半年刊 2007年6月創刊第十三卷 第一期 2019年6月出版JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITYOF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYSemiannual, Started in June 2007Vol.13 No.1 June 2019定價: 20元澳門幣(人民幣/港幣)ISSN 1994-4926二 一九年 第十三卷 第一期JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYVol.13 No.1 June 2019半年刊Semiannual Vol.13澳門基金會資助出版
澳門科技大學學報Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology主辦單位: 澳門科技大學Organizer: Macau University of Science and Technology編委會主席: 劉良Chairman of Editorial Board: Liu Liang主編: 許敖敖Chief Editors: Xu Ao Ao編輯: 《澳門科技大學學報》編輯部Editor: The Editorial Department, Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology ● 電話: +853-8897-2173 Tel: +853-8897-2173 ● 傳真:+853-2888-0022 Fax: +853-2888-0022 ● 電郵:publication@must.edu.mo E-mail: publication@must.edu.mo ● 地址: 澳門科技大學 澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 Address: Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau出版及總發行:澳門科技大學Publisher & Distribution: Macau University of Science and Technology ● 電話:+853-8897-2166 Tel: +853-8897-2166 ● 電郵:cbpsadmin@must.edu.mo E-mail: cbpsadmin@must.edu.mo ● 地址: 澳門科技大學 澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 Address: Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 封面及版式設計:高鴻 王港Graphic & Layout Designers: Gao Hong, Wang Gang印刷: 400本Print Run: 400出版日期:2019年6月Issued Date: June 2019國際標準期刊號:ISSN: 1994-4926規格: 21cm×29.7cmSize: 21cm width by 29.7cm height版權所有,翻印必究All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher.編輯委員會Editorial Board編委會主席:劉良Chairman of Editorial Board: Liu Liang主編 :許敖敖Chief Editors: Xu Ao Ao編委:劉良、許敖敖、祈務晨、余秋雨、張志慶、姜志宏、方泉、林偉基、戴龍基、黎曉平、唐澤聖、陳乃九、龐川、孫立雲、孫建榮Editorial Board Members:Liu Liang, Xu Ao Ao,Keith Robert Barclay Morrison, Yu Qiu Yu, Zhang Zhi Qing, Jiang Zhi Hong, Fang Quan, Lam Wai Kei, Dai Long Ji, Li Xiao Ping, Tang Ze Sheng, Chan Lai Kow, Pang Chuan, Sun Li Yun, Sun Jian Rong
ContentsHumanities and ArtsJapan's Official Development Assistance to China Based on National Identity …………… Huihui YAN (1)A Study of the Factors Influencing Fans' Tipping Behavior to Talent Anchors on Live Webcast Platform …………………………………………………………… Di WANG (10)Popular Representation of Chinese Classics: A Case Study of Picture Book Translation on Mulan ………………………………………………………………………………………… Xi CHEN (16)Management and TourismExploring the Factors of Online Reservation Intention of B&B Consumers in Mainland China: Moderating Effects of General Self-efficacy …………………… Yingying ZHANG, Juan TANG (24)A Comparative Analysis of IPO Underpricing and Overpricing in the Chinese Growth Enterprises Market ……………………………………………………………Jihui HUANG, Shianghau WU (34)A Novelty Space Study on Chinese Independent Traveler’s Behavior ………………… Kun CHENG (44)Business Strategy Analysis for Commercial Banks under the Background of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area ……………………………………………………… Wei FANG (58)Research on Competitive Barriers of Macau International Airport from the Perspective of Business Ecosystem ………………………………………………………………………Ngonseng KOU (66)LawOn the Arbitrability of New Macao Arbitration Law (Draft Law): with the Coordinated Development of Macao and the Mainland …………………………………………………………Kin-kuok LAI (74)MedicineAnalysis of Chemical Constituents Before and After Drying in Fresh Herbs of Polygonum Cuspidatum ……………… Lancong LIU, Yi YANG, Yunqing JI, Youjiao WU, Zhifeng ZHANG (83)Study of Erythrocyte Irregular Antibody Screening and Blood Transfusion Safety among Chinese Subjects in a Macau Hospital …………………………… Un Fong WONG, Cheuk Kuen CHENG, Christopher Wai Kei LAM (90)
1第 13 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.13 No.12019 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30, 2019 基於民族特性的日本對華官方開發援助研究閆惠惠*(澳門科技大學社會與文化研究所,澳門)摘要: 日本對華ODA從早期雙贏格局下積極性角色建構,到冷戰結束後安全困境下的消極性角色建構,再到進入二十一世紀後日本對華ODA的終結等三個階段。日本對華ODA的演化發展除受到同期國際政治、經濟和安全局勢的影響外,也深受日本民族的等級觀念、民族優越感、恥感文化和虛榮心態等民族特性的影響。理解中日關系的演化發展不應忽視民族特性的視角。關鍵詞: 日本對華ODA;民族特性;角色建構Japan's Official Development Assistance to China Based on National Identity Huihui YAN*( Institute for Social and Cultural Research, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: Japan's official development assistance (ODA) to China has gone through three stages, from the construction of positive role in the early win-win situation, to the construction under the security dilemma after the end of the Cold War, and to the end of Japan's ODA to China in the 21st century. In addition to being influenced by the international politics, economics, and security at the same term, the evolution and development of Japan’s ODA to China was also deeply influenced by the national identity of Japanese, such as hierarchical concept, ethnocentrism, shame-based culture, vanity mentality and so on. The perspective of national identity should not be ignored in understanding the evolution of Sino-Japanese relations.eyyoodss: Japan's ODA to China; National Identity; Role Construction收稿日期:2019-03-22;修訂日期:2019-06-13。﹡通訊作者:閆惠惠,女,澳門科技大學社會與文化研究所國際關係專業博士研究生,主要研究方向:國際關係與全球治理。E-mail:13833862@qq.com , Tel: 0086-150829633330 引言影響外交關係、促成外交政策決策的因素常常是多元的,既有政治、經濟維度的因素,也有歷史、文化維度的因素。本文嘗試一種從民族特性維度理解日本對華政府開發援助(ODA)政策演變的研究路徑,以期揭示促成日本對華 ODA 的政策演變因素的多維性。民族特性是指一個民族富有傳統意義的思想和文化特性,是區別於其他民族最根本屬性的依據。日本是一個相對獨立的島國,在漫長的歷史發展過程中,由於地域特點形成了具有鮮明特色的民族文化和特殊的國民心理,我們稱為日本民族特性[1]。日本民族的等級觀念、恥感文化,危機感和虛榮心態等民族特性潛移默化地影響著日本的外交政策。塞繆爾 • 亨廷頓在《文明的衝突與世界秩序的重建》中在文明衝突的意義上也注意到並討
2論了日本民族擁有的民族特性[2]。日本向中國提供以日元貸款爲主的 ODA,成爲中國改革開放後最早也是最大的援助國。日本最初決定提供對華 ODA 主要是處於:日本對中國的 ODA 是在特殊的歷史背景下,基於政治、經濟和歷史等多重因素的綜合考慮,這當中也摻雜著複雜的民族情感。日本對華 ODA 的演變,爲理解民族特性在日本外交中的影響與作用提供了有價值的案例佐證。誠然民族特性並不是日本對華ODA 態度轉變的決定因素,但深入探究它們之間的關係,卻可能蘊含著獨特的學術價值。1 研究現狀目前學界對於日本對華 ODA 的相關研究,主要從兩個研究維度出發:一是經濟維度。以經濟學者為主,從經濟開發的視點,研究 ODA 與經濟發展的關係,以及 ODA 的組織結構、實施體系、國民態度、政策理念和實施效果。代表性的文章例如陳卓武、臨逢春的《日本對華 ODA 政策變化的政治經濟學分析》、朱鳳蘭《日本對華官方援助的定位與評價》;二是政治維度。以國際關係、國際政治學者為主,從一國外交戰略與政策的政治學視點出發,把 ODA 視為一種外交政策行為,強調 ODA 作為兩國政府之間的事務,作為一種國際關係現象,從對外政策和國際政治的角度進行研究。代表性的文章有如金熙德的《日本對華ODA 的演變與中日關係》、馮劍的《國際比較框架中的日本 ODA 全球戰略分析》、杜浩、熊李力的《日本對華 ODA 貸款計劃的終結》等。我國學者目前對於日本對華 ODA 的研究成果主要有:金熙德《日本政府開發援助》、張光《日本政府對外援助政策研究》以及各種《戰後日本外交史》、《戰後日本經濟史》、《戰後日本對外關係史》等通史性著作中的有關章節。上述專著和論文介紹了日本 ODA 的基本狀況、政策方針、組織體系以及戰後以來的發展變化,對這些問題進行了相當深入的研究,取得了豐碩的成果。 但是,在日本對華 ODA 的既有的研究中,儘管也有少數學者從社會、歷史或文化維度展開的研究,但仍有深入研究的空間,且少有學者注意到民族特性在這當中可能產生的影響。孫翠萍在其文章《試析日本對華 ODA 決策的文化動因》中從文化的角度來剖析日本對華 ODA決策的文化動因,認為文化從深層次對一國外交產生深刻影響,文化作為一種軟力量在明確什麼是好,什麼是壞,確定外交目標時能夠起到導向作用。不同國家外交政策的決策受到不同社會文化環境的熏陶和影響,制定出來的外交政策自然也不同。並指出日本文化傳統對其外交的影響的特點表現為其民族的危機意識和等級意識[3]。美國克萊蒙特大學的楊紫寧教授在其發表的文章《析等級觀念對日本近現代外交的影響》中強調從古至今,日本民族的等級制度一直在緩慢且平穩的發展著,對日本外交政策產生了深遠影響[4]。他從日本民族等級觀念產生的根源進行探討,使我們進一步理解日本的民族文化心理。並舉例論證了等級觀念對日本近現代對華政策的影響。日本學者渡邊昭夫曾提出從文化和外交的關係視角分析國際政治現象,其特別推崇的就是日本特有文化對外交方法的影響[5]。2 民族特性對日本對華ODA早期政策的影響二戰後,特别是從 1956 年至 1973 年,日本經濟高速發展一躍成爲全球第二大經濟體。日本從 1954 年開始加入“科倫坡計劃”,成爲援助國。1972 年 9 月 29 日中日正式建立外交關系後,1979年開始正式對中國實施以日元貸款爲主的政府開發援助政策(ODA)[6]。ODA 是一種利息低、還款時間長的政府優惠貸款,一般還款時間爲 20 至30 年。當時的中國正值改革開放之初,急需大量資金和先進技術。中國接受了日本第一筆 3309 億元的日元貸款用於六個大型基礎設施建設,秦皇島港、五強溪水力發電所、北京到秦皇島間鐵路
3閆惠惠 基於民族特性的日本對華官方開發援助研究建設等[7]。日本對華 ODA 中日元貸款占到將近90%,而剩下 10% 爲無償資金援助和技術支持。從 1979 年日本正式實施對華 ODA 至 1991 年冷戰結束這段時期通常被視爲日本對華 ODA 的早期雙贏格局階段。在這一時期,日本爲中國提供的貸款爲 5-6 年爲一期,80 年代中後期日本又再次爲中國提供了 4700 億日元的第二筆貸款,主要用於鐵路建設和連雲港擴充事業、青島港擴充事業等 7 個大型基礎項目的建設。整個 80 年代中國共接受日方兩次共累計 8009 億日元 ODA 貸款,日本成爲中國改革開放以後最早也是最大的援助國。在這時期中日雙方所處的國際環境不同。日本當時已經是全球經濟大國,是亞洲經濟的“龍頭”,這時日本與國際社會具有正向認同。中國在 1970 年代雖然已經恢複了聯合國的合法席位,但與主導的國際社會屬于零向認同,仍然處於國際社會的遊離狀態,對國際事務參與度不高,主要是中國剛完成歷史巨變,平息國內矛盾,開始全力轉入改革開放國民經濟建設時期。這一時期,中國急需大量資金,日元貸款可謂 “雪中送炭”,加強了中國國內的經濟基礎設施和交通設施建設,也改善了基層人民的生活。日本對華 ODA 增強了兩國人民的信任交流與友誼,改善了中日關系。日本也由此促進了日本對華貿易,擴大了日本出口市場。日本作爲亞洲經濟強國的身份帶動促進了亞洲地區經濟的發展,提升了日本的國家形象。這個階段,中日兩國是一種“日強中弱”的狀態。這一時期中日雙方的身份認知是大致重合的,雙方構建的是一種積極性地角色身份。這一時期中日雙方能夠建立起友好互助的合作基調緣于雙方對當時國際秩序和規範的理解,是對對方國家身份的認同。2.1 日本對華ODA早期的積極性角色建構 這一階段雙方友好積極的互動,互相建構的是種積極性的角色身份。雖然有一些摩擦,但相對而言雙方在這一時期更多的是一種友好互助,而不是競爭或敵人的身份。中日之間良性積極的互動建立了一種友好的共有觀念,因此雙方互相定位的角色是“朋友”。一個國家在國際社會中的角色就是國家身份,它是主權國家與主導國際社會的認同程度,國家對於國際社會的態度和行爲是基於國家身份的。在 1970 年代,中國還處於國際社會的邊緣狀態,對國際事務參與程度不高,全力發展國內經濟建設[3]。日本則已成爲亞洲的強國,世界第二大經濟體。日本要建立以自己爲主導的亞洲等級秩序,幫助中國等其他落後國家發展,實現亞洲的穩定發展。如果中日雙方的自我認識和他我認識能夠重疊或部分重疊,那重疊的部分就是共有認識,中日兩國只有基於這種共有認識才建構一種積極的身份。在日本對華 ODA 的第一階段中日雙方是基於對對方身份的這種共有認識,因此建立起積極的角色身份。2.2 民族特性與早期日本對華ODA的雙贏格局 2.2.1 日本對華ODA表現出的民族特性具有等級觀念意識 本尼迪克特曾說過:“日本人是從等級的觀點來看待國內問題的,他們也用同樣的觀點來看待國際問題。”日本一直推崇“自上而下、各安其所”的等級觀念,認爲在等級體系中要根據自己所處的地位和等級來採取相符合的行爲[8],具有濃厚的、自上而下的等級制度,等級觀念隨著日本等級制度的産生和發展建立起來,國民的思想觀念中等級觀念已經形成思考問題的常態,在日本民族中根深蒂固,以至於他們看待國際問題也離不開等級觀念。這一階段,日本實施對華 ODA 政策,日本把自己定位於等級秩序中金字塔的頂端,以地區強國居高者的姿態來幫助落後的中國實現“大東亞的繁榮”,這個前提是日本認爲自己是具有主導地位的,自己在這個等級秩序中是居於龍頭的位置,因此和落後的中國改善關系,促進亞洲的穩定營造一個和平穩定的周邊環境。另外,在當時的國際環境中,在日本看來他
4們和美國是同處於國際等級秩序的頂端, 1972 年時任美國總統的尼克森突然訪華,向世人釋放出了和中國改善關系的信號。日本緊跟隨美國的步伐,與中國恢複邦交,並進一步確定開展對中國的經濟援助。可以說日本的對外政策考慮是步步離不開他們民族深厚的等級觀念的。二戰後在亞洲處於外交孤立地位的日本,終於等來了一個既不損害日美同盟,不打破日美等級秩序又能和周邊國家建交的機會,在這個階段日本對華 ODA 政策的制定是基於日本把自己角色定位成“亞洲的中心”。由於這個等級觀念的導向它對施動者的思維方式和行爲産生了影響,直接影響到了日本外交政策的制定,等級觀念是日本外交具有的顯著特點,是研究日本外交不可忽視的重要因素[9]。2.2.2 日本對華ODA表現出的民族特性具有民族優越感 雖然民族優越感是一些大國常有的心態,但像日本這麽把民族優越感宣揚到極致的還是少見。一直以來日本人強調大和民族是神的子孫,富士山被稱爲“神山”,日本爲稱爲“神國”。尤其在 20 世紀 70 年代,日本成爲世界經濟大國,占據亞洲經濟的主導地位,大和民族國家至上的意識在日本得到強化,其民族優越感最大程度的體現出來。日本的大國意識逐漸膨脹,日本民族的優越感迫切想得到其他國家的認同,面對亞洲其他落後國家,日本趾高氣昂有強大的心理優勢。基於這種理念和強大的精神動力日本積極地展開外交, 因此對中國,也對亞洲很多發展中國家實施援助計劃。日本開展積極自主的外交,樹立其在亞洲的主導地位,努力提升國家形象。日本的民族特性在外交上有時會産生積極地效果,有時會帶來消極的影響。在這一階段日本對華 ODA 政策取得了積極的效果。雖然在整個 80年代,中日之間有關於“教科書事件”等一些事件的摩擦,但縱觀整個時期,日本對華 ODA 的基調是沒有變的,那就是支持中國的現代化建設和改革開放,改善中日關系也有對中國放棄戰爭賠款的補償心理[10]。這一階段的日本對華 ODA 的實施使中日雙方取得了雙贏,一方面日本最初的目的都達到了,改善了中日關系、開拓了中國市場、提升了日本國家形象。另一方面日本對中國的援助猶如“及時雨”降臨在中國大地,推動了中國經濟與社會的發展。中國利用日元貸款建成了機場、碼頭、鐵路等基礎項目,同時日本對華的無償援助和技術支持也分佈在農業、環保、醫療等領域。可以說,這一階段日本對華 ODA 政策的實施是迄今爲止政府開發經濟援助運用最成功的案例之一,因此日本對華 ODA 第一階段迎來了雙贏的格局。3 民族特性與日本對華ODA的政治轉向 從 1991 年冷戰結束至 2008 年,常被看作日本對華 ODA 的第二階段。在這一時期的日本對華ODA 政策帶有明顯的政治意圖 [7]。1992 年日本發布了《ODA 大綱》提出了ODA 援助四原則,標志著日本的對外援助已經逐漸轉向一種政治策略。這一時期日本對華日元貸款提供方式由第一階段的一次確定五年的貸款額,轉變爲“3+2”模式,即先確定三年的貸款數額,到期再確定後兩年的貸款數額,到 21 世紀初轉換爲“單年次”即每年只確定一年的貸款額度[11]。主要根源在於中國的經濟發展水準已經從 1970 年代的落後低下轉變爲快速的增長,日本認爲中國的快速發展對于其建立的“以日本爲中心”的亞洲等級秩序有所威脅,因此日本把中國視爲潛在的對手。隨著中國綜合國力的增強,成爲最大的發展中國家,日本對中國身份的變化産生認同危機。這一時期的日本 ODA 制定不再是根據受援國的需要爲出發點的,而是圍繞日本成爲世界“政治大國”的國家戰略目標作爲外交手段來服務的。這段時期日本對華 ODA 的主要應用領域開始從中國的沿海地區向西部傾斜,雖然也有應用於經濟基礎設施建設方面,但開始逐漸向農業、環保方面轉移。另外在一些援助項目中,強制增加了一
5閆惠惠 基於民族特性的日本對華官方開發援助研究些限制條款,比如購買日方的設備等。日本政府也越來越不情願把資金投放在支持中國的經濟建設上,而更多的投放到環保、人口扶貧、民間活動等方面。除去九十年代提供了數額較大的貸款外,從 21 世紀伊始日本開始大幅度削減對華貸款額度,每年以 20% 的額度遞減。2013 年,日本頒布了新《ODA 大綱》,明確提出日本 ODA 的目的是爲了“國際社會的和平和發展做出貢獻”,以此來確保“我國的安全與繁榮”。這使得日本實施 ODA 政策考慮國家利益和對外政治策略的意圖更加明顯。在實施中,日本也用 ODA 挾持著受援國的國家政治。這主要是在蘇聯解體,冷戰結束後,國際環境發生了很大的改變。國際體系由“兩級爭霸”轉向了“一國獨霸”,在這種新的國際體系下,中日兩國的要求不同,共有文化差異越來越大。日本通過先前實施的 ODA 政策逐漸提升了國家形象,隨著在國際舞臺的日益活躍,日本越來越強烈的要提升自己在國際社會的政治地位。日本的國家戰略就是加入聯合國常任理事國成爲和其“經濟大國”相匹配的“政治大國”身份。而中國隨著 80 年代國民經濟的快速發展,中國已經逐漸走向“經濟大國”的行列,隨著中國國家實力的增強,日本對中國開始有所戒備。因此,日本不再把援助項目放在直接有利於中國經濟建設發展的項目上來,而是轉移到環保、民生等方面。特別是 2003 年中國神州五號飛船發射成功,日本的右翼勢力認爲日本對華 ODA 幫助中國軍事方面的發展,中國的快速發展會威脅到日本的國家安全,繼續對華實施 ODA 政策無疑是“養虎爲患”。加之小泉參拜靖國神社和中日之間的東海油氣田問題,中日之間的摩擦越來越大,本來使雙方取得互惠互利的ODA 在這一階段被政治問題所左右。這段時期日本前輩大平內閣對華 ODA 的“適應於中國經濟發展,以中國意見爲主”的初衷,已經被日本當局改變,而把一些軍隊開支、人權民主等涉及中國內政的問題作爲對華 ODA 的條件,必然會將原來使雙方走向雙贏的道路推向末端,最後付之東流。這一階段日本對華 ODA 的制定同樣深受其民族特性中等級觀念的影響,日本一直謀求成為聯合國常任理事國,這時期日本的 ODA 政策是爲其“爭常”的戰略服務的。21 世紀以來中國發展成爲經濟大國,和日本的關系由原來的“日強中弱”到“兩強並立”的局面,日本認爲自己處於亞洲主導地位的等級秩序格局已經被打破,因此感到無比恐慌,日本努力成爲強者的姿態和對中國的牽制和防範成爲這一時期影響對華政策的關鍵因素[12]。3.1 中日消極角色身份的建構 從 1991 年蘇聯解體,冷戰結束後,世界格局發生變化,日本對華 ODA 政策做了很大的調整和改變,這一時期至 2008 年日本對華 ODA 的終結,我們可以大致看作日本對華 ODA 的第二階段。第二階段中日雙方相互建構的是一種洛克文化,消極性的角色身份。20 世紀 90 年代以來,亞洲格局發生了變化,由原來以日本爲主導的“日強中弱”格局變爲歷史上從未出現過的“日強中強”兩強並立的局面,打破了日本制定的以自己爲龍頭的亞洲主導地位的等級秩序,因此日本把中國視爲競爭對手,對中國的發展抱有很大的戒心。中日關系的核心問題根源于雙方的角色認知問題。中國是國際社會的後來者,在 90 年代中國的國家身份由七八十年代的在國際社會中處於遊離狀態轉變爲積極參與國際事務,成爲國際社會上越來越重要的一員。這一階段中日兩國對國家身份的認同都有了一定的改變,兩國之間由原來的朋友身份開始轉變爲視對方爲競爭者和威脅者。這種改變導致了中日之間的共有文化大大降低摩擦不斷,兩國關系逐漸降溫,這一時期中日之間不友好的互動建構的是一種互相猜疑甚至敵對的共有觀念。共有觀念的轉變導致了中日間國家身份地位的重新建構,進而決定了新的國家利益,在行爲上表現爲外交政策的改變。因此這個階段中日最大的問題是缺乏觀念上的共識和角色的認同。國家實力是決定國家結構的物質性因素,建
6構主義認爲物質性是結構性的一部分,中國和日本國家實力的改變就是物質性的因素導致了結構的變化因此對行爲體的行爲起到了作用。中國的崛起使日本民族強烈的危機意識凸顯出來,日本對中國的逐漸崛起産生恐懼和擔心,把中國視爲“潛在的敵人”、宣揚“中國威脅論”,中日雙方意識形態,價值觀念的不同彼此間互相猜忌,造成中日雙方安全感缺失,形成安全困境。安全困境一旦産生,那麽這一時期中日總是對對方的行爲高度猜疑,做出最壞的評估[13]。中日之間構建的“對手”這一角色定位占據主導地位後,兩國會將這種角色內化到他們的身份和利益中,進而左右外交政策,應用到日本對華 ODA 上最直接的表現就是“經援政治化”。3.2 日本民族特性對日本對華ODA的消極影響 從 1991 年冷戰結束至 2008 年日本對華 ODA走向終結,這一過程中,日本的外交政策也深受著其民族特性的影響。3.2.1 日本對華ODA 深受民族特性中“危機意識”的影響 2003 年中國神州 5 號飛船發射成功的消息使日本國內削減、取消對華 ODA 的聲音四起,這反應出了日本民族特性中強烈的危機意識。日本人的危機感是與生俱來的,這與日本獨特的地理環境、本國資源的匱乏、自然災害頻發的生存環境影響是分不開的。之所以說中國神州 5 號飛船發射成功牽扯到日本人緊繃的神經,是因爲日本認爲中國發展成爲經濟大國後,會再發展成爲軍事大國因此産生的恐慌和擔憂。日本民族這種過度的危機意識,導致他們看待國際問題特別敏感,尤其是對周邊國家的發展一直存在一種猜忌的心態,民族特性中的危機意識強化了日本人的恐懼心理和戒備心理。與日本外交崇尚儒家思想中的“忠”不同,中國的外交思想崇尚的是儒家思想的“仁”,即“以和爲貴”,睦鄰友好發展的外交政策[14]。中國在歷史上最繁榮強大的時期從來沒有對日本有過侵略有過主動發起的戰爭就是一個最好的證明。但是日本因爲強烈的等級意識和危機感,造成對強大國家的崇敬追隨和弱小國家的欺淩,過度的危機感造成對周邊國家的不信任,日本這種不健康民族心理使其被稱爲“外交孤兒”,也反應出日本民族特性的狹隘性。過度的危機意識使得“中國威脅論”在日本右翼勢力的大肆渲染下在日本國內甚囂塵上,這種民族觀念性的因素也是導致這一時期中日産生安全困境的重要原因,左右了日本的外交政策和行爲。在這一時期直接表現在對華政策上對 ODA 政策的大幅度削減。3.2.2 日本民族特性中“恥感文化” 對日本對華ODA的影響 自 2001 年起,時任日本首相的小泉不顧亞洲各國的強烈反對執意參拜靖國神社,造成中日關系緊張。“歷史問題”是中日關系發展始終繞不開的問題,也成爲導致中日關系發展的瓶頸。究其原因就是日本民族“恥感文化”的影響。日本的侵華戰爭給中國人民帶來無法抹去的沉痛傷害,但相比同爲侵略國家的德國一再對受害國誠懇道歉懺悔的做法,日本一直在歷史問題上避重就輕,甚至歪曲美化其罪惡的侵略行徑,日本民族的恥感文化因素認爲如果日本對其侵略行爲承認道歉的話,必然有損於日本的國家形象,使日本的國民因此而蒙羞。這是一種不明是非缺乏基本的道德審判標准的不健康心理。面對歷史問題,日本和德國截然不同的態度,是緣於兩國不同的民族文化。德國是“罪惡感文化”,德國人認爲面對罪惡,只有通過懺悔得到緩解和原諒,而日本的“恥感文化”使得日本人排斥懺悔,缺乏恒定是非標准,以實用主義爲原則,又極其重面子和名譽。面對歷史問題日本的做法只會給兩國帶來更深的摩擦,猜疑加深。2005 年,由於日本“篡改歷史教科書事件”和對日本右翼勢力言行的不滿,中國國內爆發了反日遊行示威,這時兩國關系跌至冰點,受此影響,2006 年 3 月日本政府宣佈暫停對華 ODA 政策新一輪的討論。
7閆惠惠 基於民族特性的日本對華官方開發援助研究3.2.3 日本民族特性中的“虛榮心態”對日本對華ODA的影響 日本認爲中國國內缺乏對日本 ODA 的報道這也是日本削減乃至終止對華 ODA 的一個考慮因素。這反應除了日本民族特性中的虛榮心態。因爲日本民族的過度危機意識和恥感文化使他們的道德感很是模糊,甚至名譽大於正義。比如,前述對歷史問題的處理,日本認爲如果承認對中國和其他亞洲國家的侵略行爲,那麽日本必然在國際上擡不起頭,更不能實現他們一直以來成爲世界政治大國的奮鬥目標。在日本對華 ODA 中,日本認爲中國官方對日本的這種幫助行爲並沒有積極的廣泛報道,沒有達到日本預估的輿論影響,認爲中國沒有感謝日本援助的恩情。日本認爲中國應該對其提供的援助感恩戴德,立碑紀念,以此來彰顯對日本的恩情,這是日本民族赤裸裸的虛榮心理。誠然,日本對華 ODA 確實對中國的經濟發展和國家建設做出了很大的貢獻,中國國家領導人也在多個場合表示感謝日本提供的援助。中國對接受 ODA 沒有足夠的報道和感謝,沒有因此對日本産生情感上的好感,是因爲這完全不能等同於或者抵償對中國造成的戰爭傷害,而且日本在歷史問題上屢次傷害中國人民的感情,ODA 所能産生的兩國人民之間的情感牌已經被消耗殆盡了。而日本則認爲自己白白出了錢卻沒能擴大和改善在中國的影響。另外,日本民族中的虛榮心態導致日本國內媒體對對華 ODA 的報道不夠客觀,含有模糊焦點的成份,對華 ODA 中大部分是日元貸款,也就是中國要加以利息償還的,但是日本媒體卻將其和無償資金和技術援助混爲一起,造成日本民衆以爲向中國提供的 ODA 都是無償援助,因此對ODA 産生偏見 [15]。日本和中國兩國對 ODA 在認識上存在根本分歧,造成兩國人民之間的誤解,因此在 ODA 實施的第二階段很難産生積極的社會效應。4 民族特性與日本對華ODA的終結 2004 年 11 月 28 日小泉純一郎表示日本對華ODA 已經到畢業的時候了。2005 年 4 月中日外交部長達成協議日本對華 ODA 在 2008 年北京奧運會之時結束。這場持續 30 年的政府間的援助最終退出了中日關系歷史的舞臺。日本對華 ODA 的終結也是早晚發生的事,但結局似乎已經偏離了最初的軌道,也帶來了負面的影響,尤其是兩國民衆和輿論對日本對華 ODA 造成了不客觀的負面的印象,對兩國構建積極性角色身份增加了障礙。最後不歡而散的結局,實在對不住前輩們的高瞻遠矚,將多年的改善中日關系的努力付諸東流。在談及日本對華 ODA 終結問題時,日本的官方說法是認爲中國隨著經濟的發展已經不再需要日本的援助了,中國可以從 ODA 畢業了。但是這種理由筆者認爲只是官方的說辭罷了,中國仍然是發展中國家,除了沿海和內陸大城市外,中國還有很多貧困地區。另外日本對外的 ODA 不僅僅只針對落後的國家,日本對東歐一些富裕的國家如羅馬尼亞、保加利亞等也是其 ODA 的對象 [16]。日本的中國問題專家,慶應義塾大學教授小島朋之發表言論曾對日本對華援助政策提出建議:儘管中國已經取得了舉世矚目的成就,卻仍是發展中國家,而且還存在著改善環境、貧困扶助,內陸開發等僅靠自己難以解決的問題。日本此時的經濟援助的作用也變得更加重要了[17]。總之,日本對華 ODA 是“互惠互利”的,在中日關系上産生了積極的效益也帶來消極的一面。它對中國的經濟建設提供了重要幫助,對日本的經濟穩定、能源進口等都帶來了綜合性效益。反觀日本對華 ODA 整個過程,日本民族獨特的等級觀念、恥感文化和危機意識等民族特性在其制定外交政策上均有所表現,日本民族身上深深的民族特性烙印使其不能拋開觀念性因素理性客觀的看待中國的發展問題。建構主義是以“文化”爲其核心概念,認爲文化建構了國家的身份和利益。建構主義的文化指的是行爲者在互動中産生的共有文化[18]。放在
10第 13 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.13 No.12019 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30, 2019 影響直播平臺上的粉絲對才藝主播打賞行為的因素研究王 迪(澳門科技大學人文藝術學院,澳門)摘要: 近年來,觀看網路直播節目成為了一種潮流。許多粉絲在觀看直播的過程中會對主播進行不同程度的打賞。本文旨在探索是何種因素影響粉絲在直播平臺上給才藝主播打賞的頻率和金額。我們從四個心理因素對中國受眾在直播平臺的消費行為進行分析。我們假設偶像崇拜,獎勵,競爭心理和性吸引力分別與打賞的頻率與金額數量呈正相關關係。研究採用問卷調查法,對211個有效樣本進行分析,得出結論:偶像崇拜與性吸引力對打賞頻率和打賞金額有顯著的正向的影響,獎勵和競爭心理與打賞頻率和打賞金額無關。關鍵詞: 網路直播;打賞行為;偶像崇拜;獎勵;競爭;性吸引力A Study of the Factoos Influencing Fans' Tipping Behavioo to Talent Anchoos on Live Webcast Platfoom Di WANG( Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: In recent years, watching live webcasts has become a trend. Many fans will give various amounts of tips to the anchors during the live broadcast. The purpose of this article is to explore what factors influence the frequency and amount of tips that a fan can give to a talent anchor on a live webcast platform. We analyzed the consumption behavior of Chinese audiences on the live webcast platforms from four psychological factors. We hypothesized that idolatry, rewards, competitive psychology, and sexual attraction are positively related to the frequency and amount of tips to the anchors. Based on a survey of 211 valid samples, we concluded that idolatry and sexual attraction have significant positive effects on the frequency and the amount of tips, reward and competition psychology are not related to the frequency and the amount of tips.eyyoodss: Webcast; Tip behavior; Idolatry; Reward; Competition; Sexual attraction收稿日期:2019-03-22;修訂日期:2019-05-30。﹡通訊作者:王迪,女,博士,澳門科技大學人文藝術學院助理教授,主要研究方向:新媒體使用心理,新媒體的商業傳播。E-mail: dwang@must.edu.mo Tel: 00853-88971965 0 緒論儘管互聯網視頻直播早在 2009 年就出現了,但直到最近幾年才流行起來。據《中國互聯網發展報告》統計,截至 2018 年 6 月,網路視頻直播使用者達 4.25 億,占所有線民的 53%[1]。起初,大多數視頻直播都與遊戲有關,主播在直播中向觀眾傳授遊戲技術。隨著直播越來越流行,其他類型的直播也開始出現。劉婧[2]將直播分為兩種類型:以主播為中心和以事件為中心。以主播為中心的視頻直播是為了展示主播的魅力和能力。以事件為中心的視頻直播通常由新聞機構託管,
14直播平臺的打賞頻率和打賞金額關係十分顯著。現今人們的消費行為已經不再單純是花錢購買物品這樣簡單的目的了,越來越多的消費者不只是從事物質消費,也進行著象徵性符號消費[19]。而受眾基於對主播的偶像崇拜進行的消費其實就是一種符號消費。通過消費的方式與主播建立聯繫,來表達個人對主播的偶像崇拜的自我認同。本研究中主播的性吸引力與受眾在直播平臺的打賞頻率和打賞金額也有十分顯著的關係。許多主播為了獲取盈利,時常以性吸引作為突破點,一些主播會通過肢體和語言進行性挑逗、性暗示從而獲得粉絲的打賞。研究結果顯示主播對粉絲的獎勵和競爭心理與粉絲對主播的打賞頻率和金額均無顯著影響。主播的獎勵可能不是粉絲打賞的主要動機。打賞後得到主播的讚揚故然很好,但可能是打賞的非必要條件。同樣,競爭心理可能在個別的直播偶爾出現,但可能不是粉絲每次打賞的動力,因此不能影響打賞的整體頻率和金額。另外,粉絲本身的經濟狀況也影響了其打賞頻率和金額。本研究仍存在一定的局限性:首先,本研究基於滾雪球的抽樣方法,雖然樣本儘量抽取直播平臺的使用者,但樣本的代表性仍不足。未來研究可以進一步優化樣本。其次,影響直播平臺上的消費行為的因素還有很多,本研究更側重於消費者的心理層面,如若要全面地探究直播平臺上的消費行為,還需要考慮其他因素的影響。基於過往的研究基礎,我們發現在關於直播平臺的研究上,學者們更多地集中於關注直播平臺的類別與流媒體技術、直播內容以及粉絲群體的基本情況,而忽略了對粉絲在直播平臺上消費行為的探究。因此本研究在四個緯度的假設下,進一步探究粉絲作為直播平臺上的消費者其為主播打賞的消費行為以及消費心理,為視頻直播從業人員提供了一些參考,為今後對於直播平臺與粉絲消費行為的研究提供更多的思考角度與方向。參 考 文 獻[1] 中國互聯網路資訊中心 . 第42次《中國互聯網路發展狀況統計報告[EB/OL].(2018-7)[2019-01-10] http://172.16.138.101:81/2Q2WDADF07C50E2F363852B0C4AFEE614A6AAF3430E9_unknown_80461AE3727965D8594FFF1B5359D969C07219DD_6/www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/201808/P020180820630889299840.pdf[2] 劉婧. 繁榮與亂象:網路直播熱下的冷思考. 新聞研究導刊,2016,22: 69-70.[3] 新浪財經.移動大資料監測平臺報告:觀眾打賞金額呈兩極分化.(2017年03月21日) [2019年3月8日]. http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2017-03-21/doc-ifycnpvh5200018.shtml[4] 中商情報網 . 直播行業用戶分析:近9 0 %打賞金額1 0 0 0元內 . (2017年5年31日)[2019年3月8日]. http://www.ebrun.com/20170531/231898.shtml[5] 姜韻梅. 國小高年級學生偶像崇拜與自我概念之研究[D]. 臺灣:國立台中教育大學,2003.[6] Chiou, J. S., Cheng, H. I., & Huang, C. Y. The effects of artist adoration and perceived risk of getting caught on attitude and intention to pirate music in the United States and Taiwan. Ethics & Behavior, 2011,21(3):182-196.[7] Giles, D. C., & Maltby, J. The role of media figures in adolescent development: Relations between autonomy, attachment, and interest in celebrities. Personality and individual differences, 2004, 36(4): 813-822.[8] Swann, W. B., Stein-Seroussi, A., & Giesler, R. B. Why people self-verify. Journal of personality and social psychology, 1992,62(3):392-401.[9] Swaminathan, V., Stilley, K. M., & Ahluwalia, R. When brand personality matters: The moderating role of attachment styles. Journal of consumer research, 2008, 35(6): 985-1002.[10] 李增雲. 消費主義視野中的粉絲消費行為研究[D].北京:中國傳媒大學碩士學位論文,2008.[11] Deci, E. L. Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 1971, 18(1): 105-115.[12] Malone, T. W., & Lepper, M. R. Making learning fun: A taxonomic model of intrinsic motivations for learning. In R. E. Snow & M. J. Farr (Eds.), Aptitude, learning, and instruction: III. Conative and affective process analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1987: 223-253.[13] Fogg, B.J. Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do (1st Edition). Morgan-Kaufmann, 2002.[14] Reichert, T., & Ramirez, A. (2000). Defining sexually oriented appeals in advertising: A grounded theory investigation. ACR North American Advances.[15] 單豔軍. 淺析播音主持語言傳播中“說服”理論的運用.今傳媒,2013[16] Huang, Y., Lin, C., Su, H. & Tung, M. I worship, so I download? Idol worship, music purchase and piracy by young consumers in Taiwan. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 2015, 27 (1): 99-126. [17] 李俊茹. 教師的激勵風格、言語獎勵與學生內部動機的關係[D]. 河北: 河北大學,2005.[18] 謝曉非,余媛媛,陳曦,陳曉萍. 合作與競爭人格傾向測量. 心理學報,2006 ,38(1): 116-125.[19] 陳坤宏.消費文化理論.臺北市:揚智文化,1995.
16第 13 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.13 No.12019 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30, 2019 中國文化經典的通俗化再現 ——以木蘭繪本翻譯為例陳 曦*(澳門科技大學國際學院,澳門)摘要: 在“一帶一路"和中國文化走出去的大背景下,越來越多的中國文化經典走向世界。由文學經典改編的繪本,以通俗化的形式再現了中國文化經典,但中國繪本翻譯相關研究卻始終不足。本文以雙語繪本《巾幗英雄花木蘭》(1993)和《木蘭辭》(2010)為研究語料,探討中國文化經典中的木蘭如何在現代雙語繪本中通俗化再現。基於雅各布森的翻譯三分法(1959),本文從語內、語際和符際翻譯三個層面,以及語言和視覺兩個維度,考察源語文本中的中國文化要素如何在目標語文本中重構,為中國文化繪本外譯提供借鑒與參考。關鍵詞: 繪本翻譯;木蘭;語內翻譯;語際翻譯;符際翻譯Populao Repoesentation of Chinese Classicss: A Case Study of Pictuoe Book Toanslation on MulanXi CHEN*( University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: Under the background of “the Belt and Road Initiative” as well as the going-out policy of Chinese culture, more and more Chinese cultural classics are translated and introduced to the world.Picture books that are adapted from literary classics represent Chinese cultural classics in a popular form. However, the studies on picture book translation have always been insufficient and under-researched in China.Thisstudyinvestigates how the Chinese classic Mulan is translated into contemporary bilingual picturebooks. The data is selected from two bilingual picturebooks: China’s Bravest Girl: The Legend of Hua Mu Lan (1993) and Song of Mulan (2010).Based on Jakobson’s (1959) typology of three types of translation, it explores how the Chinese cultural features in the source texts are reconstructed in the target texts both verbally and visually in two bilingual picturebooks on Mulan’s legend. It is hoped that this study can shed light on the translation of Chinese cultural picture books.eyyoodss: Picture book translation; Mulan; Intralingual translation; Interlingual translation; Intersemiotic translation收稿日期:2019-04-30;修訂日期:2019-08-06。基金資助項目:多模態視角下的澳門語言景觀翻譯研究,澳門科技大學研究基金(FRG-17-049-UIC)*通訊作者:陳曦,女,澳門科技大學國際學院助理教授。主要研究方向:多模態語篇分析,翻譯研究,跨文化研究。E-mail: xch@must.edu.mo Tel: 00853-889717320 引言在“一帶一路”和中國文化走出去的大政方略下,中國文化經典外譯已成為近年來翻譯研究的熱點之一。如今,通過翻譯作品,越來越多的中國文學經典正走向世界,但中國繪本外譯的研究卻寥寥無幾[1]。由《西遊記》、《木蘭辭》等文學經典改編的繪本,將歷史悠久的文學經典化身為圖文並茂、通俗易懂的繪本故事,以更通俗化的形式再現了中國文化經典,為當代讀者打開了一扇了解中國傳統文化的新大門。中國文化繪
17陳 曦 中國文化經典的通俗化再現 ——以木蘭繪本翻譯為例本翻譯的相關研究,也值得翻譯學界的關註。繪本,也叫圖畫書(picture book),是一種“基於視覺和語言兩個層面溝通結合的藝術形式”[2]。中國大陸一般用“繪本”這一名稱,以區別漫畫、連環畫等圖書類型。日本繪本大師松居直曾用公式形象地闡釋繪本中的圖文關系:文 + 圖 = 插畫書,文 * 圖 = 繪本 [3]。這向我們直觀地展現出繪本中的圖文關係,繪本中的圖文不是簡單地疊加,而是有機結合、緊密相聯,在不同層面交織互動,共同闡釋主題、講述故事。此時,繪本中的圖像不再是文字的附加,而是繪本的靈魂。隨著近年來兒童繪本的大量創作、譯介和出版,繪本這種獨特的兒童文學形式,也逐漸開始進入翻譯研究者的視野。在國外,已經有諸多學者從不同角度對繪本翻譯進行了相關研究。例如,Lathey(2006,2010)[4~5] 在對兒童文學翻譯的系統研究中討論了繪本翻譯這一特殊形式,Oittinen(2003,2008,2010)[6~8] 從圖像、文字、聲音的綜合角度探究繪本翻譯,Oittinen,Ketola & Garavini(2018)[9] 的新作是目前對繪本翻譯最為系統的研究專著,O’Sullivan(2005)[10] 的兒童文學研究專著中也探討了繪本及其翻譯對兒童的影響。在國內,從 2006 年起,大量的國外繪本被譯入中國,兒童繪本開始在引進版圖書中占據重要地位。然而,目前國內僅有方衛平(2012)[11]、郝廣才(2006)[12]、彭懿(2006)[13] 等少數學者的繪本研究專著,涉及繪本翻譯研究的期刊論文也僅有數篇,如傅莉莉(2016)[14] 從符際翻譯視角討論兒童繪本翻譯中的“忠實”和“文化”問題,徐德榮、江建利(2017)[15] 探究繪本翻譯中的風格再造,周俐(2013)[16] 對國外兒童繪本翻譯研究的理論進行了述評和總結等。與國外研究相比,國內的繪本翻譯研究仍顯不足,研究數量少,研究角度單一,缺少深入的實證研究。本文以木蘭雙語繪本為語料,探討中國文化經典中的木蘭如何在現代雙語繪本中通俗化再現。基於雅各布森的翻譯三分法(1959)[17],本文從語內、語際和符際翻譯三個層面,以及語言和視覺兩個維度,考察源語文本中的中國文化要素如何在目標語文本中重構,以期為國內繪本翻譯研究貢獻新的研究視角,為中國文化繪本外譯提供借鑒與參考。1 木蘭傳奇在繪本中的改編《木蘭辭》是中國北朝時期的一篇長篇敘事民歌,也屬樂府詩,收錄於北宋郭茂倩編著的《樂府詩集》,至唐代已廣為傳誦。這首樂府詩講述了一個叫木蘭的女孩,女扮男裝、替父從軍、建功沙場、抗擊外敵的傳奇故事。《木蘭辭》是中國文學經典中的重要作品,木蘭忠、孝、勇、烈的女英雄形象也在中國民間廣為流傳。在國內外,木蘭的傳奇故事已經被改編成書籍、電影、電視劇、戲劇、歌劇、音樂劇等不同的藝術形式。隨著這些不同改編版本的傳播,如今,木蘭傳奇不僅是中國文化經典,也是融合了中西文化元素的重要文化文本。在諸多的改編版本中,有一些改編自木蘭傳奇的中英雙語繪本,其中一些由國內出版社改編發行,如 Yi &Guo(2007)[18]、李新(2010)[19]、鄭勤硯(2013)[20],另一些中英雙語繪本則由國外出版社改編發行,如 Jiang & Jiang(1992)[21]、Chin(1993)[22]、Lee(1995)[23] 和 Zhang(1998)[24] 等。這些繪本采用不同的敘事手法和藝術風格,呈現出不同的木蘭形象,將木蘭傳奇這一中國文化經典通俗化地呈現給現代讀者。本文側重於兩本改編自木蘭傳奇的現代雙語繪本:《巾幗英雄花木蘭(China’s Bravest Girl: The Legend of Hua Mu Lan)》(1993)和《木蘭辭(Song of Mulan)》(2010)。雖然這兩本雙語繪本的出版地和出版時間均不相同,但二者在文化傳承方面卻有異曲同工之處。《巾幗英雄花木蘭》(1993)由美國推廣多元文化作品的兒童圖書出版社(Children’s Book Press)出版。《木蘭辭》(2010)由上海人民美術出版社出版。在這本繪本的前言中,清楚地寫明這是中國古代經典敘事詩繪本中的一冊,面向海外大眾讀者,希望
19陳 曦 中國文化經典的通俗化再現 ——以木蘭繪本翻譯為例作《琵琶行》中,就曾用“大弦嘈嘈如急雨,小弦切切如私語。嘈嘈切切錯雜彈,大珠小珠落玉盤”這一表述來形象地描述琵琶演奏的音效。琵琶詞,是與琵琶曲相配合的歌詞,屬於中國古代的一種民歌歌詞。琵琶師根據不同的曲譜創作歌詞,或敘述故事,或抒發情感。在繪本《巾幗英雄花木蘭》中,木蘭的傳奇故事由琵琶師的歌中展開。帝王招琵琶師進宮彈唱,琵琶師高歌一曲巾幗英雄花木蘭的傳奇,帝王聽後大喜,重金賞賜琵琶師,而木蘭保家衛國的故事,也借由琵琶師的口中,被一代代人廣為傳頌。例如,木蘭傳奇故事的開篇在繪本中就被改編成琵琶詞“喀喳喀喳喀喳響,手指飛舞梭來忙。妙齡女子花木蘭,織布機旁紡織忙”。琵琶詞作為歌詞具有排比和押韻形式,因此,改編後的源語文本節奏押韻,朗朗上口,在一定程度上保留了原詩中的詩歌形式。此外,在繪本《巾幗英雄花木蘭》中,也添加了許多木蘭軍中生活的細節。例如,“旭日東升號角亮,漫山遍野敵兵狂,萬箭齊發如驟雨,我軍潰退難抵擋。‘中華好漢跟我來!’忽聽一聲驚雷響。木蘭號召眾弟兄,沖鋒陷陣敵膽喪。”[22] 這一細節生動地刻畫出木蘭在戰場上英勇沖鋒、奮勇殺敵的場景。當木蘭回到家鄉換回女裝,繪本中又巧妙地使用了一個暗喻“海洋會是珠貝家,珠貝會把珍珠藏;渾身盔甲磷光閃,會把巾幗英雄藏!”[22],將木蘭女扮男裝藏身軍營與珠貝中藏著珍珠相比較,呼應了原詩中“雙兔傍地走,安能辨我是雄雌”的暗喻結尾。在這一改編版本的故事結尾,還添加了木蘭與戰友訴衷情、訂終身的情節。當木蘭最後身著女裝出現在戰友面前時,戰友驚訝不已,隨即表達了對她的愛慕之情:“我們曾經肩並肩,緊握刀槍打豺狼,頂天立地逞英豪,妳最勇敢最剛強!共度多少險和苦,救命之恩永難忘;朝夕相處情誼深,妳我何不配成雙?”[22] 木蘭回應道:“如果要我嫁給妳,從此關系不尋常,作為朋友妳尊重,待妻能否一個樣?”[22]戰友則做出求婚請求:“如果我倆結連理,夫妻恩愛勝鴛鴦!今日且把婚期定,宴請鄉親共舉觴。”[22] 在中國古代,婚姻由父母之言、媒妁之約而定,青年男女甚少公開表露愛慕之情,不經父母準許而私定終身更是理法不容。繪本中的改編違背了中國傳統文化,又以幸福的婚姻生活作為木蘭傳奇故事的結尾,這一細節的添加展現出西方人對中國女性命運的理解和期待。3.2 語際翻譯在語際翻譯部分,本研究通過對兩個繪本中的源語文本(ST)和目標語文本(TT)進行對比,分析二者所采用的不同翻譯策略和方法。例 1:ST 1:歸來見天子, 天子坐明堂。 策勛十二轉,賞賜百千強。可汗問所欲, “木蘭不用尚書郎,願借明駝千里足,送兒還故鄉。”TT1:So come she does to stand in sightOf Khan who chairs the Hall of Bright.Rewards bestowed are dozen-fold,And prizes worth a million gold.When Khan inquires, “What else d’you want?She says, “No high rank for me you will grantA camel’s fine with a long-travel claimTo send me back to where I came.”例 1 取自繪本《木蘭辭》中木蘭得勝歸來,拒絕皇帝嘉獎,但求重返故鄉的場景。ST1 包含多個具有中國文化特色的文化負載詞,如“天子”、“明堂”、“可汗”、“尚書郎”和“明駝”。在TT1中,主要採用語義翻譯加注釋的翻譯方法來增補這些
20文化負載詞背後的文化信息。例如,“天子”是中國古代臣民對帝王的稱謂。“可汗”最初被用於稱呼鮮卑部落的酋長,相當於漢語的“國王”,後發展成為古代北方遊牧民族最高統治者的稱謂。《木蘭辭》作為一首北朝民歌,其故事背景北朝時期的多個王朝,如北魏、東魏、西魏及北周,均由鮮卑族建立。因此,在 TT1 中,採用遣詞的翻譯方法,選擇與木蘭傳奇故事歷史背景相符合的 Khan”(可汗)一詞來翻譯“天子”,更為準確貼切。“尚書郎”是中國古代官職名,東漢之制,取有才能者入尚書臺,在皇帝左右處理政務,滿一年稱“尚書郎”,三年稱“侍郎”,隨後用“尚書郎”通稱各綜理職務。在 TT1 中,並沒有將中國古代繁瑣的官職名稱翻譯出來,而是用歸化翻譯的策略,直接用“high rank”來表述這一文化負載詞,這樣的翻譯策略更易於西方讀者理解文本意義,也強調出木蘭拒絕皇帝賞賜的職位和權力,但求返回故鄉和家人團聚。“明堂”,是中國古代帝王所建的最隆重的建築,是進行朝會諸侯、發布政令、祭祀慶典、選撥人才等重要活動的場所。在 TT1 中,採用語義翻譯的策略,將“明堂”被直譯為“Hall of Bright”,同時在譯文下方又添加了一條註釋“Hall of Bright: is a grand hall where the emperor held ritual activities, met with foreign visitors or selected state officials”,補充“明堂”的歷史作用,將該詞語負載的文化背景知識補充傳遞給西方讀者。“明駝”是北魏鮮卑民族文化傳說中一種神駿靈異的駱駝。TT1 採用省譯的方法將“明駝”譯為“camel”,但又附加了一條詳細的註釋對其文化背景做出解釋“camel: mingtuo in Chinese pinyin, is interpreted by some scholars to be a horse. Its literal translation is ‘bright camel’; it is described as ‘bright’ because, according to some, it keeps standing when it sleeps and therefore the space underneath it is bright.”。在繪本《木蘭辭》中,有數個類似的附加註釋,這些註釋進一步解釋了繪本中文化負載詞的歷史文化背景知識,幫助西方讀者更全面地理解木蘭的傳奇故事。此外,我們可以發現,譯者在維持原詩韻律方面也做出了努力,TT1 中的“sight”、“bright”、“fold”、“gold”、“want”、“grant”、“claim”和“came”構成工整的尾韻 /ait/、/əuld/、/ɑːnt/ 和 /eim/,將原詩的詩歌形式和節奏韻律較好地保留了下來。例 2:ST 2: 冰天雪地征衣寒,千軍萬馬氣勢壯,野營帳篷燈一片,篝火熊熊映月光。旭日東升號角亮,漫山遍野敵兵狂,萬箭齊發如驟雨,我軍潰退難抵擋。TT2:She joins ten thousand soldierscamped in the moon-lit snow.Their tents shine like lanternslit by the campfire glow.The morning light brings the battle.The invaders take the field.Enemy arrows find their mark.China’s line begins to yield.例 2 取自繪本《巾幗英雄花木蘭》中木蘭在戰場上英勇殺敵的場景。ST2 中運用了大量漢語四字格結構,如“冰天雪地”、“千軍萬馬”、“熊熊篝火”、“旭日東升”、“漫山遍野”、“萬箭齊發”、“沖鋒陷陣”等。四字格,是漢語中獨具語言風格的一種表達方式,包括四字成語、熟語、疊音詞等由四個漢字組成的結構。中國自古就講究對稱之美,成雙成對的東西被賦予和諧、吉祥的意味。這種民族文化的審美特質反映在語
21陳 曦 中國文化經典的通俗化再現 ——以木蘭繪本翻譯為例言結構上,突出的表現之一就是四字格結構的廣泛使用。結構並列整齊的四字格,凸顯出漢語聲調抑揚頓挫、平仄起伏的韻律美和節奏美。然而,翻譯漢語四字格結構確並不容易。樂府詩《木蘭辭》中本沒有對木蘭軍營生活的細節描寫,ST2中這些四字格的使用,既體現出源語文本作為琵琶詞的韻律和節奏之美,又將附加的軍中戰爭場面生動地刻畫了出來。若將這些漢語四字格的字面意思悉數翻譯出來,源語文本中的詩歌形式在譯文中恐將無法保留。在 TT2 中,通過省譯和結構重組的翻譯方法,大部分漢語四字格被重組成簡單的短句。例如,ST2 中的“冰天雪地征衣寒,千軍萬馬氣勢壯”被省譯、重組為簡單的短句“She joins ten thousand soldiers camped in the moon-lit snow”。“旭日東升號角亮,漫山遍野敵兵狂”也被省譯為兩個短句“The morning light brings the battle. The invaders take the field.”,雖然四字格中的細節表述被省略,但句子的基本信息還是得到了傳達。同時,“snow”、“glow”、“field”、“yield”構成尾韻 /əʊ/、/iːld/ 和 /iː/,在 TT2 中也保留了源語文本作為琵琶詞的韻律感。3.3 圖文間的符際翻譯基於 Pereira(2008)對繪本中圖文關系的分析,在本研究中,我們將繪本中的語言材料看作源語文本,視覺材料則可看作為對語言材料的一種符際翻譯。本小節分析兩本木蘭繪本中圖文間的符際翻譯,並總結出繪本中視覺材料翻譯語言材料的兩種方式。3.3.1 在視覺材料中選擇性地再現文本元素在繪本語言材料和視覺材料間的符際翻譯中,插畫家往往會在圖像中選擇特定的視覺符號來再現語言材料中的特定文本信息,因此,符際翻譯中信息的缺失是不可避免的。插畫家有時會選擇用角色或事物的特殊部位來代表整體,例如,用一扇窗戶代表一座房子,或用特定物品代表某個特殊場景。通過在視覺材料中選擇性地再現文本元素,語言材料中的文本要素被翻譯為視覺要素。盡管這個過程中會有文本信息缺失,但其基本信息在視覺材料中得到呈現,這一符際翻譯方式與語際翻譯中的交際翻譯有幾分類似。圖1. 《巾幗英雄花木蘭》(1993:4-5)開篇木蘭身穿女裝的場景以繪本《巾幗英雄花木蘭》開篇木蘭身穿女裝的場景為例(見圖 1)。在這本繪本中,兩頁為一個完整的圖文組合,文字印刷在左頁,圖像在右頁。在繪本開端木蘭身穿女裝的場景中,有三小節中英對照的琵琶詞。第一小節“喀喳喀喳喀喳響,手指飛舞梭來往。妙齡女子花木蘭,織布機旁紡織忙。”描繪木蘭在屋內紡織的場景;第二小節“一邊織來一邊想,張張軍書貼墻上;老父姓名列其中,皇帝征兵令難當。”傳遞出木蘭父親位列征兵名單的信息;第三小節“敵軍入侵我中華,奮勇抗敵保邊疆!千家萬戶哭相送,壯士明朝上戰場…”介紹目前敵軍入侵,需參軍抗敵的情況。然而,與三小節琵琶詞相對應的,僅有一幅木蘭坐在窗邊紡織的圖像,再現出語言材料中第一小節的文本信息,第二小節的文本信息在圖像中則被完全省略。此外,在木蘭紡織圖像的右上角,透過窗外的分場景,我們可以看到,旌旗招展,士兵策馬而過,第三小節的文本信息得到部分再現。通過在視覺材料中選擇性地再現文本元素,繪本中的語言材料被翻譯為視覺材料。3.3.2 通過視覺副文本在視覺材料中增補隱含信息在語際翻譯中,添加註釋是一種常用的方式,用來補充無法在正文中充分表達的信息。例如,在翻譯學術、歷史或文化文本時,有時會涉及術語、背景信息或文化負載詞的翻譯,此時常使用腳註或尾註等方式,將文本中隱含的信息增補給讀者。這些註釋可被視為翻譯中的語言副文
23陳 曦 中國文化經典的通俗化再現 ——以木蘭繪本翻譯為例繪本《巾幗英雄花木蘭》由美國推廣多元文化的兒童圖書出版社出版,目標是向外國青少年介紹木蘭的傳奇故事和中國文化。因此,在這本繪本中,古代樂府詩《木蘭詩》被改編成了更通俗、口語化的琵琶詞,既適合青少年讀者閱讀,也在一定程度上保留了中國古代詩歌形式的韻律感和節奏感。同時,英文譯文則摒棄了對中國文化信息的逐字釋義,通過省譯和結構重組的方式,用簡單的英文詞匯和短句傳遞原文基本信息,更適合青少年讀者的閱讀和理解。這些策略和方法更貼近目標語文化和目標讀者,也體現出繪本設計者和出版社的偏好,他們更希望向西方青少年呈現一個融合了中西文化的木蘭。此外,本研究以木蘭繪本翻譯為例探討中國文化經典的通俗化再現,也為中國繪本外譯帶來一些啟示。在當前“一帶一路”國家戰略和中國文化走出去的大背景下,繪本在文化傳播中的潛力和其目標讀者群體值得更大的關註。海外讀者對中國文化的興趣雖然日益增加,但是普通讀者中能閱讀專業的中國文學作品的人數依然有限。繪本圖文並茂,通俗易懂,不僅適用於兒童和青少年讀者,對於中國文化的初學者,也是合適的入門讀物。像木蘭繪本一樣,把更多的中國文化經典改編、翻譯成通俗的繪本,可以吸引更多中國文化的入門讀者和學習者,擴展中國文化在海外的傳播空間。同時,繪本翻譯也是一個包含著繪本作者、譯者、插畫家、繪本設計者和出版社多方互動的復雜過程。在中國文化繪本外譯的過程中,需要各方面通力合作,選擇合適的策略和方法,再現文化經典,傳播中國文化。繪本譯者也需要拓展符際翻譯的視角,全面考慮圖文間的連貫、銜接和互動,從而將繪本中的故事和圖像更好地呈現給目標讀者。參 考 文 獻[1] 蔡石興 .“走出去”背景下的繪本外譯探究 . 上海翻譯,2018(1):89-94.[2] Nikolajeva, M. & C. Scott.How PicturebooksWork. New York: Routledge, 2001.[3] 朱自強. 兒童文學概論. 北京:高等教育出版社,2009.[4] Lathey, G.The Translation of Children’s Literature: AReader. Bristol: Multilingual Matters Ltd, 2006.[5] Lathey, G.The Role of Translators in Children’s Literature: Invisible Storytellers. London and New York: Routledge, 2010.[6] Oittinen, R. Where the Wild Things Are:Translating Picture Books.Meta, 2003, 48 (1-2): 128-141.[7] Oittinen, R.From Thumbelina to Winnie-the-Pooh: Pictures, Words, and Sounds in Translation.Meta, 2008, 53(1): 76-89.[8] Oittinen, R. On Translating Picture Books.Perspectives: Studies in Translatology, 2010, 9 (2): 109-125.[9] Oittinen, R., A. Ketola& M. Garavini. Translating Picturebooks: Revoicing the Verbal, the Visual, and the Aural for a Child Audience. New York: Routledge, 2018.[10] O’Sullivan, E. Comparative Children’s Literature. London and New York: Routledge, 2005.[11] 方衛平. 享受圖畫書. 濟南:明天出版社,2012.[12] 郝廣才. 好繪本如何好. 南昌:二十一世紀出版社,2006. [13] 彭懿. 圖畫書:閱讀與經典. 南昌:二十一世紀出版社,2006.[14] 傅莉莉,符際翻譯視角下的兒童繪本翻譯. 北京第二外國語學院學報,2016(3):61-73.[15] 徐德榮,江建利. 論圖畫書翻譯中的風格再造. 中國翻譯,2017(1):109-114.[16] 周俐. 兒童繪本翻譯研究的理論述評及展望. 英語研究,2013(3):65-70.[17] Jakobson, R.On Linguistic Aspects of Translation.In Reuben A. B.(Ed.), On Translation. New York: OUP, 1959/1966: 232-239.[18] Yi, G. & X.Guo. The Story of Mulan: The Daughter and the Warrior. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press, 2007.[19] 李新. 木蘭辭. 上海:上海人民美術出版社,2010.[20] 鄭勤硯. 繪本中華故事•民間傳說:花木蘭. 北京:二十一世紀出版社,2013.[21] Jiang, W.& C. A. Jiang.The Legend of Mu Lan: A Heroine of Ancient China. Monterey: Victory Press, 1992.[22] Chin, C. China’s Bravest Girl: The Legend of Hua Mu Lan. Emeryville, CA: Children’s Book Press, 1993.[23] Lee, Jeanne M. The Song of Mu Lan. Arden, North Carolina: Front Street, 1995.[24] Zhang, S. N. The Ballad of Mulan. Union City, CA: Pan Asian Publications, 1998.[25] Shuttleworth, M.& C. Moira.Dictionary of Translation Studies.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.[26] Doonan, J. Looking at Pictures in Picture Books. Stroud: Thimble Press, 1993.[27] Evans, J. Talking beyond the Page: Reading and Responding to Picturebooks. London: Routledge, 2009.[28] Nodelman, P. Words about Pictures: the Narrative Art of Children’s Picture Books. Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press, 1998.[29] Schwarcz, J. Ways of the Illustrator: Visual Communication in Children’s Literature. Chicago: American Library Association, 1982.[30] Pereira, Nilce M.Book Illustration as (Intersemiotic) Translation: Pictures Translating Words.Meta, 2008, 53(1): 104-119.[31] Genette, G. Paratexts: Thresholds of Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.[32] Pellatt, V. Text, Extratext, Metatext and Paratext in Translation. Cambridge: Cambridge Publishing, 2013.
24第 13 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.13 No.12019 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30, 2019 中國內地民宿消費者網絡預訂意向影響因素分析:一般自我效能的調節作用張迎瑩1,唐 娟2*(1. 南京大學地理與海洋科學學院,南京; 2.澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院,澳門)摘要: 民宿在中國的推廣以及網絡消費模式日渐成熟,民宿的网络预订模式也成为了其主要的经营模式。本研究使用UTAUT2模型,探究中國內地民宿網絡消費者民宿預訂意向、預訂決策的影響因素,並進一步引用一般自我效能量表作為調節變數,分析了消費者的一般自我效能對於模型的調節作用。研究結果從實證上驗證了調整後的模型對於民宿領域網絡預定具備較好的解釋力。中國內地民宿網絡消費者一般自我效能高於平均水準,在所有的八個影響因素裡,享樂動機和習慣對於民宿網絡預定意向的影響程度最大,一般自我效能在對效用期望和預定意願的關係中發揮著負向調節作用,而在社群影響、配合情況這兩個因素對於預定意願的影響中發揮正向調節。據此,本文分析了中國內地民宿網絡消費者的關注要點以及個性特質,對民宿產業提高和改善目前的市場行銷手段,吸引更多客源提出了相應的建議。關鍵詞: 民宿;UTAUT2模型;一般自我效能;網絡預定意向Explooing the Factoos of Online Reseovation Intention of B&B Consumeos in Mainland Chinas: Modeoating Effects of Geneoal Self-efficacy Yingying ZHANG1, Juan TANG2* ( 1. Department of Land Resources and Tourism Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing,China; 2. Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China)AAstractt: With the popularization of residential accommodation in China and the maturity of online consumption mode, the online booking mode of residential accommodation has become its main business mode. In this study, UTAUT2 model was used to explore the influencing factors of booking intention and booking decision-making of homestay online consumers in mainland China. Furthermore, the general self-efficacy scale was used as a moderating variable to analyze the moderating effect of consumers ‘general self-efficacy on the model. The results show that the adjusted model has better explanatory power for network reservation in residential area. The average level of self-efficacy is higher than the average level. Among the eight factors, hedonic motivation and habits have the greatest impact on the intended intention of residential network. General self-efficacy plays a negative moderating role in the relationship between utility expectation and intended intention. The two factors of community influence and cooperation play a positive moderating role in the influence of predetermined intention. Accordingly, this paper analyses the main points of concern and personality traits of Chinese mainland residential network consumers, and puts forward corresponding suggestions for improving the current marketing means of residential industry and attracting more customers.eyyoodss: Homestay; UTAUT2 model; General self-efficacy; Online reservation intention收稿日期:2019-03-22;修訂日期:2019-06-21。* 通訊作者:唐娟,女,博士,澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院助理教授,主要研究方向:文化旅遊,旅遊行銷。 E-mail: jtang@must.edu.mo. Tel:00853-88972357
25張迎瑩,等 中國內地民宿消費者網絡預訂意向影響因素分析:一般自我效能的調節作用0 引言我國經濟水平飛速提升,民眾對於休閒的觀念也在不斷變化,旅遊業的形式也隨之發生了變化,傳統的跟團旅遊以及酒店住宿的方式已經不能滿足大部份都市人的需求,他們轉而追求更加自由的深度休閒遊。民宿這一新興住宿形式在這樣的背景下應運而生,許多效仿國外的民宿在鄉村和都市中逐漸成爲了人們追隨的潮流,民宿在旅遊業中的地位也日益提升[1 ~ 2]。2015 年 11 月國務院辦公廳發佈《關於加快發展生活性服務業促進消費結構升級的指導意見》, 為長期遊走在法律邊緣的民宿產業“正名”,同時提供了系統的種類劃分與管理依據,為民宿行業的發展鋪平了道路。民宿在大陸地區的發展源自于鄉村地區的自建房屋,所以現階段的相關研究大多是在鄉村旅遊的背景下進行的農家樂模式的研究。但是我國旅遊業逐漸與國際接軌,民宿產業的發展也逐漸突破了傳統的農家自營的背景,對農家樂的模式的研究對於整個民宿產業來說顯得較為片面[3]。國內針對於民宿的研究視角並不廣泛,大多也側重於法律規章,發展態勢等方面,對於民宿業與網絡銷售平臺的協同發展的關注力度不足。本文將針對這一研究的薄弱環節,運用消費者技術接受理論,以 UTAUT2(Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2)模型為主要基礎,對於民宿的網上預訂的決策行為進行探討。已有學者關注到不同類型住宿產品的選擇背後可能關乎不同的消費者心理訴求。如“有些人在外出旅行時雖然可以深入腹地進行觀光遊覽,但卻更傾向於選擇自己經常入住或熟悉的酒店品牌,而不是民宿等其他安全感較低的環境” [4]。民宿產品的消費群體,是否在文化安全距離、開放性人格或者適應陌生環境挑戰上有所不同,尚無學術解釋。有研究關注到民宿的遊客收入與受教育水準相對較高,對民宿的家庭氛圍有著依賴性,消費主體可能存在獨特的心理特質[2]。相關研究指出了我國的旅遊電子商務消費者有著相對獨特的心理特質,在我國消費者中,一般自我效能感的強弱與網絡購買旅遊產品的行為呈現了正相關關係[5],亨(Hung)和彼得里克(Petrick)在對於遊客旅遊意向的研究中將自我效能作為調節變量進行測算,證實了自我效能在遊客自我一致性與旅遊意向的關係中起到了調節作用[6]。本研究創新性的納入了自我效能理論,採用心理學領域的一般自我效能量表,希望能夠將一般自我效能和消費者民宿網上預訂的研究相結合,將一般自我效能這一心理學概念引入旅遊業的消費者相關研究中來。為進一步瞭解民宿預定群體的心理特徵,挖掘其預定行為背後可能的影響因素和規律提供一個有益的視角。具體而言,本文將主要集中研究以下兩個方面:(一) 驗證調整後的 UTAUT2 模型對於民宿預訂為代表的國內 C2C(Customer to Customer)旅遊產品預訂平臺研究的適用性,探討中國民宿網絡消費者的網絡預訂意向是否受到效用期望,付出期望,社群影響,配合情況,價格價值,習慣和享樂動機的影響,以及影響力度分別有多大?(二) 探究民宿消費群體的一般自我效能水平。一般自我效能是否對民宿網絡消費者的預訂意向發揮調節作用?(三)民宿網絡預訂線上平臺和商家應當如何對於平臺頁面和商品宣傳進行調整?1 文獻回顧與研究假設1.1 民宿及民宿消費者民宿可以展現當地的文化、自然、環境資源,作為遊客能夠停留的地區,也可以和周邊的各類景點結合起來,作為一項特殊的旅遊資源吸引著遊客。在臺灣所頒佈的民宿管理辦法(2001)中,第三條對民宿的定義為:“利用自用住宅空閒房間,結合當地人文,自然景觀,生態,環境資源及農林漁牧生產活動,以家庭副業方式經營,提供旅客鄉野生活之住宿處所”。最初民宿的出現是爲了緩解旅遊地住宿設施不足,遊客住宿困難的問題,演變至今,民宿所提供的住宿服務已經與酒店服務明顯區分開來,民宿提供的更多的是與自然的親近以及
26對於當地傳統文化的體驗活動,在傳統的鄉村旅遊背景下,這種住宿方式農村休閒產業相結合,能夠更好的滿足遊客日益增長的精神文化需求,從而在傳統遊覽項目的基礎之上,創造更高的旅遊價值與效益[1]。中國的民宿的劃分根據其服務的重點不同主要分為兩類,分別是以住宿功能為主的“家庭旅館”,以及以餐廳娛樂體驗為主的“農家樂”[2]。在我國現有的相關研究中,對於這類住宿形式的稱謂相對較為模糊,採用了“民宿”“家庭旅館”“客棧”“農家樂”等不同稱謂。本文通過對於學者研究的整理,認為民宿的特點如下:首先是小規模經營的,提供的房間數較少[9 ~ 10],民宿的管理者即房屋的所有者[7 ~ 8],其次,在民宿的居住過程中,消費者能與民宿的主人有著一定程度上的交流與溝通[7,9],在此基礎上可以為住客提供有著對當地特色的住宿體驗[2,7]。選擇民宿的群體主要集中在接受過較高層次教育,並且有著較高收入的群體[9],大部分選擇民宿的遊客都不是商務出行,更多的是與家人朋友一起出行,這類群體與線上購物熱衷者的特質相吻合 [11]。遊客的性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、受教育程度、收入程度以及家庭構成情況也會對於遊客選擇民宿的行為產生影響[12]。1.2 網絡預訂現今,網絡逐漸成為了不可忽略的購物仲介工具,在網絡環境下的消費者行為也在發生著微妙的轉變。網絡對於旅遊業的影響更是不容忽視,網絡將旅遊產品通過圖片,影像以及顧客的評論,直觀的呈現在人們面前,顧客對於商家所提供的資訊要求也是越來越多。由於線上預訂管道的逐漸增多,大量資訊的衝擊使得消費者的消費意向受到了多方影響[13 ~ 14]。同時網絡平臺為很多民宿的運營者創造了行銷的機會,網絡上的各類行銷活動能夠提升商戶的知名度,吸引消費者產生購買行為[15 ~ 16]。然而民宿消費者作為一個特殊群體,他們對於網絡預訂平臺的接受程度方面的研究較少,且針對內地地區民宿消費者的研究急需豐富。1.3 UTAUT2模型UTAUT2 模型在很多研究領域都被廣泛用以解釋消費者對於技術的使用意向和接受程度[15]。UTAUT 模 型 是 文 卡 特 什 (Venkatesh), 莫 里 斯(Morris) 等在對歷年的科技接受模型(TAM)相關研究總結的基礎上 , 針對“影響使用者的認知因素”,提出一種較為權威的整合型科技接受模型 (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology / UTAUT)[16]。該模型對旅遊領域的適用性已被 San Martín, Herrero 和 Chang 等 學 者 [19 ~ 20] 進行了論證。該模型被使用在線上機票的購買,酒店移動支付系統以及線上鄉村旅遊的購買研究當中[19,21]。該模型在後期使用中經過調整和優化,在 Venkatesh, Thong 和 Xu,2012 年的研究中正式提出 UTAUT2 模型,在原有模型基礎上加入了“享樂動機”“價格價值”以及“習慣”三個構面[22],形成了一個更加全面的理論框架,並有著較強的實證研究能力[23]。UTAUT2 模型中涉及到的大部份變數都被證實能夠直接影響消費者的使用意向,在莫若珊(Morosan)學者的研究中,還引入了感知風險的變數,以探究電子支付中可能存在的隱私風險對於消費者的影響[24]。目前國內的研究中,UTAUT 模型的應用大多集中於網絡業務的研究,而更新後的 UTAUT2 模型目前國內的相關研究更少,目前該模型所涉及的研究所針對的線上消費領域大多為 B2C(Business-to-Customer)的領域,C2C(Customer to Customer)領域的研究較少。民宿網絡預訂作為旅遊業中全新的個人之間的線上交易行為,本研究希望能夠驗證 UTAUT2 模型在國內 C2C 線上消費領域研究的適用性。當前民宿業的崛起和網絡預定廣為普,且相得益彰,因此 UTAUT2 模型適合於對民宿線上預訂行為的研究。由於網絡平臺預訂也包括了線上支付環節,出於網絡消費的高金融和高隱私風險考慮,本研究將感知風險也同時納入該模型中作為研究構面之一。本文提出如下研究假設:對於民宿消費者的網絡預定意向而言(以下假設簡稱預定意向):
32並給消費者的預訂以及入住的過程帶來改善。一般自我效能減緩了效用期望對於網上預訂民宿的意願,可以理解為自我效能感相對較高的人,不太關注或者不會僅僅受到各種預期體驗的桎梏,由於效用期望主要衡量的是消費者對於預定平臺可行、操作體驗較優等方面的預期,自我效能感越高,也可能越不容易受這些客觀條件所累,而是更多關注民宿產品本身帶來的獨特性體驗,這也為上文中的民宿產品向精品化、情懷化發展,提供了另一個支援性視角。面對這樣的消費群體,民宿經營者在進行網絡行銷時,不僅僅要致力於使用者友好性的介面為客戶提供便捷的操作流程,同時也要考慮通過各種手段創造一些與用戶能力匹配和勝任的網絡環境,盡可能使他們產生一種預定任務順利完成後的成就感。同時對於民宿產品的宣傳時,要考慮如何進一步通過社群的示範作用、帶頭作用,進一步正向激發市場的決策意願。4.2 不足與展望本研究不可避免的存在以下研究的局限:首先是樣本代表性的加強:本研究的研究物件是內地民宿網上預訂消費者,由於時間經費的有限,通過便利抽樣得到的樣本的普適性還需進一步驗證。可以嘗試對比產生了民宿預訂意向但是最終未進行民宿預訂的群體。特別是未來重點考慮民宿發展比較繁榮的區域,進行集中調查,或者和臺灣地區的民宿預定網絡進行比較,都可以成為未來研究方向之一;其次,由於一般自我效能在內地消費者中的研究並不豐富,所以本研究的參照物件並不充分。隨著自我效能研究領域的進一步深入,對不同類型的群體例如品牌連鎖酒店和民宿產品的使用者,自我效能感究竟有無顯著性差異,以及對於影響預定決策的調節作用大小有無差異,有待進一步研究。除此之外,不同國籍、不同文化背景甚至不同社會人口統計標準的遊客受一般自我效能的調節作用是否存在差異,也將是一個有趣的研究方向。參 考 文 獻[1] 歐聖榮, 林奕君, 柯嘉鈞. 民宿關係品質模式之研究. 戶外遊憩研究, 2008, 21(2): 43-65.[2] 蔣佳倩 , 李豔 . 國內外旅遊“民宿”研究綜述 . 旅遊研究 , 2014(4):16-22.[3] 周瓊, 曾玉榮. 臺灣民宿發展分析及其啟示. 中國鄉鎮企業, 2013 (9): 64-68.[4] 瑪麗亞・楊森-弗比克, 格達・K.普里斯特利, 安東尼奧・P.羅素. 旅遊文化資源:格局、過程與政策[M]. 北京:中國環境科學出版社, 2010.[5] 李莉, 王靜. 從 “觀望者” 到 “購買者”——中國旅遊電子商務消費者購買決策行為探析. 旅遊學刊, 2008, 23(5): 49-56.[6] Hung K, Petrick J F. Testing the effects of congruity, travel constraints, and self-efficacy on travel intentions: An alternative decision-making model. Tourism Management, 2012, 33(4): 855-867.[7] 中華民國觀光部交通局 . 民宿管理辦法 [ E B / O L ] . h t t p : / / h t t p : / / a d m i n . t a i w a n . n e t . t w / l a w / l a w _ d . a s p x ? n o = 1 3 0&d=39,2001–12–12/2017–09–27.[8] 胡金印, 柯文凱, 陳則夫, 等. 特色民宿之形塑-以屏東縣五家民宿為例. 屏東文獻, 2011 (15): 177-203.[9] Morrison A M, Pearce P L, Moscardo G, et al . Specialist accommodation: Definition, markets served, and roles in tourism development. Journal of travel research, 1996, 35(1): 18-26.[10] 歐聖榮, 姜惠娟. 休閒農業民宿旅客特性與動機之研究. 觀光研究學報, 1997, 3(1): 1-14.[11] 王美慧, 陳瑞龍, 葉陳錦. 民宿旅客之消費行為探討一以花蓮地區為例. 戶外遊憩研究, 2006, 19(4): 1-30.[12] 葉龍泰, 何虹穎, 黎鬱君, 等. 城市民宿旅客之消費者行為探討-以台中地區為例. 稻江學報, 2010, 5(1): 114-129.[13] Lai, Y. H., Huang, H. C., Lu, R. S., & Chang, C. M. The effects of website trust, perceived ease of use, and perceived usefulness on consumers' online booking intention: evidence from taiwan b&b sector. Life Science Journal,2013 [14] Kim W G , Ma X , Kim D J . Determinants of Chinese hotel customers’ e-satisfaction and purchase intentions. Tourism Management, 2006, 27(5):890-900.[15] Kim M K, Park M C, Jeong D H. The effects of customer satisfaction and switching barrier on customer loyalty in Korean mobile telecommunication services. Telecommunications policy, 2004, 28(2): 145-159.[16] Lee S Y, Reynolds J S, Kennon L R. Bed and breakfast industries: Successful marketing strategies. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2003, 14(1): 37-53.[17] Morosan C, DeFranco A. It’s about time: Revisiting UTAUT2 to examine consumers’ intentions to use NFC mobile payments in hotels. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2016, 53: 17-29.[18] Venkatesh V, Morris M G, Davis G B, et al. User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS quarterly, 2003: 425-478.[19] San Martín H, Herrero Á. Influence of the user’s psychological factors on the online purchase intention in rural tourism: Integrating innovativeness to the UTAUT framework. Tourism Management, 2012, 33(2): 341-350.[20] Chang I C, Chou P C, Yeh R K J, et al. Factors influencing Chinese tourists’ intentions to use the Taiwan Medical Travel App.
33張迎瑩,等 中國內地民宿消費者網絡預訂意向影響因素分析:一般自我效能的調節作用Telematics and Informatics, 2016, 33(2): 401-409.[21] Kijsanayotin B, Pannarunothai S, Speedie S M. Factors influencing health information technology adoption in Thailand’s community health centers: Applying the UTAUT model. International journal of medical informatics, 2009, 78(6): 404-416.[22] Venkatesh V, Thong J Y L, Xu X. Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. MIS Quarterly, 2012, 36(1): 157-178.[23] Baptista G, Oliveira T. Understanding mobile banking: The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology combined with cultural moderators. Computers in Human Behavior, 2015, 50: 418-430.[24] Escobar-Rodríguez T, Carvajal-Trujillo E. Online drivers of consumer purchase of website airline tickets. Journal of Air Transport Management, 2013, 32: 58-64.[25] Schwarzer R, Born A, Iwawaki S, et al. The assessment of optimistic self-beliefs: Comparison of the Chinese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Korean versions of the General Self-Efficacy scale. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 1997, 40(1), 1-13.[26] Chen G, Gully S M, Eden D. Validation of a new general self-efficacy scale. Organizational research methods, 2001, 4(1): 62-83.[27] Eden D, Zuk Y. Seasickness as a self-fulfilling prophecy: raising self-efficacy to boost performance at sea. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1995, 80(5): 628.[28] Schaubroeck J, Merritt D E. Divergent effects of job control on coping with work stressors: The key role of self-efficacy. Academy of Management Journal, 1997, 40(3): 738-754.[29] Speier C, Frese M. Generalized self efficacy as a mediator and moderator between control and complexity at work and personal initiative: A longitudinal field study in East Germany. Human performance, 1997, 10(2): 171-192.[30] 大魚自助遊. 2015臺灣民宿發展報告[EB/OL]. http://www.fishtrip.cn/articles/735-minsufazhanbaogao/, 2017-07-03/ 2017-09-27.[31] Kaiser H F. An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 1974, 39(1): 31-36.[32] 吳明隆. SPSS統計應用實務[M]. 科學出版社, 2003.[33] Schwarzer R, Mueller J, Greenglass E. Assessment of perceived general self-efficacy on the Internet: Data collection in cyberspace. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 1999, 12(2): 145-161.[34] 王才康, 胡中鋒, 劉勇. 一般自我效能感量表的信度和效度研究. 應用心理學, 2001, 7(1):37-40.[35] Thompson B. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. Applied Psychological Measurement, 2007, 31(3): 245-248.[36] Anderson J C, Gerbing D W. Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological bulletin, 1988, 103(3): 411.[37] Bacon D R, Sauer P L, Young M. Composite reliability in structural equations modeling. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1995, 55(3): 394-406.[38] Bagozzi R P, Yi Y, Phillips L W. Assessing construct validity in organizational research. Administrative science quarterly, 1991, 36(3):421-458.[39] de Sena Abrahão R, Moriguchi S N, Andrade D F. Intention of adoption of mobile payment: An analysis in the light of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). RAI Revista de Administração e Inovação, 2016, 13(3): 221-230.[40] Fong L H N, Lam L W, Law R. How locus of control shapes intention to reuse mobile apps for making hotel reservations: Evidence from chinese consumers. Tourism Management, 2017, 61: 331-342.[41] Davis F D. Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS quarterly, 1989: 319-340.[42] Schriesheim C A, Eisenbach R J. An exploratory and confirmatory factor-analytic investigation of item wording effects on the obtained factor structures of survey questionnaire measures. Journal of Management, 1995, 21(6): 1177-1193.[43] Ricardo de Sena Abrahão, Moriguchi S N , Andrade D F . Intention of adoption of mobile payment: An analysis in the light of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)[J]. Rai Revista De Administração E Inovação, 2016, 13(3):221-230.[44] 隨欣. 基於UTAUT模型的社會化團購網站消費者行為研究. Diss. 北京郵電大學, 2012.科研進展“第五屆澳門人文社會科學研究優秀成果”公佈澳科大獲12個獎項日前,由澳門基金會、中國社會科學雜誌社聯合舉辦的“第五屆澳門人文社會科學研究優秀成果評獎”結果公佈,澳科大獲12個獎項。其中,國際學院特聘教授程祥徽教授獲“澳門人文社會科學傑出貢獻獎”;社會和文化研究所林廣志所長及人文藝術學院顧躍副教授獲著作類二等獎;法學院林位強副教授獲著作類三等獎;法學院趙琳琳副教授、國際學院鄭應峰助理教授獲著作類優異獎;商學院石永東副教授獲論文類二等獎;商學院盛妮副院長、田青教授、張靜華助理院長、譚戈平助理教授、酒店與旅遊管理學院張楊助理教授、法學院易在成副教授獲論文類優異獎。自2004年舉辦至今的“澳門人文社會科學研究優秀成果評獎”受到澳門學界以及海內外研究澳門的學者廣泛關注和重視,參與評選的作品涵蓋眾多領域和學科。此次評獎分為經濟管理、政治法律新聞社會學、歷史哲學文學、語言教育藝術四個學科組。主辦單位依據學科專業籌組評審委員會,成員均來自本澳文化學術界與內地知名高等院校及研究單位。
34第 13 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.13 No.12019 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30, 2019 創業板IPO抑價、破發的分解對比研究黃紀惠,伍向豪*(澳門科技大學商學院,澳門)摘要: 基於已存在的大量針對IPO抑價或IPO破發的相關研究,本文將利用隨機邊界模型的原理展開對IPO抑價與新股破發的對比研究。將影響IPO抑價與新股破發的影響因素分解為一級市場因素及二級市場因素,構建IPO抑價股票與新股破發股票的發行價模型、交易價模型和分解模型。通過實證研究,可以得出以下結論:(1)IPO抑價樣本股票的發行價及交易價均被顯著低估;(2)新股破發樣本股票的發行價被顯著高估,交易價均被顯著低估;(3)在發行價模型中,IPO抑價股票的資產負債率、網下中簽率及每股發行費用的對數對發行價具有顯著負的影響,IPO抑價股票的每股盈餘、淨資產收益率及發行規模的對數對發行價具有顯著正的影響,新股破發股票的網下中簽率對發行價具有顯著正的影響;(4)在交易價模型中,IPO抑價股票的資產負債率對交易價具有顯著負的影響,IPO抑價股票的每股盈餘、淨資產收益率、每股淨資產及上市首日換手率對交易價具有顯著正的影響,新股破發股票的上市首日換手率對交易價具有顯著負的影響,新股破發股票的淨資產收益率及每股淨資產對交易價具有顯著正的影響。關鍵詞: IPO抑價;新股破發;隨機邊界模型;極大擬然估計A Compaoative Analysis of IPO Undeopoicing and Oveopoicing in the Chinese Gooyth Enteopoises MaoketJihui HUANG, Shianghau WU*( School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: Based on a large number of existing studies on IPO underpricing or overpricing, the study attempts to compare the IPO underpricing phenomenon and overpricing phenomenon according to the principle of the stochastic frontier model. Decomposed IPO underpricing and overpricing into two kinds of effects respectively from primary market and secondary market. The study then constructed the offering price models, trading price models and decomposition models of IPO underpricing stocks as well as overpricing stocks. The following conclusions can be drawn after the empirical study: (1) The offering price and the trading price of underpricing sample stocks are significantly underestimated. (2) The offering price of overpricing sample stocks are significantly overestimated while the trading price of overpricing sample stocks are significantly underestimated. (3) The debt asset ratio, lot winning rate offline and the logarithm of the issuance costs per share of IPO underpricing stocks were significantly and negatively correlated with the offering price. The earnings per share, return on equity, and the logarithm of the issuing scale of IPO underpricing stocks were significantly and positively correlated with the offering price. The lot winning rate offline of overpricing stocks were significantly and 收稿日期:2019-04-11;修訂日期:2019-07-09。*通訊作者:伍向豪,男,博士,澳門科技大學商學院副教授,主要研究方向:經濟學、管理學。 E-mail: shwu@must.edu.mo Tel: 00853-88972399
35黃紀惠,等 創業板IPO抑價、破發的分解對比研究0 引言2018 年 10 月 30 日,是創業板市場成立 9 周年的特殊時間節點,在此節點上,創業板上市公司由 28 家擴展至了 734 家,累計首發融資 3,820億元,上市的企業數量、創業板的總市值均實現了雙位數增長,逾六成個股實現上漲。在新股 IPO(Initial Public Offerings)過程中,股票的上市首日收盤價高於其新股發行價稱為 IPO 抑價,相反,股票的上市首日收盤價低於其新股發行價稱為新股破發[1]。中國股市中的 IPO 抑價現象相對於新股破發更為普遍,若新股 IPO 為抑價,意味著只要投資者能夠順利地申購首次公開發行的股票,就會得到上市首日收盤價高於其新股發行價的差額收益。因而,會刺激投資者獲取相當於無風險收益的欲望,把大量資金投入一級市場。不難理解,新股的 IPO 定價情況將影響資金的配置。過去已有大量學者基於 IPO 定價是否合理展開過研究,但其樣本的更新程度較低,且基於不同理論背景、不同研究目的選擇樣本後,所得的研究結果會存在或大或小的差異。Hunt-Mccool,Koh & Francis(1996)應用隨機邊界模型研究得出抑價的樣本股票發行價存在上邊界[2]。白仲光與張維(2003)以滬深兩市的抑價股票作為研究樣本,發現新股的發行價及交易價存在下邊界[3]。黃順武、賈捷與汪文雋(2017)以創業板的 IPO 抑價股票作為研究樣本,再一次論證了新股的發行價及交易價存在下邊界[4]。根據已有的研究可知,關於 IPO 抑價的研究占了多數,但新股破發也同樣有其研究的價值。自從中國股市在2010 年和 2012 年頻繁出現了新股破發現象以後,漸漸有學者深入研究新股破發現象。陸正華與鍾偉(2012),史欣向、鍾偉與萬自強(2013)在研究新股破發股票的發行價是否存在有效邊界時都得出了一致的結論,認為中國的新股發行價不存在下邊界[5 ~ 6]。直到王澍雨等人(2017)研究2009 年至 2013 年期間新股破發的創業板股票發現新股發行價顯著存在下邊界[1]。受此啟發,本次研究選取的樣本將包括近幾年 IPO的創業板新股,盡可能反映更全面、更新的創業板 IPO 定價情況。過往研究的研究物件多數為 IPO抑價或新股破發,隨著研究的深入,學者漸漸得出有差異的研究結果,建立 IPO 抑價、新股破發的發行價模型以及交易價模型,對 IPO 抑價與新股破發進行對比研究能更全面瞭解創業板 IPO 定價的情況。首先,以新股上市首日收益率為判斷標準,將 IPO 新股按照上市首日收益率的正負分為新股破發、IPO 抑價兩大類,這兩類樣本股票的數據均經過以下實證過程來實現 IPO 抑價與新股破發的對比。參照相關隨機邊界模型的研究,設定公司價值、一級市場及二級市場的相關變數,利用公司價值、一級市場的相關變數構建發行價模型,利用公司價值、二級市場的相關變數構建交易價模型。然後,運用極大擬然估計法估計發行價的隨機邊界模型和交易價的隨機邊界模型,得出相關隨機邊界模型的上邊界估計結果與下邊界估計結果。若發行價的隨機邊界模型估計結果或交易價的隨機邊界模型估計結果顯示存在有效邊界,則可以判斷 IPO 新股的發行價或交易價沒有被合理估計,再進一步分析發行價或交易價被高估還是低估。根據所構建的發行價模型具體分析影響 IPO抑價或新股破發的一級市場因素,根據所構建的交易價模型具體分析影響 IPO 抑價或新股破發的positively correlated with the offering price. (4) The debt asset ratio of IPO underpricing stocks were significantly and negatively correlated with the trading price. The earnings per share, return on equity, net assets per share, first day turnover of IPO underpricing stocks were significantly and positively correlated with the trading price. The first day turnover of overpricing stocks were significantly and negatively correlated with the trading price. The return on equity and net assets per share of overpricing stocks were significantly and positively correlated with the trading price.eyyoodss: IPO Underpricing; Overpricing; Stochastic Frontier Model; Maximum Likelihood Estimation
43黃紀惠,等 創業板IPO抑價、破發的分解對比研究準為 10% 時,對新股上市首日收益率具有顯著負的影響,其餘變數均不顯著,普通多元回歸的結果不理想。對比極大擬然估計法估計的結果與最小二乘法估計的結果,大部分自變量的係數的正負、顯著性有較大差別。基本判斷構建的新股破發分解模型不理想,無法利用極大擬然估計法進一步估計新股破發分解模型的雙邊隨機邊界[9]。3 結論與建議IPO 抑價樣本股票的發行價及交易價均被顯著低估。抑價樣本股票發行價被低估的程度越大則抑價程度越大,交易價被低估的程度越大則抑價程度越小。本文對 IPO 抑價的分解研究得出的結論與 Hunt-Mccool 等人(1996)應用隨機邊界模型得出的發行價存在上邊界的結論一致[2]。表10 IPO抑價的研究結果因變數 前提條件 邊界結果假設 假設檢驗結果發行價假設一: 不成立假設二: 不成立交易價假設三: 不成立假設四: 不成立新股破發樣本股票的發行價被顯著高估,而交易價被顯著低估。破發樣本股票發行價被高估的程度越大則破發程度越大,交易價被低估的程度越大則破發程度越大。本文對新股破發股票的發行價研究得出的結論與王澍雨等研究得出的結論一致。表11 新股破發的研究結果因變數 前提條件 邊界結果假設 假設檢驗結果發行價假設五: 成立假設六: 成立交易價假設七: 不成立假設八: 不成立發行價模型中,新股破發股票除一級市場因素“網下中簽率”外的其餘公司價值因素及一級市場因素對發行價的影響在顯著性上都不及 IPO抑價股票理想。交易價模型中,新股破發股票除公司價值因素“淨資產收益率”、“每股淨資產”以及二級市場因素“上市首日換手率”外的其餘公司價值因素及二級市場因素對交易價的影響在顯著性上都不及 IPO 抑價股票理想。分解模型中,新股破發股票的發行價被顯著高估,交易價被顯著低估,被高估對破發的影響程度以及交易價被低估對破發的影響程度對破發都是正向影響,即說明一級市場因素及二級市場因素均為導致新股破發的原因。從研究結論來看,無論股票是 IPO 抑價還是新股破發,發行價及交易價均存在價格未被合理估計的問題,針對這個問題分別提出使發行價與交易價趨向合理的建議:(一)在企業上會環節建立更嚴格的審核標準以及更公正的審核機制。(二)實施加大資訊透明化的相關舉措,減少 IPO企業與投資者之間的資訊不對稱。參 考 文 獻[1] 王澍雨,楊洋. 中國創業板IPO定價效率研究——基於IPO破發的視角.宏觀經濟研究,2017,(7):95-103.[2] Hunt-Mccool, J.,Koh, S. C.,Francis, B. B.Testing for deliberate underpricing in the ipo premarket: a stochastic frontier approach.Review of Financial Studies,1996, 9(4):1251-1269. [3] 白仲光,張維. 基於隨機邊界定價模型的新股短期收益研究.管理科學學報,2003,6(1):51-59.[4] 黃順武,賈捷,汪文雋. 基於雙邊隨機邊界模型的IPO抑價分解研究——來自中國創業板的證據.中國管理科學,2017,25(2):21-28.[5] 陸正華,鍾偉. 首日破發新股一級市場定價過高嗎?——基於隨機前沿模型的實證研究.財會月刊,2012,(32):7-9.[6] 史欣向,鍾偉,萬自強 . 中國股市新股破發的原因——基於隨機成本邊界模型的實證研究.西安財經學院學報,2013,26(3):15-19.[7] Kumbhakar, S. C..Stochastic Frontier Analysis. Stochastic frontier analysis.United Kingdom:Cambridge University Press,2000.[8] 王睿,曹超,常盼盼.上市首日“破發”股票長期表現更差嗎?.財經理論與實踐,2017,38(6):59-63.[9] 黃澤勇.中國創業板IPO定價效率研究——基於雙邊隨機前沿模型.廣東商學院學報,2013,(2):21-29.
44第 13 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.13 No.12019 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30, 2019 Received 17 Apr. 2019; Revised 29 May 2019*Corresponding Author:Kung Cheng, Male, Ph.D student of Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management of Macau University of Science and Technology. Research Areas:Drive Tourism and Tourist Behavior. E-mail: malcolmcheng@163.com, Tel:0086-13926966291A Novelty Space Study on Chinese Independent Toaveleo’s BehaviooKun CHENG*( Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: The current study aims on the investigation of Chinese independent travelers’ behavior, while many previous studies were mainly tried to provide strategical recommendations on the development of Chinese tourism market in the areas of trip planning and related tourism industry products. However, Chinese independent traveler’s travel behavior has rarely received sufficient attention in China. This study conducted the basic concept of novelty space, as well as a couple of subsets of independent travel forms to interpret the general behavior of Chinese independent travelers and provided an innovative conceptual idea for future tourism research on independent tourists and the related tourism market.eyyoodss: Independent traveler; Travel behavior; Novelty space新奇空間感在中國散客旅遊者行為中的研究程 琨*(澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院,澳門)摘要: 本文主要針對中國散客旅遊者的行為進行研究,有別於過去的許多針對中國旅遊市場的研究主要是試圖在旅遊規劃和相關旅遊產業產品領域為中國旅遊市場的發展提供戰略建議。然而,中國散客旅遊者的旅遊行為在國內卻很少受到足夠的重視。本研究力求通過新奇空間的基本概念,以及兩個細分的散客旅遊形式來解讀中國散客旅遊者的常規旅遊行為,為未來散客旅遊者行為以及相關旅遊市場的旅遊研究提供一個創新的概念思路。關鍵詞: 散客旅遊者;旅遊者行為;新奇空間0 IntooductionAccording to Pearce[1], tourist behavior is a multifaceted study in the world of tourism literature, therefore, “What tourists do, and why they do it has fascinated a lot of people. What tourists think, how they feel and what influences their thoughts and feelings is especially fascinating to tourists themselves, to the people who manage their behavior and to analysts studying contemporary life” (p.7). An interdisciplinary approach is required for studying tourist behavior, and that possibly includes psychology, sociology and anthropology; however, its
45Kun CHENG A Novelty Space Study on Chinese Independent Traveler’s Behaviorprofessional study is mainly relying on the emerging specialism of tourism studies, hence, the subject itself has become a procreative global research domain[2~3].A general issue of better understanding the tourist behavior could be framed with the reasons of potential tourists’ intentions on travel desires, expectations of a satisfied travel experience disengaged from their home area has taken into consideration[4]. The pursuit of new environment away from home is essential in the tourism activities. Therefore, perceiving novel experience is becoming the main motivation for most of the tourism activities. In the similar vein, Mitas and Bastiaansen[24] demonstrated that novelty is acting as mechanism of enjoyment and positive emotion in tourism experiences. Therefore, the exploration of novelty space in tourism experiences is eligible to interpret the tourist’s behavior. Though mass tourism and group tourism in China have emerged and rapidly developed since the reform of its social economy. However, the behavior of Chinese tourists at the beginning was not necessarily to pursuit any novel travel experiences, but to prove their personal or family wealthiness. With the improvement of Chinese disposable income per capita, the composition of Chinese tourists has become more diversified correspondingly[11]. Chinese independent travelers were then emerged with more demands in exploring novel experiences. With the improvement of tourism infrastructure, independent travels have received much more attentions since the twenty-first century[11]. However, limited attention has been given in international tourism studies to Chinese independent travelers. The current study thus attempting to provide a theoretical understanding on the concept of novelty space in Chinese independent traveler’s behavior.In order to response the raising trend of Chinese independent travelers, the current study is attempting to provide a systematic review of previous studies in regard to identify the nature of Chinese independent travelers, the attribute of novelty space, the linkages between tourist motivations and novelty space, and how the multifaceted tourist behavior is interpreted by the concept of novelty space. A summary table was created by Microsoft Excel to tabulate the bibliographic information of the studies cited in the current study. Table 1 provides a general profile of the publications being investigated in the current study. 34 (38.6%) books were reviewed to contribute in the foundation of tourist behavior, leisure activities and tourist travel patterns; 54 (61.4%) published journals were cited in the disciplines of conceptualizing Chinese independent travelers, the novelty space, characteristics of tourist motivation and behavior, as well as their relationships with the domains of novelty spaces.1 The Component of Chinese Independent ToaveleosAs mentioned earlier in the previous section, China’s economy has experienced a healthy growth, and that bound to benefit individuals including the independent travelers. The improved personal disposable income encourages this group of travelers to facilitate tourism and leisure activities with diversified options. Since then, China was constantly accelerating its economic growth at levels beyond most other countries and thus creating a new economic class of car owners, they also included the independent travelers. Tourism activities with the involvement of private cars are understandable to be treated as independent travels. While other countries in Asia are mostly experiencing an uninterrupted development of self-drive tourism, somehow have confronted political and economic restrictions on travel in the 20th century; mainland China has just emerged to encourage self-drive tourism to boom in the 21st century. Independent travelers were then provided with the advanced mechanical tools (ie. Private owned cars) to facilitate their travels. Self-drive tourists were then the main pattern of manifestation to independent travelers in China. Therefore, the following two sectors are to investigate the characters and behavior features of self-drive tourists in order to extend the knowledge of behavior in Chinese independent travelers.
46Table 1 Resouoce of liteoatuoe in the cuooent studyPublications No. of Studies %Books 34 38.6 Annals of Tourism Research 14 15.9 Newspaper 1 1.1 Tourism Management 1 1.1 Journals in education 10 11.4 Journals in science 2 2.3 Journal of Tourism Studies 1 1.1 Journal of Leisure Research 7 8.0 Journal of Travel Research 5 5.7 Tourism and Hospitality Research 1 1.1 Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management1 1.1 Journal of Tourism Insights 1 1.1 Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change1 1.1 Others (university journals, society and psychology)9 10.2 Total 881.1 The Self-doive TouoistsThe buying power of cars has been vigorous as ever before, a senior editor of China Daily, Patrick Whitely[5], wrote that all one needs to do is to “look at the eager crowds at the Auto Show Shanghai 2009 and you will not find more car-buying passion anywhere else in the world” (p. S13). In 1992, ten years after the advent of the China National Tourism Administration (CNTA), most provinces in China were ready for mass tourism, and week-long public holidays made it easier for domestic tourists to go further for tourism activities within China[6]. Three years after, a five-day working week encouraged the possibility for travel on weekends, meanwhile, the promotion of Golden Week Holidays commenced from 1999 stimulated a greater travel mobility and freedom[7]. After the political welfare of the two-day weekends and statutory holidays put into practice for Chinese nationals, these car owners have more emancipated travel conditions than other domestic Chinese have ever had before[8]. Self-drive tourists have become the main tourist resource of independent travelers.Previous studies on Chinese independent tourists were still in its infancy. The existing researches undertaken by other Chinese scholars who published in Chinese language journals have revealed numerous concerns related to the self-drive phenomenon[10]. The majority of those studies on self-drive tourism in China have concentrated on the market development as a source of tourism product while the development of tourism industry in mainland China has experienced evolutional changes throughout the past few decades, various ways of tourism activities among the Chinese have been created, adopted or imitated according to their needs of travel and leisure. Apart from (1) business trip (e.g., people use their private or company owned vehicles to travel for a variety of job-related reasons, which can be necessary to meet with entertain clients, visit other facilities within the same company, or attend trade shows and seminars), (2) travel for routine work (e.g., people use their private or company owned vehicles to travel a similar distance every day between their homes and the places of routine work), (3) visiting friends or parents (e.g., vehicles used for visiting the users’ friends or parents in order to maintain a proper relationship or expressing their love and caring), or (4) shopping (e.g., people use a vehicle to travel to destinations for merchandise away from home), private cars have been chosen to use also for tourism and leisure activities. Self-drive tourists can also be understood as private or rented cars driven by people travel to a new destination from their living place for the purposes of tourism and leisure activities[11]. Neglecting the undesirable driving habits, driver and passengers’ fatigue from long distance driving, unpredictable dangerous on the road, drive tourism has become one of the most popular ways to replace mass tourism organized by travel agencies and tour guides. Private cars provide freedom, especially it is kind of ‘freedom on the road’ for majority of the private car owners. Dennis and Urry[12] wittingly described the adaptability of cars is drivers enter and ignite the engine freely without interruption from the others, and the car is readily awaiting to provide convenience for people, encourage people to arrive any planned destinations along complex road system, including tourism and leisure destinations. Therefore, the flexibility and freedom which perceived by self-
47Kun CHENG A Novelty Space Study on Chinese Independent Traveler’s Behaviordrive tourists were eligible to be understood as the burgeoning stage of independent travelers. As early as 1902, a private car owner perceived the timeliness which cars can deliver, “travel is an activity represents utmost freedom, travel by train is destined to become passive, and travelers are bind with a piece of timetable by railways”[13] (p.12). Timetables of the modern trains have ‘locked passengers in a cage’[14]. There is not only freedom, but also autonomously control of cars by drivers to their tourism destinations and the flexibility of routes selection towards the destinations. The form of drive tourism is in a way not fulfilling the freedom which self-drive tourists are seeking for, until the first recreational vehicle (hereinafter called RV) appeared on the screen in China. Despite that this form of tourism activity is barely the mainstream in the Chinese tourism market, RV tourists, are nevertheless another subset of independent travelers actively contributing their travel behavior to the academic world of tourism studies. Therefore, the following paragraphs of the current chapter are going to provide a basic understanding of RV tourists.1.2 The RV TouoistsTourists who are willing to travel independently with further flexibility and freedom had an extra option apart from the ordinary private owned vehicles was to travel with a RV, but only for those who were able to afford it with time, money and perhaps the courage to explore. On the other hand, RV tourism is necessary to define itself as a form of tourism which travelers tow a travel trailer, van conversion, fifth wheel, slide-on camper[15], or simply drive a self-propelled RV for the purpose of recreation and leisure, additionally, the vehicle convert itself as the tourist’s main form of accommodation. Therefore, RV travel is mostly suitable for tourists who needless for advanced hotel reservations. This form of travel can also be seen as an upgraded progression from camping and it allows travelers to take relatively more possessions with them and usually dwell in better comforts. Hardy and Gretzel[15] pointed out that RV travel is also a more expensive way of travel than stereotype camping, the cost is obvious when possessing or renting one. Wu and Pearce[16] however, argued based on their netnographic findings that some experienced Chinese independent travelers voiced part of the reasons for renting a RV for holiday is because it is an economical way to travel and it saves money for accommodation and food. All the above elements acted as pull factors attracting some of the Chinese independent travelers to use RV as their main medium for tourism and leisure activities.Compare with non-Chinese RV travelers, Chinese RV travelers are relatively young with financial freedom as mentioned earlier, who are also with passion to seek unique travel experiences and willing to undertake various challenges encountered during their journeys. To some extent, RV is an ideology of “home on wheels”[13], attributes like living home, vehicle and leisure activities are RV’s main functions. This is the type of vehicle with mobility and home living facilities. The all rounded interior design of a RV has benefited their users, including convertible bed, kitchen, sofa, table, refrigerator, satellite TV, stereo system, wireless internet connection, air-conditioner, sanitary facilities and many other appliances install upon order. And those facilities have slowly been familiarized by ordinary self-drive tourists and potential RV tourists in consequence of the government support and market propaganda. Li, Mao and Song[9] described RV travel has actualized “live and travel at the same time” (p.102), thus becoming a fashion product with “basic necessities of life”(p.102) and meets the needs of Chinese self-drive tourists. RV travel, however encourages the travelers to park their RVs wherever is safe and legally permitted, it can be somewhere by the beach, by lake side, on the hills, in the forest, on the prairie and almost anywhere far away from urban cities, enjoying urban life support at the same time. The ‘freedom and flexibility’ a RV can deliver has exceeded an ordinary private car. Theoretically, RV tourists pursue more ‘freedom and flexibility’ than ordinary self-drive tourists during tourism activities. Many have described, there is a consensus that
48RV tourists are a group of highly mobile travelers who are motivated by a desire to experience freedom and escape from the routine life [17]. However, all of these natures are not limiting the desire of Chinese independent travelers. Which means this subset of travelers are not solely seeking for freedom and escaping, but also a state of solitude, a novel experience including the way of traveling, to eat and live in their “mobile home”, to avoid deception which commonly happened in the Chinese tourism market, to search for inter-personal authenticity during their travel or at assembly points[18]. However, the raising attention of different subset of tourism activities within the Chinese tourism market, the independent Chinese travelers’ behavior have rarely been studied in the tourism literature among academics [17]. Table 2 illustrates the subjects of investigation in the composing of Chinese independent travelers.Table 2 Chinese independent toaveleosSubjects of Investigation No. of Studies %Increased public holidays as policy background 4 25.0 Characteristics of self-drive tourists 5 31.3 Characteristics of RV tourists 7 43.8 Total 162 The Novelty Space2.1 The Ooigin of Novelty SpaceIn the discipline of education and pedagogical research, the concept of ‘novelty space has made positive and negative impact on student’s educational field trips due to the impact of various learning stages and the environment[19~21]. During student’s educational field trip, informants supposed to learn and absorb proposed knowledge in the process of changing environment, however, Orion [22] pointed out that the psychological novelty space perceived by the student informants will make negative influence to their learning ability. In other words, there is a contradiction between the field trip learning process and the novelty space, which means the higher the level of novelty space perceived the lesser the knowledge absorbed by the students [21]. Therefore, informant’s perception of novelty space has been treated as the major barrier if the preparation prior to a field trip was insufficient [19]. Falk, Martin, and Balling[23] suggested that the inconstant environment during a field trip is likely to overwhelm the students, the perceptiveness of novelty space effect by new and unusual settings is also likely to hinder their learning. Orion and Hofstein[20] further suggested that cognitive, psychological and geographic are inherent dimensions of novelty space, later Xie and Garner[21] argued the social dimension is also an important component in the concept of novelty spaces. So far, the concept of novelty space has been employed to investigate student’s educational field trip learning efficiency by constructive tools and methods[19,21], their findings were productive, but were only focused on educational field trips. However, educational field trips normally contain sets of planned travels, and the travel itself has no significant differences with variety forms of travels in tourism, especially the independent travels. Followed by Xie and Garner [21] who employed the concept of novelty space to analyze student’s photographs taken on a student educational field trip, there is a natural linkage between Chinese independent travels and educational field trips ‘for the use of novelty space to investigate fields trips in the context of travel and tourism’(p.178). Despite that the concept of novelty space has received scarce attention in tourism, it is however raising a number of research difficulties. First, tourist travels are varied widely in travel duration, the length of travel ranges from weeks to months which is no doubt impacting the scale of the novelty space. Second, the novelty space contains domains of cognitive, psychological, geographic and sociality, it is unclear that whether these domains are suitable to interpret tourist behavior. Recently, Mitas and Bastiaansen[24] extended their study by employing the novelty theory into tourism, they suggested ‘novelty is somehow fundamental to the experience of tourism’, it creates positive emotions which function as a ‘mechanism of enjoyment’ in tourism experiences. Therefore, tourist behavior embraces multi-sensory
49Kun CHENG A Novelty Space Study on Chinese Independent Traveler’s Behaviorpractices worth further research on. 2.2 The Novelty SpaceField trip novelty was indicated by Falk et al.[23] has reasonable relationship between students’ learning compatibility under study assignments and their experience during field trips. Novelty therefore, was found as a vital element during the field trip which students had to overcome in order to concentrate and complete their assignments. Orion and Hofstein[20] identified three novelty factors in field trip settings which found the structure of novelty space. By then, the novelty space was composed of cognitive, psychological and geographical factors. These factors were to demonstrate the importance of appropriate preparation for educational field trips, the less novelty space perceived by the field trip informants, the better quality of learning obtained from the trips. Recently, factors of novelty space have been expanded by Xie and Garner[21], they argued that social novelty is another significant factor eligible to constitute the concept of novelty space along with the other three factors (see Figure 1). Social activities like interactions with instructors and trip organizers, friendship establishment and teamwork cooperation are essential elements occur during students’ educational field trips. Figuoe 1. The stouctuoe of novelty spaceIn other words, novelty space factors are most likely the natural inherence in field trips, they interfere informants’ behavior throughout the entire progress, results in whether positive or negative. Purposes of previous studies were aimed for improvement during the whole process of students’ educational field trips, factors of novelty space were the main behavior measurements to analyze how field trip settings influence its informants. However, the author believes field trip and tourism activity both concurrently exist ideological commonalities, such as outdoor activities, traveling with or without plans, learning attributes, camping experience and social interactions. Therefore, the novelty space is unprecedentedly employed to interpret the behavior of Chinese independent travelers. 2.3 The Fifth TasteIn the world of science, ‘umami’ as a Japanese term was widely recognized as the ‘fifth taste’ based on psychophysical, electrophysiological and biochemical studies on animals and human. The taste generated by seaweed constitutes of glutamate, 5’-inosinate and 5’-guanylate, the synergism of those chemical elements were identified as umami. These elements are contained in various foods in daily human eating, the taste of umami therefore, induced by the synergism of human intake plays the fifth taste as a role in food flavor[25]. Although there are no relevant studies indicating the power of fifth taste to interpret novelty space as perceived by human, however, they both are cognitive feelings generated by human under different circumstances. Unlike the existing finding on tourists’ behaviors, the novelty space and its natural attributes have the merit to conjure themselves as the taste of umami during tourist’s travel experiences. The combination of the novelty space domains function as glutamates, both provide their experiencers and users with the fifth taste which surpass the original discoveries in human behaviors. Table 3 The novelty spaceSubjects of Investigation No. of Studies %The origin of novelty space 6 60.0 The application of novelty space 3 30.0 Novelty space's ideology 1 10.0 Total 10The purpose of the present study is obvious, an unprecedented exploration of novelty spaces on the behavior of Chinese independent travelers is the main mission as of discovering what is the fifth taste during
50traveling. Table 3 provides the context of novelty space being cited in the current section.3 Touoist Motivation and Novelty SpaceThe reason to review tourist motivation is because it has been a considerable topic of leisure and tourism studies[1, 45, 87]. Crompton[87] discovered that it is feasible to describe tourist behavior and to classify tourists, but it would be very challenging to know the reasons underlying these tourists’ behavior. Several scholars agreed that the motivation can be considered as the driving force behind all actions[27, 33, 34, 87]. Furthermore, Mansfeld[38] suggested that upgraded tourist motivation theory would contribute studies involve both tourist behavior and travel choice. Motivation is then the initial stage to study tourist behavior, as well as to understand the systems of tourism[1, 88]. The following content is attempting to adapt the theories of motivation and factors in order to provide a systematic understanding of tourist behavior. The subjects of investigation in the current section as being cited from previous literatures are listed in Table 4.Theories of human motivation have been applied vastly for positive solutions across many disciplines. Motivation is a combination of psychological and biological needs and wants that arouse, guide and integrate an individual’s behavior[26~27]. Tourist motivation investigations somehow have played a significant role in the tourism literature since the beginning of the research[28]. Early studies of tourist motivation were mainly focused on the exploration of defining tourist’s aspiration to travel with single traits[16], findings include primitive categories of ‘sunlust and wanderlust’[29], motivation measurement strengthen by the travel enthusiasts[30], and to hypothesize authenticity was the main desire for tourists[31]. However, motivation studies of a single subset tourism phenomenon have reflected earlier works and formed the evolution and greater sophistication in researching in this discipline[32~35]. The diversified trajectory in tourist motivation researches has gradually diverged from comprehensive inspirations to explain the elements which motivate tourists and on the contrary tended to focus more on specific investigations of well-defined motives to evaluate particular travel groups[16].Table 4 Chaoacteoistics of touoist motivation and the linkages yith novelty spaceSubjects of Investigation No. of Studies %U n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e t o u r i s t motivation18 24.3 Travel motivation factors 27 36.5 Learn ing na tu re o f tou r i s t behavior29 39.2 Total 74In order to make contrast to the perceived unilateral images of tourist behavior, the author is going to summarize a vast amount of literature in this section to elicit proper understanding of tourists’ behavior and their motivations. More importantly, it provides an encompassing collection of tourist motivations in theory for the better understanding of their travel behavior. Relationships between their multi-dimensional motivations and the domains of novelty spaces will be explored.3.1 Toavel Motivation FactoosTourist motivation is a unique subset of the vast discipline of human motivation and can be possibly identified as ‘the total network of biological and cultural forces’ which actively impacting the choices of travelers[36]. In other words, the main influence for the tourist destinations, activities and their management are that the tourist motivation vitalizes and reproduces people’s behavior[37~38]. A great amount of efforts of 143 preliminary motive items were discovered from previous tourism and leisure literatures[26, 27, 39~51]. For example, Pearce[1] supported the multi-dimensional and comprehensiveness of the tourist motivational items aggregated from previous resources were substantial, but those initial motive items needed to be filtrated for the reason of validity and overlapping. The list was therefore reduced to 74 motive items grouped in 14 motivational factors, and each single of them was a tenuously distinct motivation for tourist travel.
51Kun CHENG A Novelty Space Study on Chinese Independent Traveler’s BehaviorThe motive items were assessed by a principal component analysis (PCA) and followed by a varimax rotation on a sample of 1,012 tourist informants[52~53]. As a consequence, the study revealed the sequence of importance from the 14 motivation factors, they were permutated as (1) novelty, (2) escape/relax, (3) relationship (strengthen), (4) autonomy, (5) nature, (6) self-development (host-site involvement), (7) stimulation, (8) self-development (personal development), (9) relationship (security), (10) self-actualization, (11) isolation, (12) nostalgia, (13) romance and (14) recognition. The results and the importance sequence of the motivation factors were explored from above mentioned over a thousand tourist informants, they consisted of 57% of Australian, 22% of British and 21% of other Western countries, the location where those samples collected from were limited to major shopping centers, express coach terminals and the boarding gate areas of domestic and international airports, and only in Northern Australia[1]. In other words, despite the validity of 14 motivation factors, informants and research locations are distinctly different from the present study. However, the motivation factors are a significant reference for a systematic understanding of the contemporary multifaceted travelers and tourists. As proposed in the current study, seeking novelty is the dominant motivation for tourists, the ascertainment of tourist motivation factors by previous scholars has provided a strong evidence for the linkages between novelty spaces and the tourists’ motivations[1, 15~17]. Novelty seeking therefore, has empirically tested as the key motive for tourism purposes, the concept of novelty in the construct of a tourist behavior is composed with dimensions of change from routine, escape, thrill, adventure, surprise and boredom alleviation[54]. Hence, novelty space is also interpreted as environmental stimulus (in the themes of tourists’ adjustment, locational search and selection, behavioral environment, stimulus-response, spatial learning, individual action spaces and social interactions) for tourists in a different layer. However, cognitive, psychological, geographic and social novelty were viewed as the original attributes of novelty space have received scarce attention in the context of tourism and travel[20~21], furthermore, tourism novelty has been currently understood as a mechanism of enjoyment in different stages of tourism experiences[24]. 3.2 Life on the RoadThe aim of the current study was to explore the characters buried behind the behavior of Chinese independent travelers, and to conjure whether these behavior factors are in links with the domains of novelty spaces. As stated in the introduction chapter, novelty spaces are widely applied in the field of pedagogical researches, in particular when engaging in experiential learning activities include both inside and outside of the classroom[19~22, 55~56]. In other words, learning as a phenomenon can be understood as a constant progress which exists in diverse paradigms throughout one’s life[57]. Studies on motivations of leisure travelers and their psychological nature conducted by Crompton[41], Mannell and Iso-Ahola[58] have shown that learning is a reasonable and well-documented behavior factor for tourism activities. Similarly, researchers in the past 30 years have further proven that the yearn for learning influences travelers’ decision and behavior while visiting a destination[59~63]. Van Winkle and Lagay[64] have stated that learning opportunities are plentiful during tourism travels, and include both expected and unexpected opportunities. In a similar vein, McKercher and du Cros[65] investigated on the cultural tourists, they found that travel experiences are multifarious, activities ranging from interacting with locals at a dining place to an interpretive historical heritage tour, tourist learning opportunities are myriad and unique. Learning therefore, is a synthetic phenomenon which can be explored from a range of tourism perspectives[66].Varieties of perspectives have been examined towards tourist experiences[64]. Cohen[67] represented the contemporary conventional tourism experience typology, which distinguishes among tourists in the recreational mode, diversionary mode, experiential mode, experimental mode and existential mode. That
52is to provide an understanding of tourism experiences grasp different meanings for different people. Van Winkle and Lagay[64] noted that past researches have investigated the learning experiences during tourism have tested learning in particular contexts in the examples of interpretive travels like museums, zoos or historic sites, as well as certain outdoor tourist activities like backpacking and camping. However, the learning behavior among tourists has rarely been attempted to develop the relationships with novelty space. 3.3 Touoism is a Non-Captive Leaoning Expeoience“Learning is a cumulative process of knowledge acquisition and construction within social and cultural paradigms”(p.271)[68]. The learning environment while visiting a destination is distinct from ordinary learning environment (such as classrooms), Ham[69] stated a ‘captive audience’ is a formal symbol represents ordinary learners, meanwhile, a tourist is a non-captive audience who benefited from “the option of ignoring the information without punishment or loss of a potential reward”(p.129). Falk and Dierking[57], and Falk[68] further suggested free-choice learning as an informal form of leaning emerges when knowledge and condition are selected and managed by the learners. A raising question of how do tourists learn seems to draw many scholars’ interests[68, 70~72]. Brody and Tomkiewicz[70] stated that the past experiences and knowledge, the practical learning experience, and the social interaction process have a huge impact on informants’ learning. Falk and Dierking[57] noted that the major components of the free-choice learning in personal context are motivation, expectations, prior knowledge and experience, interest, choice and control. Falk[68] again highlighted in the process of free-choice learning, potential motivations and interests of learners are significant motives. Some examples were given by Falk[68], free-choice environmental learning happens while watching a documentary program on TV, paper material reading, participating in a community-based or environmental organization or surfing the internet. In the current context, learning to travel domestically or internationally or even drive in unknown destinations, get familiar with a foreign language and customs in regard to social relationships and geographical knowledge are essential parts of the tourism experience and usually been investigated as tourist’s behavior and motivation factors[15~ 17, 73~76]. As a consequence, the author’s intention to explore the domains of novelty space in the frame of tourists’ behavior study has logically supported by previous analyses in the sector of learning experience during tourism. This study therefore, has made the pioneer attempt to conduct a pedagogical theory in interpreting tourist behavior, thus aiming to provide a cross-disciplinary and novel perspective understanding of tourist behavior for both academic and market contribution.4 Novelty Space Reflecting the Touoist BehaviooThe reviews of novelty space as a concept and the characteristics of tourist’s behavior have provided a basic understanding for the further integration. However, the motive items behind tourist behavior might not cover a comprehensive understanding to all tourists, existing findings did trigger an innovative proposal that the novelty space as a perceptual allusion functions in various tourist behaviors. The need to illustrate relationships between tourist behavior and novelty space is essential for the rationale of the current study.According to Cumming and Henry[77], “the most crucial step in the disengagement process in life is finding a new set of rewards”(p.59). Jobes[75] stated that mobile lifestyles are capable to fulfill the disengagement gap, because of its societal values, people are more willing to abandon their former conventional stationary life. Adjustment during the progress of disengagement includes alternative values and flexible leisure lifestyles, innovative and rebellious preadaptation to the aged new lifestyles and the need to replace work group social interaction with other meaningful substitution is essential[78~80]. This group of travelers are motivated by the factors of escape, social
53Kun CHENG A Novelty Space Study on Chinese Independent Traveler’s Behaviorrelationship (strengthen and security), autonomy, self-actualize and perhaps isolation and recognition. These factors stimulate the tourism behavior which they could barely realize in their routine life. Furthermore, the concept of novelty space is not limited to a single interpretation, but embedded with diversified domains. The following sections explain in detail how would novelty space domains linking with tourist behaviors.4.1 Novelty SeekingIso-Ahola[45] suggested ‘escapism’ and ‘seeking’ are the two major motivation forces that influence people’s behavior, especially in the context of tourism. The desire to experience freedom from routinely life and to seek a self-sufficient statement and novelty experiences have been noted by academics[15~17, 75, 81]. The concept of ‘home away from home’ has created the feeling of escaping the routinely lived, worked or studied environment and act as if they are sojourners without urban constraints[15], freedom, as a psychological perception people perceived in comparison to daily constraints has been commonly agreed by independent travelers. Novelty seeking therefore, become one of a push factors motivates Chinese independent travelers to spend their holiday in an unfamiliar country or region.Novel ty seek ing i s moreover a t e rm in psychology, and it’s a personality trait associated with exploratory activity in response to novel stimulation, impulsive decision making, extravagance in approach to reward cues, quick loos of temper, and avoidance of frustration[83]. In this case, the reason for tourism traveling may be assumed as the willingness for people to experience something new and different[54]. Hutt[84] proposed that perceptions of novelty distinct from the source. Consequently, in the current context, the tourist perception in which novelty will be emerged at a holiday destination as functions of the perceived novelty are trinary, the novelty of objects, environment and people[54]. The novelty of objects can be referred to the scenery, road system and infrastructure, the novelty of environment is comprehended as cultural atmosphere, such as the updating culture shocks at mobility, and the novelty of people is interpreted as interacting with similar travelers and destination hosts[15~16, 75].4.2 Toavel FlexibilityIn terms of flexibility, it was commonly suggested as one of a significant attractions for tourists[15~16, 85~86]. Hardy and Gretzel[15] spotted unlike group tourists, the independent tourists enjoy this form of travel because of its spontaneity and flexibility to abandon the fixed itineraries commonly associated with other forms of tourism activities, furthermore, it was also described as a ‘sedate’ form of travel even with one traveler. Videlicet, travel with flexibility encourages many last-minute decisions according to traveler’s will. In the context of Chinese independent travels, this group of travelers are more than free to adjust their travel plan whenever they feel like, Hardy and Gretzel[15] discovered independent tourists do not mind to change the preplanned schedules, and they normally have a general idea of where they want to visit. Whereas Wu and Pearce[16] found that the Chinese independent tourists’ enjoyment of flexibility includes autonomous driving and camping, visit and stay at desired destinations.Both findings of flexibility during travel requires the informants with a relatively strong sense of geographical knowledge, as well as the complementary ability to manage tourists’ travel plans. As Orion and Hofstein[20] suggested, geographic novelty reflects informant’s familiarity of location positioning on a map; cognitive novelty refers to students’ overall mastery of knowledge in the subject of educational field trips. Chinese independent travelers in this circumstance, represents a couple of key domains (geographic novelty and cognitive novelty) to the concept of novelty spaces.4.3 Toavel LogisticsOn top of that, psychological novelty deals with field trip experiences and mundane logistics related to the excursions[20~21]. Meals preparing and travel logistics, like accommodation planning revealed in this paragraph are other attractions as part of an independent travel plan among Chinese tourists, that is to say, the psychological novelty appears as a
54positive motivation factor when experiencing on an independent travel.4.4 The Social Attoibution Nevertheless, socializing and reuniting with other seasonal travel compatriots acted as another attraction to the independent tourists, as Xie and Garner[21] proposed, the social novelty space refers to interpersonal relationships while traveling. Therefore, social element exists during traveling converges social novelty space and function as one motivational factor for Chinese independent travelers.Novelty is antithesis with familiarity[54]. Welker[82] stated novelty as an experiential matter will decrease its strength and stimulus due to the increase of recency and exposure. Hence, the more Chinese independent travelers travel to different destinations with object, environment and people, the more opportunities to maintain their novelty perceptions and motivations. As mentioned earlier, fieldtrip students are diverted by the unknown due to a higher level of novelty space[21], in contrast, Chinese independent travelers are in contrary to students, the higher the novelty spaces perceived, the stronger feeling of motivation exists. This section has portrayed a vital synthesis for which the domains of novelty spaces are eligible to interpret the behavior of Chinese independent traveler, a stream of literature has been conducted (Table 5). Table 5 The toansfoomation of touoist behavioo to novelty spaceSubjects of Investigation No. of Studies %Background of tourist behavior 5 20.8 Novelty seeking as main purpose for tourists (cognitive novelty)9 37.5 Travel flexibility reflects the geographic novelty5 20.8 Travel logistics reflects the psychological novelty2 8.3 Tourist socializing reflects the social novelty3 12.5 Total 245 ConclusionBased upon the current study, it appears that Chinese independent travelers’ behavior has strong connectivity with the concept of novelty space and should access to traditional tourism activities, research should result in practice that might provide a healthy development to the independent traveler’s market. The current study made possibly the first attempt for exploring the concept of novelty space on the Chinese independent travelers. The linkages between all four novelty domains demonstrated a detailed and systematic behavioral understanding of these travelers. The cognitive and geographic novelty space served as the cultural and scenery possession; psychological novelty space was seen as a mundane duty throughout their traveling and could be more attractive to the tourists if elements of custom culture, social and geographic were attached; social novelty space appeared to be the most consistent domain among them all and maintains a constant attraction autonomously. The concept of novelty space has proven to interpret the Chinese independent travelers’ behavior with rational supports.Market activities of Chinese independent t ravelers should closely be l inking with the exploration of novelty space. Authentic interpretations indicated from the findings are reasonable to be adapted. Novelty seeking was interpreted by majority of the tourist behavior analyzed in the current context, especially the importance of traveling with autonomous. Whereas the domains of novelty space provided diversification for the market to focus on. For instance, trip organizers may focus the promotion on novelty space exploring among existing and potential independent tourists by offering campaigns which involve experiences of unique geographic features, self-reliance in psychological domain, as well as exotic culture shocks and social needs. To be more precise, market campaigns should involve opportunities for independent travelers to learn different levels of traveling routes, camping skills and trouble shouting ability to when they travel in China or even abroad, the existed tourism exhibitions and organized semi-independent tours have taken shape tentatively in the Chinese tourism market. To inject domains of geographic, cognitive and social novelty spaces to the organized independent tours will most likely improve the attraction in the eyes of Chinese
55Kun CHENG A Novelty Space Study on Chinese Independent Traveler’s Behaviorindependent travelers, as well as the entire tourism market.6 LimitationsThere are several limitations in this study. First of all, the author did not provide an empirical study on the actual Chinese independent tourism participants for reliable data. However, the qualitative analysis as in massive amount of previous literature illustrations from both tourist behavior and the concept of novelty space in the study did supplement logical and comprehensive discourses of the findings. In order to gain an accurate estimation of the novelty space exploration in tourists’ behavior, the researchers should conduct quantitative research method that includes a reasonable sized sample from travel destinations should be applied in future studies (i.e. a reasonable length of travel duration with data sourced from various tourism destinations).Refeoences [1] Pearce, P. (2005). 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57Kun CHENG A Novelty Space Study on Chinese Independent Traveler’s Behavior[85] Featherstone, M. (2004). Automobilities: An introduction. Theory, Culture & Society, 21(4-5), 1-24. [86] Gretzel, U., & Hardy, A. (2007). Touring north America in homes on wheels: An exploration of the recreational vehicle market in British Columbia Proceedings of the Canadian Travel and Tourism Research Association. Prince Edward Island: Tourism and Travel Research Association.[87] Crompton, J.L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6(1), 408-424.[88] Gunn, C.A. (1988). Tourism planning (2nd edn). New York: Taylor and Francis.學生活動澳科大学生參加學界青年紀念五四運動100周年升旗儀式 為慶祝新中國成立70周年及紀念五四運動100周年,教育暨青年局5月4日假澳門綜藝館舉行“澳門學界五四青年節升旗儀式”。特区政府、中联办等众嘉賓出席。活動共有82所學校師生和28個青年社團的代表,共超過2,000人参加。澳科大學生會與及屬會、研究生會、社會服務隊、校園安全督察隊及大學藝術團儀仗隊代表參加是次活動。升旗儀式由學生管樂團的伴奏及現場多所學校合唱團的引領下,全場響徹嘹亮地高唱國歌,五星紅旗緩緩升起,隨後,學生司儀宣讲五四青年節的緣起和精神,鼓舞了參加者繼續弘揚五四青年精神。人文藝術學院碩士生獲頒“2017-2018年度中國室內設計領軍人物” “2018第十三屆中國國際建築裝飾及設計藝術博覽會”日前在北京國際會議中心盛大開幕,澳門科技大學人文藝術學院設計學碩士生袁玉華榮獲“2017-2018年度中國室內設計領軍人物”。“中國室內設計領軍人物”獎旨在表彰於中國室內設計行業中出類拔萃、具卓越領導才能、具有行業權威和影響力,能在競爭激烈的行業中取得巨大成就的設計師。本屆領軍人物獎名額僅得十個,全國近兩百位設計師參與競逐,其中不乏來自大型建築設計院院長、行業中具有相當影響力的設計師等。中國國際建築裝飾及設計藝術博覽會由中國建築裝飾協會主辦,清華大學美術學院、中國貿促會建設行業分會等權威組織聯合主辦的綜合性博覽會。博覽會至今已舉辦了13屆,是中國建築裝飾及設計領域最權威、國際化程度最高的行業年度盛會,先後有何鏡堂、安藤忠雄、保羅.安德如、黑川雅之、梁志天、高文安、洪約瑟等上百位大師蒞臨現場並獲頒榮譽大獎。澳科大連續十年贏得世管賽澳門冠軍 將赴俄羅斯參加國際總決賽由澳門管理專業協會主辦的“中國銀行盃-2018世界管理挑戰賽港澳區總決賽”於1月17日舉行頒獎禮,澳門科技大學成功斬獲澳門區冠軍、季軍等四個獎項,連續十年奪冠。冠軍隊伍將代表澳門參加六月在俄羅斯葉卡捷琳堡舉行的國際總決賽,與來自40個國家及地區的代表隊爭奪世界冠軍寶座。這是澳科大學生自2007年以來第十一次奪得世界管理挑戰賽澳門區總決賽冠軍,並代表澳門參加國際總決賽勇奪兩次冠軍、兩次亞軍及一次季軍殊榮。本屆世管賽澳門區共有108支參賽隊伍,當中包括89支學生隊。澳科大獲獎隊伍“Horizon”、“Young Team”、“Alpha”、“Athena2”分別奪得澳門區冠軍、季軍、第四及第六名四個獎項。世界管理挑戰賽(Global Management Challenge Competition)是全球大型的策略管理比賽,主要圍繞四個主要管理範疇,分別是人力資源、生產、財務及市場營銷。比賽旨在提高現代化企業管理水準及促進各國企業管理技術的規範化,為參加者提供一個學以致用,從實踐中鍛煉應用能力的國際平臺。
58第 13 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.13 No.12019 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30, 2019 粵港澳大灣區背景下商業銀行經營策略分析方 巍*(澳門科技大學商學院,澳門)摘要: 隨著《粵港澳大灣區發展規劃綱要》的正式頒布,大灣區建設發展正式啓動。本文以商業銀行的視角,基于前期學術界和實業界的研究成果,運用SWOT模型分析了粵港澳三地不同類型銀行在大灣區背景下所分別面臨的機遇與威脅、優勢與劣勢,發現面對大灣區建設這一重大變量,三地不同規模的銀行面臨的經營形勢存在較大差异,商業銀行應結合自身能力特點,理性制訂策略,長期堅持創新、推進轉型發展。關鍵詞: 粵港澳大灣區;銀行業;SWOT;經營策略Business Stoategy Analysis foo Commeocial Banks undeo the Backgoound of Guangdong-Hong ong-Macao Goeateo Bay Aoea Wei FANG*( School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China )AAstractt: The construction and development in the Greater Bay Area has officially started with the promulgation of "Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area". This article, from the perspective commercial bank and based on the research results of the industry and academia, use "SWOT" model to analyze the opportunities, threats, advantages and disadvantages for different kinds of banks within the Greater Bay Area. the analysis suggested that in the face of the major variable of the construction of the greater bay area, the operating situation of Banks of different sizes in these three places is quite different. Commercial banks should formulate strategies rationally, persist in innovation and promote transformation development based on their own unique characteristics.eyyoodss: The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area; Banks; SWOT; Strategies收稿日期:2019-06-21;修訂日期:2019-08-30。*通訊作者:方巍,男,澳門科技大學商學院博士研究生,主要研究方向爲銀行與金融。 E-mail:henry1376@sina.cn, Tel:00853-879780050 引言2019 年 2 月《粵港澳大灣區發展規劃綱要》(以下簡稱《綱要》)正式發布,明確了大灣區建設和發展的定位、目標、布局和重點。根據《綱要》,大灣區建設分爲兩個戰略階段:第一階段至 2022 年,目標是形成“國際一流灣區和世界級城市群基本框架”;第二階段自 2022年至 2035年,目標是“國際一流灣區全面建成”。隨著《綱要》的頒布,大灣區建設正式啓動。各地政府加快完善政策環境,學術界持續關注、獻計獻策,各行業也積極布局,把握機遇、應對挑戰。對于銀行業而言,大灣區的建設無疑是重大的發展機遇。而在商業實踐中,機遇往往與挑戰幷存,不同銀行能力與特點不同,對機遇的把握程度自然有所差异。故而大灣區建設發展的過
65方 巍 粵港澳大灣區背景下商業銀行經營策略分析[4] 高迎新.改革開放40年香港中資銀行業的發展與新機遇.中國銀行業,2018,12:14-17.[5] 陳澤鵬,李成青,吳耀鏘等.基于粵港澳大灣區戰略下的廣東商業銀行經營轉型探析.廣東經濟,2018,6:50-57.[6] 鄧翔歐. 商業銀行粵港澳大灣區協同經營啓示.前沿,2019,2:52-55.[7] 程華,楊雲志,韓劍. 粵港澳大灣區發展的金融機遇及銀行對接路徑.銀行家, 2018, 4: 52-59.[8] 潘光偉. 粵港澳大灣區爲外資銀行帶來全新發展機遇.中國銀行業,2018,6:16-17.[9] 袁宏舟 , 淺析香港在粵港澳大灣區建設中的作用 .宏觀經濟管理,2018,2:56-60.[10] 王景武.深化粵港澳大灣區金融合作. 中國金融,2018,04:88-94.[11] 張大禹 . 粵港澳大灣區金融風險控制對策研究 . 金融視綫,2017,11:17-18.澳科大工程學進入ESI 前1%躋身世界領先行列 科睿唯安(原湯森路透)於5月9日公佈的“基本科學指標資料庫”(Essential Science Indicators,簡稱ESI)資料顯示,澳科大工程學首次進入相關學科領域全球高校及科研機構排名前1%。該學科累計被ESI收錄的本校論文有362篇,總共被引用2,717次,篇均被引用7.51次,其中高被引論文(Highly Cited Papers)有25篇。資料覆蓋時間範圍為2009年1月1日至2019年2月28日。截至發稿日期,澳科大共有66篇論文被ESI數據庫收錄為高被引論文。基於ESI的統計,臨床醫學、分子生物學和遺傳學、社會科學、生物學和生物化學、毒理學和藥理學等學科發展態勢良好。什麼是ESI?基本科學指標資料庫(Essential Science Indicators,簡稱ESI)是衡量科學研究績效、跟蹤科學發展趨勢的基本分析評價工具,是基於科睿唯安公司(ClarivateAnalytics)Web of Science(SCIE/SSCI)所收錄的全球12,000多種學術期刊的1,000多萬條文獻記錄而建立的計量分析資料庫,是當今世界範圍內普遍用於評價高校、學術機構、國家/地區國際學術水準及影響力的重要評價指標工具之一。ESI基於期刊論文發表數量和引文資料,統計 22 個學科研究領域中的國家、機構和期刊的科研績效和科研實力排名,只有近10年來論文總被引次數排在所有機構前1%的學科,才能進入ESI排名。ESI還統計各學科中的高被引論文和熱點論文以揭示各學科的研究動態和前沿,其中高被引論文(Highly Cited Papers)是指基於最近10年的引文資料,同學科同年度中被引次數排在前1%的論文;熱點論文(Hot Papers)是指基於22個ESI學科中某一學科領域最近兩年發表的論文資料,最近兩個月內被引次數排在前0.1%的論文。两岸合作澳科大主辦粵港澳大灣區新藥產業聯盟成立 由澳門科技大學發起主辦,麗珠集團承辦的粵港澳大灣區新藥產業聯盟成立暨第一次會議於4月27日在珠海麗珠工業園區舉行,這也是粵港澳大灣區至今首個新藥產業聯盟。此次參會代表有來自两岸三地各医药院校、医院、医药集团及政府药监审评中心领导、专家及相关人员。會議就粵港澳大灣區如何協同發展尤其是新藥產業化進行了分析和討論,同時就聯盟第一次提出P to C (Professor to Company)的概念並就P to C如何協助教授們新藥的產業化、政府對於新藥的支持、醫院在新藥研究中重要的橋樑作用、粵港澳大灣區在新藥研發和流通環節的優勢、如何實現從新藥研發中中藥的優勢來“彎道超車”、在橫琴粵澳中醫藥產業園落地更多的粵港澳大灣區教授們的“spin off”專案、借鑒國外灣區的成功經驗助力新藥研發等提出建設性的方案和建議。與會的專家一致看好聯盟對於粵港澳大灣區新藥研發的潛在巨大作用以及聯盟對於提升粵港澳大灣區生物醫藥產業的地位重要作用。聯盟的成立也是澳門在粵港澳大灣區引領生物醫藥的突破。科研進展
66第 13 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.13 No.12019 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30, 2019 商業生態系統視角下澳門國際機場的競爭障礙因素研究高岸聲*(澳門科技大學商學院,澳門)摘要: 澳門國際機場作為粵港澳大灣區內規模最小的機場,受到土地及人力資源限制,本地對航空業發展的支援有限;再加上周邊機場不斷擴大競爭優勢;高鐵網絡不斷完善及港珠澳大橋的開通,均對澳門國際機場的發展帶來挑戰。本研究基於商業生態系統理論,通過進行問卷調查及DEMATEL分析,對澳門國際機場的競爭障礙因素進行影響關係分析,得出關鍵障礙因素及各因素之間的因果關係,從而為日後進行克服障礙澳門國際機場發展的研究,制定基於商業生態系統理論的競爭戰略提供參考。關鍵詞: 商業生態系統;澳門國際機場;競爭障礙因素Reseaoch on Competitive Baooieos of Macau Inteonational Aiopoot foom the Peospective of Business Ecosystem Ngonseng KOU*( School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: As the smallest airport in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Macau International Airport was limited by land and human resources; lack of local support to develop the aviation industry. In addition, the surrounding airports continue to expand their competitive advantages; the high-speed rail network is constantly improving; the opening of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge has brought challenges to the development of the Macau International Airport. Based on the theory of business ecosystem, this research studied the impact of Macau International Airport's competitive barriers through questionnaire survey and DEMATEL analysis, getting the key competitive barriers and the causal relationship between the various barriers. The research provided a reference to develop the competitive strategies of Macau International Airport based on the theory of business ecosystems, so as to overcome the barriers in the future.eyyoodss: Business Ecosystem; Macau International Airport; Competitive Barriers收稿日期:2019-06-21;修訂日期:2019-07-29。*通訊作者:高岸聲,男,澳門科技大學商學院工商管理博士研究生,主要研究方向:商業生態系統。 E-mail: eqsing@gmail.com,Tel: 00853-666141510 引言從 1995 年開始,澳門國際機場至今已營運超過二十四年,從一開始作為連接兩岸的機場,現已成為幫助澳門構建“世界旅遊休閒中心"的重要對外口岸設施。同時澳門國際機場亦隨著周邊環境,以及競爭狀況的改變,通過逐步轉型從而適應現今急速的發展環境。
67高岸聲 商業生態系統視角下澳門國際機場的競爭障礙因素研究但澳門國際機場面對著新的發展形勢,身處在粵港澳大灣區的競爭環境中,要應對其他競爭者所帶來的挑戰,包括香港、廣州及深圳機場加快擴建步伐增強競爭優勢;珠海機場不斷爭取開放國際機場建立競爭地位;港珠澳大橋的開通以及高鐵網絡的不斷完善,都為澳門國際機場的發展帶來障礙。本文會運用“商業生態系統"理論,以澳門國際機場的相關企業為基礎作為一個獨立的“商業生態系統",分析在整個系統內四個子系統,包括核心子系統、競爭子系統、支持子系統及社會與環境子系統中所存在的競爭障礙因素,先通過問卷調查篩選出主要障礙因素,之後用 DEMATEL分析對各因素進行影響關係研究,得出最重要的關鍵障礙因素及其中心度、原因度及結果度,進而探討障礙澳門國際機場發展的情況。1 文獻綜述商業生態系統是一個隱喻,源於生態學上的生態系統概念,所以商業生態系統的相關理論是從生態系統的概念展開的。1993 年,美國麻省劍橋大學的 Moore, James F 在《哈佛商業評論》上 發 表 文 章“Predators and Prey: A New Ecology of Competition”[1],首次提出了“商業生態系統 (Business ecosystem)”的概念。1996 年,Moore 進一步完善了商業生態系統的內涵,將商業生態系統的組成部分擴展為:“消費者(顧客)、供應商、主要生產者,他們被視為生態系統的主要物種。除此之外,還包括其他的風險承擔者、政府部門和立法者、代表消費者和供應商的協會以及制訂標準的機構。在一定程度上還包括直接的競爭者、有可能與你競爭的公司或者共同體。”[2]1998 年,Moore 進一步論述了商業生態系統和企業成長、戰略制定、共同演化的現象和關係[3]。這些論述更深入地講述了什麼是商業生態系統,為如何發揮功能提供了啟迪。2006 年,Moore又對商業生態系統進行了進一步解釋,指出商業生態系統可以“開放”到整個世界的潛在貢獻和創造者參與[4]。概而言之,Moore 以自然生態系統理論為基石,隱喻商業社會,主張打破傳統產業邊界,將企業視為商業生態系統的一部分,跨越產業,整體思考和規劃,通過競合打造嶄新的商業模式。繼 Moore 之後,其他學者也開始致力於商業生態系統研究:根據企業在商業生態系統中的地位和特點,Iansiti & Levien 運用生態學中的生態位概念來闡述商業生態系統的結構特徵,通過識別生態系統成員的特定角色及各角色對生態系統整體特性的影響,他們認為“商業生態系統由佔據不同但彼此相關的生態位的企業所組成,一旦其中的一個生態位發生變化,其他生態位相應也會發生變化”[5];而 Peltoniemi & Vuori 在總結前人研究的基礎上,指出商業生態系統也是一種複雜適應系統,並總結出其中的特性,基於複雜適應系統的角度進一步分析商業生態系統,從而應對不斷變化的複雜商業環境[6];Power & Jerjian 認為商業生態系統由整合的電子商業構成的,他們對商業生態系統的定義是遍佈世界範圍的網絡系統,包含相互作用的真實世界的一部分,是與所處環境的非生物因素組成的實體系統[7]。在此基礎上,鍾耕深、崔禎珍[8]和潘劍英、王重鳴[9]進一步把商業生態系統分為核心子系統、支持子系統、社會與環境子系統、競爭子系統等四個子系統。綜觀相關研究,即使是從不同的研究視角出發,綜合大部分學者還是把商業生態系統定義為由互相關聯的組織成員構成的商業動態組織系統。2 澳門國際機場商業生態系統機場具有天然的經濟拉動性,根據 Stephen 對全美 51 個最大的都會區的研究 [10] 與 Cidell 關於機場和城市關係的研究[11]都反映,在航空業發達的城市中,機場周圍會很自然地形成臨空經濟區,航空業相關的企業、供應商、顧客、配套等商業生態系統會有效地形成。所以機場與商業生態系統有天然的賴合性,運用商業生態系統理論去研
73高岸聲 商業生態系統視角下澳門國際機場的競爭障礙因素研究前 3 位排序為 x8、x10、x5。其中 x8(澳門航空專營權限制窒礙本地航空公司發展)和 x10(澳門的空域狹小並且越來越受限空管限制),都是澳門國際機場商業生態系統中的支持子系統,表示它們受到其他障礙因素的影響較大,從而障礙對澳門國際機場的支持及配套發展,造成惡性循環。而 x5(港珠澳大橋開通對澳門機場造成影響)則反映其他障礙因素會加大港珠澳大橋對澳門國際機場的影響程度。6 總結有別於傳統的競爭理論是基於靜態的、穩定的、有限的及個體的競爭環境,只著眼於企業或行業競爭,屬於零和博弈;而在商業生態系統視角下,競爭是基於動態的、複雜的、無限的、系統的競爭環境,打破了傳統行業劃分為前提的理論限制。因此在利用商業生態系統去分析澳門國際機場的競爭障礙因素時,發現除了在機場內部及直接競爭機場會產生障礙,其他的行業支持系統、社會環境因素及間接競爭者,都會對其產生障礙,有以下總結:首先,澳門國際機場自身需要提升內部的服務水平與競爭能力。因為有兩項的關鍵障礙因素 x1(澳門機場航線覆蓋較少)和 x2(澳門機場所提供的服務種類較少)都是屬於商業生態系統內的核心子系統,是生產企業及供應商未能向顧客提供滿意的服務或產品所引致的,反映出澳門國際機場所提供的服務有不足之處,是障礙競爭發展的關鍵因素。其次,澳門國際機場需所面對的直接和間接競爭越來越大。因為兩項的關鍵障礙因素 x3(周邊機場的競爭優勢越來越大)和 x6(高鐵網絡不斷完善對澳門機場造成威脅)都屬於商業生態系統內的競爭子系統,同時它們也是“原因度"最大的主要障礙因素,會帶動並影響到其他障礙因素,造成進一步影響澳門國際機場的競爭發展。最後,澳門國際機場的競爭發展還需要靠航空公司及本地區對航空業的支持。因為兩項的關鍵障礙因素 x7(澳門的航空公司發展乏力)和 x9(澳門本地對航空業的支援力度不足)是屬於商業生態系統內的支持子系統,表示澳門國際機場的發展除了需要提升自身競爭力,還需要靠相關行業及其他社會支持,令澳門國際機場乃至整個航空業得以共同發展。本研究通過問卷調查及 DEMATEL 分析,得出關鍵障礙因素及各因素之間的因果關係,日後可以進一步通過質性研究去分析及證明有關障礙因素,並進行克服障礙澳門國際機場發展的研究,制定基於商業生態系統理論的競爭戰略提供參考。參 考 文 獻[1] Moore, James F. Predators and Prey: A New Ecology of Competition. Harvard Business Review, 1993, 71(3): 75-86.[2] Moore, James F. The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystem. Boston: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 1996.[3] Moore, James F. The Rise of a New Corporate Form. The Washington Quarterly, 1998, Winter: 167-181.[4] Moore, James F. Business Ecosystem and the View from the Firm. Antitrust Bulletin, 2006, 1(51): 31-75.[5] Iansiti, Marco. & Levien, Roy. The Keystone Advantage:What the New Dynamics of Business Ecosystems Mean for Strategy, Innovation and Sustainability. Boston:Harvard Business School Press, 2004.[6] Peltoniemi, Mirva & Vuori, Elisa. Business Ecosystem as the New Approach to Complex Adaptive Business Environments. Paper presented at Frontier of E-business Research), 2004, 1-34.[7] Power, T & Jerjian, G. Ecosystem: Living the 12 principles of networked business. Pearson Education Ltd, 2001.[8] 鍾耕深, 崔禎珍. 商業生態系統理論及其發展方向. 東岳論叢, 2009, 30(6): 27-33.[9] 潘劍英, 王重鳴. 商業生態系統理論模型回顧與研究展望. 外國經濟與管理, 2012, 34(9): 51-58.[10] Stephen J. Appold. Airport Cities and Metropolitan Labor Markets: and Extension and Response to Cidell. Journal of Economic Geography, 2015, 15: 1145-1168.[11] Cidell. The Role of Major Infrastructure in Subreginoal Economic Development: an Empirical Study of Airports and cities. Journal of Economic Geography, 2015, 15: 1125:1144.[12] Wang Y. L. & Tzeng G. H. Brand Marketing for Creating Brand Value Based on a MCDM Model Combining DEMATEL with ANP and VIKOR Methods. Expert Systems with Application, 2012, 5(39): 5600-5615.[13] Lu M. T., Lin S. W. & Tzeng G. H. Improving RFID Adoption in Taiwan’s Healthcare Industry Based on a DEMATEL Technique with a Hybrid MCDM Model. Decision Support Systems, 2013, 56: 259-269.[14] Abdollahi M., Aryan M. & Razmi J. An Integrated Approach for Supplier Portfolio Selection: Lean or Agile?. Expert Systems with Application, 2015, 1(42): 679:690.[15] 楊揚, 楊尚鵬, 章牧, 等. 基於DEMATEL法的旅行預訂類App評價指標體系, 旅游學刊, 2016, 2(32): 64-74.
74第 13 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.13 No.12019 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30, 2019 澳門新仲裁法(法案)之可仲裁性規定考 —— 隨澳門與內地協同發展展望賴建國*(澳門科技大學法學院,澳門)摘要: 澳門仲裁法終迎來修訂之春,隨著2018仲裁法法案中出現的不少創新處,在解釋法律時考慮聯合國仲裁《示範法》(Model Law)以促進其統一適用的明文規定,尤其值得稱讚。本文結合澳門主流法理,對法案中的可仲裁性進行疏理分析,尤其考察了原相關規範被廢除後的可仲裁事項,包括原行政特定事項之可仲裁性、檢察院依法代理特別行政區事項之可仲裁性,法院專屬管轄權事項之可仲裁性。最後,因應法案接地氣所需、從澳門與內地法律協作發展定位考量,參考香港的最新立法,展望澳門與內地知識產權的可仲裁性。關鍵詞: 可仲裁性;法院專屬管轄權;知識產權On the Aobitoability of Ney Macao Aobitoation Lay (Doaft Lay)s: yith the Cooodinated Development of Macao and the MainlandKin-kuok LAI*( Faculty of Law, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: The spring of revision for Macao Arbitration Law is finally coming, with much innovation in the 2018 Draft Law of Arbitration. In interpreting the law, the universally applicable provisions of UNCITRAL Model Law is worth referring to. This article combines the mainstream legal principles of Macao, analyzing of the bill, especially the arbitrable matters after the original relevant norms are abolished, including the arbitrability of the original specific administrative matters, the arbitrability of the procuratorate to represent the Special Administrative Region according to law, and arbitrability of matters under the exclusive jurisdiction of the court. Finally, from the perspective of the development of legal cooperation in the Macao and the Mainland, and the latest legislation in Hong Kong, we look forward to the arbitrability of intellectual property rights in Macao and the Mainland. eyyoodss: Arbitrability; Court exclusive jurisdiction; Intellectual property收稿日期:2019-03-07;修訂日期:2019-05-06。通訊作者:賴建國,男,法學博士,澳門科技大學法學院助理教授,主要研究方向:國際商事仲裁與國際調解、民事訴訟法、海商法、民商法。E-mail: kklai@must.edu.mo , Tel: 00853-88973005。0 引言縱觀澳門的人文發展史,仲裁與調解和諧公益事業欲取得實質性進展,筆者認同 “核心還是推進澳門的仲裁制度改革"。[1]澳門 2018 新仲裁法法案二合一現行兩部仲裁法[2],並圖接軌國際。法案坦承現存兩仲裁法造成適法困難,允許上訴亦異於成熟法制,還有那些臨時措施以及倘有的漏洞。[3]惟法案理由陳述部分較少著墨原法規被廢止後的可仲裁性,對澳
77賴建國 澳門新仲裁法(法案)之可仲裁性規定考 —— 隨澳門與內地協同發展展望門法院的執行。[21]兩法域為何有如此差別?在內地,法院專屬審判權主要由中國現行《民事訴訟法》第 33 條規範: 因不動產糾紛提起的訴訟,由不動產所在地人民法院管轄;因港口作業中發生糾紛提起的訴訟,由港口所在地人民法院管轄;因繼承遺產糾紛提起的訴訟,由被繼承人死亡時住所地或者主要遺產所在地人民法院管轄。分析認為,內地專屬管轄權是從國內法院的分工角度制訂,故不會影響當事人申請仲裁的權利,如果雙方在合約中訂有仲裁條款,而且條款中約定在中國境外仲裁的話,法律是允許的。上述不動產糾紛是指因不動產的權利確認、分割、相鄰關係等引起的物權糾紛。而“農村土地承包經營合同糾紛、房屋租賃合同糾紛、建設工程施工合同糾紛、政策性房屋買賣合同糾紛"按照不動產糾紛確定管轄。[22]從以上規定事項不難看出,內地專屬管轄權項下事項,與下文澳門所考慮的經濟及公共利益角度確實不同。至於內地法院專屬管轄權項下事項不允許外國法院審判而仲裁可以,筆者認同應從國家主權的角度理解。 [23]在澳門,法院專屬管轄的事項歸現行《民事訴訟法典》第 20 條規範,該條包括兩項訴訟,一是與在澳門的不動產的物權有關的訴訟,二是旨在宣告住所在澳門的法人破產或無償還能力的訴訟。第一項問題在澳門司法實踐中得到澄清,澳門終審法院在其第 8/2002 號上訴案中,指出典型的“物權訴訟”是請求返還物之訴;如僅以履行義務為目的的訴訟(或主要針對與其相關的義務為依據的訴訟),而訴訟本身與物權無關,不是物權訴訟。案情指出,在香港一宗離婚訴訟中,法官判一方當事人須將原屬於夫妻的某不動產所有權轉移給另方當事人。該判決在澳門法院申請承認與執行時產生争議,最後澳門終審法院確定上述轉移不動產部分不是物權訴訟。該司法見解還用另一例子予以補強,指出買方為取得已購買之物而對賣方提起的訴訟,即使其標的可能是不動產的交付,均不屬物權訴訟。澳門法院的專屬管轄權事項,有關設定是基於本地區的經濟利益,而不允許域外法院介入審判,學說稱之為“留置規則" (normas de reten-ção)。[24] 至於法院專屬管轄權項下事項可否用仲裁解決,於傳統法理層面言,履行審判職能依據的是國家專利原則(princípio do monopólio esta-dual),擁有審判權的機關僅為法院,[25] 後來隨著訴訟的增加,國家專利原則不再絕對,自願仲裁成為法院外解決糾紛的途徑,但國家專利原則不因此受到真正限制,仲裁不可以完全規避司法審判權,即法院的專屬管轄權事項不具有可仲裁性。其次,從澳門現行《民事訴訟法典》第 1200條第 1 款 C 項規範的角度看,該條第 1 款 C 項的規定“為使澳門以外地方之法院所作之裁判獲確認,必須符合下列要件:C) 作出該裁判之法院並非在法律欺詐之情況下具有管轄權,且裁判不涉及屬澳門法院專屬管轄權之事宜;"(葡文:Para que a decisão proferida por tribunal do exterior de Macau seja confirmada, é necessária a verificação dos seguintes requisites: c) Que provenha de tribunal cuja competência não tenha sido provocada em fraude à lei e não verse sobre matéria da exclusiva competência dos tribunais de Macau;)上述規定無論是中文還是葡文均僅列示“法院"、未列示仲裁,然而該條文所在編章旨在對澳門域外法院的判決或仲裁庭的裁決進行審查,而在該編章及整部法典中,再無其他審查域外仲裁的要件的規定,依據澳門《民法典》的釋法規則,最合理的解釋是“法院"該詞匯符號所涵蓋者應包括“仲裁",再結合上述保護地區經濟利益的法理解讀,應得出澳門法制拒絶審查涉及特區法院專屬管轄權的域外仲裁裁決的結論。[26]是而值得留意,基於背後法理的不同,內地與澳門對法院專屬管轄權的事項之可仲裁性有著不同的解讀。綜上,本文認為現階段值得保留必要仲裁。而現法案的可仲裁性三劃分“必須”要仲裁的事項、“禁止”仲裁的事項(與前者相反)、“可選擇”仲裁事項(介乎前兩者之間),宜在立法理由中述明。
83第 13 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.13 No.12019 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30, 2019 虎杖鮮藥材乾燥前後化學成分分析劉蘭聰,楊 藝,姬雲青,吳尤嬌,張志鋒*(澳門科技大學中醫藥學院,澳門)摘要: 目的 研究中藥虎杖新鮮藥材乾燥前後化學成分的變化,分析二者之間的差異。方法 採用UHPLC-DAD,Waters ACQUITY HSS -C18色譜柱(1.8 µm, 2.1×100 mm),以0.2%甲酸水溶液(A)-甲醇(B)為流動相洗脫成分,流速為0.3 ml/min,檢測波長:260nm(蒽醌類)、303nm(二苯乙烯類)。結果 以溶劑100%甲醇,25℃下超聲提取30min作為提取工藝,測得新鮮虎杖乾燥後成分含量變化,蒽醌類成分含量有所減少,二苯乙烯類成分既有增加也有減少,不同乾燥方法對化學成分含量的影響也存在一定差異。結論 本實驗建立了利用UPLC測定虎杖中有效成分的方法,該方法快速、簡便、準確,且重複性較好。新鮮虎杖乾燥後成分含量具有明顯差異,在一定程度上影響藥效,因而加強鮮藥材乾燥過程的研究,可為臨床用藥的準確性提供參考。關鍵詞: 虎杖;UPLC;化學成分;含量測定Analysis of Chemical Constituents Befooe and Afteo Doying in Foesh Heobs of Polygonum Cuspidatum Lancong LIU, Yi YANG, Yunqing JI, Youjiao WU, Zhifeng ZHANG*( Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: Objective Study on the transformation in the chemical constituents of fresh-raw and dry-processed in traditional Chinese medicine Polygonum cuspidatum, analyze the differences between fresh and dry samples. Methods Use UPLC-DAD method for determination, Waters ACQUITY HSS-C18 Column (1.8µm, 2.1×100mm ), 0.2% formic acid water(A)-Methanol(B) as mobile phase, flow rate: 0.3ml/min. Detection wavelength: 260nm (Anthraquinones), 303nm (Stilbenes). Results Use 100% Methanol, at 25℃ for 30 min under ultrasonic extraction to determine the contents, Anthraquinones in Polygonum cuspidatum has decreased after drying, Stilbenes has decreased in dry samples under microwave oven while increased under air dry oven. Different drying methods cause differences in chemical constituents’ contents. Conclusion This research established a method to determine effective constituents in Polygonum cuspidatum by using UPLC technology. This method is rapid, simple, accurate and repeatable. After drying, chemical constituents have changed apparently compared with fresh herbs, this will affect efficacy to some extent, which provides values for the clinical drug-use accuracy.eyyoodss: Polygonum cuspidatum; UPLC; Chemical constituents; Determination收稿日期:2019-01-18;修訂日期:2019-03-25。*通訊作者:張志鋒,男,生藥學博士,澳門科技大學中醫藥學院副教授,主要研究方向:高原藥用植物的資源、活性成分的發現及品質評價。E-mail: zfzhang@must.edu.mo Tel: 00853-889724310 引言虎杖為蓼科植物虎杖 Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. 的乾燥根及根莖,味微苦、澀,我國大部分地區均有生產,為臨床常用中藥材之一。虎杖多用於清熱解毒、活血散瘀,現代多用其利濕退黃的功效治療肝膽病。其乾藥材及飲片已被中華人民共和國藥典收錄。
89第 13 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.13 No.12019 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30, 2019 澳門某醫院中國籍人群紅細胞不規則抗體篩檢與輸血安全探討黃婉芳1*,鄭卓權2,林偉基1,2*(1. 澳門科技大學醫學院,澳門;2. 澳門科大醫院臨床化驗診斷中心,澳門)摘要: 目的 輸血是臨床急救和疾病治療的重要措施,當病人急性或慢性失血時,通常會為其輸注ABO同型濃縮紅細胞作彌補,以避免ABO血型系统的抗原-抗體免疫反應。但病人血液若含有其他紅細胞抗原的不規則抗體,當輸入對應抗原陽性的血液時,將會出現不同程度的輸血反應,嚴重者可導致病人死亡。但紅細胞血型系統非常龐大和複雜,不可能找到完全覆蓋所有抗原的篩選紅細胞作抗體檢測,因此,找出符合當地不規則抗體出現頻率及分佈的特點,使用合理的譜細胞進行不規則抗體篩查試驗,可以縮短尋找相應合適抗原陰性之紅細胞單位進行交叉配血的時間,避免盲目配血,以及能提升輸血安全性。方法 本研究採用回顧性分析的方式進行,取得澳門某醫院從2011年1月~2016年12月間檢測不規則抗體之中國籍病人,若在院內檢測的抗體篩檢結果為陽性者,其血液標本會送往澳門捐血中心確認並作特異性抗體鑑定。其後對所有研究對象的數據進行蒐集及統計分析,總結出各不規則抗體的發生率及列序各類型抗體發生頻率,並與其他地區數據比較。 結果 2011-2016年澳門某醫院中國籍人群抗體篩檢共27,940例,男性佔519例(1.86%),女性佔27,421例(98.14%),男女個案比例相差巨大原因,是開立抗體篩檢的來源主要是婦產科。陽性結果共104例(總檢出率為0.37%),男性佔3例(檢出率0.58%),女性佔101例(檢出率0.37%),卡方檢驗結果顯示檢出率無性別差異(P>0.05)。陽性檢出人群年齡為35.71±13.16歲,陰性檢出人群年齡為33.03±9.56歲,獨立t檢定結果顯示陽性檢出人群的年齡高於陰性檢出人群 (P<0.05)。104例陽性個案中,檢測出單抗體84例(80.77%),以Anti-MiIII最多,佔26例(25.00%),其次為Anti-E,佔15例(14.42%);多抗體18例(17.31%)以Rh系統為主,而當中含Anti-MiIII 2例 ;自身抗體2例(1.92%)。在27940例個案中,不同科室的紅細胞不規則抗體產生情況各不相同,陽性個案最多為婦產科,佔95例,另透析中心佔5例、外科佔2例、新生兒科佔2例。 結論 檢出紅細胞不規則抗體是導致交叉配血困難的主要原因,故臨床輸血前進行血型鑒定及紅細胞不規則抗體檢測是目前輸血前檢驗最重要的步驟,不僅能節省交叉配血的時間,亦大大提高輸血的安全性。關鍵詞: 血型;紅細胞不規則抗體;抗體篩檢;溶血;輸血安全收稿日期:2019-09-17;修訂日期:2019-11-05。﹡通訊作者:(1)黃婉芳,女,澳門科技大學醫學院公共衛生學碩士畢業生,E-mail: helenwonguf@yahoo.com.hk;(2)林偉基,男,澳門科技大學醫學院講座教授,科大醫院病理及檢驗科室總監,E-mail: wklam@must.edu.mo。主要研究方向:公共衛生學及檢驗醫學。
900 研究動機與目的當病人急性或慢性失血時醫生通常會為其輸注同型濃縮紅細胞,然而,紅細胞血型系統是一個非常龐大而復雜的系統,臨床上所稱的“同型血”通常只是指 ABO 血型系統和 Rh-D 血型相同,但其他紅細胞血型系統如 C、E 抗原等均未必相同。一般人對紅細胞血型的了解通常只局限於 ABO 和 Rh-D 血型,事實上,除了上述兩個臨床意義最重要的血型系統外,還有 Kell、Duffy、Kidd, MNSs、Lewis、和 P1 等 30 多個血型系統和500 多種抗原,而臨床通稱抗 A、抗 B 以外的血型抗體為紅細胞不規則抗體。當檢測出病人體內含有紅細胞不規則抗體時,應選用對應抗原陰性的血液進行交叉配合,其檢測結果通過後才可以進行輸血,否則,將可能出現程度不一的輸血反應,輕則引起發熱、寒戰,重則產生溶血性輸血反應,甚至導致病人死亡[1],Study of Eoythoocyte Iooegulao Antibody Scoeening and Blood Toansfusion Safety among Chinese Subjects in a Macau HospitalUn Fong WONG1*, Cheuk Kuen CHENG2, Christopher Wai Kei LAM1,2* (1.Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau )( 2. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Centre, University Hospital, Macau )AAstractt: Objective: Transfusion therapy is an effective clinical treatment. When patients sustain acute or chronic blood loss, they will be transfused compatible ABO blood group red blood cells for replacement of blood loss in order to avoid antigen-antibody reaction. If a patient has developed alloantibodies, the subsequent transfusion of incompatible antigen blood to the patient will cause various degrees of severity blood transfusion reaction, which may even be fatal. However, the human blood group system is very complex and it is difficult to find a single red cell that can fully encompass all clinically significant red cell antigens suitable for the antibody screening test. Therefore, for screening and identification of red cell alloantibodies in a local population, the use of a rationally selected panel cells to perform the alloantibody screening test can facilitate the search of a compatible antigen negative blood for cross-matching, thereby avoiding blind blood matching and increasing the effectiveness and safety of blood transfusion. Methods: This study adopted a retrospective analysis method to obtain data of Chinese patients who were detected erythrocyte irregular antibodies from January 2011 to December 2016 in a hospital in Macau. In all antibody screening positive cases, a blood sample was sent to the Macau Blood Transfusion Center for antibody confirmation and identification. The data of all subjects were collected and statistically analyzed, and the incidence of alloantibodies and the type of antibodies with the highest frequency were summarized and compared with that of other regions. Results: From 2011-2016, there were 27,940 antibody screening tests on Chinese patients in Macau, with 519 males (1.86%) and 27,421 females (98.14%). The reason for the large difference between male and female subjects is that the department that most frequently requested antibody screening was Obstetrics and Gynecology. The number of positive results were 104 (total detection rate was 0.37%), and males accounted for 3 cases (detection rate was 0.58%) while 101 cases were women (detection rate 0.37%). The chi-square test showed that there was no sex difference in the detection rate (P>0.05). The age of the positive-test population was 35.71±13.16 years old, and that of the negative-tests was 33.03±9.56. The independent t test results showed that the positive detection population was older than the negative detection populations (P<0.05). In the 104 positive cases, 84 cases (80.77%) were single antibodies, among which Anti-MiIII was mostly found, accounting for 26 cases (25.00%), followed by Anti-E, 15 cases (14.42%); and 18 cases of multiple antibodies (17.31%), mostly consisted of Rh system, of which 2 cases associated with Anti-MiIII, and 2 cases of autoantibodies (1.92%). Among the 27940 cases, the occurrence of irregular antibodies in different clinical departments varied. Obstetrics and Gynecology Department showed the highest incidence with 95 cases, followed by the Dialysis Centre 5 cases, Department of Surgery 2 cases, and the Neonatology Unit 2 cases. Conclusion: The red cell alloantibody is the main cause of cross-matching difficulties. Therefore, red cell alloantibody detection and subsequent red cell antigen typing have become an indispensable step of pre-transfusion testing, which can save time in cross-matching and also greatly improve the effectiveness and safety of blood transfusion.eyyoodss: Blood groups; Red cell alloantibody; Antibody screening; Hemolysis; Blood transfusion and safety
91黃婉芳,等 澳門某醫院中國籍人群紅細胞不規則抗體篩檢與輸血安全探討故紅細胞不規則抗體篩檢是臨床輸血前重要的一環,可降低嚴重溶血性輸血反應的發生概率,是保障安全輸血的有效措施之一。因此,本研究目的旨在瞭解研究對象的紅細胞不規則抗體種類頻率及分佈、性別、年齡與紅細胞不規則抗體產生的關係、不同所屬科室的紅細胞不規則抗體分佈情況以及探討紅細胞不規則抗體產生對輸血安全的影響。1 紅細胞血型系統於 2017 年,已經發現並獲得國際輸血協會 (The International Society of Blood Transfusion, ISBT) 承認的血型系統有 36 種 [2],其中以 ABO 血型系統和 Rh 血型系統最為重要。ABO 血型系統是第一個被發現的血型系統,1900 年 Landsteiner發現根據紅細胞膜細胞表面是否有 A 抗原和 B 抗原可將其分為 A 型、B 型、AB 型和 O 型四種。Rh 血型系統在輸血中的臨床意義僅次於 ABO 血型系統,Rh 血型系統包含 5 種抗原:C、c、D、E、e,紅細胞含 D 抗原者稱為 Rh 陽性,否則為陰性[3]。此外,MNS 系統中一種叫 Miltenberger 亞型系統的抗原在黃種人群中的發生率明顯較其他地區人群高,有關東南亞地區的 Mia 抗體發生及其引起的相關溶血性輸血反應近年來均有被不同文獻所報導[4 ~ 7]。另外,Diego 系統中的 Dia 抗原是蒙古種族所特有抗原,它在一些黃種人群如東亞人、南美印第安人中的發生頻率約 5% ~ 30%,但在其他人種如黑種人和白種人中發生頻率卻低至 <0.1%[8]。2 血型抗體目前已發現的人類免疫球蛋白根據其結構分為五類,分別是 IgG、IgM、IgA、IgD 及 IgE,與血型系統相關的主要為 IgM 和 IgG 兩類。其中,IgG 的分子量比 IgM 小的多,是唯一可以穿過胎盤的免疫球蛋白,因此常與新生兒溶血症 (Hemolytic disease of the newborn, HDN) 有關。若血型抗體按其產生原因可分為規則抗體和不規則抗體兩類,ABO 血型以外的抗體稱為不規則抗體,其原因是 ABO 血型系統與其他血型系統不同,為天然抗體,即未經抗原刺激就在血液中出現的抗體。Rh 血型系統是除了 ABO 血型系統外最具有臨床意義的血型系統,此系統的抗體並非天然抗體,其產生多與妊娠或輸血有關,當 RhD 陽性血液被輸注到 RhD 陰性病人體內,或母親為 RhD 陰性血型、但懷孕、分娩 RhD 陽性的胎兒,均可能造成免疫刺激而產生抗體。若產生的抗體為 IgG類抗體,因其抗體分子量較小,可通過胎盤屏障與胎兒紅細胞反應並造成破壞,可造成不同程度的新生兒溶血症[9]。值得注意的是,紅細胞不規則抗體畢竟是免疫抗體,與天然抗體不同,當機體不再受免疫因素刺激時,不規則抗體在體內會逐漸消失。由於紅細胞不規則抗體消減現象可導致輸血前檢測的漏檢和溶血性輸血反應,因此臨床輸血應該重視對患者以往輸血史、妊娠史,特別是以往紅細胞不規則抗體檢出史的瞭解[10]。3 不規則抗體產生的相關因素紅細胞不規則抗體的產生原因至今仍未被全部了解,但一般認為其產生與輸血或妊娠等免疫刺激有關,這是因為在輸血或妊娠的過程中,都會受到異體紅細胞的抗原刺激,令機體產生相應抗體[11]。在檢出紅細胞不規則抗體的機率上,女性明顯高於男性,這跟女性同時存在懷孕和輸血雙重風險有關。當女性處於流產或妊娠等特殊情況下,機體受到免疫刺激的風險會增高,因此在全部女性中,懷孕婦女產生紅細胞不規則抗體的機率高於非孕婦。另外,正如前述,由於 IgG 分子量小,且與補體有結合能力,是所有免疫球蛋白中唯一能通過胎盤屏障到達胎兒體內的抗體,因此妊娠不僅可導致孕婦體內產生紅細胞不規則抗體,新生兒更可從母體被動獲得 IgG 類抗體,此時則可
92能導致新生兒溶血症的發生[12]。此外,患有自身免疫性疾病的患者亦有較高機會獲得紅細胞不規則抗體,其原因是這些患者體內的自身抗體很多都不是器官特異性的,可與自身紅細胞發生反應,且有自身免疫性疾病的患者往往需要多次輸血,產生紅細胞不規則抗體的機率就會較高[12]。基於紅細胞血型不規則抗體的產生受上述多種因素影響,據文獻統計,紅細胞不規則抗體陽性患者多來自婦產科、兒科、腫瘤科及 ICU 室 [13]。4 不規則抗體分佈頻率紅細胞血型抗原表型在不同種族、不同地區人群存在一定差異性,高加索人(即白種人)紅細胞不規則抗體的總檢出率較高,可達 1.09% ~2.45%,其抗體特異性分佈種類以 Rh 系統、Lewis 系統及抗 -K 多見,其次為抗 -M、抗 -P1 及抗 -Fya 等 [14]。在中國人群中的紅細胞不規則抗體陽性率不同報道均有稍微不同,董永等的報道為0.28%[15]、柯秋高等報導漢族隨機人群的 0.22%[16]等,但各報道中總檢測率都低於白種人。抗體特異性分佈以 MNSs、Rh 系統抗體、Anti-Lea 及非特異性抗體多見[17]。值得重視的是,Miltenberger 表型 MiIII (GP. Mur) Mia 抗原在東南亞地區的發生率較高,台灣為 7.3% [5],澳門為 5.4%,香港獻血者為 6.3% [18],泰國是 9.6%[19],但 MiIII 在東南亞以外地區則鮮有被報道。此外, Diego 血型抗原在不同人群中的分佈也有很大差異。Dia 抗原幾乎只出現在亞洲人(10%)及南美印第安人(36%)身上,而黑種人和白種人的 Dia 抗原頻率低至 <0.1%。Dia 血型抗原在台灣地區的發生頻率為 3.2%,澳門為 3.7%,香港則為 4.4%[20]。Anti-Mia 和 Anti-Dia 皆為臨床重要的不規則抗體。5 研究方法與資料數據分析本研究以回顧性分析方法進行,探討澳門某醫院中國籍人群紅細胞不規則抗體篩檢陽性率、頻率分佈及其相關因素,並對輸血安全進行探討。5.1 標本來源本研究的檢測對象為澳門某醫院由 2011 年 1月 ~2016 年 12 月檢測紅細胞不規則抗體之中國籍病人。5.2 實驗方法使用 WADiana Compact 全自動配血及血型分析儀,利用卡式微柱凝膠法進行紅細胞不規則抗體檢測,若儀器檢測結果為陽性,使用試管法進行抗球蛋白試驗進行覆檢,若試管法結果仍為陽性者,則送往澳門捐血中心進行特異性抗體鑑定。5.3 儀器與試劑血 庫 專 用 離 心 機 (HITACHI)、WADiana Compact 全自動配血及血型分析儀及專用 Gel 卡、DG Gel Sol 試劑 (Diagnostic Grifols S.A.)、0.8% Ab screening cell Ⅰ + Ⅱ (Bio-Rad, 篩檢紅細胞抗原格局見表 1)、3% MiIII 抗體篩檢紅細胞 ( 澳門捐血中 心 提 供 )、Anti-Human-Globulin(Anti-IgG/Anti-C3d) (Bio-Rad)。5.4 結果分析對所有研究對象的數據進行蒐集及統計分析,統計出總檢測例數、紅細胞不規則抗體總檢出率、抗體特異性頻率、不同臨床科室患者紅細胞不規則抗體檢出率,以上項目均以百分數 (%) 表示 ; 另採用獨立 t 檢定,對年齡進行不規則抗體檢出率檢定,以 P < 0.05 時差異有統計學意義;使用 χ2檢驗,對不同性別進行紅細胞不規則抗體檢出率比較,以 P < 0.05 時差異有統計學意義。表1 Bio-RadⅠ、Ⅱ cell 篩檢紅細胞抗原格局表Rh-hr Kell Duffy Kidd Lewis P MNS Luth. XgD C E c e Cw K k Kpa Kpb Jsa Jsb Fya Fyb Jka Jkb Lea Leb P1 M N S s Lua Lub XgaI + + 0 0 + 0 + + 0 + nt nt + 0 + 0 + 0 0 + + + + 0 + +II + 0 + + 0 0 0 + 0 + nt nt 0 + + + 0 + + 0 + 0 + 0 + +註:“0"=Negative; “+"=Positive; “nt"=not test.
947 討論7.1 比較及分析澳門某醫院不規則抗體檢出頻率及其種類分佈是次研究結果統計 2011-2016 澳門某醫院中國籍人群,抗體篩檢陽性總檢測率為 0.37%,檢出不規則單抗體數量最多是 Anti-MiIII,佔 25.0%,與台灣、香港和泰國等地區 Anti-MiIII 抗體居首位情况相符合[5, 6,7,18]。但更重要的發現是 Anti-MiIII 抗體的發生頻率,比對過去中國各地已發表的文獻,與當中零個案報導明顯極大差異 [1,12,13,15,16,17,21]。其次最多檢出抗體為 Anti-E,佔 14.42%,發生頻率比對上述文獻報導結果相近[1,12,13,15,16,17,21]。分析的總體結果亦有別於高加索人種不規則抗體檢出頻率及其種類分佈有關文獻報道[2,8,14]。本次調查人群無選擇性,但從科室分佈表中可看出,絕大部份案例均來自婦產科,這與當時醫院的宣教政策有關。事實上,當時某醫院血庫正準備推行“Type and screen”的配血理念,以取代舊時傳統“Cross match”配血方法。在過往,每包血製品均必須與受血者的血球與血漿均通過交叉配合才可進行輸血,此法的確可檢測大部分ABO 及 Rh 血型的配合錯誤,但較耗時及對血製品消耗較大;但隨著成分輸血的普及性,紅細胞製品內只含有極少量血漿,且捐血者已作可預期的紅細胞不規則抗體之測試,因此當病人抗體篩檢結果為陰性而病人過往記錄也未曾存在紅細胞不規則抗體的病史時,則不需做交叉試驗,只需要做 ABO 及 Rh 血型鑒定;當病人真正需要輸血時,再取合適相應血型的血袋僅做大交叉立即離心法(受血者血漿與血製品血球配合)試驗即可,即所謂“Type and screen”,此法快速且有利於提高紅細胞血製品的合理使用,避免浪費血製品,是以婦產科為重點試行科室,效果理想則開始向其他科室推廣,最後務求全院實行。至於文獻討論中提及到的不規則抗體陽性率較高的科室如腫瘤免疫科、ICU 等科室陽性例數均為零,此種現象與某醫院為私立醫院有一定關係。因澳門衛生局有提供醫療援助服務,患有慢性疾病在仁伯爵綜合醫院接受治療的病患者,政府可提供一定的醫療援助,因此,一般有免疫病史或癌症腫瘤等需要接受長期治療的病人都會選擇轉到公立醫院接受長期跟進,從而導致了某醫院的免疫科病人例數相對減少,因此抗體篩檢結果中因免疫致敏而產生紅細胞不規則抗體的比例亦減少。而總例數中婦產科佔大多數意味著適孕女性佔總數的大部分,因此,本次數據結果看似男性陽性百分比較女性高,但終究原因是“偏科”導致男性總例數明顯偏少,且 3 例男性病例中,其中 1 例實為新生男嬰,通過母親胎盤獲得紅細胞異體抗體。因此卡方檢測結果顯示“性別與陽性檢測率”並沒有顯著關係,此點與其他文獻不符,其原因可能就是上述“偏科”導致男性例數明顯低於女性,因此檢測結果亦有偏差。至於“陽性檢出人群的年齡高於陰性檢出人群”此結論,雖然很少相關文獻有提及紅細胞不規則抗體與年齡的發生關係,但不難想像,剛出生的新生兒唯一得到不規則抗體的途徑就是通過胎盤從母親體內獲得,但隨著年齡的增長,自身可能面臨手術輸血、懷孕、患免疫疾病的種種風險,因此刺激不規則抗體產生的機率亦隨之而增高。但受主觀條件限制,本次研究大部分數據均是來自婦產科,故很難排除所得結果會否因“偏科”緣故而導致年齡分佈集中在適孕年齡段,因而影響分析結果有所偏差。本次研究中並沒有檢測出 Dia 抗體,除了是次研究範圍的樣本中真的不包含有 Dia 抗體外,更大的可能原因是因為篩選細胞中不含 Dia 抗原。有近期研究指出,中國各地若推行不規則抗體篩檢,所選用的組合紅血球應包含AABB推薦的抗原外,即D,C,E,c,e,M,N,S,s,P1,Lea,Leb,K,k,Fya ,Fyb,Jka 和 Jkb,也應該同時包括 Mia 和Dia 抗原 [24]。某醫院血庫使用的篩檢紅細胞由 Bio-Rad 提供的 I+II cell,因進口譜紅細胞一般不包含有 Mia 抗原和 Dia 抗原,因此每次檢測都會使用澳門捐血中心提供的附加試劑加入篩檢。每期附加
95黃婉芳,等 澳門某醫院中國籍人群紅細胞不規則抗體篩檢與輸血安全探討試劑中必定含有 Mia 抗原,但 Dia 抗原則不一定每期都有,其原因是抗 -Dia 試劑穩定性差、不能長期保存,且該稀有血型在收集上存在一定困難,是故澳門捐血中心也不能經常提供到 Dia 血液,由此有可能造成漏檢 Dia 抗體的情況,此情況應加以重視。7.2 探討紅細胞不規則抗體臨床意義及其對臨床影響從結果表 4 中,檢出抗體分為有臨床意義及無臨床意義兩大類,所謂有臨床意義的抗體,即該抗體在 37℃會與試劑紅細胞發生凝集反應,若含有對應該抗體的抗原紅細胞輸注入人體內,將可能發生不同程度的臨床輸血反應,因此輸血時需尋找對應抗原陰性的血袋輸注;反之,無臨床意義抗體在 37℃水浴無凝集反應,如輸血只需預溫病人樣本在 37℃條件下作交叉配合即可。針對孕婦體內 Anti-D 的產生,判定該抗體是否具有臨床意義,還需排除該孕婦於懷孕期是否曾注射 Anti-D 免疫球蛋白,若有,則該抗體為非自然產生,屬無臨床意義抗體。這樣區分的原因是澳門衛生局根據 BCSH 作出了“Rh(D) 陰性孕婦預防性注射 Anti-D 免疫球蛋白指引”:母親為Rh(D) 陰性血型者於懷孕期 28-30 週注射 Anti-D 免疫球蛋白 1500IU,以破壞進入孕婦體內的 Rh(D)抗原,阻止孕婦血液產生抗 -D 抗體,從而抑制Rh(D) 免疫應答反應 [22]。本次研究結果中, 9 例Anti-D 陽性個案中只有 1 例未曾於孕 26-28 週時注射免疫球蛋白,因此該孕婦體內的 Anti-D 為自然產生的抗體,且該抗體滴度(可檢出抗原的最低抗體濃度)有上升的趨勢,在一週內滴度從 1:4升至 1:8,有可能通過胎盤導致新生兒溶血,因此屬有臨床意義的抗體。7.3 探討紅細胞不規則抗體導致血型正反向不符個案所謂血型正反向試驗,是指用患者紅細胞與抗 -A、抗 -B 和抗 -AB 試劑反應(正向)、以及用患者血清與 A、B 紅細胞試劑反應(反向),觀察各管有無發生凝集反應作綜合判斷該病人的ABO 血型結果 [23]。一般 ABO 血型鑒定凝集反應正向要求 4+、反向至少 3+ 或以上才能作結果判讀。此個案中,該病人行 ABO 血型鑒定時正向Anti-A 陰性,Anti-B 4+,則理應反向應為 A cell 4+,B cell 陰性,但實際上當時 B cell 凝集反應有2+,因此正反向結果不符合 , 需要送往捐血中心鑒定。鑒定結果為送檢樣本血漿與 M 抗原陽性的試劑紅細胞在室溫條件下呈陽性反應,因此鑒定為病人血漿中含 Anti-M,另該抗體在 37℃和間接抗人球蛋白 (anti-human globulin) 試驗條件下呈陰性反應,故此抗體不具有臨床意義。將送檢樣本血漿作 ABO 血型反向試驗,樣本血漿與 M 抗原陽性的 B 型紅細胞呈 2+,而與 M 抗原陰性的 B 型紅細胞再測試,呈陰性反應。故此病人實際血型為 B RhD+,ABO 血型檢測正反向不合是由於紅細胞異體抗體 Anti-M 引起,如此病人需要輸血,選用 B RhD+ 紅細胞在 37℃條件下作交叉配合檢驗即可。由此可見,儘管此抗體在人體內 37℃不會與輸注的紅細胞發生凝集反應而無特殊臨床意義,但仍會引起血型鑒定及一定程度的配血困難、延誤配血時間,稍一不慎甚至會導致血型鑒定錯誤而引起嚴重的輸血後果。8 總結紅細胞不規則抗體的產生是導致臨床血型鑒定及交叉配血困難的主要原因,因此實施血型鑒定及紅細胞不規則抗體篩檢是臨床輸血前重要步驟,其效果不僅提高輸血安全性,亦能節省大量配血時間,為臨床更及時地提供充足且安全的血液,讓患者能夠得到更及時且安全的輸血治療。是次統計結果顯示,單抗體產生最多的為Anti-MiIII,其次為 Anti-E,此結論與東南亞地區的發生率符合[5 ~ 7]。中國人群 E 抗原陰性者占多數, Rh(E) 抗原是 Rh 血型系统中除 Rh(D) 之外免疫原性最強的抗原,故產生抗 -E 的概率較高,加上東南亞地區特有的 Anti-MiIII 高發生率惰况,而
96上述兩種血型並不像 Rh(D) 抗原被規定為常規鑑定,只是隨機輸血,故導致輸血後引發輸血免疫發應機率較高,此情況應加以重視;亦期待未來澳門捐血中心能建立稀有血型庫,從根本上解決Diego 血型檢測試劑保存困難的問題,務求做到篩檢譜紅細胞必定包 Dia 抗原。希望將來澳門產制的血製品能將 MiIII 表現型Mur 抗原和 Rh(E) 抗原,與 ABO 及 RhD 血型同樣列入為常規鑑定抗原,並將鑒定結果顯示在血製品標籤上及電子系統內,方便各醫院血庫實驗室能迅速找出已鑒定過對應相容的血液單位。尤其將來澳門正式落實了“電子病歷互通”計劃後,可將每次配血或血型鑒定後結果均錄入電子病歷中,更進一步節省時間,避免盲目配血,有效減少或避免溶血性輸血反應的發生,相信這項措施的落實絕對能對確保臨床輸血安全具有極重要的意義,亦能更進一步提升本澳輸血服務的水準和效率。參 考 文 獻[1] 秦秀娟、郭長青、楊梅花,等.不規則抗體篩查對臨床安全輸血的意義.河北醫藥 2012; 34(8): 1254-1255.[2] International Society of Blood Transfusion. Red Cell Immunogenetics and Blood Group Terminology. 2017.[3] 朱自嚴、郭忠慧、張雄民. Rh血型系統//劉達莊.免疫血液學.上海;上海科學技術出版杜 2002; 58-68.[4] 黃秀瓊、陳麗瓊、鈕榮祥. 雲南怒族稀有血型MNSs 系統-(Mur) 抗原抽樣調查分析.大理學院學報 2004; 3(1): 39-40.[5] Broadberry RE, Lin M. The incidence and Significance of anti-‘Mia’ in Taiwan. Transfusion 1994; 34: 349-352.[6] Songsak Srijinda, Sorratod Bosuwan, Chutsanat Nuanin, et al. Anti-Mia and Anti-E: The most common clinically significant Red Cell Alloantibodies in Patients at Phramongkutklao Hospital. Royal Armay Medical Journal 2017; 70(2): 65-71.[7] C.K.Lin, K.H.Mak, Gregory Cheng, et al. Serologic Characteristics and Clinical Significance of Miltenberger Antibodies among Chineses Patients in Hong Kong. Vox Sang 1998; 74: 59-60.[8] Daniels G. Human blood groups. Oxford England Blackwell Science 2013; 336-353.[9] 張晨光、賀志安、趙慶偉,等. Rh血型系統不規則抗體與新生兒溶血病的相關性.現代預防醫學 2007;34(11): 2036-2038.[10] 範亮峰、劉曦、沈偉,等. 不規則抗體體內消減速率的探究. 中國輸血雜誌 2016; 29(11): 1229-1231.[11] A m e e n R , A l - S h e m m a r i S , A l - H u m o o d S , e t a l . R B C alloimmunization and autoimmunization among transfusion-dependent Arabthalassemia patients. Transfusion 2003; 43(11): 1604-1610.[12] 吳勇、吳遠軍、陳寶嬋,等.紅細胞不規則抗體的檢測和分析.臨床輸血與檢驗 2010;12(4): 343-345.[13] 危豔順、姚明. 篩檢不規則抗體在輸血的臨床應用研究. 海南醫學院學報 2013;19(3): 401-403.[14] Winters JL, Pineda AA, Lemuel D, et al. RBC alloantibody specificity and antigen potency in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Transfusion 2001; 41(11): 1413-1420.[15] 董永、李延年、孫波,等. 微柱凝膠法篩檢不規則抗體的臨床應用. 中國輸血雜誌 2003; 16(5): 326.[16] 柯秋高、丁增橋、楊毓明,等.孝感地區漢族人群中紅細胞血型不規則抗體調查研究.臨床血液學雜誌 2008; 21(12): 637-639.[17] 吳遠軍、劉彥慧、劉興玲,等. 漢族患者(30800例)及孕婦(4200例)紅細胞血型不規則抗體分佈的調查. 第四軍醫大學學報 2007; 28(10): 922-925.[18] Poole J, King MJ, Mak KH, Liew YW, Leong S, Chua KM. The MiIII phenotype among Chinese donors in Hong Kong: Immunochemical and serological studies. Transfus Med 1991; 1: 169-175.[19] Chandanayingyong D, Pejrachandra S. Studies on the Miltenberger complex frequency in Thailand and family studies. Vox Sanguinis 1975; 28(2):152-155.[20] Ting JY, Ma ES, Wong KY. A case of severe hemolytic disease of the newborn due to anti-Di(a)antibody. Hong Kong Med J 2004; 10(5): 347-349.[21] 柯秋高、楊毓明,柯衛澤等.漢族無償獻血人群中紅細胞血型不規則抗體調查. 國際檢驗醫學雜誌2010; 31(11): 1274-1275.[22] H Qureshi, E Massey, D Kirwan, et al. BCSH guideline for the use of anti-D immunoglobulin for the prevention of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. Transfusion Medicine 2014; 24(1): 8-20.[23] World Health Organization. Safe Blood and Blood Product, Module 3, Blood Group Serology. 2009.[24] CX Chen, JZ Tan, LX Wang, et al. Unexpected red blood cell antibody distributions in Chinese people by a systematic literature review. TRANSFUSION 2016; 56: 975-979.創業就業澳科大牽手騰訊推英才計劃 充實灣區發展人才儲備 6月17日上午,“騰訊-澳門英才計劃”於深圳騰訊濱海大廈啟動入職儀式。15名來自澳門高校的學生開啟為期兩個月的騰訊實習之旅,增進對國內互聯網公司的了解,學習和掌握新技術、新知識和新的管理理念,堅定和增強對今後參與粵港澳大灣區建設的信心。
98 2019,13(1)學術動態澳科大月球與行星科學國家重點實驗室全面參與國家深空探測計劃 2018年7月獲國家科技部批准,澳門科技大學成立中國天文學科領域第一個國家重點實驗室——月球與行星科學國家重點實驗室。該實驗室以促進中國行星科學的發展為目的,為國家培養所需的行星科學高質量人才。作為中國唯一一所專職從事月球與行星科學研究的科研機構,科研人員全面參與國家的深空探測計劃,取得了豐碩的科學成果。繼澳科大月球與行星科學國家重點實驗室成立之後,內地各有關高校、研究院所亦配合國家深空戰略需要,相繼成立行星科學有關研究機構。3月17日,中國科學院委託中國科學技術大學,聯合中科院地球化學研究所、紫金山天文台等有關單位,在中國科學技術大學建立“中科院比較行星學卓越創新中心”。中科院相關部門、卓越創新中心學術委員會、國際諮詢委員會、澳科大月球與行星科學國家重點實驗室和各參與單位代表近150人參加了啟動會。澳科大月球與行星科學國家重點實驗室主任張可可講座教授,與法國南比利牛斯天天文台Blanc Michel教授、美國路易斯安那州立大學Huiming Bao教授、美國卡內基研究所Yingwei Fei研究員、布朗大學 James Head教授、加州理工大學Yuk L. Yung教授、台灣中央大學葉永烜教授,以及美國加州大學戴維斯分校Qing-Zhu Yin教授,一同獲卓越創新中心邀請擔任中心的國際學術諮詢委員會委員。科研進展澳科大深度參與嫦娥四號數據分析 助力國家月球與行星科學發展嫦娥四號探測器於1月3日在月球背面軟著陸,並通過“鵲橋”中繼衛星傳回地球首張近距離拍攝的影像,揭開月球背面神秘面紗的歷程。澳門科技大學月球與行星科學國家重點實驗室進入嫦娥四號核心科學家團隊的科研人员,參與後續的科學數據分析和研究,助力國家月球與行星科學的發展。在澳門特區政府支持下,澳科大自2005年起成立“太空科學研究所”就積極參與國家深空探測計劃。國家科技部於2018年7月正式批准在澳科大成立“月球與行星科學國家重點實驗室”,這是中國在天文學科領域的第一個國家重點實驗室,以促進我國行星科學的發展,培養國家所需的行星科學高質量人才。作為中國唯一一所專職從事月球與行星科學研究的科研機構,科研人員全面分析嫦娥探月工程的數據和研究工作;並聯合中國科學院紫金山天文台,進行嫦娥一號、二號的伽瑪射線譜儀的研製和數據分析工作;又與內地科學家共同分析嫦娥三號的有效科學數據,取得了豐碩的科學成果。嫦娥四號順利著陸的消息讓重點實驗室的科研人員歡欣鼓舞,並期待嫦娥四號探測器在後續數月內能獲取更多科學發現,為人類揭開月球早期演化過程的面紗。與此同時,澳科大月球與行星科學國家重點實驗室的科研人員也在為嫦娥五號月球採樣分析做準備,並積極參與國家後續深空探測計劃,推動未來在火星、小行星、以及巨行星的探測計劃,助力國家月球與行星科學的發展。嫦娥四號探測器順利著陸月球之後,國際媒體紛紛向月球與行星科學國家重點實驗室科研人員了解此次登月計劃的科學意義和價值。嫦娥四號探測器此次著陸區所在的南極─艾特肯盆地,是太陽系中形態保留比較完整的巨型撞擊盆地之一,直徑約為2,400公里,深達12公里,是月球最深、最古老的巨型撞擊盆地。由於巨型撞擊盆地在形成過程中會把深層次的物質挖掘到月球表面,因此,南極─艾特肯盆地一直被科學家認為是瞭解月球內部物質成分及其早期演化歷史的理想之地;此外,由於月球背面遠離地表電磁波的干擾,也是開展天文觀測,研究恆星起源演化,探尋宇宙奧妙的不二之選。
澳門科技大學學報Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology主辦單位: 澳門科技大學Organizer: Macau University of Science and Technology編委會主席: 劉良Chairman of Editorial Board: Liu Liang主編: 許敖敖Chief Editors: Xu Ao Ao編輯: 《澳門科技大學學報》編輯部Editor: The Editorial Department, Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology ● 電話: +853-8897-2173 Tel: +853-8897-2173 ● 傳真:+853-2888-0022 Fax: +853-2888-0022 ● 電郵:publication@must.edu.mo E-mail: publication@must.edu.mo ● 地址: 澳門科技大學 澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 Address: Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau出版及總發行:澳門科技大學Publisher & Distribution: Macau University of Science and Technology ● 電話:+853-8897-2166 Tel: +853-8897-2166 ● 電郵:cbpsadmin@must.edu.mo E-mail: cbpsadmin@must.edu.mo ● 地址: 澳門科技大學 澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 Address: Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 封面及版式設計:高鴻 王港Graphic & Layout Designers: Gao Hong, Wang Gang印刷: 400本Print Run: 400出版日期:2019年6月Issued Date: June 2019國際標準期刊號:ISSN: 1994-4926規格: 21cm×29.7cmSize: 21cm width by 29.7cm height版權所有,翻印必究All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher.編輯委員會Editorial Board編委會主席:劉良Chairman of Editorial Board: Liu Liang主編 :許敖敖Chief Editors: Xu Ao Ao編委:劉良、許敖敖、祈務晨、余秋雨、張志慶、姜志宏、方泉、林偉基、戴龍基、黎曉平、唐澤聖、陳乃九、龐川、孫立雲、孫建榮Editorial Board Members:Liu Liang, Xu Ao Ao,Keith Robert Barclay Morrison, Yu Qiu Yu, Zhang Zhi Qing, Jiang Zhi Hong, Fang Quan, Lam Wai Kei, Dai Long Ji, Li Xiao Ping, Tang Ze Sheng, Chan Lai Kow, Pang Chuan, Sun Li Yun, Sun Jian Rong
半年刊 2007年6月創刊第十三卷 第一期 2019年6月出版JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITYOF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYSemiannual, Started in June 2007Vol.13 No.1 June 2019定價: 20元澳門幣(人民幣/港幣)ISSN 1994-4926二 一九年 第十三卷 第一期JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYVol.13 No.1 June 2019半年刊Semiannual Vol.13澳門基金會資助出版