,澳門科技大學商學院博士生,讲师,研究方向:金融。E-mail:342249038@qq.com ,Tel:+86-13631229762理財能力、關係資本與經營績效——基於中國商業銀行的實證研究朱順和,李靜*,羅家慧(澳門科技大學商學院,澳門)摘要:� 隨著中國經濟總量不斷攀升及國民收入亦逐年增長,商業銀行理財業務發展迅速。本研究採用我國61家商業銀行2014-2018年期間的年度資料,運用面板資料模型,從關係資本的視角,分析了銀行理財能力對經營績效的影響。實證結果表明:銀行理財能力與關係資本對經營績效有不同影響;其中,銀行理財發行能力對經營績效有負向影響,但統計上不顯著;其與關係資本的交互作用,對經營績效有顯著正向影響。銀行理財風險控制能力對經營績效有顯著正向影響;但其與關係資本的交互作用,對經營績效有顯著負向影響。銀行理財產品豐富性能力對經營績效有顯著正向影響;且其與關係資本的交互作用,對經營績效有顯著正向影響。信息披露規範能力對經營績效有顯著負向影響;其與關係資本的交互作用,對經營績效有正向影響,但統計上不顯著。關鍵詞:� 銀行理財 ; 關係資本 ; 經營績效Wealth Management Capability,Relational Capital and Operating Performance——An Empirical Research on Chinese Commercial BanksShun-Ho CHU, Jing LI*, Jiahui LUO(School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China)Abstract: � With the continuous rise of China's economic aggregate and the annual growth of national income, wealth management services of commercial banks have developed rapidly. By using annual data of 61 commercial banks in China from 2014 to 2018, this research employs the panel data model to analyse the infl uence of wealth management capability of commercial banks on operating performance from the perspective of relational capital. The empirical results show that there are different effects of wealth management capability and relational capital on operating performance. First, issuing capability of wealth management has a negative impact on operating performance, but it is not statistically signifi cant. Its interaction with relational capital has a signifi cant and positive effect on operating performance. Second, risk control capability of wealth management has a signifi cant and positive effect on operating performance, whereas its interaction with relational capital has a significant and negative impact on operating performance. Third, the richness of wealth management products has a signifi cantly positive effect on operating performance. And the interaction with relational capital also has a signifi cantly positive effect on operating performance. Finally, the normative capability of information disclosure has a signifi cantly negative impact on operating performance. However, its interaction with relational capital has a positive effect on operating performance, but it is not statistically signifi cant.Keywords: � Bank wealth management; Relational capital; Operating performance
68從分組檢驗結果來看,大型商業銀行的發行能力與理財產品豐富性能力對經營績效有顯著正向影響;中小型商業銀行的發行能力與信息披露規範性能力對經營績效有顯著負向影響,風險控制能力對經營績效有顯著正向影響。其次,考量關係資本作為調節變量,對大型商業銀行理財能力與經營績效之間的關係沒有調節作用;對中小型商業銀行發行能力與經營績效之間的關係有促進作用,而對風險控制能力與經營績效之間的關係存在抑制作用。4.2 研究建議本研究發現銀行理財能力對績效的影響是多樣的,不同的理財能力衡量指標對經營績效的影響程度不同。而關係資本作為新形態的資本投入,在中間發揮的作用不可忽視。為此,本文從商業銀行和監管者視角給出以下幾點建議:4.2.1 商業銀行視角的建議隨著中國商業銀行理財業務日漸興盛,理財業務規模不斷擴大,對經營績效的影響也越來越大。在新的經濟時代下,多元化經營的收益來源於規模經濟和範圍經濟,在鼓勵銀行進行產品創新,提高自身理財產品多樣性的同時需要平衡好銀行規模和多元化戰略 [37],控制多元化經營的成本才能實現淨收益的提高。與此同時,商業銀行要緊抓理財業務的風險控制工作,注意對市場風險、信用風險及操作風險進行有效防範 [28]。為了保護健康的市場環境,商業銀行還應積極做好信息披露工作,並通過穩健的多元化經營實現風險最小,盈利最大的目標。關係資本在商業銀行理財能力各個維度與經營績效之間都發揮了重要的調節作用,且多為顯著積極影響。由此可見,關係資本對商業銀行績效的提升至關重要。商業銀行在提高理財業務能力的同時,還要注重關係資本的運用,積極構建關係資本網路,制定科學的關係資本評價指標,準確衡量關係資本對銀行績效的影響,發揮好關係資本的核心競爭力。4.2.2 監管者視角的建議隨著“資管新規”和“理財新規”等監管政策的落實,以及商業銀行理財子公司的不斷落地,可以看出中國對銀行理財市場的監管力度不斷加強,尤其針對資產管理業務。由於理財業務不在表內披露,其運作流程也鮮少公開,受到的監控不足,監管部門需加快制定相關法律法規合理引導金融機構加強對表外業務風險的管理。商業銀行資本結構複雜,尤其是地方性的中小銀行機構,還存在同業業務治理不到位、經營不規範、違規開展理財業務的問題,以及影子銀行、流動性轉換、信用轉換和高槓桿等操作風險。監管機構應當嚴格對各類商業銀行做好監督管理工作,為市場提供健全透明的投融資環境。[1] Yi, A. & Davey, H. Intellectual capital disclosure in Chinese (mainland) companies[J]. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2010, 11(3): 326-347. [2] Rose P S.Diversification of the banking firm[J]. Financial Review, 1989, (2): 251-280. [3] Templeton W K,Severiens J T. The effects of non-bank diversifi cation on bank holding company risk[J].Quarterly Journal of Business and Economics,1992, ( 2): 3-17.[4] Clark, J.A. Economies of scale and scope at depository financial institutions: A review of the literature [J]. Economic Review, 1988, 73(8):17-33.[5] 翟立宏、戰松、翁舟傑、方瑞、肖芳、吳濘江、葉林峰. 銀行理財能力評價思路的構建與探討[J].西南金融, 2012, (12): 51-53.[6] Chiorazzo, V., Milani, C. & Salvini, F. Income diversifi cation and bank 参考文献
69朱順和等 理財能力、關係資本與經營績效——基於中國商業銀行的實證研究performance: Evidence from Italian banks[J]. Journal of Financial Services Research, 2008, 33(3): 181-203.[7] Hamdi, H., Hakimi, A., & Zaghdoudi, K. Diversification, bank performance and risk: Have Tunisian banks adopted the new business model[J]. Financial Innovation, 2017, 3(22): 1-25.[8] Sharma, S., & Anand, A. Income diversifi cation and bank performance: Evidence from BRICS nations[J]. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 2018, 67(9):1625-1639.[9] Karimian, P. H. The effect of bancassurance on bank productivity and profi tability, ARDL approach (Evidence from banking industry in Iran)[J]. American Journal of Economics, 2017, 7(4): 177-185.[10] Peng, J. L., Jeng, V., Wang, J. L., & Chen, Y. C. The impact of bancassurance on effi ciency and profi tability of banks: Evidence from the banking industry in Taiwan[J]. Journal of Banking and Finance, 2017, 80: 1-13.[11] Mulwa, J. M., & Kosgei, D. Commercial bank diversification and financial performance: The moderating role of risk[J]. Journal of Finance and Investment Analysis, 2016, 5(2): 31-52.[12] AlKhouri, R., & Arouri, H. The effect of diversifi cation on risk and return in banking sector: Evidence from the Gulf Cooperation Council countries[J]. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 2019, 15(1): 100-128.[13] 陳昊.固定收益型理財產品對商業銀行經營績效的影響[D].南京:南京師範大學, 2013.[14] 季月. 非保本理財產品對商業銀行盈利能力的影響研究[J].甘肅金融, 2018, (4): 41-48.[15] 李波、王廣宇.城市商業銀行非息收入規模、結構及多元化與經營績效關係的實證研究[J].當代金融研究,2020(5):52-63.[16] Stewart, T. A. Intellectual capital: The new wealth of organizations. New York: Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, 1997.[17] Capello, R. & Faggian, A. Collective learning and relational capital in local innovation processes[J]. Regional Studies, 2005, 39 (1): 75-87.[18] Ogundipe, S. E. Business relational capital and fi rm performance in south western Nigerian small scale enterprise clusters[J]. European Journal of Business and Management, 2012,4(17):207-215.[19] Datta, S. K., & De, T. Role of relational capital and fi rm performance: Analysis of a cluster of bell-metal enterprises in a rural region in west Bengal, India[J]. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Organization Management, 2017, 6(1): 1-6.[20] Iazzolino, G., Chiappetta, F., & Chiappetta, S. Relational capital and financial performance: An empirical analysis on a sample of Italian fi rms[J]. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 2018, 16(1): 245-258.[21] 周黎明、樊治平. 企業關係資本概念框架研究[J].科技管理研究, 2012, (2): 170-173.[22] 彭星閭、龍怒. 關係資本--構建企業新的競爭優勢[J]. 財貿研究, 2004(5): 49-54.[23] Azzahra, K. The influence of human capital, structural capital and relational capital to the performance of cooperation with competitive advantage as intervening variable of cooperation in South Tangerang[J]. Economics and Accounting Journal, 2018, 1(1): 24-34.[24] 萬建香、鐘以婷. 社會資本對企業績效的影響—基於中國經濟轉型階段的研究[J]. 管理評論,2018, (1): 60-66.[25] De Clercq, D., & Sapienza, H. J. Effects of relational capital and commitment on venture capitalists’ perception of portfolio company performance[J]. Journal of Business Venturing, 2006, 21(3): 326-347.[26] 朱順和、馬寧. 競爭能力、關係資本與企業績效——基於中國房地產上市公司資料的實證研究[J].會計之友,2021, (05): 93-99.[27] Lopes-Costa, J. A., &Munoz-Canavate, A. Relational capital and organizational performance in the Portuguese hotel sector (NUTS II Lisbon)[J]. Procedia Economics and Finance, 2015, 26: 64-71.[28] 姚曉壘. 理財業務發展對商業銀行收益及風險的影響研究——基於15家 A 股上市銀行的實證分析[J]. 金融監管研究, 2018, (3): 54-65.[29] 劉智毅、李實、甘順利. 我國商業銀行績效與股東結構關係的實證研究[J].中國物價, 2013, (11): 67-70.[30] Taghieh, M. B., Taghieh, S., & Poorzamani, Z. The effects of relational capital (customer) on the market value and fi nancial performance[J]. European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, 2013, 2(3): 207-211.[31] Lepetit, L., Nys, E., Rous, R. & Tarazi, A. The expansion of services in European banking: Implications for loan pricing and interest margins[J]. Journal of Banking & Finance, 2008, 32(11): 2325-2335.[32] 徐冰潔. 個人理財業務對商業銀行績效的影響研究[D] .贵州:貴州財經大學, 2018.[33] 胡詩陽、祝繼高、陸正飛. 商業銀行吸收存款能力、發行理財及其經濟後果研究[J]. 金融研究, 2019, 6: 94-112.[34] 李瓊、單承芸. 非利息收入對我國上市銀行績效的影響研究[J]. 武漢金融, 2019, (9): 82-88.[35] Stiroh, K. J. Diversification in banking: Is noninterest income the answer[J]. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 2004, 36(5): 853-882.[36] 趙勝民、申創. 發展非利息業務對銀行收益和風險的影響—基於我國49家商業銀行的實證研究[J]. 經濟理論與經濟管理, 2016, (2): 83-97.[37] 劉青松. 銀行業務多元化、經營業績與風險—基於地方性商業銀行2007—2016年資料的實證分析[J]. 金融發展研究, 2019, (10): 54-62.
70第 14 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.14 No.2 2020 年12 月 31 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2020 Manuscript received: 2020-09-16 ; revised: 2020-12-18.* Corresponding Author: Jingjing Luo, Female, Ph.D student of Faculty of Hosptality and Tourism Mangement of Macau University of Science and Technology. Research Areas: Theme Park Development and ResearchEmail: fl aviajing@hotmail.com, Tel:00853-65209682Investigating the Relationship Between Service Quality and Brand Trust for Theme Park Reopening: The Mediation of Perceived Uniqueness Jingjing LUO*(Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, China)Abstract: � Service quality and brand trust are important characteristics of companies hoping to succeed in the theme park market. The present study explores the understanding of the linking role of service quality and brand trust. The purpose of this study is to investigate visitors’ brand trust of the theme park industry. That trust is the selected context for this research. Data are collected based on a combined sampling from 154 selected visitors. In order to enhance or maintain brand trust, theme parks must pay strict attention to service quality and uniqueness. This study draws on an extensive survey that took place at Chimelong Ocean Kingdom, immediately after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study fi rstly provides a model of THEMEQUAL as a unique service quality measurement scale for use in the Chinese theme park context. The results of this study indicate that a positive relationship exists between service quality and brand trust, which involves the mediation of perceived uniqueness.主題公園重新開園後服務質量與品牌信任的關係研究——以感知獨特性為中介變量羅菁菁*(澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院,澳門)摘要:服務質量和品牌信任是主題公園市場發展的重要組成部分。本研究旨在探討服務質量與品牌信任之間的聯動作用並將主題公園行業作為研究對象,為進一步提高中國主題公園的遊客品牌信任度。在新冠肺炎疫情暴發後長隆海洋王國重新開園,通過方便抽樣訪問154名遊客進行了問卷收集。為了增強或保持主題公園的品牌信任度應關注服務質量和感知獨特性因素,本研究引用專為主題公園而設的服務質量測量量表(THEMEQUAL)對我國主題公園進行首次測量。研究結果表明,服務質量與品牌信任之間存在正相關關係且感知獨特性在其關係中起中介作用。關鍵詞:� 服務質量、品牌信任、主題公園游客Keywords: � Service quality, Brand trust, Theme park visitors0 IntroductionAccording to the Thematic Entertainment Association, the development of theme parks has brought a huge amount of revenue to the tourism industry, thus creating a driving force for economic development [1]. In particular, the number of Chinese theme parks has grown rapidly in the past few
71decades, and with this growth in numbers, competition has become more intensive than ever. In order to survive or even succeed, theme parks all around the world have become increasingly customer-orientated. Zhu & Deng [2] suggested the signifi cant role played by tourists’ attitudes and perceptions, especially during the epidemic. The study identifies the factors that visitors would take into consideration when choosing vacation destinations. Chinese people have experienced a tough time in 2020, as a deadly virus called COVID-19 dramatically spread across the nation and the entire planet. Isolation and stay-at-home orders became compulsory, and control measures were immediately implemented by the Chinese government in an effort to fi ght the epidemic [1]. As one of the most impactful issues of the 21st century, COVID-19 also provides a transformational opportunity for businesses and organizations in the tourism industry to improve their service delivery and increase tourist satisfaction levels [3]. Therefore, the development of theme parks in the context of service quality requires the consideration of risk management. Once COVID-19 began spreading across China, the Chinese government immediately began banning nonessential travel and mandating the shutdown of all nonessential business. As a result, Chimelong Ocean Kingdom (hereafter COK) was temporarily closed, from January to May 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Similarly, Hong Kong Ocean Park has been closed since January and is currently suffering the threat of bankruptcy, due to the perceived social risk (since 2019) of attending theme parks. Unfortunately, the number of infection cases is still persistently increasing. Some specialists at the World Health Organization predict the infl uence of COVID-19 may impact all our future lives for decades to come. Couto et al. [4] found the highest level of agreement on the issue of how tourists choose a tourist destination based significantly on trust. The sustainable development of the tourism industry urgently and necessarily requires the industry itself to draw up and implement the relevant preparations. Therefore, a positive relationship between visitors and theme park service providers is the most important factor in the future survival and even success of Chinese theme parks.Service quality has been proven to be one of the essential factors that infl uence customers’ perception, value and trust of a brand [5]. There is a general agreement in existing hospitality service literature that the relationship between service quality and trust is an important determinant of the intensity and permanence of the development of the theme park industry. Rapaccini et al. [6] stated that the management of service quality is considered a signifi cant factor in improving the efficiency of service operations under the background of a crisis. Fotiadis & Kozak [7] and Li & Song [8] investigated service quality in Chinese theme parks by using the SERVQUAL instrument. In practice, SERVQUAL is a valuable scale that is widely used to measure the levels of service quality in service-based businesses. The scale was originally developed by Parasuraman, Zeithaml & Berry [9].I n 2 0 1 2 , Ts a n g , e t a l . [ 1 0 ] d e v e l o p e d THEMEQUAL, a scale that is based on the original SERVQUAL instrument. The study proposed six dimensions of the model, including “tangibles,” “reliability,” “responsiveness and access,” “assurance,” “empathy,” and “courtesy”. These six dimensions are the influencing predictors of visitor satisfaction. This study examined visitors to Disneyland Hong Kong, but most of the respondents were locals. As is well-known, Hong Kong visitors are very different from mainland China visitors. For instance, people coming from two different regions will have different ideologies and cultures. They may also have different levels of proficiency in English. Further, Tse, Belk, & Zhou [11] stated many factors, such as political ideology, a combination of market forces and income differentials, may determine the differences between Hong Kong and mainland China visitors. However, no one until now – let alone during the epidemic – has ever applied the THEMEQUAL model to the research of theme parks in Mainland China. Hence, applying the measurement of service quality in the theme park industry in the context of Chinese local brand 羅菁菁 WInvestigating the Relationship Between Service Quality and Brand Trust for Theme Park Reopening:The Mediation of Perceived Uniqueness
72theme parks is necessary. This will become especially important in the post-epidemic period. Previous researches define trust as a kind of feeling of security and faith; trust is also always considered to be one of the most relevant factors in maintaining steady and collaborative relationships. Kassim & Abdullah [12] confirmed that trust is an essential element in their research of the relationship market. The study also found that the element of trust impacts satisfaction levels. Hyun [13] identified that the factor of trust is beneficial in creating a positive relationship between visitors and theme parks. Visitors agreeing that a theme park is trustworthy will ultimately influence the relationship between customers and sellers in the context of the theme park industry. Hall, Scott & Gossling [15] confirmed the importance of travelers’ trust, noting that a second wave of infections may continue to negatively influence the hospitality industry. Wu & Lin [14] also confirmed that the feeling of trust is significantly important in efforts to increase the loyalty of theme park visitors. In addition, Cheng et al. [16] agreed that loyalty helps theme parks to retain visitors and gain a competitive advantage. Even though sufficient evidence exists that supports a positive correlation between service quality and trust [12] [17], there is still a shortage of empirical research on this issue within the Chinese theme park industry. In order to fill the research gap (in terms of Chinese theme park industry development), this study draws on an extensive survey that took place at COK immediately after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper also discusses the importance of service quality as a means for the theme park industry to enhance the trust of visitors. A model of THEMEQUAL is also provided as a unique service quality measurement scale in the theme park context. Furthermore, the theoretical underpinning of this study also focuses on uniqueness as one of the mediators that potentially affects visitors’ trust of theme parks.The current study proposes that uniqueness and perception of service quality affect visitors’ brand trust both directly and indirectly. The purposes of this study are therefore as follows: firstly, to establish a theoretical basis for evaluating how and to what extent service quality influences brand trust, particularly with regard to visitors’ perceptions of theme park products and services. Specifically, this paper analyzes the application of a THEMEQUAL scale for use in measuring theme park service quality in mainland China. Secondly, to test this theoretical basis, an empirical case study of the COK reopening was conducted after the COVID-19 outbreak. Jones & Comfort [18] highlighted how the COVID-19 crisis was wreaking havoc in the hospitality and retail industries. The pandemic also negatively impacts on consumer perception and behavior, product demand and operations. A specifi c empirical study is needed, in order to obtain the empirical results and then combine those results with the conclusions and managerial implications specifi cally as they relate to the issue of the COVID-19 crisis. Thirdly, the current research theoretically delineates and empirically assesses how uniqueness mediates the service quality of theme parks’ impact on visitors’ brand trust. Besides, it has contributions on the development of theme park industry, and fi ll in the literature gap of the relationship between service quality and brand trust in the context of the theme park industry. To bridge the gap, the aim of the research has identifi ed the factors and associated mechanisms that theme park visitors’ behaviour, however, the related study has received little research so far. This research also explored the unexamined pathways through which service quality and uniqueness may shape brand trust. The expected findings will provide important implications to the development of theme park industry, and also assisted theme parks with pulling through the tough time of COVID-19. In the sections that follow, the research offers the conceptual background and develops the hypotheses. Then, the research context is introduced, and the research methodology is illustrated. Afterwards, the data results and analysis are reported. Finally, the research’s implications and limitations are presented, along with possible directions for future studies.
731 Literature review1.1 THEMEQUAL- theme park service qualityA theme park cannot be successful without valuing the importance of service quality. In the context of tourism, essential products are related to service. Parasuraman et al. [9] explored the dimensions of service quality and revealed the existence of 10 dimensions tangibles, namely reliability, responsiveness, communication, credibility, security, competence, courtesy, understanding/knowing the customer, and access. These tangibles serve as the basic structure of the service quality domain. These items were derived for the SERVQUAL model, which can be generated and applied to organizations, both internally and externally [9]. The researchers in this study selected fi ve dimensions covering 97 items (by empirical research). These items were used to construct the fi rst measurement of service quality in service contexts [9]. In order to discover the importance of service quality, many researchers and managers have focused on examining how service quality has changed the customer satisfaction level during the last few decades [12]. However, the model used in those studies has certain drawbacks on application, despite the model’s wide adoption [19][24]. Kotler & Armstrong [21] confirmed the characteristics of services as being intangible, stating that consumers have to consider and suffer considerable risks when they purchase tourism products.Therefore, Tsang et al. [10] constructed the THEMEQUAL model to measure the gap between perceived service quality and expected service quality from the perspective of visitors in a theme park setting. These four authors discovered the limitations of SERVUQAL. In the modified model, the original dimensions – including tangibles, reliability, assurance, responsiveness and access, and empathy – all remain. In addition, a new dimension, e.g., courtesy, is included. First, Tsang et al. [10] utilized Milman [22] to confi rm that the safety and security of facilities is one of the main factors generating the success of a theme park. Additionally, safety and security will strongly influence the health of the theme park industry from the perspective of visitors in the future. The defi nition of the reliability dimension implicates the ability to make sure a reliable service is being performed [10]. Tangibles, defined as the physical environment of a theme park, contain the park’s public facilities, stores, restaurants, and landscape [10]. Safety and security can be understood to be linked to the public’s transportation within the grounds, an essential infrastructure of a theme park. Thus, based on the unique requirement of the theme park context, the dimension of reliability, including the safety and security of facilities, is necessarily added to the proposed model. Second, compared with the SERVQUAL model , four dimensions of the THEMEQUAL model (tangibles, assurance, responsiveness and access, and empathy) remain unaltered. In the following research of Parasuraman, et al. [9], the factors originally identified from SERVQUAL as affecting service quality include responsiveness, access, courtesy and reliability and tangibles. However, both Tsang et al. [10] and Carman [23] agreed that the factor of courtesy should be retained as an individual dimension. Courtesy is defi ned as friendly and polite feedback from staff; courtesy can also create an unforgettable experience for visitors [10][11][23]. These researchers confi rm the key role of service employees and the service encounters with visitors in the measurement of service quality. Furthermore, the theme park industry is a “smile” business, where employees are required to put forth a bit more effort with regard to courtesy, so they will look more pleasant in the working place. Valcic et al. [24] suggested that theme parks need to have their own service standards to develop the highest possible service quality. This will be needed to bring back visitors, as each customer will be happy to receive better services. Nevertheless, research conducted by Fotiadis & Vassiliadis [7] confirmed that there are only a limited number of studies on theme park service quality. That study also identifi ed the great signifi cance of the research of Tsang et al. [10]. The unique service quality measurement – THEMEQUAL – has been applied in 羅菁菁 WInvestigating the Relationship Between Service Quality and Brand Trust for Theme Park Reopening:The Mediation of Perceived Uniqueness
74different regions and destinations to research theme parks’ service quality and the theme park industry. As has been discovered, it is a combination of indicators or factors that cause consumers to switch service providers. Additionally, a list of theme park success factors was studied by Pikkemaat & Schuckert (p.202) [25]. Those factors include: a “multi-various range of options”, “uniqueness”, “innovation”, “continuity/theming”, “environmental integration”, “capacity and queue management”, “functionality and infrastructure”, “weather independency”, “escape/imagination”, “emotions”, “involvement/interactivity”, “branding”, “quality”, “safety and security”, and “design”. The outcome confirms that “quality” is the most essential element affecting the success of theme parks. In addition, theme park managers are encouraged to continually measure the service quality of theme parks, in order to better understand customers’ attitudes and to effectively improve their development strategy [19]. Previous researchers have identifi ed that hospitality service quality focuses on the effects of customer satisfaction and loyalty. For instance, Lai et al. [26] stated that 192 articles are used to measure ‘service quality’, ‘satisfaction’ and loyalty’. A relationship between service quality and brand trust necessarily exists; Hazra & Srivastava [27] indicated that better service quality has a positive impact on brand trust. In addition, Tsang et al. [10] confirmed the existence of a permanent correlation between brand trust and service quality in the theme park industry. They also asserted that the assurance dimension of the THEMEQUAL scale is the key factor in each employee can give visitors to improve the brand trust and confidence of those visitors. Among various factors influence the development of the theme park industry, this study focused on the service quality for several reasons. First, service quality is one of the most important factors that improve the theme park industry and also gain the trust from visitors [10] [12]. Second, there are differences between Chinese culture and other nations. Li & Song [8] proved that the evaluation of the service quality in Chinese theme parks is different compared with other countries. Besides, most Chinese theme parks are organized by the government or privately organized [28], only the Disneyland Shanghai is the overseas funded theme park in mainland China. Therefore, this study investigates the service quality of theme parks by applying the unique theme park service quality measurement scale, THEMEQUAL. In addition, the relationship between service quality and the brand trust factor in the context of the theme park industry is also discovered.1.2 The relationship between service quality and trust Trust is defined as customers’ confidence in the integrity of an organization; trust is also a commitment from the buyer that their enduring desire to continue a relationship with the supplier will be maintained [7]. Both Crosby et al. [29] and Jin et al. [17] viewed the factor of trust as one of the elements or dimensions that infl uence relationship quality and affect customers’ behavioral loyalty to a brand. Based on previous researches, brand trust factor was researched as a subtype of the factor of trust [30]. Since mostly researches focused on the study of trust [27][29], visitors’ brand trust has been regarded as the aim of the researched element in this study. On the other side, Hazra & Srivastava [27] offered evidence that proves service quality has an impact on customers’ trust. Since the tourism industry is impacted by many external factors, including the environment and political and economic instability, visitors’ perceived risk will influence their destination choice and behavioral intentions [3]. Gstaettner, Rodger & Lee [31] stated that the majority of tourism destination managers focus on how to avoid high liability costs while neglecting the visitors’ seeking demands. However, these authors pointed out the significance of visitors’ attitudes and experiences in order to affect how risk managers could implement effective interventions. Hazra & Srivastava [27] described trust as a fundamental factor in building a sustainable market share. The study also implies how residential consumers are willing to stay in a long and stable relationship with their current service suppliers. It is widely believed that the trust factor is helpful in reducing the psychological costs when customers are dealing with a service
75provider. Besides, previous research also confi rms that a positive relationship exists between service quality, customer trust and loyalty [7]. In literature related to commitment-trust relationship marketing, researchers have confirmed that trust is an important construct in transactional relationships, particularly when customers have confi dence in a fi rm’s reliability and integrity [12].The relationship between trust and service quality’s effect on customer loyalty has been confi rmed in different literatures. For instance, Caceres et al. [32] discovered that brand trust is a key factor in maintaining a long-term relationship between customers and vendors. In the context of theme parks, Wu & Lin [14] stated that trust affects customer attitudes and purchasing decisions; trust also has a signifi cantly positive influence on loyalty. By establishing a measurement model, this paper proves that trust has a strong and significant effect on loyalty. Theme park tourists are more loyal to theme parks when they trust the venue and the theme park meets their expectation. Furthermore, trust has been reaffirmed as an essential effect during the COVID-19 epidemic, especially in the tourism industry. Sigala[33] stated that trust in and brand values of tourism suppliers are impacting the development of tourism business in the response stage of COVID-19 epidemic period. For this industry, rebuilding customer trust and redesigning their value propositions and business models are the most useful actions in which they can engage during the recovery stage. Currently, safety is playing an essential role in establishing visitors’ brand trust since the reopening of the COK. Visitors’ trust in vendors – especially theme parks – is built on the protocol of safety; the facilities must also guarantee cleanliness and hygiene. All these researches suggest that a positive relationship exists between service quality and trust, and both service quality and trust have an impact on customer loyalty. However, there is a paucity of empirical research that investigates the linkage of the variables (such as service quality and trust) in the theme park industry, let alone during the various stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.In accordance with the theory of relationship between service quality and trust, the present study examines service quality as a precursor of trust. This concept has been empirically tested before, with positive outcomes. 1.3 Uniqueness as a mediator factorUniqueness is an individual element of a product or brand, an element that makes the product or brand different from other competitors. Special characteristics of theme parks are essential if they are to attract tourists. Dwivedi et al. [34] stated that the stronger the point-of-difference a brand has, the greater will be the degree to which that brand stand out. In short, uniqueness means a brand can be more easily recognized and noticed. With regard to the theme park industry, unique or even extraordinary experiences can surprise visitors and provide them with vivid and lasting memories. Researchers emphasize that lately, uniqueness plays a more important role in visitor experiences than competitive market prices [31]. Furthermore, uniqueness is the key determinant of hotel industry service quality standards[32]. Investigations reveal that a similar situation exists between the service quality of hotels and the theme park industry. In addition, Tsang et al. [10] confi rmed that the factor of uniqueness is included in the list of theme park success factors. Both Hyun [36] and Hyun [13] agreed that a good strategy for theme park managers is to develop the unique characteristics of their theme parks. Carson [37] stated that the Disneyland theme park’s uniqueness is the secret of the park’s success. Therefore, this study argues that a strong and unique experience can establish a positive perception of a brand, eventually helping to reinforce brand trust and create positive memories. Moreover, in terms of research into luxury brands, Shukla et al. [38] and Wiedmann et al. [39] both confirmed that uniqueness is one of the primary factors that motivate luxury brand consumers to make their purchasing decisions. Franke & Schreier [40] proposed the concept of perceived uniqueness in the basis of commodity theory. The study claims that perceived uniqueness significantly affects customers’ aesthetic and functional preferences. It is thus posited that, when customers perceive that a brand 羅菁菁 WInvestigating the Relationship Between Service Quality and Brand Trust for Theme Park Reopening:The Mediation of Perceived Uniqueness
76is more unique, establishing brand trust becomes much easier. Supporting this view, uniqueness can separate a theme park from the competition and provides added value for visitors, thereby positively affecting brand trust [35]. Accordingly, this study contends that service quality affects the uniqueness of the brand, so uniqueness in turn can establish brand trust for a theme park. Hence, it is reasonable to assume that uniqueness (or visitors’ perceived uniqueness) mediates the link between service quality and brand trust.Therefore, the proposed framework including factors such as service quality and uniqueness effects the brand trust. All of these factors and framework have been examined the reliability and validity. Based on the previous solid researches, this study examined the relationship among the service quality, uniqueness and the brand trust in theme park industry by following conceptual framework (see Figure 1)UniquenessFigure 1. Conceptual ModelService quality Brand Trust2 Methodology2.1 Respondents and procedureA convenience sampling technique was employed to collect data in COK. Visitors who had finished their visit were approached and asked to fill out a questionnaire. Alternatively, the researchers collected the relevant data through SO JUMP, a convenient professional software used for online surveys in mainland China. This approach has been widely accepted in academic circles for both validity and reliability[36][41]. The data collection was conducted from late-May to mid-July, which is the peak season for Chinese theme park destinations. The timing for issuing the questionnaires was set for the periods of 2-4pm, 5-6pm and 7-8pm during the weekends. After checking for questionnaire completeness, a was given to participants as an incentive gift and in appreciation of their cooperation. All respondents were voluntarily involved and mutually exclusive. All the selected members are adults who were picked out from the crowd. Out of 200 distributed questionnaires, there were 154 respondents, yielding a response rate of 77 percent. 2.2 Questionnaire Design and Research SettingA questionnaire was designed to measure service quality and uniqueness, as well as to evaluate visitors’ trust and quality of experience during their theme park visitation. The questionnaire was divided into two parts, beginning with the respondents’ assessment of the theme park’s service quality, uniqueness and trust constructs (see Appendix). The perceived service quality construct was based on the THEMEQUAL conceptual framework [10] as applied in the theme park industry. The questionnaire employed 26 Likert-scale items. The uniqueness dimension included four items; the trust dimension included three items, and the service quality, measured by the THEMEQUAL scale [10], included 23 items. All items were measured using a 5-point liker-scale, ranging from (1) strongly disagree to (5) strongly agree. Part two consisted of a series of respondents’ demographic and socio-economic characteristics, including income, gender, age and education. Moreover, the surveys were conducted in public areas of COK, such as parking lots, at the main exit gate and at shuttle bus stations.Located in the Hengqin new district of Zhuhai City, COK had a grand opening in 2015. The park is managed by a private enterprise known as the Chimelong Group. The Zhuhai Hengqin Chimelong International Ocean Resort is comprised of a theme park, fi ve themed hotels and a circus attraction. The resort occupies a prime location, just across the river from Macau and only 41 nautical miles from Hong Kong. Convenient traffic
77networks ensure that guests can reach the destination easily and from everywhere. As the most representative theme park in mainland China, COK has welcomed more than nine million visitors since its opening [43]. This is perhaps the most sophisticated theme park within mainland China. In fact, COK aims to become the Disneyworld (Orlando) of China, having won the 2015 Outstanding Theme Park award, presented by Themed Entertainment Association [44]. The researcher chose COK as the research site due to the park’s features, such as the abovementioned varied experiences and unique visiting products of the park. As such, COK was considered the best choice and most representative theme park for the purposes of this study. 2.3 Data Analysis TechniqueFirst, descriptive statistics were adopted to measure the demographics of respondents. Second, CFA were conducted to attest two-factor structure of the service quality measurement for Chinese theme park using Mplus 7.0. Third, the present study is to test the mediation model with Hayes [42] PROCESS macro (v3.0 model 4). The present study use bootstrapping technique (N=5,000) and 95% confi dence approaches in determining the mediation effects [42]. If the mediation effect is tenable the 95% CI would be excluding zero. 3 Results3.1 Profi le of Respondentshis study analyzed a total of 154 valid responses. The demographic profile of respondents is shown in Table 1. Among the 154 respondents, over one-half were female (50.9%) and 48.1% were male. Most of the respondents were between the age 18 to 24 years (57.8%), it might because of the survey duration was between June to August, majority respondents were high school graduates and college students. Followed by 25 to 34 years (27.9%), and 35 to 54 years or above (14.2%). Most respondents were local Zhuhai residents and followed by the other cities of Guangdong Province (35.7%). Generally, the respondents obtained university education (42.9%) and college education level (37%). With regard to monthly personal income, 30.5% of respondents were earning RMB¥8,000 or above, and 27.9% had monthly personal income RMB¥2,000 or below, 24.7% were earning between RMB¥5,000 to RMB¥7,999.Table 1. Demographic characteristic of respondents N %Gender Male 74 48.1 Female 80 51.9Age 18-24 89 57.8 25-34 43 27.9 35-54 21 13.6 55-64 1 .6 65+ 0 0Location of Respondents Zhuhai 79 51.3 Cities Outside Zhuhai (Guangdong Province) 55 35.7 Outside Guangdong 20 13Education Under College level 19 12.2 College level 57 37 University level 66 42.9 Master level 9 5.8 Doctoral level 3 1.9Income (per month) Less than RMB 2,000 43 27.9 RMB 2,001 - 4,999 26 16.9 RMB 5,000 - 7,999 38 24.7 More than RMB 8,000 47 30.5Times of visitation First time 78 50.6 Second time 36 23.4 More than 40 26 three times 154 100Total3.2 Confi rmatory factor analysisBased on the literature reviews, the nine factors and twenty-eight items created a hypothesis model. To confirm the factor structure, a confirmatory factor analysis was performed using Mplus’s 7.0 robust maximum likelihood parameter estimates with standard errors (MLR). The evaluated model fit using a number of standard fi t criteria, including a Comparative Fit Index (CFI)≥ 0.90, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) close to 0.06, and a standardized root mean 羅菁菁 WInvestigating the Relationship Between Service Quality and Brand Trust for Theme Park Reopening:The Mediation of Perceived Uniqueness
78square residual (SRMR) ≤0.08 [45]. The goodness of fit indices did marginally meet the standard with values of (χ2 (351) =3115.976, p < .001, CFI =0.954, TLI = 0.937, RMSEA = 0.062, SRMR =0.037). the results of the measurement model, Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability values are shown in Table 2.3.3 Descriptive Statistics and Bivariate CorrelationResults of descriptive statistics are showed in Table 3. According to Table 4, Brand trust was positively related to service quality and uniqueness. In addition, uniqueness was positively related to service quality. Since there were bivariate collations between the variables, test the mediation effect of uniqueness to verify the proposed model. Table 3. Descriptive statistics (N = 154) M SDService Quality 3.82 .80Uniqueness 3.88 .91Brand Trust 4.01 .96Table 4. Bivariate collations between variables (N=154) 1 2 31. Service Quality - 2. Uniqueness .585** - 3. Brand Trust .810** .696** -** p < .013.4 Mediation Effect of Uniqueness A mediation analysis was to test the mediation effect of uniqueness and the results are presented in Table 5. The model explained 35.24 variance of uniqueness in the fi rst step. After controlling for several demographic variables, service quality was positively related to uniqueness (B = .656, SE = .078, p < 0.001). The model accounted for 74.65% variance of Brand trust in the second step. The relation between service quality and brand trust was significant (B = .775, SE = .064, p < 0.001). Importantly, it suggested that the mediation effect was significant. Because uniqueness was positively related to brand trust (B = .377, SE = .056, p < 0.001). Moreover, the 95% CI of the mediation index did not include zero (.013,.659). Table 5. Summary of the mediated model (N=154) B SE pStep 1: Uniqueness as outcome (R2 = 35.24%) Gender -.084 .079 .308Age -.015 .084 .861Education level .015 .048 .760Income .034 .036 .384Times of visitation .013 .075 .863Service quality .656 .078 .000Step 2: Brand trust as outcome (R2 = 74.65%) Gender .093 .053 .084Age -.040 .057 .479Education level -.040 .033 .225Income -.010 .026 .710Times of visitation -.114 .050 .025Service quality .775 .064 .000Uniqueness .377 .056 .000
79羅菁菁 WInvestigating the Relationship Between Service Quality and Brand Trust for Theme Park Reopening:The Mediation of Perceived Uniqueness Construct Mean Std. Std. factor Composite Cronbach’s AVE deviation loading reliabilities alpha Low THEMEQUAL .973 .969 .629Tangible .802 The facilities within the COK have a modern outlook. 3.88 .819 .523 The staffs of COK have neat appearances 4.16 .715 .597 The facilities within the COK are visually appealing 3.90 .978 .728 The interpretation materials within COK, such as leafl ets, signpost, and map are visually appealing 3.79 1.147 .714 Reliability .893 When you have a problem, staff of COK will help you to solve it 4.07 .915 .826 The shows/performances have begun on schedule 4.10 .879 .832 The facilities in COK are safe to use 4.08 .967 .775 Responsiveness and access .931 Staffs are never too busy to respond my requests 3.88 .986 .756 Staff responses you exactly when the service/performance will be performed 4.12 .827 .821 Staffs offering on time responses to visitors 3.99 1.100 .865 Staffs are willing to help me always 4.08 .863 .897 I can obtain information from staff easily 4.06 .995 .890 I can access to the staff in COK easily 3.94 1.256 .831 Assurance .936 The behavior of staff is giving me confi dence to visit 4.03 1.044 .896 I felt safe during my transaction 4.10 .998 .879 Staff have suffi cient knowledge to answer visitors’ questions 4.08 .996 .867 Empathy .942 The operating hours of COK is convenient for visitors 3.94 1.145 .838 COK has enough staff members to give each visitor personal attention 3.80 1.179 .798 COK has put the interest of visitors in the fi rst place 3.83 1.148 .798 Staff of COK can understand the specifi c needs of visitors 3.81 1.136 .768 Courtesy .793 I have a pleasant experience of visiting COK 4.00 1.126 .751 Staff of COK are consistently polite 3.98 1.202 .671 Brand trust .896 .875 .741COK is a reliable brand even after the coronavirus closure 4.06 1.005 .908 COK always meets my expectation for a theme park 4.00 1.103 .845 This theme park always demonstrates integrity 3.97 1.105 .823 Uniqueness .764 .859 .618The content of shows is fresh 3.86 1.073 .779 Some unexpected situations happened 3.90 .923 .793Table 1. Demographic characteristic of respondents
804 DiscussionThe findings show that service quality and uniqueness have an impact on visitors’ trust in theme parks. To date, studies have only occasionally examined the service quality and uniqueness in the Chinese theme park industry by applying the SERVQUAL model. However, the fi ve dimensions of the SERVQUAL model cannot fully explain or explore the theme park setting. Previous research has confirmed that THEMEQUAL is able to help theme park operators seek out the important factors from the visitors’ perspective, as well as how service quality can be significantly improved [10]. In this study, THEMEQUAL is firstly proposed as a means to measure the service quality in the theme parks of mainland China. Supporting the assumptions of this study, the fi ndings show that low service quality partly explains why visitors have low trust in theme parks. In addition, uniqueness has been reported to be a component that influences service quality and trust [32]. Using a sample of theme park visitors, the analysis fi nds support for all the hypotheses in this study.Furthermore, developing and sustaining trust in a tourism service setting is difficult to achieve. This study conceptualizes the construct of the relationship between service quality and brand trust by providing a theoretical foundation that constitutes the core of the present research. This is achieved by demonstrating the effect of relationship quality, including those determinants that affect theme park visitors’ loyalty. As a unique measurement tool for assessing theme park service quality, this study confi rms the availability of THEMEQUAL in mainland China. This research highlights the need for a more comprehensive understanding of service quality, including in the theme park industry. The results of this study suggest that service quality can be viewed as one of the antecedents that affect visitor trust. Perception of service quality, including tangibles, reliability, responsiveness and access, assurance, empathy and courtesy, are identified in this study as having a direct effect on trust. This empirical research also provides – and bases its conclusions – on a sample of Chinese theme park visitors. The study also confirms the uniqueness and importance of THEMEQUAL for researching service quality in the Chinese theme park industry. Thirdly, uniqueness is proposed to affect the relationship between service quality and trust in Chinese theme parks, especially as a mediator. This study partly explains the effect of uniqueness as a mediating factor and also improves the understanding of the mechanism. However, uniqueness only partly accounts for the relationship between service quality and trust. Overall, the present study is the fi rst to attempt to provide empirical evidence of the interdependence of involved variables and, at a higher level, the importance of THEMEQUAL in the research of visitors’ brand trust.5 Implications and ConclusionsThis study examines and identifies the service quality dimensions of theme parks (THEMEQUAL) and how those dimensions affect visitor brand trust. More importantly, the hypothesis of the relationship between service quality and brand trust is clarifi ed and confi rmed. After comprehensive data analysis, the results support the various factors that influence the perception of service quality. This fi nding also confi rms, in line with previous studies [7][32], the effect of service quality on theme park brand trust. Furthermore, this study is the fi rst to attempt to provide empirical evidence of the role of THEMEQUAL items as the independent variables that affect brand trust. The fi nding indicates that the components of uniqueness have a signifi cant effect on trust [32].The importance of this finding also generates insights for theme park managers. The development of the tourism industry has become more diffi cult than ever, due to the impact of COVID-19. Theme park service providers should focus most of their attention on measuring the service quality of their theme parks. In order to attract more visitors, theme parks should appeal to prospective tourists with particular strengths, namely by offering a better service and creating brand trust. Theme park management should also modify their service standards. For instance, the ability and motivation of employees in theme parks should be fully
81羅菁菁 WInvestigating the Relationship Between Service Quality and Brand Trust for Theme Park Reopening:The Mediation of Perceived Uniqueness understood by the management. This is particularly true when the employees are serving visitors or otherwise meeting their requirements. Thus, staff training plays an essential role as an enforcement measure to construct the concept of service quality for each employee. Consequently, it will not be enough for managers to only focus on the development of facilities; they also need to pay closer attention to the development of soft power, such as service quality. Theme parks can therefore directly increase visitor trust and loyalty by improving the level of service quality. This study suggests that visitors from different social environments might react differently to certain elements of brand trust. Thus, theme park managers should establish their marketing strategies to fi t each marketing environment, because the needs of visitors might have changed by the onset of COVID-19.Several limitations are noted in this study. With regard to the demographic profi le, due to the restrictions on the movement of people worldwide, the majority of respondents are Chinese residents. This may not match the normal, actual marketing mix of the COK. Hence, there is a possibility that the current data is not fully representative. In addition, due to limitations in terms of both time and resources, the sample size used to reach the study’s conclusion is comparatively small. This small size may affect the representativeness of the research findings. Furthermore, this study conducted the convenience sampling and data collection in one of the most popular theme parks in mainland China. The results of this study therefore might not be representative of similar issues in other theme parks. Future research may consider collecting the data in other popular theme parks, such as the Guangzhou Chimelong resort or Shanghai Disneyland, in order to truly and accurately reflect the circumstances in the Chinese theme park industry. Moreover, the results of this study are largely based on the author’s theoretical expectations. However, further research is needed to extend the present exploration. In particular, despite the importance of visitors’ trust, the infl uence of visitors’ loyalty and the measurement instruments of other constructs (such as switching intention) have not received adequate attention in existing theme park literature. Nevertheless, this study is among the first to research how service quality and uniqueness have infl uenced visitors’ trust since the spread of COVID-19. In addition, the findings have a number of theoretical and practical implications, as previously mentioned. The present study reveals that service quality and uniqueness both have an infl uence on visitors’ trust and hence on the development of the theme park industry. Particularly, the THEMEQUAL model is established as a means to measure the service quality of theme parks. The results of this research have important implications for increasing the number of mainland China theme parks, especially under the background of the COVID-19 crisisReferences [1] Xi, C., & Li, J. (2020). The Impact of Virtual Tourism Experience on Stress and Emotion under the Stay-at-home Restrictions due to COVID-19 Epidemic. Tourism Tribune, doi: 10.19765/j.cnki.1002-5006.2020.00.005[2] Zhu, H., & Deng, F. (2020). How to infl uence rural tourism intention by risk knowledge during covid-19 containment in China: mediating role of risk perception and attitude. Journal of Environmental Research & Public Health, 17, 3514. doi:10.3390/ijerph17103514[3] Ritchie, B. W., & Jiang, Y. (2019). A review of research on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management: Launching the annals of tourism research curated collection on tourism risk, crisis and disaster management. Annals of Tourism Research, 79, 1–15.doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2019.102812 [4] Couto,G., Castanho, R. A., Pimentel, P., Carvalho, C., Sousa, A., & Santos, C. (2020). The Impacts of COVID-19 Crisis over the Tourism Expectations of the Azores Archipelago Residents. Journal of Sustainability 12(18), 7612. doi:10.3390/su12187612[5] Khan, M., N., Aabdean, Z., Salman, M., Nadeem, B., & Rizwan, M. (2016). The Impact of Product and Service Quality on Brand Loyalty: Evidence from Quick Service Restaurants. American Journal of Marketing Research, 2(3), 84–94[6] Rapaccini, M., Saccani, N., Kowalkowaski, C., Paiola, M., & Adrodegari, F. (2020). Navigating disruptive crises through service-led growth: The impact of COVID-19 on Italian manufacturing firms. Journal of Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 225–237. doi: 10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.05.017[7] Fotiadis, A., & Kozak, M. (2017). Managing the perception of service quality; the importance of understanding differences between demographic and behavioural customer segments amongst theme park visitors. Journal of Emerald Insight, 35, 486–510. doi: 10.1108/F-01-2016-0016.[8] Li, W. L. & Song H.Y. (2011). Tourist Perception of Service Quality in the Theme Park. Paper session presented at the meeting of International Conference on Management and Service Science (MASS), Wuhan, China.
82[9] Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring customer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12–40. [10] Tsang, N.K.F., Lee, L.Y.S., Wong, A., & Chong, R. (2012). THEMEQUAL—Adapting the SERVQUAL Scale to Theme Park Services: A Case of Hong Kong Disneyland. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 29, 416–429. doi:10.1080/10548408.2012.691391.[11] Tse, D. K., Belk, R. W. & Zhou, N. (1989). Becoming a consumer society: A longitudinal and cross-cultural content analysis of print ads from Hong Kong, the People's Republic of China, and Taiwan. Journal of consumer research, 15(4), 457–472. [12] Kassim, N., & Abdullah, N. A. (2010). The effect of perceived service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction, trust, and loyalty in e-commerce settings. Asia Pacifi c Journal of Marketing, 22, 351–371. doi: 10.1108/13555851011062269[13] Hyun, S. S. (2009). Managing long-term customer value in the theme park industry: A customer equity-based approach. Journal of Travel & Tourism Research, 9(1), 28–54[14] Wu, S. & Lin, T. (2014). The infl uence of relational bonds and innovative marketing on consumer perception – A study of theme parks. Journal of Management and Strategy, 5, 54–67. doi:10.5430/jms.v5n4p54 [15] Hall, C. M., Scott, D., & Gossling, S. (2020). Pandemics, transformations and tourism: be careful what you wish for. Tourism Geographies, 22, 577–598. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2020.1759131[16] Cheng, Q., Fang, L., & Chen, H. (2016). Visitors’ brand loyalty to a historical and cultural theme park: A case study of Hangzhou Songcheng, China. Current Issues in Tourism, 19, 861–868. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2015.1006589[17] Jin, N.H., Line, N.D., & Goh, B. (2013). Experiential value, relationship quality, and customer loyalty in full-service restaurants: the moderating role of gender. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 22, 679–700. Doi: 10.1080/19368623.2013.723799[18] Jones, P., & Comfort, D. (2020). A commentary on the COVID-19 crisis, sustainability and the service industries. Journal of Public Affairs, accepted, doi: /10.1002/pa.2164[19] Stevens, P., Knutson, B., & Patton, M. (1995). Dineserv: A Tool for Measuring Service Quality in Restaurants. Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 36, 56–60. doi: 10.1177/001088049503600226[20] Frochot, I. (1996). Histoqual: the evaluation of service quality in historic properties. In Robinson, M., Evans, N. & Callaghan, P. (Eds) Managing cultural resources for the tourist, tourism and culture: towards the 21st century conference (pp. 48–59). UK: Sunderland. [21] Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (1994). Marketing management: analysis, planning, implementation and control. London: Prentice-Hall.[22] Milman, A. (2001). The future of the theme park and attraction industry: A management perspective. Journal of Travel Research, 40(2), 139–147.[23] Carman, J. M. (1990). Consumer perceptions of service quality: An assessment of SERVQUAL dimensions. Journal of Retailing, 66(1), 33–55.[24] Valcic, I., Komsic, J., & Simpson, N. C. (2015). Investigating theme park service quality by using modifi ed THEMEQUAL model. Journal of Tourism in Southern and Eastern Europe, 3, 453–466. [25] Pikkemaat, B., & Schuckert, M. (2007). Success factors of theme parks – An exploratory study. Tourism, 55(2), 197–208.[26] Lai, I. K.W., Hitchcock, M., Yang, T., & Lu, T.W. (2018). Literature review on service quality in hospitality and tourism (1984-2014): Future directions and rends. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30, 114–159. doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-08-2016-0408[27] Hazra, S. G., & Srivastava, K. B. L. (2009). Impact of Service Quality on Customer Loyalty, Commitment and Trust in the Indian Banking Sector. Journal of Marketing Management, 8 (3), 75–95.[28] AECOM. (2018). China Theme Park Pipeline Report 2018. Retrieved from https://www.aecom.com/cn/wpcontent/uploads/2018/11/chinathemeparkpipeline.pdf[29] Crosby, L. A., Kenneth, R. E., & Deborah, C. (1990). Relationship Quality in Services Selling: An Interpersonal Influence Perspective. Journal of Marketing 54, 68–81. doi: 10.1177/002224299005400306[30] Cheng, Q., Du, R., & Ma, Y. (2016). Factors infl uencing theme park visitor brand-switching behaviour as based on visitor perception. Current Issues in Tourism, 19, 1425–1466. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2014.885497[31] Gstaettner, A. M., Rodger, K., & Lee, D. (2017). Visitor perspectives of risk management in a natural tourism setting: An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 19, 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.jort.2017.04.001[32] Caceres, R. C., Paparoidamis, N. G. (2005). Service quality, relationship satisfaction, trust, commitment and business-to-business loyalty. Journal of Marketing, 41, 836–867. doi: 10.1108/03090560710752429[33] Sigala, M. (2020). Tourism and COVID-19: Impacts and implications for advancing and resetting industry and research. Journal of Business Research, 117, 312–321.[34] Dwivedi, A., Nayeem, T., & Murshed, F. (2018). Brand experience and consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) a price premium: Mediating role of brand credibility and perceived uniqueness. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 44, 100–107. doi: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2018.06.009[35] Kao, Y.F., Huang, L.S., & Wu, C.H. (2008). Effects of theatrical elements on experiential quality and loyalty intentions for theme parks. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 13, 163– 174. doi: 10.1080/10941660802048480[36] Hyun, K. H., Min, A., Kim, S., & Lee, J. (2016). Investigating cultural uniqueness in theme parks through finding relationships between visual integration of visitor traffics and capacity of service facilities. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 14, 247–254. doi: 10.1177/1478077116663346[37] Carson, C. (2004). ‘‘Whole New Worlds’’: Music and the Disney Theme Park Experience. Ethnomusicology Forum, 13(2), 228–235.[38] Shukla, P., Banerjee, M., & Singh, J. (2016). Customer commitment to luxury brands: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Business Research, 69, 323–331. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.08.004[39] Wiedmann, K.P., Hennigs, N., & Siebels, A. (2009). Value-based segmentation of luxury consumption behavior. Psychology & Marketing, 26, 625–651. doi: 10.1002/mar.20292[40] Franke N., & Schreier, M. (2007). Product uniqueness as a driver of customer utility in mass customization. Market Lett, 19, 93–107. doi: 10.1007/s11002-007-9029-7[41] Chen, R., Zhou, Z., Zhang, G., & Zhou, N. (2020). The impact of destination brand authenticity and destination brand selfe-congruence on tourist loyalty: The mediating role of destination brand engagement. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 15, 100402. doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2019.100402[42] Hayes, A. F. (2013). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling [white paper].[43] Zhai, X., Luo, Q., & Wang L. (2020). Why tourists engage in online collective actions in times of crisis: Exploring the role of group relative deprivation. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 16, 100414. doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100414[44] Thea Awards. (2015). Thea award for outstanding achievement - theme park. Retrieved from: http://www.teaconnect.org/Thea-Awards/Past-Awards/index.cfm?id=5710 [45] Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fi t indexes in covariance structural analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1–55.
83第 14 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.14 No.2 2020 年12 月 31 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 31, 2020 粵港澳大灣區跨境生態保護與監管的法律機制研究黃明健*,吳靜,程羿嘉(澳門科技大學法學院,澳門)摘要:� 粵港澳大灣區是我國目前重點建設的世界級城市群,是未來“一帶一路"深入發展的重要支撐。隨著大灣區經濟的快速發展,過度開發利用導致嚴重的環境污染對大灣區永續發展產生不良的影響,粵港澳面臨著跨境的生態環境問題與挑戰,有效的生態環境保護建設刻不容緩。同時粵港澳三地在地理和生態上的相互依存決定了創建大灣區跨境生態保護與監管法律機制的必要性,這也是大灣區生態治理能力與治理體系現代化的需求所決定的。關鍵詞:� 粵港澳大灣區;跨境生態保護與監管;法律機制Study on the Legal Mechanism of Cross-border Ecological Protection and Supervision in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay AreaMingjian HUANG*, Jing WU, Yijia CHENG(Law Faculty of Macao University of Science and Technolgy, Macao, China)Abstract: � Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area is a world-class urban agglomeration currently under construction in China, and is an important support for the future development of the “Belt and Road”. With the rapid development of the economy in Dawan District, excessive development and utilization have caused serious environmental pollution to adversely affect the sustainable development of Dawan District. Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau are facing cross-border ecological and environmental problems and challenges, and effective ecological environmental protection construction is urgent. The geographical and ecological interdependence of Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao determines the necessity of creating a cross-border ecological protection and regulatory legal mechanism in Dawan District, which is also determined by the needs of the ecological management capacity and modernization of the Dawan District.Keywords: � Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area;Cross-border ecological protection and supervision;Legal mechanism收稿日期:2020-06-19;修訂日期:2020-08-17。* 通訊作者:黃明健,法學博士,法學教授,澳門環境資源法學研究會會長,最高人民法院環境資源司法理論研究基地研究員,澳門科技大學法學院環境與資源法學專業博士生導師。主要研究方向:民商法學,環境與資源保護法學。E-mail:mjhuang@must.edu.mo,Tel:853-889722470 引言粵港澳大灣區是由廣州、深圳、珠海、佛山、中山、東莞、惠州、肇慶、江門 9 市和香港、澳門兩個特別行政區形成的城市群,占地 5.6 萬平方公里,是我國經濟最發達、工業化與城市化程度最高的區域之一,也是我國首個國家層面確認的灣區。隨著城市化進程和產業轉移步伐的加快,
半年刊 2007年6月创刊第十四卷 第二期 2020年12月出版JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITYOF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYSemiannual, Started in June 2007Vol.14 No.2 December 2020定价: 20元澳门币(人民币/港币)二 二 年 第十四卷 第二期JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYVol.14 No.2 December 2020