半年刊 2007年6月創刊第十卷 第二期 2016年12月出版JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITYOF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYSemiannual, Started in June 2007Vol.10 No.2 December 2016定價: 20元澳門幣(人民幣/港幣)ISSN 1994-4926半年刊Semiannual Vol.10二 一六年 第十卷 第二期JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYVol.10 No.2 December 2016
編輯委員會Editorial Board編委會主席：劉良Chairman of Editorial Board: Liu Liang主編 ：許敖敖Chief Editors: Xu Ao Ao編委：劉良、許敖敖、祈務晨、余秋雨、張志慶、姜志宏、方泉、林偉基、戴龍基、黎曉平、唐澤聖、陳乃九、龐川、孫立雲、孫建榮Editorial Board Members:Liu Liang, Xu Ao Ao,Keith Robert Barclay Morrison, Yu Qiu Yu, Zhang Zhi Qing, Jiang Zhi Hong, Fang Quan, Lam Wai Kei, Dai Long Ji, Li Xiao Ping, Tang Ze Sheng, Chan Lai Kow, Pang Chuan, Sun Li Yun, Sun Jian Rong澳門科技大學學報Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology主辦單位: 澳門科技大學Organizer: Macau University of Science and Technology編委會主席: 劉良Chairman of Editorial Board: Liu Liang主編: 許敖敖Chief Editors: Xu Ao Ao編輯: 《澳門科技大學學報》編輯部Editor: The Editorial Department, Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology ● 電話： +853-8897-2173 Tel: +853-8897-2173 ● 傳真：+853-2888-0022 Fax: +853-2888-0022 ● 電郵：publication@must.edu.mo E-mail: publication@must.edu.mo ● 地址： 澳門科技大學 澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 Address: Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau出版及總發行：澳門科技大學Publisher & Distribution: Macau University of Science and Technology ● 電話：+853-8897-2166 Tel: +853-8897-2166 ● 電郵：cbpsadmin@must.edu.mo E-mail: cbpsadmin@must.edu.mo ● 地址： 澳門科技大學 澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 Address: Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 封面及版式設計：高鴻 王港Graphic & Layout Designers: Gao Hong, Wang Gang印刷： 700本Print Run: 700出版日期：2016年12月Issued Date: December 2016國際標準期刊號：ISSN: 1994-4926規格： 21cm×29.7cmSize: 21cm width by 29.7cm height版權所有，翻印必究All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher.
ContentsHumanities and ArtsMao Kun’s Comments and the Block-printed Edition of Heshi Yulin of Emperor Tianqi Era …………………………………………………………………………………………Haiying HU (1)The Father of Chinese Cinema -Zheng Zhengqiu's Dramatic Activities in Shanghai …… Haixia ZHAO (8)The Comparison of Translation Skills Between Two Translation Versions of The Journey to the West in View of Chapter Titles ……… Jiankangkai WEI , Danlin GONG (14)The Impact of Collaborative Learning in the Foreign Students Performances in TCFL Listening Class ………………………………………………………………………… Wei WEI, Qun GAO (20)Evolution of Macau Drama Narration ……………………………………………… Yingfeng ZHENG (31)Management and TourismThe Effect of Demographic Structure to China's Investment-An Dynamic Analysis Based on Provincial Panel Data ………………………………………………… Zhichao SUN, Yu SONG (40)Information Richness and Effect of Museum Interpretation Media upon the Visiting Experience: A case of Macau's Racing Car Museum ………………………… Juan TANG, TianChen WANG (50)Two HR Systems and Employees' Responses to Social and Economic Exchange Mechanisms ……………………………………………… Po-Chien CHANG, Ting WU, Jui-Ching CHIEN (60)A Study under Structure Perspective of Performance and Turnover Intention: Structure Hole as Moderator ………………………………… Siyu SUN, Yi Ding, Chitin HON (70)Does CSR of SMEs Influence Employees' Workplace Deviant Behavior? ……………………………………………………… Qing TIAN, Hao ZHONG, Xiaoping SUN (79)The Influence of Knowledge Spillover and Absorption on Regional Innovation in China …………………………………………………………………………… Iat Pio WU, Yu SONG (88)Information TechnologyResearch on the Moving Object Detection in High-Dimensional Data …………………………………………………… Kuokfan CHAN, Siolong LO, Liangyong XIA (96)MedicineInvestigation and Analysis of the Medication Safety Knowledge among College Students in Macau …………………… Chenfangyuan DUAN, Vincent Kam Wai WONG, Betty Yuen Kwan LAW (104)Screening Abnormal Complete Blood Count Results from the Medical Examination of 2014 Macau-born University Freshmen Students to Estimate the Current Prevalence of Thalassemia Trait in Macau ……………………………… Pek Ha TAI, Cheuk Kuen CHENG, Ming Yiu FONG, Shiu Hon CHUI, Gregory CHENG, Christopher Wai Kei LAM (110)
1第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 茅坤批點與《何氏語林》天啟刻本胡海英1，2（1. 澳門科技大學國際學院，澳門；2. 香港浸會大學文學院，香港）摘要： 明代著名學者、藏書家何良俊所著《何氏語林》是自《世說新語》以來最著名的“世說體＂著作，流傳很廣，影響極大，且被收入《四庫全書》。明代散文家、藏書家茅坤晚年極為喜好此書，至以《何氏語林》為訓子教科書，並對其有詳細批點。茅坤批點本最終在天啟年間刊行。《何氏語林》天啟刻本，凝聚了文征明家族，茅坤家族四、五代人的心血，可見此書的價值地位。值得注意的是，茅坤是一位文學家，但其《何氏語林》批點關注的重心，卻主要在其思想性。《何氏語林》天啟刻本關涉很廣，對於明代文學思潮研究、小說評點研究、文學家茅坤等人的研究都有重要價值。關鍵詞： 《何氏語林》；茅坤批點；天啟刻本Mao Kun’s Comments and the Block-printed Edition of Heshi Yulin of Emperor Tianqi Era Haiying HU1,2( 1. University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau,China ) ( 2. Faculty of Arts, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong ,China)AAstractt: Heshi Yulin is a famous book edited and written by He Liangjun of Ming Dynasty. Mao Kun, the famous writer and bibliophile in Ming Dynasty, was fond of the book, and used it as a school book to teach his sons. Mao Kun also made fine comments to this book. With the surpport from offsprings of Wen Zhengming, the great writer and artist of Ming Dynasty, after Mao Kun’s death, his offsprings made great efforts to publish the book along with Mao Kun’s comments. Though a famous litterateur as he was, Mao Kun focused on the ethical value of Heshi Yulin in his comments. All these also are valuable to study of Mao Kun and study of traditional comments of ancient novel since Ming Dynasty. Keyyordst: Heshi Yulin; Mao Kun’s comments; block-printed edition of Heshi Yulin of Emperor Tianqi Era收稿日期：2016-04-14；修訂日期：2016-05-23。*通訊作者：胡海英，男，文學博士，國際學院助理教授，主要研究方向：中國古典文獻學、古典文學、中國文化的教學與研究。 E-mail：ihuhaiying@gmail.com Tel: 00853-889728020 引言明代著名藏書家、作家、學者何良俊（1506 ～1573）的《何氏語林》是自《世說新語》以來最著名的“世說體”筆記小說，全書共 2700 餘條，輯自 400 餘種著作，採錄人事上自西漢，下迄元、明之際。此書流傳很廣，影響極大，後被收入《四庫全書》。自嘉靖年間刊行後即大受歡迎，迅速傳遍海內外。何良俊曾自稱：“余所撰《語林》，山東各王府亦時時差人買去。”[1]《何氏語林》還流傳到了海外。《何氏語林》也傳到了朝鮮，朝鮮許筠（1569 ～ 1618）在其所著《惺所覆瓿稿》曾曰：“余少日讀《何氏語林》、《洞冥記》。”[2]韓國奎章閣（首爾大學圖書館）即藏有一套天啟刻本《何氏語林》。[3]日本“世說體”仿作《近
7胡海英 茅坤批點與《何氏語林》天啟刻本事也。又《典略》載太祖初征荊州，使瑀作書與劉備，及征馬超，又使瑀作書與韓遂，此二書今具存，至長安之前，遂等破走，太祖始以十六年得入關門耳。而張騭云初得瑀時，太祖在長安，此又乖戾，瑀以十七年卒，太祖十八年䇿為魏公，而云瑀歌舞辭稱大魏應期運，愈知其妄，又其辭云他人焉能亂，了不成語，瑀之吐屬，必不如此。” ﹝晉﹞陳壽《三國志》，北京，中華書局1971，600。[14] 請參譚帆《小說評點的萌興——明万歷年間小說評點述略》，《文艺理论研究》， 1996，（6）：87-94。學術動態澳門科技大學兩名教授連續3年入選“全球高被引科學家”日前，美國湯森路透集團（Thomson Reuters）公佈了2016年度全球高被引科學家名單“Highly Cited Researchers 2016”。 該名單包括了自然科學和社會科學共21個學科領域，通過計算近10年被科學引文索引（SCI）和社會科學引文索引（SSCI）收錄的全部論文，統計出在各自領域被引用最多的（前1%）共有3266人次科學家。其中中國共有196人次科學家入選（含港澳臺地區）.澳科大資訊科技學院、澳科大系統工程研究所李志武教授和李頌孝教授分別在工程學和數學領域成功入選， 同時也是澳門地區僅有的兩位入選科學家。李志武教授的主要研究方向有離散事件系統、生産規劃與調度，智慧計算。發表期刊論文100多篇，單篇論文最高SCI引用270多次。研究成果得到了43個國家和地區260多個研究機構的引用。鑒於李志武教授在佩里特網理論及其在自動製造系統中的應用研究，今年當選了（美國）電子與電氣工程師學會會士。李頌孝教授的主要研究領域為解析函數空間上的算子理論，複分析和泛函分析。已發表學術論文100餘篇，其中SCI論文80餘篇。曾獲“2008年中國百篇最具影響國際學術論文”獎、廣東省科學技術獎二等獎等。目前擔任《數學不等式期刊》雜誌編委和美國《數學評論》評論員等學術職務。李志武教授和李頌孝教授自加入澳門科技大學以來，已連續3年入選全球高被引科學家名錄，意味著澳門科技大學在該研究領域所具有的國際影響力。世界生命科學大會在京隆重舉行 澳科大主持中醫藥與生命科學分會場由中國科學技術協會主辦，中國科協生命科學學會聯合體、中國國際科技交流中心承辦的2016世界生命科學大會（2016 World Life Science Conference）於2016年11月1～3日在北京國家會議中心隆重召開，這是迄今我國在生命科學領域舉辦的層次最高、覆蓋面最廣的國際學術盛會。會議以“健康、農業、環境”為主題，吸引了36個國家和地區近4000名科技工作者參加，10位諾貝爾獎獲得者、4位世界糧食獎和沃爾夫農業獎獲得者、英國皇家學會會長、美國科學院院長等眾多生命科學領域國際大師應邀出席並做專題發言。澳門科技大學31名研究人員及研究生參加了會議， 促進了大學師生與世界高水準生命科學專家的對話、交流與合作，獲益良多。大會共設66個分會場，其中第13分會場由澳門科技大學校長劉良講座教授擔任主席，德國約翰尼斯古騰堡美茵茨大學Thomas Efferth教授任共同主席，並邀請了中國工程院程京院士、美國Stony Brook University醫學中心Kenneth Reed Shroyer教授、美國Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute的Joachim Spiess教授、清華大學的李梢教授做學術演講嘉賓。6位特邀演講嘉賓的報告圍繞青蒿琥酯的抗癌新作用及新機制、現代科技推動中醫藥研究的實踐分享、腫瘤預後新標誌物的發現與驗證、中醫藥治療類風顯性關節炎研究、退行性疾病研究的新靶標、中醫藥精準醫學的網絡靶標等專題進行了精彩的演講。
8第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 中國電影之父鄭正秋在上海的戲劇活動趙海霞（澳門科技大學國際學院，澳門）摘要： 作爲中國早期電影的重要開拓者，粵人鄭正秋曾於早期在上海集中從事戲劇活動。他組織劇社，創立“藥風劇學館＂，從事新劇的編、導、演和教學活動，幷於報刊發表了大量有關戲劇的消息和評論。這些評論涉及到戲劇功能、戲劇改良、新舊劇表演、演員以及其演劇、編劇的經驗等。鄭正秋的評劇活動，對於近代戲劇理論的宣傳、新劇的嘗試和戲劇編演的實踐都極有意義，爲近代戲劇的發展做出了重要貢獻。關鍵詞： 鄭正秋；評劇；報刊；新劇 The Father of Chinese Cinema -Zheng Zhengqiu's Dramatic Activities in Shanghai Haixia ZHAO( Macau University of Science and Technology, University International College, Macau,China )AAstractt: As an influential pioneer of China's films, Zheng Zhengqiu has worked in drama activities in Shanghai.He organized drama clubs and published dramatic theoretical criticism in newspapers and magazines as an actor, director,and scriptwriter. These theories comments involve dramatic function, dramatic improvement, Peking opera, modern drama and stage experience. Zheng Zhengqiu 's drama activities are significant in the field of the modern drama theory, and made a great contribution to the development of the modern drama. Keyyordst: Zheng Zhengqiu; Drama criticism;Newspapers and magazines;modern drama收稿日期：2016-04-19；修訂日期：2016-05-12。*通訊作者：趙海霞，女，博士，國際學院助理教授，主要研究方向：文學文化研究。 E-mail: hxzhao@must.edu.mo，Tel: 00853-88972346 0 引言鄭正秋，原名芳澤，號伯常，別署藥風，廣東潮州人。祖父鄭介臣在鴉片戰爭後赴上海經商，開了一家鄭洽記客棧，成爲滬上巨富。鄭正秋即出生在這樣一個富裕家庭，父親爲光緒年間進士，曾任江浙鹽運使。鄭正秋十四歲肄業於上海育才公學，稍長經商，改入仕途，又以清政腐敗，轉身投入戲劇評論。1910 年起，首在《民立報》上發表《麗麗所戲言》、《麗麗所伶評》，此後幾年間，於《民權報》、《民權素》、《中華民報》、《新世界》、《藥風日刊》等報刊連續發表有關戲劇的消息和評論，同時陸續組織新民新劇社、大中華新劇社，創立“藥風劇學館”，從事新劇的編、導、演和教學活動。1922 年，進入電影界，與張石川、周劍雲等組建明星影片股份有限公司，親自編導了近六十部影片，爲我國早期電影事業做出杰出貢獻，被稱爲“中國電影之父”[1]。但鄭正秋早年從事的戲劇事業也成就非凡，尤其是新劇編演和戲劇評論，周劍雲有《鄭正秋傳》云：“滬上報紙之有劇評，自君始。”[2]鄭正秋早期在上海從事的戲劇活動可以主要概括為以下幾個方面。
14第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 從章回標題看《西遊記》全譯本的翻譯技巧魏簡康凱1*，龔丹琳2（1. 澳門大學法學院，澳門；2. 三峽大學外國語學院，宜昌）摘要： 《西遊記》是中國的四大經典名著之一。它是我國古代長篇浪漫主義小說的高峰，在文學史上也是一部傑作。為傳播中華民族優秀傳統文化，此書曾多次被翻譯成外國文字，吸引了廣大外國讀者。其中影響較大的英譯本為余國藩教授的全譯本和詹納爾教授的全譯本。本文根據章回標題試析兩個全譯本，從人名翻譯、結構處理及文化詞的理解三個方面對兩個全譯本中的翻譯進行比較，認為兩個全譯本都傳達出了原文的基本思想，但由於余國藩教授和詹納爾教授文化背景不同，所採取的翻譯策略也略微不同。余國藩教授大量保留了原文特色，目的是把中國文化的特色展現給了西方讀者。而詹納爾教授更側重于向西方社會介紹中國作品，以傳遞閱讀的樂趣。在本文最後提出，誤譯都是由於譯者對源語信息理解不透徹造成的，譯者有責任在學好外語的同時兼顧母語水準的提升，這樣才能更好地為文化的傳播作出自己的一份貢獻。關鍵詞： 《西遊記》；余國藩；詹納爾；章回標題The Comparison of Translation Skills Betyeen Tyo Translation Versions of The Journey to the West in Viey of Chapter TitlesJiankangkai WEI 1*, Danlin GONG 2( 1. Faculty of Law, University of Macau, Macau, China)(2. College of Foreign Language, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China )AAstractt: The Journey to the West is one of the Four Great Classical Novels in China. It reaches the top of Chinese ancient romantic novels, and it’s also a masterwork in the history of literature. It has been translated into many foreign languages for communicating across cultures, and gained its popularity. Up till now, Anthony C. Yu’s version and W. Jenner’s version have been the most famous English versions. From the translation of names, the strategy of the translation and the understanding of cultural words in chapter titles, this essay compares the two versions. They both convey the thought of the original work. However, because of the different cultural background, Anthony C. Yu keeps the original features to show foreigners the Chinese culture; W. Jenner places emphasis on the course of “happy reading” to show foreigners the Chinese works. At last, the thought that mistranslation is because of misunderstanding. Translators have the responsibility to take into account both foreign language and native language so that they can make contributions to spread the culture.Keyyordst: The Journey to The West; Anthony C. Yu; W. Jenner; Chapter titles收稿日期：2016-06-27；修訂日期：2016-08-11。﹡通訊作者：魏簡康凱，男，澳門大學法學院在讀碩士研究生，主要研究方向：英文國際商法、英文翻譯。 E-mail: wjkk123@163.com，Tel: 00853-63720466
15魏簡康凱，等 從章回標題看《西遊記》全譯本的翻譯技巧0 引言《西遊記》是一部由明代小說家吳承恩所創作的中國第一部浪漫主義神魔小說。這部小說故事情節跌宕起伏，語言詼諧幽默，膾炙人口。書中的神魔故事不僅吸引著中國的讀者，而且也吸引了眾多的外國讀者。作為一部古典白話文巨著，即便是中國人理解起來也有一定的困難，再加上中西文化差異，小說中包涵了豐富的中國文化內涵，要求譯者在滿足目的語讀者的同時還要保留源語的文化特色，使得《西遊記》的翻譯工作十分困難。翻譯是在準確、通順的基礎上，把一種語言信息轉變成另一種語言信息的行為。英國漢學家格雷厄姆（A.C.Graham）在他的《晚唐詩選》的長序《論中國詩的翻譯》中曾寫道：“在翻譯上我們幾乎不能放手給中國人，因為按照一般規律，翻譯都是從外語譯成母語，而不是從母語譯成外語，這一規律很少例外。”[1]出於譯者對母語的把握必定比對外語的把握要好的考慮，此時譯者能夠站在讀者的角度上，交出一份讓讀者滿意的答卷。但是，既然翻譯是把一種語言信息轉換為另一種語言信息的行為，那麼，“轉換”很重要，“理解”也很重要。整個翻譯過程應該是建立在理解源語信息的基礎上進行的。鑒於中國文化博大精深，對於中外譯者來說，理解源語信息都不是一件容易的事情。1 譯本簡介目前《西遊記》的英語全譯本有兩個，即美國芝加哥大學美籍華人余國藩教授翻譯（以下簡稱余譯）、芝加哥大學出版社於 1977 年至 1983年 出 版 的 英 文 全 譯 本《THE JOURNEY TO THE WEST》和英國里茲大學漢學家詹納爾（W.J.F. Jenner）教授翻譯（以下簡稱詹譯）、外文出版社於 1977 年至 1986 年出版的全譯本《JOURNEY TO THE WEST》。余國藩教授的《西遊記》全譯本曾在西方多家有影響的刊物上被稱讚忠實原作、語言生動、注解豐富，使西方漢學界、文學界和宗教界受益匪淺。詹納爾教授的《西遊記》全譯本是“至今最接近原著的一個英譯本”[2]，也是“中國本土最為流行、影響最大的《西遊記》英譯版本”[3]。作為一部章回體長篇小說，《西遊記》裡每個章回的標題都凝練了各章回的關鍵故事情節，同時，每個章回的標題在語言結構及音韻上的美感也集中體現了作者的才華和中國語言文化的博大精深。作為畫龍點睛之筆，章回標題涵蓋了多層信息，以下，將從人名及章回標題兩個方面對比詹納爾教授和余國藩教授的譯本。2 章回標題中的人名翻譯對比因小說的神話元素，在《西遊記》中主要人物往往因不同背景需要一個人身負多個名稱。如此繁雜的人物名稱在顯示出漢語言文化的魅力的同時，也給翻譯帶來了很大的困難。“在《西遊記》中既有道教，又有佛教，這與西方基督教大相徑庭。要讓西方讀者能讀懂這不同於自己宗教中的一些特殊的東西，對譯者來說實屬難事。”[4]以下將對比詹納爾教授和余國藩教授各自譯本中章回標題出現的人名翻譯。唐三藏之譯名比較余譯 詹譯唐三藏Tripitaka Tang[5] （27、37、55、59）Tang Sanzang[6]（27）Tang Priest（37、55）Sanzang（59）聖僧 Holy Monk Holy Monk孫悟空之譯名比較余譯 詹譯孫悟空 Sun Wu-kung Sun Wukong猴王 Monkey King Monkey King孫行者 Pilgrim Sun（31、68）Sun the Novice（31）Sun Pilgrim（68）大聖 The Great Sage The Great Sage心猿Monkey of the Mind （30、44）Heart-Ape（30）Mind-Ape（44）豬八戒之譯名比較余譯 詹譯豬八戒Chu Pa-chieh （31、61）Pig（31）Zhu Bajie（61）木母Wood Mother （32、41）Pig（32）Mother of Wood（41）
16沙和尚之譯名比較余譯 詹譯悟淨 Wu-ching Friar Sand黃婆Yellow Hag （53）Yellow-Wife （53）注：以上數字皆為人物名稱所涉及標題的章回數從以上表格，不難看出，余國藩教授和詹納爾教授在人名上的處理手法有相同之處，也有不同之處。除了音譯、直譯之外，余國藩教授更多的採取了歸化的翻譯策略，例如孫行者的翻譯，行者是佛教用語，指“出家而未經剃度的佛教徒”[7]，泛指修行佛道之人。余國藩教授翻譯的是 Pilgrim Sun，pilgrim 是指“a person who makes a journey, often a long and difficult one, to a special place for religious reasons”[8]，而詹納爾教授翻譯的 是 Sun the Novice，novice 是 指“a person who is still training to be a monk or a nun”[9]。二者的翻譯皆沒有錯誤，但從英文釋義，可以看出 pilgrim更貼近中文“行者”的意思，當目標語讀者看到Pilgrim Sun 時能立馬聯想到對等的事物，使得閱讀更加順暢。根據唐三藏、心猿、豬八戒、木母四個人物名稱的翻譯，可以看出余國藩教授基本做到了翻譯前後一致，而詹納爾教授經常變換名稱。在《西遊記》中，每個人物名稱紛繁複雜，中文讀者有時候就難以理解究竟代稱指的是誰，而詹納爾教授將原本固定的名稱譯的前後不統一時，再一次加大了目標語讀者的理解難度。但是在“木母”這個人物名稱的翻譯上，詹納爾教授又十分體諒讀者，將其本意翻譯出來了。陰陽五行是中國古典哲學的核心，在《西遊記》中更是體現了這種金木水火土五行相生相剋，不可分割的聯繫。金木水火土在《西遊記》中，分別代指孫悟空、豬八戒、白龍馬、唐三藏和沙和尚，木母即是代指豬八戒。當余國藩教授和詹納爾教授將木母翻譯成“木頭母親”時，對中國文化不夠深入瞭解的目標語讀者一定會困惑這到底是什麼意思，從而對此書的閱讀形成障礙。由於文化差異，讓目標語讀者立馬理解陰陽五行的概念是不切實際的，於是詹納爾教授將“木母”的原型翻譯出來，使得讀者一目了然，也達到了傳遞原文信息的目的。當然，將豬八戒這個富有深厚內涵，讓人又愛又恨的角色直接翻譯成“pig”也是富有爭議的，此處不做多說。最後看到沙和尚，在章回標題中，他幾乎沒怎麼出現。在第五十三回——“禪主吞餐懷鬼孕，黃婆運水解邪胎”中，有個“黃婆”，兩位教授所描繪出的是一個跟黃色有關的老婦人形象。黃婆究竟是誰呢？這裡涉及到了道教，道教中叫“脾”為“黃婆”，而脾主“土”，前面說到沙僧屬土，所以“黃婆”其實是代指的沙和尚，與“老婦人”並無關聯。從以上的例子，不難看出，兩個譯本對人物名稱的翻譯各有千秋，由於中國文化博大精深，出現誤譯都是源於對源語信息的理解不夠，這也是對譯者的一個警醒，不論出身于什麼樣的文化背景，在把一種語言信息轉換為另一種語言信息的行為過程中，對語言信息的理解和轉換兩個步驟是同樣重要的。3 文化負載詞翻譯對比文化負載詞是在語言系統中，最能體現語言承載的文化資訊、反映人類的社會生活的詞彙。不同國家、地區有不同的文化特色，而這些文化特色通過文化負載詞反映在語言上，傳遞出去。在《西遊記》這部蘊含著深厚中國文化的小說之中，有不少文化負載詞。余國藩教授和詹納爾教授因為文化身份的不同，翻譯目的的不同，對這些負載詞的處理方式也完全不同。① 將一元分為十二會，乃子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥之十二支也。每會該一萬八百歲。（1）余譯：Dividing this period into twelve epochs were the twelve stems of Tzu, Ch’ou, Yin, Mao, Ch’en, Ssu, Wu, Wei, Shen, Yu, Hsu, and Hai, with each epoch having 10,800 years.詹譯：Each cycle can be divided into twelve
17魏簡康凱，等 從章回標題看《西遊記》全譯本的翻譯技巧phases: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII, the twelve branches. Each phrase lasts 10,800 years.甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸總稱為十天干，子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥叫作十二地支。十天干和十二地支依次相配，組成六十個基本單位，是中國古代紀年法。天干地支在中國民間主要用於記日、卜卦和配合記事，後來更用於風水學。天干地支是中國特有的民俗文化，余國藩教授在翻譯過程中，採取了直譯的方式，直接用拼音進行翻譯，也是堅持余國藩教授一直堅信的可譯性和異化的翻譯策略，在此，將中國傳統文化中的天干地支介紹給西方讀者，讓他們瞭解了中國文化。詹納爾教授則採用了歸化的方式，將中國獨有的天干地支轉化為西方的計數方式，將文化詞轉為目標語中相對應的詞，使得西方讀者的閱讀障礙變小，享受了故事的樂趣而不是深究其傳遞的資訊。② 一粒金丹天上得，三年故主世間生（39）余譯：One pellet of cinnabar elixir found in Heaven;……詹譯：A pill of red cinnabar is brought from Heaven;……金丹是中國古代煉丹術用詞，是用丹砂與鉛、硫磺等原料燃燒而成的黃色丹藥，其成品叫金丹，道教認為服食以後可以使人成仙，長生不老。一般認為它是圓球形的。余國藩教授將其翻譯為“one pellet of cinnabar elixir”，既指出了金丹的形狀，又說明了其作用——長生不老，將其內含意義完整的呈獻給了讀者。在詹納爾教授的譯文中，“pill”一般是指片狀藥，對應了目的語藥的概念，傳遞了基本資訊，達到了閱讀順暢的效果。③ 朱紫國唐僧論前世，孫行者施為三折肱（68）余譯： ……Pilgrim Sun performs as one who can heal an arm broken in three places.詹譯：……Sun the Pilgrim in his charity offers to be a doctor.這句話是《西遊記》第六十八回的標題。在此，余國藩教授還是堅持了直譯，按照字面意思，將“三折肱”理解並翻譯為三次折斷手臂，事實上，讀到具體故事情節時，會發現並沒有任何人折斷了手臂，讀者必定會疑惑，既然章回標題是內容梗概，那麼，何來“三折肱”之說？原來，“三折肱”出自《左傳 • 定公十三年》的“三折肱，知為良醫”，肱為手臂，指多次折斷手臂，在治療過程中，就能逐漸變成了一個好醫生。比喻處事遭受挫折多，就會富有經驗，而成為這方面的行家。在這裡，是指孫悟空做醫生為人治病，對比之下，詹納爾教授的譯文消除了閱讀障礙，使讀者讀起來更輕鬆，可以享受故事情節。4 章回標題翻譯對比中國人崇尚儒家的“中庸之道”，比較嚴謹講究穩重，講究對稱之美，“對稱”能予人一種平衡感和穩定感。所以中國的文字都是四四方方的方塊，中國的建築都是中軸對稱的佈局。從《西遊記》全書 100 個章回標題來看，幾乎所有標題都採用了平仄對仗。“對仗，是韻文中常見的一種形式，指的是一種要求極為嚴格的對偶句，主要包括詞性、句式相對和音節平仄相對兩個方面。”[10]《西遊記》的章回標題充分體現出了中文在語言結構及音韻上的美感，也集中體現了作者的才華和中國語言文化的博大精深。① 神狂誅草寇 , 道昧放心猿（56）余譯：Spirit, in a frenzy, slays the bandits;The Way, in confusion, expels Mind Monkey.詹譯：The spirit goes wild and wipes out the bandits;The Way in confusion sends the Mind-Ape away.② 拯救駝羅禪性穩 , 脫離穢汙道心清（67）余 譯：Having rescued To-lo, the Nature of Zen is secure;Having escaped defilement, the Mind of Tao is pure.詹 譯：The Dhyana-Nature is stable and Tuoluo
18Village is saved;The Mind of the Way is purified as corruption is removed從以上兩個例子，可以看到兩位教授在表達出基本信息的基礎上都在極力尋求對稱美，力爭將源語文本的韻味轉換到目的語文本中。但相比之下，余國藩教授的譯文做的更好一些，一眼就可以看出格式對稱，對仗工整，同類或對立概念的詞語在相對應的位置上相互映襯，語句讀起來更具有韻味，詞語的表現力也得到加強，充分體現出了對稱美，讓讀者感受到了博大精深的中國文字的魅力。漢語還有一大特點，就是習慣重複。同一詞彙和片語可以在文中反復出現，以求準確或有力。漢語是意合性語言，為了強調所要表達的意思，增添文采，或是為了促成結構的整齊均勻，保持結構的均衡反映了中國人的美學心理。而英語是形和性語言，它的美學觀點有所不同，英語總的傾向是儘量避免重複。講英語的人對隨意重複相同的詞語或句式往往感到厭煩。“在能明確表達意思的前提下，英語宜儘量採用替代、省略或變換等方式來避免無意圖的重複。這樣不僅能使行文簡潔、有利，而且比較符合英語民族的語言心理習慣。”[11]在《西遊記》的章回標題中，有這麼三回使用了重複的標題：③唐三藏路阻火焰山，孫行者一調芭蕉扇（59）余譯： ……Pilgrim Sun seeks for the first time the palm-leaf fan.詹譯： ……Monkey first tries to borrow the plantain fan.④牛魔王罷戰赴華筵，孫行者二調芭蕉扇（60）余譯： ……Pilgrim Sun seeks for the second time the palm-leaf fan.詹譯： ……Monkey tries the second time to borrow the plantain fan.⑤豬八戒助力敗魔王，孫行者三調芭蕉扇（61）余譯：……Pilgrim Sun seeks for the third time the palm-leaf fan.詹 譯： ……Monkey’s third attempt to borrow the fan.在孫行者一 / 二 / 三調芭蕉扇中，余國藩教授使用了重複的手段，而詹納爾教授則採用了變換句式的方法，這跟兩位譯者的文化背景也是息息相關的。余國藩教授作為華人，骨子裡還是信仰者老祖宗的對稱美，力圖將這種美學傳遞給目標語讀者。而詹納爾教授作為一位英語為母語的漢學家，站在讀者的角度以讀者最能接受的方式將這部名著推廣出去。兩位教授的出發點不同，但目的卻是一致的，都在為讀者瞭解中國文化而努力。但因為中西文化差異，在章回標題中總會出現一些比較難理解的詞彙，或是中文中特有的文化詞，接下來再看看兩位教授在章回標題中是如何處理這些詞彙的。⑥嬰兒戲化禪心亂，猿馬刀歸木母空（40）余譯： ……Ape, Horse, Spatula, and Wood Mother—all are lost.詹譯：……Ape and Horse returns with a knife; the Mother of Wood is empty.“猿馬刀歸木母空”，詹納爾教授的譯文看起來字字對等，並沒有什麼不妥。然而，仔細分析一下故事情節，會發現這裡的“猿”是指孫悟空，“馬”是指白龍馬，“刀歸”其實通“刀圭”，是指沙和尚，木母是指豬八戒，“空”是指失敗，雖然余國藩教授也沒有將“沙和尚”翻譯出來，但是意思還是清晰的，一行四人皆失敗，傳達出了源語文本的基本信息。在理解源語信息之後，詹納爾教授的譯文就顯得並不對等了。通過分析兩個《西遊記》全譯本對於同一個章回標題的不同處理，可以體會到兩個譯本的譯者在翻譯策略選擇上的不同。對於余國藩教授而言，整體定位是追求語言的結構美的特性，“大量保留了原文特色，實現了異化的效果，把中國
19魏簡康凱，等 從章回標題看《西遊記》全譯本的翻譯技巧文化的風采很好的展現給了西方讀者”[12]。詹納爾教授則有所不同，他更側重于向西方社會介紹中國作品，以傳遞閱讀的樂趣。這也就解釋了在一些標題中，他只講求主要信息的傳達，略去了次要信息的傳遞的行為。5 結語《西遊記》是一部擁有哲學底蘊和宗教情懷的文學經典。作為四大名著之一，它是全中國乃至全人類共同的寶貴文化遺產，其中豐富的文化內涵需要通過譯者之筆傳遞出去，讓世人瞭解我國的優秀傳統文化。不管是國內譯者還是國外譯者都應在充分理解源語信息的基礎上進行信息轉換，否則就會鬧出笑話。儘管存在誤譯的現象，但兩個全譯本基本都傳達出了原文的基本思想，都稱得上是不可多得的優秀譯作，只是兩種譯本所遵循的原則不同，讀者讀後肯定會有不同的感受。“中國文化走出去”是黨的十八大提出的提升我國文化軟實力的戰略目標。“文化走出去”是推介中國文化、展示中國傳統、增強中國影響力和競爭力的必由之路。中國文學——作為中國文化的載體之一，對外國人瞭解中國起著不可忽視的重要作用。英語學習者有責任在學好英語的同時兼顧母語水準的提升，力爭為傳播、弘揚中國文化作出自己的一份貢獻。參 考 文 獻[1] 潘文國：《譯入與譯出—談中國譯者從事漢籍英譯的意義》，中國翻譯，2004年第2期，第40頁。[2] 成傑，張荔：《淺談〈西遊記〉英譯本中的人名翻譯》，昌吉學院學報，2009年第2期，第49頁。[3] 鄭錦懷，吳永昇：《〈西遊記〉百年英譯的描述性研究》，廣西社會科學，2012年第10期，第151頁。[4] 李彩琴：《〈西遊記〉中人物名稱英譯淺析——以詹納爾的譯本為例》，湖北廣播電視大學學報，2011年第7期，第92頁。[5] Yu. Anthony C.: THE JOURNEY TO THE WEST, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1977. 本文關於余國藩教授的全譯本的引文均出自該版本的目錄，隨文標明章回，不再一一註出。[6] 吳承恩（著）, 詹納爾（譯）：《西遊記》，北京：外文出版社，2003年。本文關於詹納爾教授的全譯本及中文版原文的引文均出自該版本的目錄，隨文標明章回，不再一一註出。[7] 中國社會科學院語言研究所詞典編輯室：《現代漢語詞典（第5版）》，北京：商務印書館，2005年，第1524頁。[8] 該解釋來自於Cambridge Dictionaries Online（http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/pilgrim）。[9] 該解釋來自於Cambridge Dictionaries Online（http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/novice）。[10] 杜文曦，徐瑛：《天機織雲錦，奇韻構佳篇——〈西遊記〉韻文探析》，江西廣播電視大學學報，2004年第2期，第31頁。[11] 連淑能：《英漢對比研究》，北京: 高等教育出版社，1993年，第176頁。[12] 鮑嘯雲：《余國藩的<西遊記>英譯本簡介》，大學英語（學術版），2013年第十卷第壹期，209頁。教學動態澳科大健康科學學院專業醫療發展中心 獲英國愛丁堡皇家外科學院授予全面技能發展認可中心資格英國愛丁堡皇家外科學院授予澳門科技大學健康科學學院專業醫療發展中心為全面技能發展認可培訓中心資格，這是英國愛丁堡皇家外科學院首次於大中華地區頒授認可資格。頒授儀式於2016年9月19日於澳門科技大學舉行。澳科大健康科學學院一直致力培育醫護專才，推動本地醫療教育事業的發展，過去數年，學院曾為近3000名本地前線醫護人員提供專業培訓。專業醫療發展中心是澳門科技大學健康科學學院轄下的專業醫療培訓中心，擁有多台高端醫學模擬系統，當中包括亞洲首台3D互動虛擬解剖儀及血管介入手術訓練模擬器、機器人外科技能和手術訓練模擬器、電腦互動式模擬生產系統、超聲波教學模擬系統、關節內視鏡手術訓練模擬器，及其他腹腔鏡/内視鏡手術模擬系統等。英國愛丁堡皇家外科學院是英國歷史最悠久、規模最大的外科專科醫生培訓機構之一，學院創建於1505年，於過去500年，一直為外科培訓範疇的先驅。時至今日，英國愛丁堡皇家外科學院已發展成一個醫療專業的國際網絡，其會員超過23000名，覆蓋100多個國家。
20第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 互助式學習對外國留學生漢語聽力理解在課堂環境下的影響韋 衛1*，高 群2（1. 澳門科技大學國際學院，澳門；2. 學而思學校，天津）摘要： 在對外漢語教學中使用互助式學習方式也已經受到了很多研究者的關注，但是在對外漢語聽力課上使用小組學習，並且對小組學習與提高聽力理解的因素之間的相關性卻很少有人研究。本文主要研究互助式學習對漢語學習者在課堂上完成聽力活動的影響。本文選取了六位在內地和臺灣的大學學習漢語的外國留學生。通過對他們對聽力課上參與互助式學習經歷的採訪分析得出不同水準的漢語學習者對互助式學習優勢的使用頻率以及在聽力課上小組學習和提高聽力理解因素之間的相關性。本次研究的結論包括：1. 互助式學習對海外漢語學習者的聽力理解是有積極影響的；2. 互動式學習的優勢對不同語言水平的學習者的影響不一樣。具體說，對中級漢語水平學習者來說使用頻率較高的是重復機會和課堂參與度，對高級漢語水平學習者來說使用頻率較高的是組員貢獻。關鍵詞： 互助式學習；漢語作為第二語言教學；課堂聽力教學The Impact of CollaAorative Learning in the Foreign Students Performances in TCFL Listening ClassWei WEI1*, Qun GAO2( 1. University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau,China)( 2. TAL Education Group, Tianjin,China)AAstractt: This study investigates the extent to which different features in collaborative learning or team work on TCFL (teaching Chinese as a foreign language, thereafter) students’ listening comprehension in a classroom condition. By applying a theoretical framework drawn from previous studies on collaborative learning in the field of language education, this study interviewed six students who have been studied Chinese in both Mainland China and Taiwan. Results suggests that 1) the most frequently mentioned advantages of collaborative learning include peer learning, repetition opportunity, unity of purpose and involvement in class. 2) The impacts on different levels of language learners various enormously, for language learners with intermediate level, the most frequently reported advantage are repetition opportunity and involvement in class, as for the higher level of language learners, their reported benefit of participating in teamwork is the peer contribution; and 3) the reasons for the different rate of using collaborative learning are the different level of language learners and extent of listening contents.Keyyordst: Collaborative learning; Listening comprehension; Learning Chinese as a foreign language收稿日期：2016-08-09；修訂日期：2016-10-31。* 通訊作者：韋衛，男，博士，國際學院助理教授，主要研究方向：測試與評估，語言教學法。E-mail: wewei@must.edu.mo，Tel: 00853-88972013
29韋衛，等 互助式學習對外國留學生漢語聽力理解在課堂環境下的影響準學習者很注重組員間的學習，因為他們更希望從小組其他成員中學習到聽聽力的方法，來幫助自己提高聽力能力，在具有一定的漢語知識儲備了之後，學習者會希望小組成員對共同完成的任務或者目標做出自己的貢獻，這就需要小組成員將自己之前學過的知識和方法和小組其他成員一起分享，小組一起學習就可以促進所有成員一起提高聽力理解能力。而且他們對組員的貢獻這項優勢使用的更多，研究者認為高級漢語水準學習者已經具備良好的知識儲備，大量的辭彙儲備以及文化知識儲備，所以對於高級漢語水準學習者在小組學習中，更多的是奉獻自己的知識，尤其是在聽力課中，可以運用之前學過的知識來幫大家解釋聽力內容，或者其他小組成員可以從另外的角度來討論聽力內容，這也就符合了“自上而下”的聽力理解模式（Vandergrift，2002）[24]。自上而下的理解模式是說在理解時，人們利用已有的語言知識和有關經驗，通過對語篇的整體把握，打動了對字、詞、句的理解，從而完成從整體到細節的演繹過程 [30]。小組成員需要熟練掌握已經學過的知識，對字、詞、句都理解了之後，才會理解聽力內容，在小組討論中可以幫助大家一起理解。所以說小組學習優勢中的“組員貢獻”可以幫助學習者提高聽力理解，對學習者中文輸出有著有利的影響。最後，關於本次研究的局限性也是不可以忽視的，這六位受訪者並不能完全代表所有的漢語學習者，而且數量較少，因此本次研究成果的代表性和應用性取決讀者是否認為這六位受訪者能代表他們所教授的漢語學習者。 之後的研究方向以及使用的定量分析研究方法將增加研究主體，並在大量數據的基礎之上再次證實本次研究中發現的在對外漢語聽力課中，小組學習法對留學生聽力理解的影響。其次，這個研究中針對的小組互助學習是基於不同國別背景漢語學習者的基礎上展開的，因此，當他們之間沒有同樣的第一語言來相互交流。這種情況顯然與另外一種情況會有明顯不同：來自同樣一個國家或者文化的學生使用小組互助學習。因此，在之後的國別化教學的研究中值得繼續探索。最後，本次研究主要調查和討論了小組互助式學習法在語言教學中的優勢，沒有討論其中有可能出現的負面影響，此部份會在以後的研究中繼續探索。參 考 文 獻[1] 王坦. 合作學習的理念與實施. 北京：中國人事出版社. 2002.[2] 劉珣. 對外漢語教育引論. 北京：北京語言大學出版社. 2011.[3] Deutsch, M. (1962). Cooperation and trust: Some theoretical notes. In M. R. Jones (Ed.): Nebraska symposium on motivation (pp. 275-319). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. [4] Johnson, D. W. & Johnson, R. T. (1999). Making cooperative learning work. Theory into practice, 38：67-73. [5] Slavin, R. E. (1995). Cooperative learning: Theory, research, and practice. London: Pearson.[6] Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., & Holubec, E. J. (1993). Circles of Learning (4th Ed). Edina, MN: Interaction Book Company. [7] Gerlach, J. M. (1994). "Is this collaboration?" In Bosworth, K. and Hamilton, S. J. (Eds.), Collaborative Learning: Underlying Processes and Effective Techniques, New Directions for Teaching and Learning No. 59.[8] Vermette, P. (1998). Making Cooperative Learning Work. New Jersey: Merrill.[9] Alghamdi, R. & Gillies, R. (2013). The Impact of Cooperative Learning in Comparison to Traditional Learning (Small Groups) on EFL Learners’ Outcomes When Learning English as a Foreign Language. Asian Social Science, 9 (13), 19-27. [10] Sertel, A. (2015). The effect of cooperative learning on students’ achievement and views on the science and technology course. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 7(3): 451-468. [11] Alghamdi, R. (2014). EFL learners’ verbal interaction during cooperative learning and traditional learning (small groups). Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 5 (1): 21-27. [12] Han, M. (2015). An empirical study on the application of cooperative learning to English listening classes. English Language Teaching, 8 (3): 177-184.[13] Zhang Yurui. 2007 Cooperative Learning and College English Listening teaching. MA thesis. Shanghai International Studies University.[14] Jiang Yinjian. (2010). Students' Attitudes and Understandings towards Group Learning: An Examination for Language Learning, Proceedings of 2010 Third International Conference on Education Technology and Training, Vol.2. [15] Hulstijn, J. H. (2003). Connectionist models of language processing and the training of listening skills with the aid of multimedia software. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 16: 413–425. [16] Vandergrift, L. (2002). It was nice to see that our predictions were right: developing metacognition in L2 listening comprehension. The Canadian Modern Language Review, 58: 555–575. [17] Mareschal, C. (2007). Student Perceptions of A Self-regulatory Approach to Second Language Listening Comprehension
30Development. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Ottawa. [18] Buck, G. (1995). How to become a good listening teacher. In D. Mendelsohn & J. Rubin (ed.), A guide for the teaching of second language listening (pp. 113-128). San Diego, CA: Dominie Press.[19] Goh, C. (2002). Exploring listening comprehension tactics and their interaction patterns. System, 30: 185–206. [20] Field, J. (2007). Listening in the Language Classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.[21] Jensen, E. D. & T. Vinther. (2003). Exact repetition as input enhancement in second language acquisition. Language Learning, 53: 373–428. [22] Kiany, G. R. & E. Shiramiry. (2002). The effect of frequent dictation on the listening comprehension ability of elementary EFL learners. TESL Canada Journal, 20: 57–63. [23] Berne, J. E. (2004). Listening comprehension strategies: A review of the literature. Foreign Language Annals, 37 (4), 521– 531.[24] Zhang & Goh. (2006). Strategy knowledge and perceived strategy use: Singaporean students’ awareness of listening and speaking strategies. Language Awareness, 15 (3), 199- 219.[25] Long, D. R. (1990). What you don’t know can’t help you. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 12: 65–80. [26] Chiang, J. & P. Dunkel. (1992). The effect of speech modification, prior knowledge and listening proficiency on EFL lecture learning. TESOL Quarterly 26: 345–374. [27] Elkhafaifi, H. (2005). Listening comprehension and anxiety in the Arabic language classroom. The Modern Language Journal. 89: 206–220.[28] Krashen, S. 2003 Explorations in Language Acquisition and Use: The Taipai lectures, Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.[29] Swain, M. and Lapkin, S. (1995). Problems in output and the cogni-tive processes they generate: A step towards second language learn-ing. Applied Linguistics 16: 371-391.[30] 翟豔，蘇英霞 . 漢語作為第二語言技能教學. 北京：北京大學出版社. 2010.科研進展澳科大首辦研究成果轉讓洽談會三地企業雲集30個項目簽約由澳門科學技術發展基金、澳門基金會、中國銀行澳門分行贊助，澳門科技大學主辦的首屆“澳門科技大學研究成果轉讓洽談會”於2016年10月17日至18日在澳科大N座101禮堂舉行。 本次洽談會旨在展示澳科大的創新研究技術和成果，并將研究成果與企業對接，促進研究成果產業化和企業產品的優化升級，推動經濟發展。來自中國內地、澳門、香港三地逾80家企業共150多人出席了洽談會，30個項目現場簽約。洽談會以生命科技、資訊科技與文創為主題舉行了4場專題推介會，共110多個發明專利和藝術設計、創新金融等項目進行了介紹。月球與行星科學實驗室學術委員會第三次會議澳科大召開2016年10月25日，澳門科技大學月球與行星科學實驗室——中國科學院月球與深空探測重點實驗室夥伴實驗室的首屆學術委員會召開第三次會議，就實驗室的學術研究方向、科研進展和人才培養等方面進行了深入討論。會議由学术委员会主任、中國科學院院士歐陽自遠先生主持。在中國科學院及相關研究所的幫助下、澳門科技發展基金的資助和支持下，以及學術委員會的指導下，經過短短兩年，實驗室的建設和研究工作取得長足進步。在剛剛頒發的2016年度澳門科學技術獎勵中，月球與行星科學實驗室申報的“嫦娥工程多波段探月資料的科學發現”項目就榮獲了自然科學一等獎，這不僅是實驗室發展的新里程碑，也是對實驗室積極開展科學研究和科技創新的肯定和鼓勵。實驗室掛牌後，不僅制定了循序漸進的發展規劃，研究領域也從月球擴展到火星、木星、土星並向水星、金星開拓，為推進澳門科技創新和科學普及作出了重要貢獻。實驗室視科研隊伍建設為首要任務，廣聘國內外知名專家作為學科帶頭人引領青年學者的研究工作；多項研究項目進展順利，本年度內已發表SCI論文近30篇；大力推進國內外學術交流及合作，包括與美国UCLA的地球、行星與太空科學系簽訂了為期三年的交流合作協議（iPLEX Fellows Program）；組織了一系列的學術研討會和研修班，設立開放課題吸引國內外研究人員；加強與相關研究單位的聯繫，擴大影響；舉辦科普展覽和講座，走進澳門中學和社區，向澳門青少年及大眾宣傳太空科普知識，取得了良好的社會效益。
31第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 澳門話劇敘事話語的嬗變與演進鄭應峰（澳門科技大學國際學院，澳門）摘要： 本文從考察澳門話劇的敘事方式出發，發現澳門話劇經歷了三次重大改變。首先是敘事的主體性確認，這主要是在抗日戰爭和太平洋戰爭期間完成的。第二次是戰爭結束之後，話劇敘事面臨著市民社會倫理架設和重構的問題。這一階段，宗教意識、市民生活、政治意識形態並存，再一次彰顯的民族意識變體的政治宏大敘事遮斷了市民敘事方式的進程，但也促使了澳門話劇對於本土敘事的準備，即確立文化身份認知和市民精神形態的個體倫理出發點。進入上世紀七十年代中期，澳門話劇完成了本土敘事的架設並日益充分和成熟。本土敘事包含著否定與自我否定的張力，這意味著澳門話劇將在對立統一中繼續發展，敘事蘊含著未來新的可能。關鍵詞： 敘事話語； 澳門話劇； 文化身份； 倫理Evolution of Macau Drama NarrationYingfeng ZHENG( University International College, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: The article starts with reviewing the narrative ways of Macau drama, found Macau drama experienced three major changes . The first is the narrative subjectivity confirmation level . This is mainly during the Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War finished . The second time was after the war , drama narrative ethics erected facing civil society and reconstruction issues. This phase of religious consciousness , the public life, political ideologies coexist , again highlighting the political grand narratives of national consciousness variants interrupted the narrative mode of public process , but also contributed to Macau for local drama narrative preparations , namely, Benedict individual ethical stand point of departure for cultural identity and awareness of public spirit form . Into the mid- 1970s , a local Macau drama complete narrative erection and increasingly full and mature. Local narrative contains denial and self-denial of tension , which means that drama of Macau will continue to develop in the unity of opposites , the narrative contains new possibilities for the future.Keyyordst: Narrative discourse ; Macau drama ; Cultural identity ; Ethics收稿日期：2016-08-23；修訂日期：2016-11-18。* 通訊作者：鄭應峰，男，文學博士，國際學院助理教授，主要研究方向為戲劇。E-mail：yfzheng@must.edu.mo，Tel：00853-889723660 引言從敘事規模的角度而論，澳門現代話劇的敘事話語並非一開始就具充分的自主性，它的誕生始於中國內地話劇的流播，發端于上個世紀三十年代，和中國人的救亡圖存運動相關。早期的澳門話劇，更多是站在民族的角度講述故事，而其設定的隱含觀眾則是中華民族，作為澳門市民的獨一性被無形掩蓋或者是弱化了。澳門話劇的敘事正是從這樣的環境開始的，並在民族文化系統中獲得了來自“他者”的自主性。太平洋戰爭結
39鄭應峰 澳門話劇敘事話語的嬗變與演進卻以其強大的敘事慾望超越了兩次宏大的集體敘事，前一次是戰爭年代，另一次是五六十年代的政治意識形態敘事。最終，本土意識敘事在七十年代中期脫穎而出，呼應著五六十年代被宏大敘事掩蓋的市民意識。然而，本土敘事本身又蘊含著自我否定的裂變，追崇理想和現實批判成為澳門話劇當代敘事的兩端，在對待西方翻譯劇的層面上，融合了對於世界和人的思考，形成本土與“他者”的敘事張力，蘊含著話劇敘事模式的未來可能性。參 考 文 獻[1] 袁聯波. 戲劇演出史上的幻覺性與劇場性觀念. 藝術百家，2003，74（4）：1-5.[2] 田本相，鄭煒明（主編）. 澳門戲劇史稿. 南京：江蘇教育出版社，1999.[3] 鄭煒明. 澳門文學史. 濟南：齊魯書社，2012.[4] 劉登翰（主編）. 澳門文學概觀. 廈門：鷺江出版社，1998.[5] 文文. 前鋒劇社及其他——三十年代澳門抗日話劇史話//中國戲劇家協會廣東分會、廣東話劇研究會.廣東話劇運動史料集•第二集.1986：219-221.[6] 文文. 前鋒劇社及其他——三十年代澳門抗日話劇史話//中國戲劇家協會廣東分會、廣東話劇研究會. 廣東話劇運動史料集•第二集.1986：219-221.[7] [德]哈貝馬斯（Jürgen Habermas）著. 童世駿譯. 在事實與規範之間——關於法律和民主法治國的商談理論. 北京：生活·讀書·新知三聯書店，2003.[8] 劉禾. 跨語際實踐. 北京：生活·讀書·新知三聯書店，2008.[9] [美]威廉·A·哈維蘭，翟鐵鵬，張鈺譯. 文化人類學.上海：上海社會科學院，2006.[10] [美]Robert H. Frank, Ben S. Bernanke，李明志（等）譯. Principles of Microeconomics. 北京：清華大學出版社，2010.[11] 田本相，鄭煒明（主編）. 澳門戲劇史稿. 南京：江蘇教育出版社，1999. [12] 田本相，鄭煒明（主編）. 澳門戲劇史稿. 南京：江蘇教育出版社，1999. [13] [ 美 ] R o b e r t C . A l l e n ， 牟 嶺 譯 . C h a n n e l s o f D i s c o u r s e Reassembled——Television and Contemporary Criticism. 北京：北京大學出版社，2008.[14] [英]Neil Smith，田啟林，馬軍軍，蔡激浪譯. Chomsky:Ideas and Ideals. 北京：中國人民大學出版社，2015.[15] [美]A. James McAdams，曹磊譯. The Crisis of Modern Times: Perspectives from the Review of Politics, 1939-1962. 北京：新星出版社，2012.[16] [法]Maurice Merleau-Ponty，姜志輝譯. SIGNES. 北京：商務印書館出版社，2008.[17] [美]Rene Wellek, Austin Warren，劉象愚邢培明、陳圣生、李哲明譯.THEORY OF LITERATURE.北京：生活·讀書·新知三聯書店，1984.[18] [瑞士]卡爾·G·榮格，王義國譯. 尋找靈魂的現代人. 北京：光明日報出版社，2007.[19] 谭国根. 主体建构政治与现代中国文学. 香港：牛津大学出版社（中国），2000.[20] 從《走佬爹秔》看翻譯劇. 澳門日報，2000.[21] 莫兆忠. 從《走佬爹秔》看翻譯劇. 澳門日報，2004.[22] 莫兆忠. 反抗絕望——《安妮法蘭日記》觀後. 澳門日報， 2009.[23] 穆凡中. 荒誕派戲劇在澳門. 澳門日報，2001.[24] 朱壽桐，楊青泉. 澳門戲劇研究的現狀與思考. 澳門日報，2012.科研進展諾貝爾得主埃爾文·內爾博士在澳科大設生物物理與中醫藥研究室 諾貝爾得主埃爾文·內爾博士在澳門科技大學成立“埃爾文·內爾博士生物物理與中醫藥研究室”，2016年12月6日在澳科大舉行成立儀式。中醫藥是一個偉大的寶藏，是數千年來人類智慧的結晶。目前，全球越來越多的學者致力於中醫藥的研究，而“埃爾文·內爾博士生物物理與中醫藥研究室”的成立將提供一個嶄新的平台，通過應用生物物理學最新技術，在心血管疾病、腦神經退化及免疫系統相關疾病等方面進行研究，並着重研究中醫藥系統中的分子和細胞結構，繼續開展中藥的質量研究和研發創新藥物。這將是中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室（澳門科技大學夥伴實驗室）的一個新的里程碑。埃爾文·內爾博士是世界著名生物物理學家、離子通道發現者，並於1991年獲得諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。2016年埃爾文·內爾博士應邀加入澳門科技大學作特聘教授，與中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室（澳門科技大學伙伴實驗室）共同推動澳門中醫藥發展，為澳門經濟適度多元可持續發展做出更大的貢獻。
40第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 Received 18 Apr. 2016; Revised 14 Jun. 2016*Corresponding Author:Zhichao SUN, PhD student of School of Business. Research Area:Macro Economics & Demographic Issues. E-mail:szc3223@126.com, Tel:0086-15019920068The Effect of Demographic Structure to China’s Investment-An Dynamic Analysis Based on Provincial Panel DataZhichao SUN*, Yu SONG( School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: With dynamic provincial panel data in the period of 1990 to 2014, this paper studies the effect of demographic structure on China’s investment in different econometric methods. The empirical results show that both young dependency ratio and old dependency ratio have caused China’s increasing investment rate. Besides, China’s investment has a strong inertia. The results are robust in different estimation methods. The paper forecasts that the high investment level will continue for a period of time and this situation will be gradually reversed with China’s demographic structure changing process in the long run.Keyyordst: Dependency ratio; Investment; Dynamic panel人口結構對中國投資的影響——基於省級面板資料的動態分析孫志超*，宋 宇（澳門科技大學商學院，澳門）摘要： 文章基於1990～2014年的中國省級面板資料，使用多種計量方法，研究了人口結構對中國社會投資的影響。實證結果顯示少兒撫養比和老年扶養比都導致了中國不斷攀升的投資率。除此之外，中國社會投資體現出很強的慣性。在用不同的計量方法和估計方法後，該結果依然穩健。文章預測未來中國的高投資仍將持續一段時間，直到長期中國人口結構隨著老齡化的加深而改變，這種情況才會發生反轉。關鍵詞： 撫養比；投資；動態面板0 Introduction Ever since 1976, China’s economic growth process has been accompanied by a high investment rate. China Statistical Yearbook shows that the average fixed asset investment rate in China is 28.6% during the year 1978-1991. After 1992, the number began to increase largely. When it came to 2015, the average fixed asset investment rate was as large as 81.5%, which is not only larger than the number in the western developed countries, but also far exceeds the average fixed asset investment rate in Japan, Korea, Singapore and other southern east countries in their rapid growth period. China’s economic growth driven by high investment is highly controversial. On the one hand, the high investment in the process of urbanization will transfer a large number of rural
41Zhichao SUN, et al The Effect of Demographic Structure to China’s Investment-An Dynamic Analysis Based on Provincial Panel Datalabors to urban, create substantial jobs, and promote the rapid economic growth, greatly improving the welfare of the whole society. On the other hand, China’s extensive high investment also brings many negative effects, such as low investment efficiency leads to environmental pollution, resource shortages, overcapacity, bad debts of banks and so on, increasing long-term macroeconomic costs of investment.China’s high investment-high growth process is the labor transfer process of demographic dividend, but it’s also the process of industrialization and urbanization in economic transformation. The existing researches from the perspective of rural labor transfer, industrialization, urbanization, explain the phenomenon of high investment in China. There is a large demand for building materials and machinery products in the process of rural surplus labor transferred to urban, which makes the high capital formation [1-2]. Due to the scarcity of public capital and private capital, enterprises are competing for the public capital and expanding the private capital investment which caused over investment [3]. Credit preference has an important influence on the structure of economic growth, and the main reason for present low consumption and high investment is the relatively lower development level of consumption credit in China [4].Demographic dividend brought about by demographic structure change may be an important factor leading to high investment. Partly, the demographic dividend causes the high growth- high savings while holding down the interest rate to provide sufficient funds for investment; but also a large number of working age population provide adequate and cheap labor. From Figure 1 and Figure 2, it can be seen that the demographic structure has a strong synergy with the fixed assets investment rate, and the young dependency ratio is negatively related to the fixed assets investment rate, while the old dependency ratio is positively related to the fixed assets investment rate. The above empirical evidence provides preliminary evidence for the impact of demographic structure on fixed asset investment. According to the United Nations’ forecast of population in 2015[5], China’s population growth will enter a downward path after 2015. After 2020, the population aged 60 years and over will reach 250 million. China will become the society coexistence of more elderly and less children, and the demographic dividend will become demographic debt. The study of impact mechanism of demographic structure in the disappearing process of demographic dividend to the investment and its future trend, can not only enrich the existing theoretical researches, but also provide a reference for the government to formulate long-term population and economic policies.Figure 1 Trend Chart of Fixed Asset Investment Rate and Young Dependency RatioFigure 2 Trend Chart of Fixed Asset Investment Rate and Old Dependency Ratio1 Literature RevieyThe demographic structure influences the investment level through the fund supply, interest rate, labor supply and so on. At present, there are a few studies on the effect of demographic structure on the investment level. This part reviews the relevant
42literature, systematically analyzes the impact of demographic structure on the investment, and lays a theoretical foundation for the following empirical model.Empirical studies believe that demographic structure has great influence on investment. Some scholars argued that demographic structure change caused by population aging reduced the investment. Cutler et al (1990) found that the slow increase of population caused reduced investment proportion of factories, instruments and houses in national product. Smaller scale of labor not only reduced the instruments investment for new workers but also eliminated the house investment for new families, which led to the total investment go down with the population aging [6]. With the same, Disney (1996) made a study about the relationship between dependency ratios and fixed asset increase in 24 OECD countries of 1977-1992. He found that there lay an important negative correlation between the two variables. Although age-investment curve and age-savings curve looked similar, they had different characteristics of shapes [7]. Higgins and Williamson (1997) adopted the old dependency ratio and young dependency ratio to make analysis on the impacts of age structure to savings and investment [8]. The study showed that the investment demand had close connection with the young people’s share, which is related to the labor increase; while savings supply had close connection with adults’ share, which is related to the retirement need. The population gravity of investment happened at the earlier period compared with the savings supply. After that, Higgins (1998) based on the time series data of 100 countries, made the statistical analysis to the age distribution, the savings rate and the investment rate. He noticed that the peak effect of investment happened in the group aged 15-24, while the peak effect of savings happened in the group aged 30-45, which is consistent with Higgins and Williamson (1997)’s conclusion. The peak effect of age to investment happened at the younger period compared with the savings. Besides, Higgins (1998) divided countries into the closed economics and open economics. He found that there existed statistical differences between two economics at the age, savings and investment. The closed economics had much lower significance coefficients with the open economics [9]. At the same time, Bloom and Williamson (1997) introduced the population variable into the economic growth model and made analysis on the data of 78 countries in Asia of 1965-1990. They found that the demographic dividend brought about 8.8% increase of the investment. But, there were still some empirical studies different from the neoclassic growth model’s expectation [10]. Fair and Dominguez (1991) used the American data in 1954-1988 and analyzed the effect of age distribution to real estate investment and durable goods. They found that the share of group aged below 20 and above 55 had positive effect to these two investments, while the share of group aged 20-55 showed the negative effect to these two investments [11].Why t he i nves tmen t dec l i ne s w i th t he demographic structure change in terms of the population aging? The empirical studies also made relative analyses. Blommestein (1998) believed that the decline of labor and the increase of share of capital and labor prevented the rise of investment return rate, and caused the domestic investment to decline [12]. Different with Blommestein (1998), Turner et al. (1998) from the global angel believed that in the context of global population aging, the decline of savings was much bigger than the decline of investment, so that the real interest rate would rise and caused the global investment to go down furtherly [13].The high savings caused by the demographic structure change provide sufficient capital for investment. Li (2005,2007), et al. found that the age structure change of the population increased the number of working age population; in the case of increasing the labor participation rate, it improved the total population income, resulting in the increase of the savings rate [14-15]. While the increasing proportion of young working population makes the marginal propensity to consume go down, which further improves the level of savings. In an open economy, domestic savings can be expressed as a
43Zhichao SUN, et al The Effect of Demographic Structure to China’s Investment-An Dynamic Analysis Based on Provincial Panel Datasum of investment and net exports: S = I + (M - X). As a result, the improvement of the level of economic savings is bound to bring the rise of investment rate. In addition, the inadequate consumption is also contributed to the investment dependence and over investment. The high savings rate caused by the demographic dividend has lowered the interest rate, which greatly reduce the investment cost. Yin (2006) believed that the process of industrialization and urbanization in China met the employment needs of a large number of working age population, so that China could maintain a high long-term savings rate. In the case of high investment and the higher savings, the equilibrium interest rate in the economy will be at a low level [16]. Using the panel data from 1989 to 2006, Wang (2009) found that the demographic structure is an important factor for the high savings and low interest rate in China [17]. Long term low interest rates directly reduce the cost of investment, which plays an active role in improving the investment returns and the investment rate.The increased proportion of the working age population provides a large amount of low cost labor. Wang (2009) found that a wealth of labor resources lowered the price level of labor by improving the rate of return on investment and promote investment growth. The high growth brought about by high investment employed the working age population, so that the savings rate rose further to provide more funds for the investment, and create conditions for the increase of the investment. Therefore, the age structure of the population contributed to the mutual reinforcement among the high savings, high investment, and high growth [18]. In addition, high investment provided a lot of jobs, and has played a positive role in expanding employment and maintaining social stability. Xu (2006) analyzed Chinese investment to total employment and tertiary industries’ employment with Panel Vector Auto Regression Model, and he found that both public investment and nonpublic investment can promote the growth of employment, but the latter has a greater role of promoting the employment [19].The con t inuous ly dec l in ing popula t ion natural growth rate in China may lead to a decline of investment in the future. Zhang, Xia (2012) investigated the dynamic impact effect of China’s demographic structure change on demand structure, and they found the continuously declining population natural growth rate in China and the population distribution changes in urban and rural may lead to a decline of the ratio of consumption and investment, and they may lead to the imbalance demand structure of “high investment rate, low consumption rate” as well [20]. By using panel data of prefecture-level cities from 2004 to 2009, Xu’s (2012) empirical results by labor market equilibrium and comparative static analysis show that the effect of investment on wage’s increase is increasing, whereas that on output and employment effects is decreasing. Therefore wage rising significantly inhibits foreign direct investment. Under the dual pressure from home and abroad, China’s continuing to implement the investment- driven growth is not a wise choice [21]. Cai (2015) believed that 2015 and 2016 are likely to be a bottoming period of China’s economy from rapid growth to the medium growth. Previous Chinese economic high growth was mainly rely on high investment, infrastructure, real estate and business manufacturing investment which can be used to explain about 85% changes of the total investment. Manufacturing investment directly depends on infrastructure, real estate investment and export growth, so the investment will be in the bottoming period, and current infrastructure investment must get dividend through the reform [22].In summary, the existing domestic literature mainly made indirect analysis or quali tat ive description of the relationship between demographic structure and investment in China. There are few researches on the quantitative analysis of the relationship between the two. In this paper, the effect of demographic structure on the investment is studied by using econometric methodologies with provincial panel data from 1990 to 2014.
442 Model Specification and Descriptive Statistics of DataSince 1970s, China has implemented a family planning policy which promotes the rapid process of demographic structure change. The data of China Statistical Yearbook shows that from 1990 to 2014, China’s youth dependency ratio dropped from 42.1% to 22.5%, while the old dependency ratio rose slowly from 8.8% to 13.7%. At the same time, China’s fixed asset investment rate rose from 24.2% to 81.5%. The rapid rise in investment levels made the high savings of the demographic dividend into production capital, and greatly promoted economic growth. This part selects the relevant variables to estimate the dynamic panel model, and quantify the impact of demographic structure on investment based on the qualitative analysis of the relationship between demographic structure and investment, 2.1 Model SpecificationThis paper selects the reduced-form approach measurement model. Compared with the structural model, this measurement model needs no specific assumptions and environments required. In addition, due to the duration time of fixed investment is long, there may be more inertia than the other variables, and investment data also show a strong continuity. Therefore, the first-order lagged fixed asset investment rate in the model is used as an explanatory variable, and is identified by the dynamic panel. The model of this paper is proposed as follows: IRit = βLIR IRit-1 + βDEPDEPit + βCVCVit + μi + εit (1)IRit Represents for the fixed asset investment rate; DEPit Represents for the dependency ratio; CVit Represents for the control variable. The subscript t is for time, subscript i for individual effects, εit for the random perturbation, μi for the individual effect, βLIR, βDEP, βCV for regression coefficients corresponding to variables.2.2 Description Statistics of DataIn this paper, the following indicators are studied. (1) Fixed asset investment ratio (ir), is the proportion of fixed asset investment accounted for GDP, a measure of contribution of the investment in China’s economic growth. (2) The demographic structure variables are selected from the (young) and the elderly dependency ratio (old), respectively, which indicate that the proportion of the young population over the working population and the elderly population over the working age population. (3) per capita GDP (pergdp) is used to indicate the level of economic growth. (4) The growth rate of per capita GDP (grpergdp) reflects the influence of economic growth rate on investment. (5) The proportion of industry product accounted for GDP (ind), reflects the effect of changes in industrial structure on fixed assets investment. (6) The proportion of government fiscal expenditure accounted for GDP (gov), reflects the impact of government spending on fixed assets investment. (7) The proportion of foreign direct investment accounted for the GDP (fdi), reflects the influence of foreign direct investment on fixed assets investment. (8) The ratio of urban income and rural income (incomeratio), expressed by the rate of disposable household per capita GDP of urban residents and net income per capita of rural residents, reflects the income inequality. (9) The real loan interest rate (rint), makes the use of the one-year loan rate minus the inflation rate, reflecting the cost of capital investment. (10) The consumer price index (cpi) reflects the influence of price level changes. In order to further compare the relationship between area dependency ratio and fixed assets investment rate, the various provinces and cities are divided into East, Middle and West three regions according to the division of economic regions in China.This paper uses panel analysis of 30 provinces and cities in mainland China, and due to the lack of dependency ratio data in the regions, the sample period of this paper is from 1990 to 2014. Table 1 shows the variables’ definitions. Figure 3 and Figure 4 show the descriptive statistics of data. Fixed asset investment rate, per capita income, per capita growth rate of GDP, the proportion of industry product accounted for GDP, the proportion of government expenditure accounted for GDP, the proportion of
45Zhichao SUN, et al The Effect of Demographic Structure to China’s Investment-An Dynamic Analysis Based on Provincial Panel Dataforeign direct investment accounted for GDP, the rate of urbanization, income ratio of urban and rural and the consumer price index are calculated based on China Compendium of Statistics and China statistical Yearbook from 2010 to 2014. Nominal interest rates are weighted by the average annual loan interest rate of one-year period; the weight is the proportion of days that loan interest rate applies in the year; the actual interest rate is the nominal interest rate minus the consumer price index. The young dependency ratio and the old dependency ratio data sourced from Basic Data of China Population Since 1990 and China statistical Yearbook of 2003-2014.050100Fixed Asset Investment Rate5 10 15 20 25Old Dependency Ratioir Fitted valuesFig. 3 Scatter Graph of Fixed Asset Investment Rate and Old Dependency Ratio050100Fixed Asset Investment Rate10 20 30 40 50 60Young Dependency Ratioir Fitted valuesFig. 4 Scatter Graph of Fixed Asset Investment Rate and Young Dependency Ratio3 Estimation Methods and ResultsIn this paper, a dynamic panel GMM method is used to estimate the effect of demographic structure to investment. As the first-order lagged explained variable is used as explanatory variable, the individual effects may be related to the disturbance terms. In addition, there may be a correlation between the features that can’t be observed (economic development level, resource and cultural differences, etc.) and the explanatory variables (dependency ratio). In applied econometrics, endogeneity usually arises in three ways: omitted variables, measurement error, and Table 1 Definitions and descriptive statistics of variablesVariables Abbreviation obs Mean Std.Dev Min MaxFixed Asset Investment Rate ir 750 45.02 18.93 6 111.26Young Dependency Ratio young 750 32.09 10.68 9.65 59.30Old Dependency Ratio old 750 10.77 2.57 4.97 21.88GDP per capita pergdp 750 16.29 19.55 0.80 152.33Growth Rate of GDP per capita grpergdp 750 15.46 7.48 -6.61 50.68Industry Product/GDP ind 750 37.21 10.10 0 60.107Government Expenditure/GDP gov 750 17.42 13.92 0 129.144FDI/GDP fdi 750 3.34 3.63 0 24.30Income Ratio of Urban and Rural areas incomeratio 750 2.85 0.73 1.24 5.16Real interest rint 750 2.95 4.87 -16.06 14.38CPI cpi 750 4.92 6.28 -3.20 28.30East Dummy Variable east 750 0.30 0.46 0 1Middle Dummy Variable middle 750 0.36 0.48 0 1
46simultaneity (Wooldridge, 2010). These endogenous problems may result in the deviation of the estimation results, and dynamic panel GMM method helps to solve the above problem.Arellano et al (1991) proposed a difference GMM estimation method for the dynamic panel. The advantage of this method is controlling the non-observable individual effects or time effects by means of difference or instrumental variables, and using the explanatory variable and the lag phase of the explained variable to be interpreted as instrumental variables to overcome the endogenous problem. The difference to equation (1) in this paper referred to Arellano et al (1991) is to eliminate the specific individual effect and to obtain an estimate equation of the lagged terms of the explanatory variable as follows [23]: (2)In order to overcome the endogeneity of explanatory variables in equation (2), the correlation between residual difference (ε i t-ε i t-1) and lag explanatory variable (IRit-1-IRit-2), the difference GMM estimation gives the following instrumental variables set though the following moment conditions [24]: E[(εit-εit-1)εit-s] = 0 s ≥ 2, t = 3,…T (3) E[(εit-εit-1)DEPit-s] = 0 s ≥ 2, t = 3,…T (4) E[(εit-εit-1)IRit-s] = 0 s ≥2, t = 3,…T (5)There are two defects in differential GMM estimation: one is that the loss of sample information after differential transformation; the other is that the lag term of the horizontal value is often a weak instrumental variable. The System GMM estimation method proposed by Arellano has overcome the above shortcomings in a certain degree [24-25]. In System GMM estimation, the lag term of differential variable is used as an instrumental variable in order to increase the number of instrumental variable. In the process of estimating, the level and difference equations are used at the same time. The newly added level equations instrumental variables of system GMM estimation are as follows [25]: E[(εit-1-εit-2)(μi+εit)] = 0 (6) E[(DEPit-DEPit-1)(μi+εit)] = 0 (7)In order to ensure the validity of the regression results, the rationality of the model and the validity of the instruments must be tested. The Sargan test is used to examine the overall effectiveness of the instruments, the Difference-in-Sargan test is used to examine the new instruments, Arellano-Bond AR (1) and Arellano-Bond AR (2) are used to examine whether there is a sequence of random perturbations.In this paper, the generalized moment method is used to estimate the equation. As a control, the results of the OLS estimation and dynamic panel difference GMM estimation are presented, as shown in Table 2. The following treatment of instruments have been made: because of the basic national policy of family planning and strict implementation, the dependency ratios are taken as exogenous variables, and the rest of the variables as weak exogenous variables with their lagging values as their own instruments. The P-values of Sargan Test and Difference-in-Sargan tests are close to 1, which means that the instruments set is effective. The AR (1) and AR (2) test results show that the error term after the differential conversion has only first-order serial correlation, no second-order serial correlation. The hypothesis of no serial correlation of residuals suggests that the setting of dynamic regression model is reasonable. In addition, the P value of the Wald test showed that the whole model is very significant.In Table 2, the results show that the coefficient of 1 lag phase of fixed asset investment rate is 0.94, and it is significant, which shows that the inertia of fixed asset investment in China is very stable. In 2015 China’s fixed asset investment rate is of 81.5% and a large proportion of that are the fixed asset of the infrastructure, real estate, machinery and equipment which have the long cycle and inertia. In the case of China’s current inadequate consumption and export, it can be speculated that higher fixed asset investment rate will continue for some time. The demographic structure variables of the old dependency ratio and the young dependency ratio are both significant. The effect of young dependency
47Zhichao SUN, et al The Effect of Demographic Structure to China’s Investment-An Dynamic Analysis Based on Provincial Panel Dataratio on fixed assets investment rate is significantly negative, which is consistent with the conclusion of the theoretical analysis. It shows that the reduction of the number of children significantly reduced the family support, and the family can carry out more savings and investment. The regression coefficient of the old dependency ratio and the fixed asset investment rate is significantly positive. A reasonable explanation is that China is still in the initial stage of population aging, the life expectancy extension means that life will be longer after the retirement, and if living standards keep no drop or even improve, it is necessary to increase the savings and investment; or because the pension system is not perfect, the young people expect the lives after retirement of lower income and then increase savings and investment. In addition, the rise in the savings rate brought about by the demographic structure change provides enough funds for investment. From the number of relations, the young dependency ratio decreases 1% will bring a rise of 0.11% to fixed asset investment rate, while the old dependency ratio raise 1% will bring about a rise TaAle 2 Dynamic Panel Estimation and RoAustness TestVariablesModel 1 Model 2OLS Diff-GMM SYS-GMM OLS Diff-GMM SYS-GMMIr_10.998***(68.17)0.959***(41.69)0.981***(48.58)0.959***(54.41)0.908***(30.58)0.941***(36.76)young-0.039(-1.45)-0.110***(-2.19)-0.073*** (-2.16)-0.104***(-2.66)-0.172*(-1.92)-0.110***(-2.08)old0.225***(2.11)0.555***(2.60)0.411***(3.21)0.277***(2.40)0.919***(3.92)0.357***(2.23)pergdp-0.023(-1.35)0.031(1.23)0.022(0.94)grpergdp-0.060(-1.38)-0.059(-1.25)-0.048(-1.01)ind0.072***(2.42)0.111(1.39)0.111*(1.77)gov0.098***(4.02)0.253***(4.82)0.173 ***(4.15)fdi-0.053(-0.69)-0.067(-0.44)-0.073(-0.55)incomeratio-0.050(-0.11)0.126(0.11)0.047(0.05)rint-0.696***(-4.14)-0.514***(-2.59)-0.593***(-3.08)cpi-0.506***(-3.86)-0.348***(-2.09)-0.444***(-2.87)east-1.746***(-3.23)-5.565***(-3.76)-1.039 (-1.64)-7.760***(-3.45)middle 0.789 (1.33)0.414(0.22)0.421(0.65)-8.506***(-2.54)cons1.675(0.91)2.933(1.35)2.550(0.90)0.169(0.04)obs 690 690 690 690 690 690Wald Test 0 0 0 0 0 0Sargan Test 0.137 0.157Difference-in-Sargan 0.168 0.242AR(1) Test 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000AR(2) Test 0.236 0.144 0.221 0.224
48of 0.36% in fixed asset investment rate. From 1990 to 2014, the young dependency ratio has dropped by nearly 20 percentage points, while the old dependency ratio increased by nearly 5 percentage points. The coefficient of per capita GDP growth rate is negative, reflects that in the background of economic slowdown, the government continues to adopt the way of raising the level of investment to stimulate economic growth. Unfortunately, due to the over industrialization, the capital output ratio is increasing, and the TFP has a declining trend. In such a situation, it can only rely on a higher investment rate to maintain economic growth. In 1980s, an average fixed asset investment rate of 25.9% can achieve more than 10% of the economic growth; in 2000 the fixed asset investment rate of 33.2% makes GDP an increase of 8.4%. And in 2015 the economic growth of 6.9% need fixed assets investment rate raises to 81.5%. The coefficient of proportion of industry accounts for GDP is positive and significant, which explains that a large number of equipment of the industrialization promote the fixed assets investment. The coefficient of government expenditure is positive and significant, which shows that government investment is an important factor in the rise of fixed assets investment. Increased government investment is an effective means of promoting domestic demand and stimulating economic recovery in the economic recession. As China started a large-scale water conservancy and transportation infrastructure construction projects in 1998 during the Asian financial crisis, implemented the four trillion investment plans in 2008 after the subprime mortgage crisis, effectively achieve macroeconomic recovery under insufficient external demand.The ratio of urban income and rural income coefficient is positive, which shows that the gap between rich and poor leads to the concentration of wealth to minority. The marginal propensity to consume of the rich is low, because they put more wealth for investment in order to resist inflation and to increase the value, which contributed to the status of low consumption and high investment. The coefficient of CPI is significantly negative to the investment, and the possible reason is that with the increase of CPI, the prices of raw materials, resources, agricultural products and so on have a rising trend which reduces the investment.The coefficient of the loan interest rate is significantly negative, which shows that the investment cost is one of the decisive factors of the investment. The decline of the loan interest rate can simulate more investment. But when many bank loans are invested in fixed assets of infrastructure and real estate, it will increase the proportion of long-term loans and project loans. In the case of the bank cannot transfer risk through asset securitization and other technical means, the ultimate risk of investment will be passed on to commercial banks, increasing the financial and economic system risks. As for other variables, the per capita GDP has no significant effect on the fixed asset investment rate, which shows that the fixed assets investment rate in developed regions is not higher than other regions. In addition, the coefficient of foreign direct investment to fixed asset investment level is not significant. Through the dynamic panel’s basic identification and control of potential factors, the demographic structure is an important factor affecting the level of fixed assets investment in China. After adding control variables, the coefficient change of initial concern variables is small. The symbols are the same with the formers’. The above results suggest that the effect result of demographic structure on the investment is robust.4 Conclusions In this paper, the effect of demographic structure (young dependency ratio and old dependency ratio) on the fixed assets investment is investigated by using the panel data from 1990 to 2014 in China. The empirical results show that the decrease of the young dependency ratio and the rise of the old dependency ratio are the demographic structure factors which cause the fixed asset investment keep increasing in China. In addition, the first-order lagged fixed assets investment rate has a significant positive effect on the
49Zhichao SUN, et al The Effect of Demographic Structure to China’s Investment-An Dynamic Analysis Based on Provincial Panel Datacurrent fixed assets investment rate, which indicates that China’s fixed assets investment has a very strong inertia. After using different measurement techniques and methods, the results are still robust.The family planning policy implemented in China in 1970s and the aging of the population are the direct causes of the rapid decline in young dependency ratio and the rise of the old dependency ratio. In this case, the reduced number of children eliminates the burden of the family support and reduces the consumption of household, increases savings and investment. In addition, China is currently in the initial stage of population aging, the burden of supporting the elderly is relatively smaller. The average life expectancy is longer means that the retirement lives will be longer. Middle-aged people will reduce consumption and increase savings and investment to ensure that the level of life after retirement will not fall. Demographic structure change provides a large amount of capital investment of low cost. However, China’s future demographic structure will develop rapidly: at the same time of the young dependency ratio remains stable, the old dependency ratio increases rapidly. This change has a profound impact on the fixed assets investment rate. On the one hand, the driving force of the increase in the fixed assets investment will weaken or even disappear; on the other hand, with the aging society, the high cost of health care will increase consumption, reduce the savings and investment. In the long run, the demographic structure will lead to the decrease of the fixed assets investment in China. However, the demographic structure change is a slow process, and the current situation of high investment in China will continue for a period of time.References [1] Economic Growth Frontier Subject Team. High growth of investment, macro cost and the sustainability of economic growth. Economic Research Journal 2005, 10, 12-23.[2] Li Y.; Yao Z. The Study on the high investment rate in China. International Economic Review 2004, 5, 39-43.[3] Economic Growth Frontier Subject Team. The supply effects of fiscal policy and economic development. Economic Research Journal 2004, 9, 4-17.[4] Tang X.; Ren B. Credit preference, the economic growth structure of China’s low consumption and high investment: based on comparative analysis of China-US data. Economic Review 2009, 2, 1-4.[5] United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 2015 Revision of World Population Prospects. http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/.[6] Culter, D; J.Poterba; L. Sheiner; L.Summers. 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50第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 博物館解說媒體的資訊豐富度—解說效果—參觀體驗關係鏈研究：以澳門大賽車博物館為例唐 娟*，王天辰（澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院，澳門）摘要： 解說服務是當前博物館旅遊管理的關鍵環節之一。隨著數位化與博物館展示的融合，數位化的技術研究成果也在不斷轉化為博物館解說的實際運用，然而針對博物館解說服務的研究相對稀少。本文以澳門大賽車博物館為典型案例，通過博物館解說媒體的資訊豐富度、解說效果、參觀體驗關係鏈的研究，探索了博物館解說媒體“從自身構成到解說效果，再到遊客體驗＂的影響機制及其內在關聯特徵，揭示了選擇不同資訊豐富度的解說媒體對於解說效果乃至遊客體驗作用的規律。通過回顧中外相關文獻，進一步結合澳門大賽車博物館實際情況，總結出博物館解說效果、資訊豐富度以及參觀體驗影響的測度與問項，在409份有效問卷的資料分析基礎上，得出以下主要研究結論：（1）通過一手資料，科學驗證了前文理論建構的關係鏈模型及 “博物館解說效果測度指標體系＂；（2）對比了傳統解說媒體和數位元化解說媒體資訊豐富度的不同，發現了資訊豐富度較低的媒體對解說效果的影響弱於資訊豐富度較高的媒體。在對參觀體驗的影響方面，解說效果充當了資訊豐富度較低的傳統媒體對於參觀體驗顯著影響的部分仲介。（3）博物館解說效果的維度涵蓋“知識獲得＂、“情感因素＂、“行為測量＂三個方面，其中對解說效果影響最大的為情感因素，其次為行為測量，再次為知識獲得。文章為博物館旅遊充實了新的研究視角，同時也給博物館提升解說效果和促進參觀體驗提供了一定參考。關鍵詞： 解說媒體；解說效果；信息豐富度；參觀體驗；關係鏈Information Richness and Effect of Museum Interpretation Media upon the Visiting Experiencet: A case of Macau’s Racing Car MuseumJuan TANG*, TianChen WANG( Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism Management, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China)AAstractt: Museums are important cultural sectors which go far more beyond the traditional educational and cultural function. Museum Tourism is now believed to have potential to be the key drivers for destination promotion in tourism economy. As an important concern for museum management, the employment of interpretation is not only a significant indicator of museum service, but also a contributor to the overall visiting experience of visitors. With the rapid development of modern technology, a great variety of digital interpretation media have been applied in museums. Drawing on a survey of 409 visitors of Macau’s Racing Car Museums, which is relatively a typical case for local tourism industry as well as for local museum circle , study findings first establish and confirm an Interpretation media’s Content-收稿日期：2016-04-29；修訂日期：2016-05-16。﹡通訊作者：唐娟，女，博士，酒店與旅遊管理學院助理教授，主要研究方向：旅遊市場行銷，旅遊文化E-mail: jtang@must.edu.mo，Tel:00853-88972357
51唐娟，等 博物館解說媒體的資訊豐富度—解說效果—參觀體驗關係鏈研究：以澳門大賽車博物館為例0 引言博物館長久以來都被稱作為知識的天堂，是一個地區歷史文化的縮影，集收藏展示、精英教育、科研功能於一身。由於博物館的展品大多具有專業知識性，離開專業講解往往難以理解，因此參觀者對博物館的解說具有很強的依賴性，媒體解說在博物館這一類型目的地旅遊活動中扮演著重要的角色。解說服務作為博物館管理的重要環節，會直接影響解說效果的成敗。解說效果既是影響參觀者體驗的重要因素，同時也是檢驗博物館服務的重要指標[1]。澳門擁有 22 座門類齊全的博物館。這些形形色色的博物館被譽為澳門歷史和中西文明的寶庫。特別是澳門回歸祖國以來，隨著特區經濟實力的增強、城市化進程的加速，博物館作為重要的城市基礎設施和城市形象工程，受到特區政府的重視[2]。然而博物館解說媒體的理論研究卻相對單薄，遠遠不能形成對實踐工作的有效指導和借鑒。隨著數位化與博物館展示的融合，數位化技術研究成果也在不斷轉化為博物館解說的實際運用。越來越多的博物館解說借助數位化媒體來營造觀眾新感官體驗，嘗試提升參觀者的資訊接收豐富程度，數位化媒體被視為博物館在新科技時代的嶄新角色。解說媒體方面的研究雖然不少，但在旅遊景區等領域運用較多，博物館領域的則相對較少，遑論信息豐富度理論的視角。因此，將資訊豐富度理論應用在現代博物館研究中，探索其運用模式對於改善博物館教育傳播功能，提升博物館的旅遊經濟效益，強化以博物館為代表的地方文化名片效應的可能性，具有一定的實踐參考價值。基於這一背景，本研究構建並驗證了博物館解說媒體的關係鏈模型，為該領域研究引入一個較新的視角。關於關係鏈研究的本意，是出於對這三個變量：資訊豐富度，解說效果，參觀體驗之間看似必然的關係，是否適用於博物館領域的新的嘗試。此外，資訊豐富度並未在學術領域被相對正式的引入于解說相關的專題研究，本文期待在這三者之間尋求一定的關係鏈規律。本研究以澳門大賽車為研究物件瞭解參觀者所獲得解說效果及對參觀體驗的影響，一方面將資訊豐富度理論納入博物館參觀的範疇，探討不同解說媒體資訊豐富度的差別；另一方面，嘗試將媒體的資訊豐富度與解說效果以及整體的參觀體驗建立關係鏈模型，探索參觀者的體驗狀況是否受到資訊豐富度及解說效果的影響。研究目的著眼於從理論上建立並驗證博物館解說媒體的關係鏈模型，以期對博物館解說及博物館事業的發展提供一定的理論指引。1 理論基礎1.1 信息豐富度資 訊 豐 富 度 理 論（information richness theory）的概念是由 Daft & Lengel[3] 首先提出的，是從 Weick[4] 與 Galbraith[5] 的觀點發展而來，又被稱為媒介豐富性理論（Media Richness Theory），它是指資訊在一定時間內改變參與者理解的能力，Performance Model, which is composed of three measurement constructs: interpretation medias with various information richness, interpretation effect and visiting experience. This paper then extends existing media interpretation measurement in the museum context and develop a three-dimensional measurement which include behavioral factor, emotional factor and knowledge factor. The inner mechanism among the three constructs is examined for a better understanding of the relationship of information richness, interpretation performance and visiting experience by means of EFA, CFA and SEM analysis. It’s found that museum interpretation media with different information richness has a varied influence on interpretation effect. Besides, the media interpretation measurement model also reveals that among all the factors which may influence the interpretation effect, emotional factor rank the first, behavioral factor comes next, while knowledge facor is relatively the least important. The theoretical and managerial implication of this study findings are discussed, and limitation of this research provided. Keyyordst: Museum interpretation media; Interpretation effect; Information richness; Visiting experience; Relationship model
58（2）澳門大賽車博物館解說效果的影響維度按照重要性由大到小排列，分別為情感因素、行為測量、知識獲得。想要提高參觀者的參觀體驗，僅僅立足於傳統的知識傳播載體的定位，將關注力放在如何更密集的整理和宣傳展品知識上，已經不能滿足當代觀眾的情感需求了。在對博物館的展品知識處理過程中，適度結合參觀者的情感訴求點，激發他們的新鮮感、認同感，才是管理者需要重點關注的地方。從另一方面而言，在博物館發展從單純的知識性走向娛樂性、休閒性等多重功能為一體的過程中，管理者也要意識到，解說媒體的組合型選擇，需要創新思維來滿足參觀者對解說評價的訴求。例如一些博物館針對某些特殊展品推出“歡迎觸摸”的陳列方式，從簡單視覺陳列提升為融合“視覺”“觸覺”甚至“嗅覺”為一體的更親密的互動式陳列，這種變革無疑能帶給參觀者更打動人心的體驗效果。（3）管理者需要對過度使用和依賴數位化解說媒體保持一定的謹慎態度：一方面，很多參觀者可能傾向精簡的解說資訊，因為參觀者對某樣展品的關注時間有限，優秀的解說必須在一定的時間內能表達最核心的展品資訊，因此在設置解說媒體時應注意解說內容和方式的精簡，不需運用過多繁複的語言和程式，也不要試圖一次性表達過多的內容，給體驗擔上沉重枷鎖；另一方面，某些過高的資訊豐富度的高科技媒體設備，在操作難度上超出了參觀者的理解和動手能力。如大賽車博物館裡一些本應是充滿互動樂趣的模擬駕車體驗，可能因為很多參觀者本身不一定熟悉駕車技巧，無法完成任務，最終也不能實現應有的正面體驗。因此在設計數位化解說媒體時，應該向更簡單、更容易操作的方向發展。可以說，高低不同的資訊豐富度媒體的多樣化組合，給博物館管理方提供了無限的想像空間，而如何把握好組合的度，將是一個頗具挑戰性的工作。參 考 文 獻[1] Zhang Qian. Research on Museum explanation effect—take Hunan Provincial Museum as example [D]. Changsha, Hunan Normal Uni-versity. 2009. [張茜.博物館解說效果研究——以湖南省博物館為例[D].長沙:湖南師範大學.2009.[2] Tang Juan, Wang Xin. Opinion on the development of Macau Mu-seum—based on social capital discussion[J]. Journal Beijing Interna-tional Studies University, 5, 46-52. [唐娟，王心. 澳門博物館發展芻議——基於社會資本的探討[J]. 北京第二外國語學院學報，5， 46-52.][3] Daft, R. & Lengel, R. Information richness: a new approach to mana-gerial behavior and organizational design. Research in organizational behavior. JAI Press Greenwich, 1984, 6, 191-233.[4] Weick, K. E. The social psychology of organizing, Reading. MA: Addison-Wesley.1979.[5] Galbraith, J. Strategies of organizational design. Addison-Wesley, Massachusetts.1973.[6] Lin Huibao. A Study of Mobile Guide System for Local Culture Industry Development by Using Technology Acceptance Model[D]. Gaoxiong, National Sun Yat-sen University. 2011. [林寶暉.以科技接收模式探討行動導覽系統對地方文化產業發展之研究[D]。高雄：臺灣中山大學.2011][7] Trevino, L., Daft, R. L., & Lengel, R. H. (1990). Understanding man-agers’ media choices: A symbolic interactionist perspective. Organi-zations and communication technology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 71-95[8] Dong Guan Museum. Developing museum tourism management services. [東莞市博物館。開發博物館旅遊解說經營管理服務][EB/OL].（2012). http://www.dgmuseum.cn/Ch/newsview_xsyj.asp?id=1590&SortID=16.[9] Tilden, F. Interpreting our heritage. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. 1957.[10] Graduate Institute of Museum Studies of Fu Jen Catholic University. Using Behavioral Analysis on Digital Museum[D]. Taipei, Fu Jen Catholic University. 2011. [輔仁大學博物館學研究所。數字博物館使用行為分析[D]. 臺北:輔仁大學. 2011.][11] Bitgood, S.Designing effective exhibits: Criteria for success, exhibit design approaches and research strategies. Visitor Behavior,1994.17(5),263-273 [12] Combs,A.A. Why do they come? Listening to visitors at a decorative arts museum.Curator.1999.42(3),186-197.[13] MacCannel, Dean. Staged Authenticity: Arrangements of social space in tourist setting. American journal of sociology, 1973, 79 (3), 589-603.[14] Cohen, E.A.,(1979).A phenomenology of tourist experiences. The journal of the British sociological association.13(2),179-201[15] Luo Fen, Zhong Yongde, Wu Hongzhong, et.at. Tourism Interpretive Demand of Visitors in World Natural Heritage Site——Take Wulingyuan as An Example. Tourism Tribune. 2008，23（8):69-73 [羅芬，鍾永德，吳忠宏等. 世界自然遺產地遊客旅遊解說需求之研究——以湖南武陵源風景名勝區為例. 旅遊學刊[J]，2008，23（8）: 69-73][16] Luo Fen, Luo Weiliang. Evaluation of effectiveness of outdoor interactive interpretive media:A case study of barrel media in Gupo Mountain. Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology. 2001,31(7):41-56[羅芬，羅偉亮. 戶外參與式旅遊解說媒體效果評估研究——以廣西姑婆山國家森林公園酒桶解說小品為例.中南林業科技大學學報[J]. 2001，31（7）:41-56][17] Ma Baojian, Zhang Yin. Connotation of Natural Tourism and Its Inspiration to the Interpretation of Scenic Spot: Taking Wulingyuan Scenic Spot, Zhangjiajie City as a Case. Journal of Central South
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60第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 Received 13 Jun. 2016; Revised 19 Jul. 2016Funding project: 0485n, Exploring the effecs of HPWS on employees’ attitutdes and behaviors of the Macau gaming industry: A social exchange theoretical perspective. * Corresponding Author: Ting Wu, Female, PhD, Assistant Professor of School of Business. Research area: Work-life Balance, Strategic HRM. Email: twu@must.edu.mo Tel:00853-88971930Tyo HR Systems and Employees’ Responses to Social and Economic Exchange MechanismsPo-Chien CHANG1, Ting WU1*, Jui-Ching CHIEN2 ( 1.School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau; 2.Department of Senior Citizen Service Management, Yuh-Ing Junior College of Health Care & Management, Taiwan )AAstractt: This study examines the impacts of two different HR systems on employees’ attitudes and behaviors through economic or social exchange relationship. Data collected from multiple sources included 34 HR managers and 307 employees in China. Results support the hypotheses that HR systems significantly relate to employees’ affective commitment and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) within the organization through different exchange mechanisms. While control-based HR systems are found to relate positively to employees’ perceptions of economic exchange relationship with the organization, these exchange process further negatively influence affective commitment and OCB. The results also show that high-performance work systems (HPWS) associated positively to perceived social exchange relationships that in turn facilitate employees’ affective commitment and OCB. Suggestions for future research and implications for practice are discussed.Keyyordst: High performance work systems (HPWS); Control-based HR systems; Social exchange; Economic exchange; Affective commitment; Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)不同人力資源管理系統、員工對社會及經濟交換兩機制的回應張博堅1，吳 亭1*，簡睿清2（1.澳門科技大學商學院，澳門；2.育英醫護管理專科學校老人服務事業管理科，臺灣）摘要： 本研究欲探討兩種不同人力資源管理系統通過交換關係對員工行為及態度的影響。實證資料來自於34位人力資源管理主管及307位員工的問卷。研究結果顯示，不同的人力資源管理系統會透過不同的交換機制顯著地影響員工的情感性承諾及組織公民行為。其中，控制導向的人力資源管理系統通過經濟交換關係，降低員工情感性承諾及組織公民行為；而高績效工作系統通過社會交換關係，增加員工的情感性承諾及組織公民行為。關鍵詞： 高績效工作系統；控制導向人力資源管理系統；社會交換；經濟交換；情感性承諾；組織公民行為
61Po-Chien CHANG, et al Two HR Systems and Employees’ Responses to Social and Economic Exchange Mechanisms0 IntroductionSocial exchange theory has been taken to explain employees’ positive affective and behavior outcomes [4~5]. As the employer provides the employees with benefits (e.g. salary), employees return the investment by reciprocating with affective commitment, organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and behavioral responses in the workplace[4~5].So far, no many studies focus on the outcomes from these employee-organizat ion exchange relationship and related influences on employees’ attitudes and behavior. In this study, we emphasize on organizational-level exchange mechanisms affecting employees’ affective commitment and OCB through either social or economic exchange relationship. In this highly competitive global environment, organizat ions face chal lenges to at t ract and retain employees for competitive advantages[1]. Different types of HR practices may be adopted by organizations to manage diverse human talents. In this study, we examined hypotheses in the People’s Republic of China since it has been experienced tremendous transformations as the new paradigm was introduced in 1978[1,4~5]. Overall, Chinese enterprises are respectively dominated by two HR systems. On the one hand, short-term and narrow financial obligations characterized by control-based HR systems may still be found in state-owned enterprises holding ‘iron rice bowl’ concepts (e.g. [1,5~7]). The linkage between employees and organization is built upon a relatively short term economic relationship when considering costs and flexibility[1~2].On the other hand, certain organizations applied systems such as high-performance work systems (HPWS) emphasize long-term and socio-emotional relationship based upon trust and extensive investment in employees may motivate employees for better performance to attain organizational goals [1,5~7]. Organizations applied HPWS signal that they value human assets and are willing to invest in employees’ training and development, participative programs, and evaluate based on formal performance appraisal systems[1~2].This study contributes to the current literatures by investigating both economic and social exchange in the workplace. We expand the previous work by examining that these two exchanges mediate the relationship between HR systems (i.e. control-based HR systems and HPWS), affective commitment and OCB. Taking unique contextual backgrounds into consideration, we conducted the study in China out of its values of reciprocity in social norms for better understanding in the effectiveness. To begin with, we first offer a brief overview of control-based HR systems and HPWS. Next, the hypotheses were demonstrated to examine two relationships between two HR systems and employee attitudes and behavioral outcomes that is mediated by the economic and social exchange relationships[9]. We then, presented the methods and results, followed by discussing the finds and implications for future research. 1 Literature Revieys 1.1 Control-Aased HR systems and HPWSDifferent HR systems are introduced, including HPWS[3], human capital enhancing HR systems[10], h igh invo lvemen t HR (Lawle r, 1992) , and commitment-oriented HR systems [2,4,10]. Previous studies conceptualized HR systems as two extremes of a continuum, control-based HR systems and HPWS despise the controversies in the composition[2~3,10,12]. Whether organizations choose to carry out certain HR systems, studies demonstrate that employees’ attitude and behavior are shaped by HR practices [13~14].Organ iza t ions adop t con t ro l -based HR system aimed to lessen the influence and costs on labor process for goal attainment, efficiency and productivity[4,10~11]. These systems put emphasis on centralized decision-making process with less interdependence. Most jobs are standardized and narrow-defined with low skill required[4]. Employees are supposed to comply with more controlling and administrative management styles and are closely monitored with rules and regulations to reduce direct
62labor costs and better efficiency [4,10]. On the other hand, though the definitions of HPWS still lack of agreement, the employee-focus systems empower them with advanced knowledge, skills and abilities that further create trust psychological linkages with consistent goals to complete jobs[2,4,10~15]. Generally, HPWS is described as a bundle of HR ‘best practices’ based on organizational culture and business strategies to encourage employees to attain organizational goals[9,13]. Consistent practices within HPWS build up psychological connections with mutual respect and trust for gaining sustainable competitive advantages[3,13,15]. Practices, such as flexible job design, feedback from training and development, promotion from within, self-managed team, competitive pay level, profit sharing or gainsharing, decentralized decision-making are recognized to better unit and organizational outcomes[1,10,13,16~18]. Studies showed that these aligned HPWS not only improve organizational performance based on employees’ upgraded skills, motivation and capabilities, but attract potential employees with reward systems and pay plans to dedicate to organizations for higher job satisfaction, organizational commitment and OCB [3,9~10,13]. 1.2 Employees’ affective commitment and OCB Employees’ attitudes and behaviors to HR systems are from their perceptions toward workplace HR practice implementation[9,19]. The control-based HR systems tend to reduce direct labor costs and improve efficiency by means of employees’ compliance with rules and regulations. Jobs are narrow-designed, s tandardized and employees are closely monitored with direct control from centralized management systems[4,9]. Due to formalization and direct control, employees are taken as more replaceable and commodity-like within control-based HR systems[1,4]. Under this condition, it is less likely to perceive supportive relationship but comply with rules and regulations[19]. Subsequently, employees can hardly build up long-term relationships with positive affection toward the organization from unstable and relatively short-term employment relationship based on control-based HR systems. In the same token, it is less likely for employees to experience a sense of obligation to the organization’s goals and make extra efforts for the goodness of the organization out of voluntary movements. Thus, we propose, ● H1a: Control-based HR systems are negatively related to affective commitment. ● H1b: Con t ro l -based HR sys t ems a re negatively related to OCB.In order to attract and maintain the valuable human resources, integrated HR practices are suggested to be the practical way to establish e m p l o y e e s ’ p s y c h o l o g i c a l a t t a c h m e n t t o organizations[13,20]. Affective commitment is defined as the relative strength that an individual identify with and involve in a specific organization[21]. Employees who are likely to dedicate more with the organization are characterized with high affective commitment that will lead to better performance and lower absenteeism[9,13,22]. HPWS in the organizations, such as promotion from within, and pay for performance are taken as motivators to foster employees’ psychological links with the organization[13]. In this sense, employees perceive recognition and trust form HPWS may tend to be more emotionally attached to the organization and make extra efforts for organizational effectiveness and performance [19~20,22].Job performance contains both required tasks (i.e. task performance) and those activities beyond specified task fulfillments, OCB, for instance[14]. Employees carry out these extra-role behaviors out of willingness[13,19]. OCB is defined as ‘individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and in the aggregate promotes the efficient and effect functioning of the organization’[23]. When perceiving the positive support from the HPWS, employees will make more efforts beyond their task requirements to organization’s goals and form psychological attachment with the organizations[13,19]. Under this condition, employees won’t expect direct rewards for
63Po-Chien CHANG, et al Two HR Systems and Employees’ Responses to Social and Economic Exchange Mechanismstheir behavior but voluntarily dedicate extra-work behaviors to organizational effectiveness. Therefore, ● H1c: HPWS are positively related to affective commitment. ● H1d: HPWS are positively related to OCB.1.3 Social and economic exchange relationshipSocial exchange theory illustrates the exchange of both tangible and intangible resources among individuals and other social groups, organizations[24]. Employees may develop distinctive exchange relationships (i .e. economic and social) with organization at the same time and exert different impacts on employee performance[25~27]. Economic exchange focuses on short-term exchange relationship for tangible and financial resources. These organizations provide less access to resources and less development opportunities for employees. Employees, thus, tend to meet the basic requirements while perceiving limited support and care from organizations. Employees intend to receive immediate tangible outcomes in return for their efforts and are less likely to develop attachment, identification and commitment with their organization[13,24,27].Social exchange emphasizes exchanging socio-emotional benefits in a rather long-term period[24,27]. This relationship based on mutual trust with unrevealed obligations expects certain future returns without illustrating detailed contents and types of returns[25,27]. Previous research demonstrated that individual employee will reciprocate the treatment from organization with positive work results (e.g. OCB)[24,28]. Thus, we take both organizational social and economic exchange as the mediating mechanisms through which organizational HR systems influence employees’ affective commitment and OCB.1.4 HR systems, exchange relationship and employee responsesAccording to prior discussion, employees’ p e r c e p t i o n s o f e x c h a n g e r e l a t i o n s h i p a r e developed through different HR systems within the organization[9,19]. Employees initially make judgments from organizational investment, trust, and their needs to be satisfied that may further affect their attitudes and behaviors[14]. Organizations with control-based HR systems execute closely monitoring and strict regulations for lowering labor costs and organizational efficiency that build the inter-relationship on financial, tangible and short-term exchange relationships[9~10,13,27]. Therefore, ● H2a: Employees’ perception of economic exchange relationship will mediate the negative relationship between control-based HR systems and affective commitment. ● H2b: Employees’ perception of economic exchange relationship will mediate the negative relationship between control-based HR systems and OCB.HPWS signals that employees are valued and worth investing for a long-term relationship[3,10,13]. The supportive environment provides resources, such as fair compensation and better career opportunities. Once employees perceive trust and care from organizations, a sense of obligation to the firm may lead to the affective attachment and discretionary behavior from social exchange relationship[9,25]. Therefore, the HPWS context may cause higher level of affective commitment and OCB because of a sense of obligatory reciprocation from organizational supportive environment[13,19]. Therefore, ● H2c: Employee’s perception of social exchange relationship will mediate the positive relationship between HPWS and affective commitment. ● H2d: The employee’s perception of social exchange relationship will mediate the positive relationship between HPWS and OCB.2 Method 2.1 Samples and proceduresT h e d a t a w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m s u r v e y questionnaires. To avoid the problems of common method bias (CMB), we took on a multi-source and paired samples approach to minimize the presence of CMB. Respondents (i.e. HR managers and employees)
64came from companies located in China. HR managers provided information about organizational characteristics, HR systems and each employee’s OCB while employees provided their own perceptions of social exchange and economic exchange, affective commitment, and demographic information. In total, we distributed 40 HR manager questionnaires and 800 employee questionnaires. After two months of multiple personal visits, 34 HR managers and 335 employees’ questionnaires were collected. Listwise deletion of individuals with incomplete information resulted in a final sample of 307 employees from 34 companies. The valid response rate for employees was 38.4% and for HR managers was 85%. The average age of the HR managers was 43.35 years (ranging from 35 to 55 years old) and the average job tenure was 8.9 years; the average age of the employees was 32.66 years (ranging from 19 to 59 years) and the average job tenure was 12.15 years. 35% of the HR managers were male; 63.2% of the employees were male.2.2 Measures2.2.1 HR systems.Based on the HR system concepts from Lepak et al. (2006), we adopted questionnaire covering five sub-dimensions (sophisticated recruitment and selection, formal training systems, job security, performance appraisal, and team autonomy) from Ramsay et al. (2000). HR managers were asked to rate on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). A sample item for HR system is “Existence of a policy of guaranteed job security”. The Cronbach’s alpha for this scale is 0.68.2.2.2 Social exchangeWe used the scale developed by Shore et al. (2006) to measure the perceived nature of social exchange between employers and employees. The scale utilizes a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). This scale has 8 items in total. A sample item from this scale is “My relationship with my organization is based on mutual trust”. The Cronbach’s alpha for this scale is 0.79.2.2.3 Economic exchangeWe used the scale developed by Shore et al., (2006) to measure the perceived nature of economic exchange between employers and employees. The scale utilizes a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). This scale has 9 items in total. A sample item from this scale is “My relationship with my organization is strictly and economic one – I work and they pay me”. The Cronbach’s alpha for this scale is 0.84.2.2.4 Affective commitmentAffective commitment was measured with a 6 items questionnaire developed by Meyer et al. (1993) The scale utilizes a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). A sample item for this scale is “I would be very happy to spend the rest of my career with this organization”. The Cronbach’s alpha for this scale is 0.70.2.2.5 Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)OCB was measured with a 15 items questionnaire developed by [39]. HR managers were asked to rate each subordinate’s OCB on a 5-point Likert scale. A sample item for this scale is “He/ She is willing to help colleagues solve work-related problems”. The Cronbach’s alpha for this scale is 0.81.2.2.6 Control variablesA number of variables, including organizational and individual level, were analyzed as control variables: organization size, gender and tenure. The first is organizational-level variable derived from HR managers, whereas the last two are individual-level variables derived from the employee survey.3 Result 3.1 Cluster analysis to identify the tyo HR systemsWe used cluster analysis to identify HR system types. Cluster analysis is the classification of similar objects into distinct groups, or the partitioning of a set of observations into subsets (called clusters), and each subset contains data that share several common characteristics[30]. We applied K-mean cluster method for this study because the sample size is more suitable
65Po-Chien CHANG, et al Two HR Systems and Employees’ Responses to Social and Economic Exchange Mechanismsfor this analysis. According to basic analytical principles, we followed the steps recommended by MacQueen (1967): (a) select an initial partition with K clusters containing randomly chosen samples, and compute centroids of the clusters; (b) generate a new partition by assigning each sample to the nearest cluster center; (c) compute new cluster centers as the centroids of the clusters; and (d) repeat Steps 2 and 3 until a convergence criterion is met (typically that the assignment has not changed).3.1.1 HR system clustersWe used the five aggregated organizational-level HR system dimension scores in a cluster analysis. Tables 1 present the analysis result for a two-cluster solution. Theoretically, a two-cluster solution is consistent with HR system classification methods developed in early SHRM research[16,32] and our classification of HR systems described in the previous discussion. Therefore, we termed these two clusters “high-performance work systems” and “control-based HR systems”. In order to make sure these two HR systems are really different, we further conducted an analysis of variance to ensure that the mean score on the five HR practices are significantly different between the two clusters. The results listed in Tables 1 also indicate that the means of all of the clustering variables (i.e., sophisticated recruitment and selection, formal training systems, job security, performance appraisal, and team autonomy) in Cluster 2 were statistically significant and greater than the mean for Cluster 1. Therefore, based on the statistical test result and the theoretical description of “control-based HR system” and “high-performance work system” characteristics, we labeled Cluster 1 as “high-performance work systems” and Cluster 2 as “control-oriented HR systems”.3.2 Descriptive statisticsTable 2 shows the means, standard deviations, and correlations between the variables both at individual-and the organizational level.3.3 HLM results for hypothesis testingHierarchical linear models, a statistical approach TaAle 1 Tyo clusters of HR systemsVariables HPWS Cluster 1 (N=18) Mean CBHRS Cluster 2 (N=16) Mean FSophisticated recruitment and selection 3.54 3.31 6.65*Formal training systems 3.73 3.28 10.59**Job security 3.88 3.14 25.98***Performance appraisal 3.63 3.38 6.09*Team autonomy 3.70 3.39 6.60* Note. HPWS = high performance work systems; CBHRS = control-based HR systems; F test comparing the mean for each cluster’s clustering variables. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. TaAle 2 Descriptive statistics and correlationsMean SD 1 2 3 4 5 6OrganizationalHPWS 0.47 0.51Control-based HR systems 0.53 0.51 -1.00***Size 6.79 1.04 -0.16 0.16IndividualGender 0.63 0.48Tenure 12.15 9.61 0.13*Social exchange 3.11 0.54 -0.03 -0.09Economic exchange 2.74 0.58 -0.08 0.06 -0.29***AC 2.99 0.44 -0.05 -0.03 0.44*** -0.46***OCB 2.85 0.44 0.01 -0.12* 0.43*** -0.42*** 0.49*** Note. For organizational-level measures, N = 34; for individual-level measures, N = 307. HPWS = high performance work systems, AC=affective commitment, OCB = organizational citizenship behavior. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
66different from the traditional OLS regression analysis, take into account both organizational-level and individual-level variances simultaneously[33]. To make sure sufficient variances across all organizations, we conducted a one-way analysis of variance to examine whether any significant between-organization variance exists in social exchange, economic exchange, affective commitment, and OCB. The results showed there were significant between-organization variances for social exchange ([33]=145.56, p<0.001; ICC[1]=0.28), economic exchange ([33]=173.60, p<0.001; ICC[1]=0.32), affective commitment ([33]=133.36, p<0.001; ICC[1]=0.25), and OCB ([33]=155.15, p<0.001; ICC[1]=0.30), respectively, indicating 28% of the variances in social exchange, 32% of the variances in economic exchange, 25% of the variances in affective commitment, 30% of the variances in OCB resided between organizations.From H1a to H1d we predicted that HPWS positively related to affective commitment and OCB; control-based HR systems negatively related to affective commitment and OCB, respectively. Additionally, we predicted that the employee’s perception of social exchange will mediate the positive relationship between HPWS and affective commitment (2a) and OCB (2b); their perception of economic exchange will negatively mediate the relationship between control-based HR systems and affective commitment (2c) and OCB (2d). To test these multi-level main and mediation effects, we followed Baron and Kenny’s procedures (1986) and Krull and MacKinnon’s (2001) suggestions of equations for cross-level mediation analysis to test these relationships. HPWS demonstrated significant posit ive relationship with affective commitment and OCB and control-based HR systems demonstrated significant negative relationship with affective commitment and OCB (Table 3-6); H1a, 1b and 1c, 1d were supported.To test mediation, three preconditions proposed by Baron and Kenny (1986) must be met. First, the independent variable should significantly relate to the dependent variable. Second, the independent variable should significantly relate to the mediator. Third, the mediator should be significantly related to the dependent variable. Before we test all multi-level TaAle 3 Summary of multi-level main and mediations effects among HPWS, SC, and ACModel 1HPWS→ACModel 2HPWS→SCModel 3SC→ACModel 4HPWS,SC→ACIntercept 2.67*** 2.95*** 3.09*** 2.81***Organizational levelSize 0.03 0.01 -0.01 0.01HPWS 0.40*** 0.36** 0.29***Employee levelGender -0.07 -0.04 -0.06 -0.08Tenure -0.00 -0.00 0.00 0.00SC 0.31*** 0.27***Note. HPWS = high-performance work systems; AC = affective commitment; SC = perceptions of social exchange. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.TaAle 4 Summary of multi-level main and mediations effects among HPWS, SC, and OCBModel 1HPWS→OCBModel 2HPWS→SCModel 3SC→OCBModel 4HPWS,SC→OCBIntercept 2.98*** 2.95*** 3.27*** 3.03***Organizational levelSize -0.03 0.01 -0.06 -0.04HPWS 0.36*** 0.36** 0.27***Employee levelGender -0.00 -0.04 0.02 0.01Tenure -0.01** -0.00 -0.00* -0.00*SC 0.31*** 0.28***Note. HPWS = high-performance work systems, OCB = organizational citizenship behavior, SC = perceptions of social exchange. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
67Po-Chien CHANG, et al Two HR Systems and Employees’ Responses to Social and Economic Exchange Mechanismsmediations, Table 3-6 show all preconditions were satisfied. We then started to examine H2a, 2b 2c, and 2d. By comparing Model 1 and Model 4 in Table 3, the effect of HPWS on affective commitment decreased from γ=0.40 (p<0.001) to γ=0.29 (p<0.001) and the relationship between employee’s perceptions of social exchange and affective commitment is still significant (γ=0.27, p<0.001); namely, the relationship between HPWS and affective commitment is partially mediated by employee’s perceptions of social exchange. Further, we performed Sobel test for testing the significance of the indirect effect. A Sobel test revealed that the indirect path linking HPWS and affective commitment through employee’s perceptions of social exchange was significant (Z = 3.84, p<0.001); H2a was supported. Model 1 and Model 4 in Table 4 show that the effect of HPWS on OCB decreased from γ=0.36 (p<0.001) to γ=0.27 (p<0.001) and the relationship between employee’s perceptions of social exchange and OCB is still significant (γ=0.28, p<0.001). It suggests that the relationship between HPWS and OCB is partially mediated by employee’s perceptions of social exchange. A Sobel test revealed that the indirect path linking HPWS and OCB through employee’s perceptions of social exchange was significant (Z = 3.47, p<0.001). Thus, H2b was supported. Table 5 and Table 6 show that economic exchange also partially mediates the relationship between control-based HR systems and affective commitment (Model 1 in Table 5, γ=-0.40, p<0.001 to Model 4 in Table 5, γ=--0.23, p<0.001; Z=-4.90, p<0.001) and OCB (Model 1 in Table 6, γ=--0.36, p<0.001, to Model 4 in Table 5, γ=--0.25, p<0.001; Z=-3.48, p<0.001).Thus, H2a, 2b, 2c, and 2d were supported.4 Discussion To maintain and retain the valuable human resources, organizations may apply different HR systems to sustain the competitive advantages. This study contributes to literatures by exploring the influence of both control-based HR systems and HPWS on employees’ affective commitment and OCB through economic and social exchange relationship in Chinese context. Our results support prior research TaAle 5 Summary of multi-level main and mediations effects among CBHRS, EC, and ACModel 1CBHRS→ACModel 2CBHRS→ECModel 3EC→ACModel 4CBHRS,EC→ACIntercept 3.07*** 2.78*** 3.02*** 3.09***Organizational levelSize 0.03 -0.05 0.00 0.01CBHRS -0.40*** 0.51*** -0.23***Employee levelGender -0.07 -0.03 -0.07 -0.01Tenure -0.00 0.01 0.00 -0.00EC -0.36*** -0.30*** Note . CBHRS = control -based HR sys tems, AC = affec t ive commitment , EC = percept ions of economic exchange. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.TaAle 6 Summary of multi-level main and mediations effects among CBHRS, EC, and OCBModel 1CBHRS→OCBModel 2CBHRS→ECModel 3EC→OCBModel 4CBHRS,EC→OCBIntercept 3.34*** 2.78*** 3.21*** 3.31***Organizational levelSize -0.03 -0.05 -0.04 -0.04CBHRS -0.36*** 0.51*** -0.25**Employee levelGender -0.00 -0.04 -0.00 -0.03Tenure -0.01** 0.01 -0.01* -0.01*EC -0.24** -0.22*** Note. CBHRS = control-based HR systems, OCB = organizational citizenship behavior, EC = perceptions of economic exchange *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
68that social exchange process (i.e. economic or social exchange) is the organizational-level mechanism to understand the influence of HR systems on employee responses[13,24]. The findings firstly show that control-based HR systems negatively related employees’ affective commitment and OCB. The control-based HR systems focus on centralized decision-making process, narrow-defined tasks with basic trainings for employees[1,4]. Standardized rules and regulations in daily routines are emphasized for greater efficiency[2]. Moreover, these organizations reward employees based on measurable outputs with limited intentions to build up trust relationship[1~2,4,36]. Employees may easily perceive that firms try to minimize direct labor costs with tangible financial results based on relatively short-term economic exchange relationship [14,24]. On the other hand, results demonstrate that firms with HPWS have positive influence on affective commitment and OCB[13]. Employees’ attachment to the organization may be strengthened when they perceive fair treatment and decent rewards for their contributions[13]. HPWS as positive incentive may support employees to upgrade skills and capabilities via training and development and offer unbiased performance feedback[1,2]. Employees may build up trust and psychological attachment to reciprocate with the organizations[14,24~25]. Thus, the social-emotional perceptions based on social exchange relationship motivate employees to conduct voluntary activities beyond required tasks (i.e. OCB) in return for a sense of responsibility and support from organizations [9,13,19]. Results further reveal that the contexts systems applied to may include different dynamic and complex interaction, providing the basis for future studies. Over the past few decades, economy growth in China results in the transformation in management systems, HR practices such as HPWS adopted by organizations to compete in the global environment[1,5,13,38]. Greater flexibility and autonomy are given to management to attract potential talents and retain the current staffs[1]. However, it is still worth noting that the integration of Chinese and western management systems need to be carefully examined since the mixed practices and policies may lead to unexpected employees perceptions from diverse backgrounds. Moreover, the traditional Confucian values, compliance, for instance, will exert its influence on employees’ responses on organizational exchange relationships[37]. Some limitations of this study should be pointed out. Firstly, due to the nature of cross-sectional of the data, longitudinal studies are encouraged to clarify the potential causality concerns. Moreover, it is suggested to take different variables into consideration. For instance, samples from either Chinese-based or western-based organizations may need detailed explanation for the influences on organizational systems and operations. Different investment-based organizations may apply diverse systems that should be taken into consideration. In addition, the employment relationship becomes more diverse and challenging to HR practitioners in China. Though a numbers of Chinese enterprises apply HPWS for attracting talents in the competitive labor market, past ‘Three Old Irons’ (i.e. Iron rice bowl, Iron chair, Iron wage) still play very important roles in Chinese management systems[38~39]. The relative impacts from political and social transformation need further investigation. Also, variables such as collectivism, traditionalism and power distance may be included since it may confound the results under different cultural contexts[37,14].References [1] Su, Z-X, & Wright, P.M. (2012). The effective human resource management system in transitional China: A hybrid of commitment and control practices. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(10), 2065-2086.[2] Arthur, J.B. (1992). The link between business strategy and industrial relations systems in American Steel Minimills. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 45, 488-506.[3] Huselid, M.A. (1995). The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, productivity and corporate financial performance. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 635-672.[4] Guthrie, J.P. (2001). High-involvement work practices, turnover, and productivity: Evidence from New Zealand. Academy of Management Journal 44(1), 180-190.[5] Warner, M. (2008). Reassessing human resource management ‘with Chinese characteristics’: An overview. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 19 (5), 771-801.[6] Gong, Y.P., & Chang, S. (2008). Institutional antecedents and performance consequence of employment security and career
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70第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 企業內員工績效及離職探究 ——以結構洞爲調節變量孫思宇1，丁 一1 ，韓子天2*（1. 澳門科技大學商學院，澳門；2. 復旦大學管理學院，上海）摘要： 澳門博彩業的迅猛發展帶動了澳門經濟的快速發展。本文以工作嵌入理論、任務績效理論、離職意願理論、隱性知識轉移等相關理論爲基礎，研究澳門博彩企業如何通過工作嵌入和隱性知識轉移來影響員工的任務績效和離職意願。本文通過文獻研究建構了相關研究模型，通過三階段的問卷調查，共回收有效問卷 312 份。運用回歸分析的方法發現員工的工作嵌入對其任務績效有正相關影響作用，同時員工工作嵌入對其離職意願有顯著的負向影響而員工之間的隱性知識轉移則是正向促進員工的離職意願。幷且發現結構洞在工作嵌入以及隱性知識轉移影響離職意願的過程中起到正向調節作用。可見正式幷結構化的關係有利于員工留職，而非正式的隱性交流則會促進員工離職，同時員工在企業中的位置也會起到顯著的影響作用。關鍵詞： 工作嵌入；任務績效；離職意願；隱性知識轉移；結構洞A Study under Structure Perspective of Performance and Turnover Intentiont: Structure Hole as ModeratorSiyu SUN1, Yi Ding1, Chitin HON2*( 1. School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )( 2. School of Management, Fudan University, Shanghai, China )AAstractt: The development of Macau economy has been grown rapidly, because of the driving of its gaming industry. Base on the current theories of job embeddedness, task performance, turnover intention, tacit knowledge transfer, this paper analyzed how gambling firms affect employees’ task performance and turnover intention by job embeddedness and tacit knowledge transfer factors. A research model has been constructed by the methods of literature review and questionnaire survey, with 312 questionnaires were collected. Through the regression analysis, we found there are some influences between these four elements. On the one hand, job embeddedness has a positive impact on task performance, meanwhile, job embeddedness has a negative impact on staff turnover intention, and tacit knowledge transfer has a positive effect on employee’s turnover intention. On the other hand, it resulted, structural hole has a positive adjusting effect among job embeddedness, turnover intention and tacit knowledge transfer. On the whole, this paper proposed the formal and structured relationship promotes employee retention, the role of the employees in the firm would have a significant effect, however informal exchanges would lead to employee’s turnover.Keyyordst: Job embeddedness; Task performance; Turenover Intention; Tacit knowledge transfer; Structure Hole 收稿日期：2016-07-27；修訂日期：2016-08-18。*通訊作者：韓子天，男，博士，復旦大學管理科學與工程博士後，澳門科技大學系統工程研究所訪問副教授。主要研究方向：資訊系統，社會網絡分析。E-mail:cthon@must.edu.mo,Tel:00853-88972165
77孫思宇，等 企業內員工績效及離職探究 ——以結構洞爲調節變量織嵌入有著更强的工作績效內容相符。博彩企業可以通過對員工工作嵌入的提升，提高員工的任務績效，從而提高企業的整體績效。研究發現，隱性知識轉移與離職意願呈正相關影響作用，之前的假設得到了驗證。從員工的角度來說，掌握了更多的隱性知識後，提高了他們個人競爭力，從而也提高了他們的離職意願，想獲得更好的職業生涯發展。但從企業的角度來說，自然不願看見因爲隱性知識轉移的提升從而員工離職意願也相應提升，但離職意願的提升，幷不表示員工就會因此離職。所以，博彩企業管理者最需要做的事情之一，就是用企業的願景和制度去激勵員工，讓他們感到自己做的事情是有價值的，從而願意付出額外的努力去將個人的隱性知識與其他成員分享以及努力去將接受到的隱性知識去吸收、應用和創新。博彩企業建立激勵和晋升制度，對於員工來說，付出有了公平的回報，在公司中，不斷學習和分享隱性知識，也提高了員工的積極性，幫助他們不斷提升自己，增加個人競爭力，員工通過晋升，留在公司獲得職業生涯的發展，也减少了他們輕易離開企業的想法，同樣的，對於企業來說，當更多的員工吸收和掌握了隱性知識，企業可以减少因員工離職而隱性知識隨之消失的顧慮。此外，本研究還發現，工作嵌入和隱性知識轉移在影響離職意願的過程中，結構洞起到調節作用，驗證了之前的假設。結構洞和不同關係網絡的結合會對企業産生不同的影響。如果結構洞嵌入在缺乏信任互惠關係網絡中，占據結構洞的員工極易産生機會主義行爲，其表現就是“ 我知道誰能幫助你，但我不告訴你”或“我知道你的知識能幫助誰，但我不會說”。 因此這類結構洞就會降低工作嵌入的程度，成爲組織隱性知識轉移的瓶頸。如果結構洞嵌入在互惠關係網絡中，那麽占據結構洞的會員就會在沒有强關係的其他兩方之間傳遞信息，這樣該成員的角色就轉變成橋，成爲一個能刺激工作嵌入和隱性知識轉移的位置。莊荷人員占據了整個博彩企業較大的人員比例，管理複雜，企業若能構建一個信任互惠的內部網絡，不僅能够促進員工之間的交流，而且企業能够從中瞭解員工的需求，降低員工的離職意願。4 研究局限與展望4.1 擴大研究範圍和樣本數量本研究的研究對像是一家中型博彩娛樂企業的博彩從業員，對於整個澳門博彩從業人員來說，範圍和樣本數量都有限制，因此，建議後續研究可以擴大範圍至各種類型酒店的博彩從業人員。4.2 其他研究變量儘管本研究證實了工作嵌入對任務績效、離職意願；隱性知識轉移對離職意願的影響，但是應該還存在其它的中介變量對隱性知識轉移到離職意願的影響的過程中起到作用，因此，建議後續研究把信任、工作投入作爲中介變量作進一步的研究。參 考 文 獻[1] 關翠杏.（2005）. 澳門博彩業從業人員發展現狀研究. 博士，華中科技大學，湖北. [2] Grant, R. M. (1996). Toward a knowledge‐based theory of the firm. Strategic management journal, 17(S2), 109-122.[3] Spender, J. C. (1996). Making knowledge the basis of a dynamic theory of the firm. Strategic management journal, 17(S2), 45-62.[4] Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001). Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict volun-tary turnover. Academy of management journal, 44(6), 1102-1121.[5] Crossley, C. D., Bennett, R. J., Jex, S. M., & Burnfield, J. L. (2007). Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integra-tion into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1031..[6] Chen, G., Ployhart, R. E., Thomas, H. C., Anderson, N., & Bliese, P. D. (2011). The power of momentum: A new model of dynamic relationships between job satisfaction change and turnover intentions. Academy of management journal, 54(1), 159-181.[7] Peng, A. C., Schaubroeck, J. M., & Li, Y. (2014). Social exchange implications of own and coworkers’ experiences of supervisory abuse. Academy of management journal, 57(5), 1385-1405.[8] Becerra, M., Lunnan, R., & Huemer, L. (2008). Trustworthiness, risk, and the transfer of tacit and explicit knowledge between alliance part-ners. Journal of Management Studies, 45(4), 691-713.[9] Ng, T. W., & Feldman, D. C. (2010). The effects of organizational embeddedness on development of social capital and human capital. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(4), 696.[10] Yao, X., Lee, T., Mitchell, T., Burton, J., & Sablynski, C. (2004). Job
78embeddedness: Current research and future directions. Understanding employee retention and turnover, 153-187.[11] March, J. G., & Simon, H. A. (1958). Organizations.[12] Porter, L. W., Steers, R. M., Mowday, R. T., & Boulian, P. V. (1974). Organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians. Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(5), 603.[13] Mobley, W. H., Griffeth, R. W., Hand, H. H., & Meglino, B. M. (1979). Review and Conceptual Analysis of the Employee Turnover Process. Psychological Bulletin, 86(3), 493-522.[14] Michaels, C. E., & Spector, P. E. (1982). Causes of Employee Turn-over: A Test of the Mobley, Griffeth, Hand, and Meglino Model. Jour-nal of Applied Psychology, 67(1), 53-59.[15] Blau, G., Andersson, L., Davis, K., Daymont, T., Hochner, A., Ko-ziara, K., . . . Holladay, B. (2008). The relation between employee organizational and professional development activities ☆. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(1), 123-142.[16] Sousa-Poza, A. (2004). Job Stability and Job Security: a Comparative Perspective on Switzerland’s Experience in the 1990s. European Journal of Industrial Relations, 10(1), 31-49.[17] 薛金紅.（2011）. 領導-成員交換與組織公民行爲及任務績效關係的實證研究. 上海交通大學. [18] Halbesleben, J. R. B., & Wheeler, A. R. (2008). The relative roles of engagement and embeddedness in predicting job performance and intention to leave. Work & Stress, volume 22(22), 242-256.[19] Harman, W. S., Blum, M., Stefani, J., & Taho, A. (2009). Albanian Turnover: Is the Job Embeddedness Construct Predictive in an Alba-nian Context? Journal of Behavioral & Applied Management, 10(2), 192.[20] Mallol, C. M., Holtom, B. C., & Lee, T. W. (2007). Job Embedded-ness in a Culturally Diverse Environment. Journal of Business & Psy-chology, 22(1), 35-44.[21] Sekiguchi, T., Burton, J. P., & Sablynski, C. J. (2008). The role of Job embeddedness on employee performance: The interactive effects with leader–member exchange and organization based self esteem. Personnel Psychology, 61(4), 761-792.[22] Wijayanto, G. K. B. R. (2004). The effect of job embeddedness on or-ganizational citizenship behavior The Mediating Role of Sense of Re-sponsibility. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 6(2004).[23] Allen, D. G. (2006). Do Organizational Socialization Tactics Influence Newcomer Embeddedness and Turnover? Journal of Management, 32(1), 237-256.[24] Hom, P. W., Tsui, A. S., Wu, J. B., Lee, T. W., Zhang, A. Y., Fu, P. P., & Li, L. (2009). Explaining employment relationships with social ex-change and job embeddedness. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 277-297.[25] Lee, T. W., & Holtom, B. C. (2004). The effects of Job Embeddedness on Organizational citizenship, Job performance, Volitional absences, and Voluntary Turnover. Academy of management journal, 47(5), 711-722.[26] Labarre, P. (1998). People go, knowledge stays. Fast Company Sep-tember, 48.[27] Droege, S. B., & Hoobler, J. M. (2003). Employee turnover and tacit knowledge diffusion: a network perspective. Journal of Managerial Issues, :15(March), 50-64.[28] Polanyi, M. (1967). The tacit dimension Routledge & Kegan Paul London UK. [29] Nonaka, I. (1994). A dynamic theory of organizational knowledge creation. Organization science, 5(1), 14-37.[30] Brown, J. S., & Duguid, P. (1991). Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: Toward a unified view of working, learning, and innovation. Organization science, 2(1), 40-57.[31] 高恩.（2006）. 團隊領導對新産品開發團隊中隱性知識轉移的影響機理研究. 浙江大學. [32] Burt, R. S. (2009). Structural holes: The social structure of competition: Harvard university press.[33] Zaheer, A., & Soda, G. (2009). Network evolution: The origins of structural holes. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54(1), 1-31.[34] Granovetter, M. S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American journal of sociology, 1360-1380.[35] 林南.（2001）. 社會資本: 爭鳴的範式和實證的檢驗. 香港社會學學報，2，1-38.[36] Brislin, R. W. (1980). Translation and content analysis of oral and written material. Handbook of cross-cultural psychology, 2(2), 349-444. [37] 榮泰生， 白雪梅.（2012）. SPSS 與研究方法: 第二版: 東北財經大學出版社.國際交流法學院正式加入亞洲法律學會（ASLI） 2016年6月30日，澳科大法學院正式加入亞洲法律學會（Asian Law Institute，簡稱ASLI），與新加坡國立大學法學院、澳大利亞國立大學法學院、北京大學法學院、臺灣大學法學院、香港大學法學院以及來自亞洲、美國、英國、加拿大、澳大利亞、義大利、俄羅斯等國家和地區的71個著名法學院一起成為ASLI的成員。加入亞洲法律學會為澳科大法學院提供國際交流平台，法學院師生將具資格參加亞洲頂尖的綜合性法律會議（ASLI年會）及申請ASLI研究獎金。法學院更將以此為契機，擴大與國際夥伴之學術和教育合作，共同致力於促進亞洲法律事業之發展。亞洲法律學會是由新加坡國立大學法學院、北京大學法學院、臺灣大學法學院、香港大學法學院等13所亞洲主要法學院於2003年創建的國際性學術組織，目的在於鼓勵亞洲法律學術和教育的合作，以及致力於亞洲法律相關議題研究和增進學者間的交流，其秘書處設於新加坡國立大學法學院。
79第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 中小企業履行社會責任會減少員工職場偏差行為嗎？田 青*，鍾 皓，孫曉平（澳門科技大學商學院，澳門）摘要： 本文分析了企業的社會責任對員工偏差行為具體的影響，並以組織認同作為仲介變量解釋兩者之間的內在作用機制。同時檢驗了企業聲譽作為調節變量發揮的作用。採用主管-員工配對樣本的方式對76家廣東省中小企業進行問卷調查。應用階層線性模型的分析結果表明：員工的組織認同在企業社會責任和員工職場偏差行為的關係中發揮仲介作用；企業聲譽對企業社會責任和組織認同之間的關係發揮調節作用。藉此，我們認為，在當今競爭激烈的環境下，企業管理者應重視企業的社會責任實踐，並注意提高企業聲譽與員工的組織認同，進而減少員工的偏差行為。關鍵詞： 企業社會責任；企業聲譽；組織認同；職場偏差行為Does CSR of SMEs Influence Employees' Workplace Deviant Behavior? Qing TIAN*, Hao ZHONG, Xiaoping SUN( Macau University of Science and Technology, School of Business, Macau,China )AAstractt: This study examined why and how corporate social responsibility (CSR) of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) influence employee organizational identity and workplace deviant behavior. Dyadic data was collected among the first-line supervisors and employees from 76 Guangdong small and medium-sized enterprises. Results of statistic analysis of Hierarchical Linear Modeling indicated that CSR has a positive impact on employee organizational identity, which provided support for the mediating role of organizational identity between the relationship of CSR and employees' deviant behavior. The moderating effect of corporate reputation on the relationship between CSR and organizational identity is stronger (weaker) when employees perceive high (low) levels of corporate reputation. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.Keyyordst: Corporate social responsibility; Corporate reputation; Organizational identity; Workplace deviant behavior收稿日期：2016-08-22；修訂日期：2016-10-08。﹡通訊作者：田青，女，博士，商學院副教授，主要研究方向：商業倫理，組織行為。E-mail: qtian@must.edu.mo，Tel: 00853-889722650 引言近年來，發達國家經濟環境的急速變化，也導致中國企業以出口為主的外延式增長模式面臨全面轉型的壓力。面對市場的壓力，部分中小企業為追求生存而喪失了企業公民行為。在組織外部環境的不確定性和組織內部持續性變革的影響下，我國中小企業的員工也不時地面臨道德困境。各種道德挑戰正影響著員工在工作場所中不同形式的消極行為，這些行為或外顯或內隱，但毋庸置疑這些行為均威脅著企業的發展。消極行為的表現之一就是偏差行為，Robinson 和 Bennett（1995） [1] 將工作場所中對組織發展造成威脅，甚至傷害組織或其他組織成員利益的行為定義為職場偏差行為（Workplace Deviant Behavior），職
86對企業社會責任的重視程度越來越高。但是對企業社會責任概念的認知尚存在一定的不足，因此，給予以下建議：第一，就企業社會責任作用而言，企業必須將以員工與組織關係為主的內部經營環境納入考慮，重點考慮履行社會責任對內部員工的作用，從而減少內部管理成本，特別是減少與抑制員工職場偏差行為問題，走企業與員工共贏的可持續發展之路。第二，良好的企業聲譽更是企業改善內外部形象，從而提高員工組織認同，減少內部管理難度，提升綜合效益的手段。因此企業管理層要更重視企業聲譽的建設，塑造組織在利益相關者的良好形象。第三，注重引導員工行為向良性方向發展，讓員工正確感知到企業承擔的社會責任以及承擔力度。企業社會責任的執行程度越高，員工對於職場偏差行為的抑制就越強，通過員工的合規及與企業發展一致性的行為，使企業得到更好的發展。4.2.2 未來研究方向針對本研究的局限，希望能為未來研究提出以下兩個深入探討的方向 :第一，已有大量研究證實利益相關者對企業與員工有重大的影響，而本研究選擇從企業員工的角度出發，討論作為內部利益相關者 - 員工所感知的企業社會責任、企業聲譽對員工的組織認同和職場偏差行為的影響。但對於其他利益相關者的探討較少，因此，在未來的研究中，可以討論企業社會責任與其他利益相關者如消費者和政府監管部門等多方面的關係。第二，由於本研究主要採用量化方式進行調查研究，發現工作年限、企業規模與員工感知的社會責任感在相關性分析中呈現出顯著的關係。因此，未來研究者或可採用定性研究方式，透過焦點群體或深度訪談的方式，進一步探討企業社會責任對員工的影響是否受到企業規模的影響。參 考 文 獻[1] Robinson, S.L. and R.J. Bennett. (1995). A typology of deviant workplace behaviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), 555-572.[2] Higgins, G.E. (2005). Can low self-control help with the understanding of the software piracy problem?. Deviant Behavior, 26(1), 1-24.[3] Dunlop, P.D. and K. Lee. (2004). Workplace deviance, organizational citizenship behavior, and business unit performance: The bad apples do spoil the whole barrel. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(1), 67-80.[4] Berry, C.M., D.S. Ones and P.R. Sackett. (2007). Interpersonal deviance, organizational deviance, and their common correlates: a review and meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(2), 410.[5] Douglas, S.C. and M.J. Martinko. (2001). Exploring the role of individual differences in the prediction of workplace aggression. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(4), 547.[6] Appelbaum, S.H., K.J. Deguire and M. Lay. (2005). The relationship of ethical climate to deviant workplace behaviour. Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society, 5(4), 43-55.[7] Dalal, R.S. (2005). A meta-analysis of the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and counterproductive work behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(6), 1241.[8] Rhoades, L. and R. Eisenberger. (2002). Perceived organizational support: a review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698.[9] Zagenczyk, T.J., S.L.D. Restubog, C. Kiewitz, K. Kiazad and R.L. Tang. (2014). Psychological contracts as a mediator between Machiavellianism and employee citizenship and deviant behaviors. Journal of management, 40(4), 1098-1122.[10] Litzky, B.E., K.A. Eddleston and D.L. Kidder. (2006). The good, the bad, and the misguided: How managers inadvertently encourage deviant behaviors. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), 91-103.[11] Greening, D.W. and D.B. Turban. (2000). Corporate social performance as a competitive advantage in attracting a quality workforce. Business & Society, 39(3), 254-280.[12] Yoon, Y., Z. Gürhan-Canli and N. Schwarz. (2006). The effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities on companies with bad reputations. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 16(4), 377-390.[13] Aguinis, H. and A. Glavas. (2012). What we know and don't know about corporate social responsibility a review and research agenda. Journal of management, 38(4), 932-968.[14] Korschun, D., C.B. Bhattacharya and S.D. Swain. (2014). Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees. Journal of Marketing, 78(3), 20-37.[15] Zhang, M., D. Di Fan and C.J. Zhu. (2014). High-performance work systems, corporate social performance and employee outcomes: Exploring the missing links. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(3), `423-435.[16] Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20－39.[17] Brewer M B, Gardner W. (1996). Who is this “we”? Levels of Collective Identity and Self-representations.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 83-93.
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88第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 知識溢出與吸收對我國地區創新的影響胡逸彪，宋 宇*（澳門科技大學商學院，澳門）摘要： 本文透過建立貝葉斯空間層級模型，並結合馬可夫鏈蒙特卡羅模擬和吉布斯抽樣，對所有參數的條件後驗分佈進行大樣本抽樣，以測量我國2000～2012年間知識溢出的規模與方向；進而深入探討知識溢出與吸收能力對地區創新能力和創新活動的影響作用。研究表明：知識的溢出方向和渠道均影響著知識溢出對我國創新能力和創新活動所產生的作用，而且通過與地區吸收能力的交互作用，呈現出更為明顯的特性，亦發現從不同渠道溢出的知識對我國創新的影響各異。關鍵詞： 知識溢出；吸收能力；創新能力；創新活動；貝葉斯空間層級模型The Influence of Knowledge Spillover and Absorption on Regional Innovation in China Iat Pio WU, Yu SONG*(School of Business, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau,China) AAstractt: By creating a Bayesian spatial hierarchical model with Markov Chain Monte Carlo and Gibbs sampling inspections, the study attempted to establish a form for measuring directions and degree of the knowledge spillover in China. The research period ranged from from January 2000 to December 2012. The main purpose of this study is to understand the influences from knowledge spillover’s flow direction and absorption on China regional innovation. The research results show that the impacts of different knowledge flows have different influences on innovation. Absorptive knowledge in different ways has different stimulus to regional innovation in China.Keyyordst: Knowledge spillover; Absorptive capacity; Innovation capability; Innovation activity; Bayesian Spatial Hierarchical Model收稿日期：2016-08-04；修訂日期：2016-10-31。* 通訊作者：宋宇，男，博士，商學院副教授，主要研究方向：房地產經濟學。E-mail：ysong@must.edu.mo Tel： 00853-889723500 引言中國是一個發展中國家，以往主要依靠外來知識的引入來推動技術的進步，並成為了發展的常態。隨著經濟與技術的發展，我國的產業亦從過往的勞動力密集逐漸進入資本密集為主的產業發展階段，因此對於自我創新的意識和需求正日漸高漲。知識吸收的目的亦從以往的直接模仿逐漸轉而為一種推動創新的動力。因此，本文試圖在現有文獻的基礎上，探究知識溢出和吸收能力對我國地區創新的影響作用，希望從更為深入的⻆度，了解知識溢出效應對創新的作用機理。1 文獻綜述知識溢出是現今經濟學領域中的前沿問題之一，學者們在不同領域和層面對知識溢出進行研究，他們也基本認同了知識溢出是解釋區域經濟增長和區域創新等問題的重要變量。
94lnKSO * TAC 反映了本地的隱性知識被周邊地區所吸收後對本地創新的影響，只有模型六和七的結果具顯著性，模型六的係數為 -0.368 在 1% 水準顯著，反映知識生產過程中隱性知識的外溢會減少地區的創新活動。隱性知識多數與核心知識和技術相關，在知識生產階段即新知識、甚至是前沿知識的開發階段，隱性知識的外溢很可能導致研發組織的創新成果失去優勢，甚至失去其核心競爭力。因此當一個地區在知識生產過程中外溢的隱性知識越多，研發組織所面臨的風險也越大，引至創新意欲的減少。模型七的係數為 0.785在 1% 水準顯著，反映了在知識分配過程中，隱性知識外溢有利於地區創新能力的發展。知識分配與一個地區的教育是密不可分的，在知識分配過程中隱性知識的外溢一般是通過師生的教與學、學者之間的學術交流、院校和產學之間的合作等管道，這種隱性知識的外溢實際上是一種雙向互利的交流與分享，因此有利於創新能力的提升。4 總結本文運用貝葉斯空間層級模型對我國 2000 ～2012 年的知識溢出進行評估，並實證檢驗其對我國地區創新的影響關係。分析發現，知識溢出對地區創新的影響會因應不同的溢出方向和溢出渠道有所差異，而且通過與地區吸收能力的交互作用，知識溢出對地區創新的影響呈現出更為明顯的特性。在知識生產過程中：1）顯性知識的內溢和外溢均對地區創新活動具有正面的影響，而隱性知識的內溢和外溢都會減少地區的創新活動；2）隱性識的內溢有利於地區創新能力的發展、相反顯性知識的內溢會削弱地區的創新能力。在知識分配過程中：1）顯性知識的內溢推動了創新能力的成長，而外溢則相反；2）顯性知識的外溢有利於地區創新活動，而隱性知識的外溢有利於創新能力的增強。上述的研究結論對認識我國未來創新的發展和培育具有重要的啟示。從本文研究中我們瞭解到，知識溢出對我國創新能力和創新活動的影響作用會受到知識的類型、溢出方向和溢出渠道所影響。雖然知識無法像其它生產要素一樣進行直接的調度和分配，但通過對知識外溢效應進行更細緻和深入的理解，有助於政府建立相關的政策、制度和機制對知識外溢進行合適引導，從而更有效地運用知識的力量去推動國家的發展和創新。參 考 文 獻[1] Arrow, K. J. (1962）. The economic implications of learning by doing. The Review of Economic Studies, 29(3), 155-173. [2] Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002-1037. [3] Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous technological change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), S71-S102. [4] Griliches, Z. (1992). The search for R&D spillovers. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 94, S29-S47. [5] Jaffe, A. B. (1986). Technological opportunity and spillovers of R&D: Evidence from firms’ patents, profits, and market values. American Economic Review, 76(5), 984. [6] Jaffe, A. B., & Trajtenberg, M. (1993). Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 577. [7] Anselin, L., Varga, A., & Acs, Z. (2000). Geographical spillovers and university research: A spatial econometric perspective. Growth & Change, 31(4), 501. [8] Fischer, M. M., Scherngell, T., & Jansenberger, E. (2006). The geography of knowledge spillovers between high-technology firms in europe: Evidence from a spatial interaction modeling perspective. Geographical Analysis, 38(3), 288-309. [9] Fischer, M. M., Scherngell, T., & Reismann, M. (2009). Knowledge spillovers and total factor productivity: Evidence using a spatial panel data model. Geographical Analysis, 41(2), 204-220. [10] Griliches, Z. (1979). Issues in assessing the contribution of research and development to productivity growth. Bell Journal of Economics, 10(1), 92-116. [11] Greunz, L. (2003). Geographically and technologically mediated knowledge spillovers between european regions. Annals of Regional Science, 37(4), 657-680. [12] Cohen, W. M., & Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1), 128-152. [13] 陳繼勇，雷欣，& 黃開琢.（2010）. 知識溢出、自主創新能力與外商直接投資. 管理世界，（07）[14] Pennings, J. M., & Harianto, F. (1992). The diffusion of technological innovation in the commercial banking industry. Strategic Management Journal, 13(1), 29-46.[15] Sternberg, R., & Arndt, O. (2001). The firm or the region: What determines the innovation behavior of european firms? Economic Geography, 77(4), 364-382. [16] 潘士遠，& 林毅夫.（2006）. 發展戰略、知識吸收能力與經濟收斂. 數量經濟技術經濟研究，（02）
95胡逸彪，等 知識溢出與吸收對我國地區創新的影響[17] Parent, O., & LeSage, J. P. (2012). Determinants of knowledge production and their effects on regional economic growth. Journal of Regional Science, 52(2), 256-284. [18] 葛小寒，& 陳淩.（2009）. 國際R&D溢出的技術進步效應——基於吸收能力的實證研究. 數量經濟技術經濟研究，（07）[19] 符寧.（2007）. 人力資本、研發強度與進口貿易技術溢出——基於我國吸收能力的實證研究. 世界經濟研究，（11）[20] Zahra, S. A., & George, G. (2002). Absorptive capacity: A review, reconceptualization, and extension. Academy of Management Review, 27(2), 185-203. [21] Parent, O., & Riou, S. (2005). Bayesian analysis of knowledge spillovers in european regions. Journal of Regional Science, 45(4), 747-775. [22] Parent, O., & LeSage, J. P. (2008). Using the variance structure of the conditional autoregressive spatial specification to model knowledge spillovers. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2), 235-256. [23] OECD. (1996). The knowledge-based economy. Paris: Science. Technology and Industry Outlook.[24] 李正風.（2003）. 從“知識分配力”看科技中介機構的作用與走向. 科學學研究，（04）[25] 許簫迪，王子龍，& 譚清美. (2007）. 知識溢出效應測度的實證研究. 科研管理，（05）[26] Polanyi, M. (1974). Personal knowledge. University of Chicago Press.[27] 野中郁次郎，& 竹內弘高.（1996）. 知識創造企業. 東洋経済新報社.[28] Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., & Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092. 科研進展澳科大與中銀合作開展“企業社會責任績效研究”項目 暨中銀專題報告“澳門經濟多元化發展與特色金融之路”2016年10月17日首屆“澳門科技大學研究成果轉讓洽談會”於N座101禮堂舉行。洽談會上，就“企業社會責任績效研究”合作項目簽訂了協議，項目將以企業社會責任和財務績效相關理論為基礎，設計適合實際情況的企業社會責任評價體系，並研究企業履行社會責任對財務績效產生的影響。項目將依托中銀澳門與澳科大合作成立的“澳門金融創新研究中心”進行，這也是雙方以該中心為平台開辦“金融機構體驗式學習”和“金融專題研究”課程之後，首次合作的項目研究。是次洽談會期間，澳門分行辦公室舒友軍總監為與會代表和澳科大師生作了“澳門經濟多元化發展與特色金融之路”的專題報告。澳科大获4項澳門科技發展基金與國家自然科學基金委員會 聯合科研資助项目由澳門科學技術發展基金（FDCT）與國家自然科學基金委員會（NSFC）主辦、澳門科技大學承辦的“大數據於交通、旅游和中醫藥領域的應用學術研討暨聯合科研資助結果發佈會”於2016年11月3日在澳門科學館會議廳舉行。會議上介紹了雙方首次聯合科研資助項目的申報及評審情況，並發佈了評審結果。經過項目徵集、形式審查，共接納21個項目申請。經過投票，確定雙方共同資助7個項目，其中澳門科技大學獲批准4項。澳門科技大學是次獲批准之4項聯合科研資助項目分別是：澳門科技大學中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室負責之 “基于糖組學技術的受體糖基化在流感病毒跨物種傳播中的作用及中藥抗病毒有效成分的研究”； 澳門科技大學太空科學研究所負責之 “地球磁場的時空結構與空間環境的長期變化”； 澳門科技大學資訊科技學院負責之“自步標注學習研究及其在生物醫學大數據上的應用”； 澳門科技大學資訊科技學院負責之 “飛秒激光製備微型光纖綫上/綫內實驗室及其傳感應用”。 這些項目的獲批將進一步推動澳門科技大學與內地高水平科研機構和團隊的合作，加強兩地科研人員和研究生的互訪交流，實現優勢互補和共同進步。是次學術研討會舉行了4場大會主旨演講、28場分論壇學術報告。通過深入探討，是次研討會卓有成效地拓寬和加深了兩岸四地，特別是澳門與內地的科研人員之間的瞭解和認識，為醞釀出更多高質量的聯合項目打下堅實的基礎。
96第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 高維數據中顯著性運動目標檢測的方法研究陳國勳*，羅少龍，夏良永（澳門科技大學資訊科技學院，澳門）摘要： 本文對監控視頻產生的高維數據，辨認其中包含顯著性運動目標的方法進行研究。 傳統的RPCA算法沒有充分考慮到運動目標光流特徵以及難以適應動態變化背景。 在這一問題上, 已有的L1正則化塊稀疏RPCA方法[1]較好地考慮了運動目標的光流特征，而本文針對該演算法進行改良。利用L1/2稀疏理論，提出一種基於L1/2正則化的塊稀疏RPCA運動目標辨認演算法。 該演算法對視頻圖像序進行低秩-稀疏分解，達到運動目標辨認的目的。 通過與現有方法的結果進行比較與分析，表明所提出的演算法能有效地排除運動和變化背景的干擾，提高對小型顯著性運動目標的辨認率。關鍵詞： 運動目標辨認；RPCA；Block sparse；L1/2正則化Research on the Moving OAject Detection in High-Dimensional Data Kuokfan CHAN*, Siolong LO, Liangyong XIA( Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: This paper considers the research on the moving object detection in high-dimensional surveillance video data.The traditional RPCA algorithm does not fully take into account the characteristic of the moving object. It is also difficult to detect the objects in a changing background video. To solve this problem, the L1 regularization block sparse RPCA (L1-BSRPCA) object detection algorithm was proposed to fully take into account the characteristics of the moving object. In this paper, we will extend the L1-BSRPCA algorithm for moving object detection and improve the detection accuracy. Based on the L1/2 sparse theory, a block L1/2 sparse RPCA moving object detection algorithm is proposed. The algorithm applies RPCA on video sequences process a low rank-sparse decomposition for achieve the purpose of moving object detection. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is robust in inconsistency object movement and changing background environment. It also has the advantage of small object detection. In order to better deal with the space-time structure of high-dimensional data, we compare and analyze the results of the proposed algorithms.Keyyordst: Moving object detection; RPCA; Block sparse; L1/2 Regularization收稿日期：2016-11-08；修訂日期：2017-01-03。* 通訊作者：陳國勳，男，澳門科技大學資訊科技學院博士在讀研究生，主要研究方向:機器學習。E-mail: kuokfan2@gmail.com，Tel: 00853-665409390 引言視頻監控由於其在生產生活中的重要性，越來越受到人們的重視。交通安全、公安刑偵、生產安全、商場安保、社區安保，視頻監控已遍及生產生活的各個方面。而運動目標辨認一直是視頻監控的熱點研究問題，其目的是從視頻序列中尋找變化的區域，從而分離和識別出運動目標。對變化區域的有效分割是後期目標識別，目標跟蹤和行為理解的基礎。因此目標辨認的效率和效
97陳國勳，等 高維數據中顯著性運動目標檢測的方法研究果對視頻的後期處理至關重要。從視頻序列中分離視頻背景 / 運動目標是計算機視覺、視頻圖像跟蹤等應用領域的重要研究內容。準確地將背景 / 運動目標從視頻圖像中分割出來是許多智慧視頻監視系統（視頻監視，交通自動監控） 、人體辨認與跟蹤等後續處理的基礎。1 文獻綜述對於視頻中運動目標辨認方法主要包括 : 低秩 - 稀疏分解方法 [1]、幀間差分法 [2]、背景減去法[2]、光流法[3]。1.1 幀間差分法該方法是運用在相鄰的圖像間的差分運算，定義為：∆I ( x, y ) = |I (x, y, t1)-I (x, y, t2)|，其中，|I( x, y, t1 ) 為灰度網像序列在 t1 時刻在點 ( x, y ) 的灰度值，∆I ( x, y ) 是 t1 時刻灰度圖像與 t2 時刻灰度圖像差的絶對值。通過計算兩幀圖像亮度差的絶對值，判斷其它是否大於閾值來確定圖像序列中有無物體運動。該算法實現簡單，程式設計複雜度低，對光線等場景變化不敏感，能夠適於各種動態環境，穩定性較好。但是該方法由於相鄰幀作差分，不能提取出對象的完整區域，只能提取出邊界；同時依賴於選擇的幀間時間間隔。對快速運動的物體，需要選擇較小的時間間隔，如果選擇不合適，當物體在前後兩幀中沒有重疊時，會被辨認爲兩個分開的物體：而對慢速運動的物體，應該選擇較大的時間差。如果時間選擇不適當，當物體在前後兩幀中幾乎完全重疊時，則辨認不到物體。1.2 背景差分法幀間差分法不能提取出對象的完整區域，背景差分法基於這問題提出改善，它利用當前圖像與預存的背景圖像作差分，再利用閾值來辨認運動區域的種動態目標識別技術。首先通過式（1）求出當前圖像 f 與背景圖像b 的差，即 D ( x, y ) = | f ( x, y ) -b ( x, y ) | （1） （2）然後根據式（2）對差分結果圖像 D 進行二值化，再對二值化之後的圖像 R 進行連通性分析，即當某一連通區域的面積大於一定的閾值 T 時，則認為辨認到目標，並認為這個連通的區域就是提取的目標。背景差分法直接反映了運動目標的位置、大小、形狀等資訊，能夠得到比較精確的運動目標資訊。但用何種方法來建模獲得背景圖變得十分重要，而且受光線、天氣等外界條件變化的影響較大。1.3 光流法光 流[3]的 概 念 最 初 是 由 Gibson 于 1950 年首先提出。現實中的物體透過攝像頭的感光元件在圖像中成像，物體上的一點對應圖像中的一點，圖像中的點以特定的速度向量運動，因此圖像中所有點的速度向量就構成了運動場。光流法（0ptical Flow）是利用相鄰兩幀中對應圖元的灰度保持原理來評估二維圖像的變化。簡單來說，光流是空間運動物體在觀測成像平面上的圖元運動的“瞬時速度”。光流法是對運動序列圖像進行分析的一個重要方法，設定 I ( x, y, t ) 為圖像上( x, y ) 點在時刻 t 的灰度值，經過出時刻後這一點移動到 ( x + dx, y + dy )，假設短時間內灰度值保持不變。即： （3）將式（3）等號左邊用泰勤級數展開並忽略高階項有 （4）令 : （5）稱 ( u, v ) 為光流場，由上面三式得到光流場的基本方程為： （6） （7）光流不僅包含圖像中目標的運動資訊，而且
101陳國勳，等 高維數據中顯著性運動目標檢測的方法研究演算法2 Block-sparse RPCA via the Inexact ALM with L1/2 Method其中， 收縮運算元為如下半閾值運算 :.其中， （26） 是對块 X 進行半閥值操作 ● 步驟四五利用光流進行運動特征的評估，如圖 5（a），評估出圖（b）的運動目標(a) 運動特徵檢測 (b) 具有不同運動特徵測量 SM 的前景區域圖5 获取粗糙的前景稀疏块 ● 步驟六利用的運動特徵作為參數，為每個稀疏塊的運動目標設置不同的 λ 值，利用類似步驟三的算法計算出最終運動前景及背景。演算法3 Block-sparse RPCA via the Inexact ALM with L1/2 Method and target information 3 實驗分析視頻 1．Carheavyrain，尺寸為 320×240 共 100幀，記錄了在大雨中的行車交通情況景，其背景有雨點以及樹葉，而前景則就巴士及車移動的效果。視 頻 2．shoppingmall， 尺 寸 為 320x256 共104 幀，記錄了在商場中客人經過的情況景，其背景有相互類似的地板紋理，而前景則就川流不息行人移動的效果。3.1 實驗環境本 研 究 使 用 的 電 腦 ASUS A555L，CPU 是Intel core i7-5500U 2.4GHz、8GB 記 憶 體、NVidia
102GeForce 840M 顯示卡、以 Windows 8.1（64 bits）在 Matlab R2013a 運行。3.2 度量方法1）精確率（precision）它計算的是所有正確被檢索的 item（TP）占所有實際被檢索到的（TP+FP）的比例，可表達為 : （27）2）召回率（recall）它計算的是所有正確被檢索的 item（TP）占所有應該檢索到的 item（TP+FN）的比例。可表達為 : （28）3.3 實驗結果原始圖像 SVT ALM IALMDual APGBS RPCA via IALM with L1BS RPCA via IALM with L1/2圖6 各方法應用在carheavyrain效果綜合以上分析其 BS RPCA via inexact ALM 與BS RPCA via inexact ALM with L1/2 的方法最好，故將此進行對比分析。圖7 BS RPCA via IALM with L1效果圖8 BS RPCA via IALM with L1/2效果圖 7、圖 8 所示 L1/2 方法比 L1 能識別更多的目標，從圖中可以看出，標記中的部分，能標別出的移動目標範圍更多更具體，它在現實視頻是兩組輛移動很少的汽車，均能在 L1/2 方法中識別得比較多的目標。原始圖像 SVT ALM IALMDual APGBS RPCA via IALM with L1BS RPCA via IALMwith L1/2圖9 各方法應用在Bootstrap效果原始圖像 SVT IALM ALMAPG DUALBS RPCA via IALM with L1BS RPCA via IALM with L1/2圖10 各方法應用在shopping hall效果4 總結本文提出基於 L1/2 RPCA 運動辨認算法，並通過各種度量方法深入的研究及討論。得出 L1/2 RPCA 運動辨認算法對比其它 RPCA 方法有優勢。因為它既考慮了目標的運動特征，亦利用 L1/2 範數，能誘導出更高稀疏性，能識別出更多更清楚
103陳國勳，等 高維數據中顯著性運動目標檢測的方法研究的前景目標，故在精確率及召回率方面亦有不錯的結果，並且對動態背景有一定的抗干擾能力。在以後工作方面，我們將通過調整各種參數進行優化，以及可考慮加入更多特征，例如梯度，顏色等信息，來提高算法的精確率。參 考 文 獻[1] Zhi Gao, Loong-Fah Cheong, and Mo Shan ,”Block-sparse RPCA for Consistent Foreground Detection “Conference: Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part V[2] 熊英. 基於背景和幀間差分法的運動目標提取. 電腦時代，2014（3）[3] 徐光佑. 計算機視覺[DB/OL]. http://www.pudn.com/downloads61/doc/fileformat/detai l212019.html,1999.[4] J. Cai, E. Candes, and Z. Shen, “ A singular value thresholding algorithm for matrix completion” International Journal of ACM,May 2008.[5] Z. Lin, M. Chen, L. Wu, and Y. Ma, “The Augmented Lagrange Multiplier Method for Exact Recovery of Corrupted Low-Rank Matrices”, (UIUC Technical Report UILU-ENG-09-2215, November 2009).[6] Z. Lin, A. Ganesh, J. Wright, L. Wu, M. Chen, and Y. Ma,”Fast Convex Optimization Algorithms for Exact Recovery of a Corrupted Low-Rank Matrix”, (UIUC Technical Report UILU-ENG-09-2214, August 2009).[7] ZongbenXu, XiangyuChang,Fengmin Xu, and Hai Zhang,”L1/2 Regularization: A Thresholding RepresentationTheory and a Fast Solver”,IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NEURAL NETWORKS AND LEARNING SYSTEMS, VOL. 23, NO. 7, JULY 2012[8] DornooshZonoobi and Ashraf A. Kassim,”Low rank and sparse matrix reconstruction with partial support knowledge for surveillance video processing”,Image Processing (ICIP), 2013 20th IEEE International Conference on15-18 Sept. 2013[9] Charles Guyon, Thierry Bouwmans, El-HadiZahzah,”Foreground Detection via Robust Low Rank Matrix Factorization includingSpatial Constraint with Iterative Reweighted Regression”,21st International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR 2012)November 11-15, 2012. Tsukuba, Japan[10] Charles Guyon, Thierry Bouwmans, El-HadiZahzah,”Foreground d e t e c t i o n b a s e d o n l o w - r a n k a n d b l o c k - s p a r s e m a t r i x decomposition”,Image Processing (ICIP), 2012 19th IEEE International Conference onSept. 30 2012-Oct. 3 2012[11] 饒過，彭毅，徐宗本. 基於S1/2 建模的穩健稀疏-低秩矩陣分解. 中國科學: 資訊科學，2013 ，43 （6）: 733–748[12] 黃曉生，黃萍，曹義親，嚴浩. 一種基於PCP 的塊稀疏RPCA 運動目標辨認演算法. 華東交通大學學報，30（5）[13] 計雨含，王曉東，姚宇. 基於張量奇異值分解的人臉識別方法. 電腦應用，35（ S1） : 117 -121，126[14] 季維勳，李燕民，李維國. 一種新的基於SVD圖像降噪方法的探究. 科學技術與工程，2010，10（20）[15] 王智峰，張志佳，李小毛，唐延東. 基於SVD和能量最小原則的圖像自我調整降噪演算法. 中國圖像圖形學報，2007，12（4）[16] 柳欣，鍾必能，張茂勝，崔振. 基於張量低秩恢復和塊稀疏表示的運動顯著性目標提取. 電腦輔助設計與圖形學學報，2014，26（10）[17] 史加榮，鄭秀雲，魏宗田，楊威. 低秩矩陣恢復演算法綜述. 電腦應用研究，2013，30（6）[18] 楊國亮，魯海榮，豐義琴，黃經緯. 基於幀間相似性約束魯棒主成分分析模型的運動目標辨認. 計算機應用與軟件， 2016，33（1）表1 各方法在Bootstrap的精確率、召回率對比Method SVT IALM ALM APG DUAL BS RPCA via IALM with L1BS RPCA via IALM with L1/2Precision 0.4667 0.6522 0.6540 0.6522 0.6361 0.6458 0.6569Recall 0.2237 0.3931 0.3915 0.3915 0.3960 0.3890 0.4006表2 各方法在shopping hall的精確率、召回率對比Method SVT IALM ALM APG DUAL BS RPCA via IALM with L1BS RPCA via IALM with L1/2Precision 0.0518 0.8466 0.5154 0.5159 0.8230 0.8138 0.8044Recall 0.0910 0.5059 0.84294 0.8499 0.5261 0.5291 0.5326學生活動 第十四屆澳門高等院校學生辯論比賽決賽澳科大辯論隊获胜2016年11月13日，第十四屆澳門高等院校學生辯論比賽決賽中，澳門科技大學辯論隊第五次蟬聯全澳高等院校学生辩论賽普通话组冠軍 ，同时贏得了廣東話組季軍。全澳賽奪冠意味著辯論隊普通話組獲得了世界華語辯論錦標賽的參賽門票，將於明年繼續征戰金陵，與世界各地的強隊進行交流切磋。
104第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 澳門地區大學生安全用藥知識調查與分析段陳方圓1，黃錦偉1，2，羅婉君1，2*（1. 澳門科技大學中醫藥學院，澳門；2. 澳門科技大學中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室，澳門）摘要： 目的 了解澳門地區大學生安全用藥知識，為有針對性地開展用藥安全教育提供背景資料。方法 設計調查問卷，在問卷星網站上制作調查問卷，通過微信發布，組織澳門地區五所大學本科生在線答題。結果 共收到有效問卷357份，結果表明，感冒、發燒、腹瀉、疼痛、哮喘是調查對象最常見的疾病或癥狀，認為吊水有助於促進疾病更快恢復的佔21.6%，認為有危險的僅佔2.5%。主要購藥渠道是醫院（81.8 %）和藥房（73.4%），購藥依據是醫生處方（83.8%）、藥師推薦（43.2%）、家人朋友意見（42.9%）、基於自己判斷（31.1%）。大多數調查對象能遵從醫囑（61.1%）或按藥品說明書用藥（34.7%），43.1%的調查對象有過乾吞藥片或用茶水、飲料送服藥物的行為，18.7%的調查對象為了盡快康復而自行增加藥量或多藥同時使用，總是或經常使用抗菌藥的佔9.2%。認為在用藥中出現的主要問題是不按時服藥、濫用抗菌藥、變更藥物劑量、服用過期藥等。結論 澳門地區大學生了解基本的安全用藥知識，購藥渠道正規，但存在一定的認識誤區和用藥安全隱患，因此有必要增強安全用藥的意識以減少潛在的藥物安全風險。關鍵詞： 澳門；大學生；安全用藥；問卷調查Investigation and Analysis of the Medication Safety Knoyledge among College Students in MacauChenfangyuan DUAN1, Vincent Kam Wai WONG1,2, Betty Yuen Kwan LAW1,2*( 1. School of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; 2. State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: Our objective was to investigate the drug safety knowledge among undergraduates in Macau, and provided background information for carrying out targeted drug safety education in the future. Methods: The questionnaire was designed on website of “WenJuanXing”, and distributed through the mobile communication apps “Wechat”. Undergraduates in Macau were invited to fill in the questionnaires online. Results: We received a total of 357 valid questionnaires. Results showed that cold, fever, diarrhea, pain and asthma were the most common symptoms or diseases of respondents. 21.6% of respondents believed that infusion facilitates faster recovery from diseases, while only 2.5% of respondents considered its as dangerous. The main channels or sources of medicines purchasing were hospitals (81.8%) and pharmacies (73.4%). 83.8% of respondents purchased medicines based on doctor's prescription, recommendation from pharmacists (43.2%), family and friends’ opinions (42.9%) or based on self-judgment (31.1%). Most of the respondents could follow doctor's advice (61.1%) or medication instructions (34.7%). 43.1% of respondents have had behaviors like swallowing tablets without water, or taking medicine together with tea or drinks. 18.7% of respondents modified the dose of drugs by themselves or multi-drug use to try to facilitate faster recovery. 9.2% of respondents used antimicrobial drugs frequently. The major problems in the medication safety knowledge of Macau undergraduate students were irregular time 收稿日期：2016-05-11；修訂日期：2016-07-04。*通訊作者：羅婉君，女，博士，中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室助理教授，主要研究方向：細胞自體吞噬作用與治療腦神經退化性疾病的關係。E-mail: yklaw@must.edu.mo，Tel: 00853-88972407
105段陳方圓，等 澳門地區大學生安全用藥知識調查與分析0 引言2009 年、2010 年中國城市居民家庭藥箱抽樣調查結果顯示[1~2]，城市居民家庭藥箱普及率很高，已經是居民生活中不可或缺的一部分。與之形成反差的是，居民對家庭藥箱的管理及藥品的使用等方面存在不少問題，用藥安全問題依然突出。大學生在初、高中階段用藥多為被動性用藥，服從家長的意見，隨家長到醫院就醫或使用家長購買的藥品，在使用藥物方面缺乏自我保護意識和能力。進入大學後，遠離父母和家庭，用藥知識急需普及和提高，因此，開展大學生安全用藥知識調查，提高大學生安全用藥意識非常重要。為了解澳門特別行政區大學生安全用藥知識情況，作者對澳門地區五所大學 357 名同學進行了問卷調查。1 資料與方法1.1 調查對象澳門特別行政區內，澳門大學、澳門科技大學、澳門理工大學、澳門城市大學、澳門旅遊學院五所大學的部分在校本科大學生，不包括研究生。1.2 調查問卷參考文獻 [3~5]，結合大學生自身特點設計調查問卷，主要包括被調查對象一般情況、曾患疾病與用藥、購藥途徑、用藥習慣、曾發生的主要不良反應、對備用藥物的了解、安全用藥知識來源等方面的 29 個問題。調查表制定後先邀請 20名同學進行預調查，發現沒有問題後開始正式調查。1.3 調查方法 在 問 卷 星 網 站（http://www.sojump.com/） 上制作調查問卷，通過微信發布，組織大學生在線答題[6]。1.4 統計學處理 通過問卷星後臺軟件對數據進行分析整理，計數資料以百分比進行統計描述，多選題百分比合計大於 100％。對醫藥專業與非醫藥專業之間的差異性採用 SPSS15.0 軟件進行統計分析，計數資料採用構成比表示，組間比較採用卡方檢驗。2 結果2.1 調查對象一般情況本次調查共收到有效問卷 357 份，參與人數最多的是澳門科技大學（264 人，佔 74.0%）和澳門大學（52 人，佔 14.6%），澳門城市大學 18 人（5.0%）、澳門理工學院 15 人（4.2%）、澳門旅遊學院 8 人（2.2%）參與了本次調查。調 查 對 象 主 要 是 大 陸 學 生（314 人， 佔88.0%），其餘分別來自香港（5 人，1.4%）、澳門（26 人，7.3%）、臺灣（4 人，1.1%）和其他國外地區（8 人，2.2%）。其中大多數為非醫藥專業的同學，佔總人數的 74.5%，醫學專業與藥學專業人數相當，分別佔 14.0% 和 11.5%。男生佔43.1%，女生佔 56.9%。2.2 曾經患有的疾病及採取的給藥方式感 冒（96.6%）、 發 燒（71.4%）、 腹 瀉（71.2%）、疼痛（47.3%）、哮喘（8.4%）是調查對象最常見的疾病或癥狀，其他疾病僅佔 6.4%。針對上述疾病或癥狀，主要採取口服（92.7%）、吊 水（57.7%）、 外 用（33.9%）、 肌 肉 注 射（25.5%）、吸入（16.8%）等方式給藥，見表 1。大多數（75.9%）認為吊水沒有必要，但認為有必要，好得快的佔 21.6%，認為吊水有危險的僅佔2.5%。醫藥專業與非醫藥專業調查對象間差異無顯著性（P=0.851）。for taking medicines, the abuse of antimicrobial drugs, change of the dose of drugs and taking expired drugs. Conclusion: The college students in Macau understood the basic knowledge of medication safety, and obtained medication from formal and proper channels; however, there are still some misunderstandings on medication safety which needed to be further educated to reduce potential medication safety risks.Keyyordst: Macau; Undergraduate; Medication safety; Questionnaire
110第 10 卷 第 2 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.10 No.22016 年 12 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology Dec 30, 2016 從澳門出生的2014年大學一年級新生入學體檢的異常全血圖篩檢澳門輕度地中海型貧血的盛行率戴碧霞1*，鄭卓權1，方明耀2，崔紹漢3，鄭彥銘4，林偉基1,5*（1. 澳門科大醫院臨床化驗診斷中心，澳門；2. 香港健康化驗中心有限公司，香港） （3. 澳門藥物及健康應用研究院，澳門；4. 澳門科大醫院內科及血液科，澳門） （5. 澳門科技大學健康科學學院，澳門）摘要： 背景及目的 貧血是影響富裕和貧窮國家人口的公共健康問題。有別於缺鐵性貧血，地中海型貧血是一種由父母遺傳的貧血疾病，輕則與正常健康人沒有區別，並無特殊症狀；嚴重者需要長期的輸血治療，甚至引致死亡。本研究目的是篩檢目前仍未有報導，但在鄰近地區並不罕見，而又可以預防的澳門輕度地中海型貧血的盛行率。方法 從2014年7月到9月，招募澳門某大學在2014年入學，並且是在澳門出生的大學一年級參加體檢的新生，檢測他們的EDTA全血圖（CBC: MCV、MCH、RDW）、血清鐵含量（Fe）及總鐵結合力（TIBC），最後再以血液塗片檢查並透過血紅蛋白電泳判別輕度地中海型貧血。結果 招募得學生共532人，包括男性296人及女性236人。MCV及MCH的數值同時偏低的佔49人(9.2%)；而透過血紅蛋白電泳分析後確定患有輕度地中海型貧血者，佔全部受篩檢學生的4.1%，當中2.6% 被檢定為α型輕度地中海型貧血患者，1.5% 被檢定為β型輕度地中海型貧血患者。 討論 與鄰近地區相若，澳門輕度地中海型貧血的盛行率亦非常高。澳門政府應可運用長遠的公共衛生政策，提高公眾意識，為伴侶進行地中海型貧血的婚前或產前篩查，並提供適切的諮詢服務。關鍵詞： 異常全血圖；輕度地中海型貧血；缺鐵性貧血；α型輕度地中海型貧血；β型輕度地中海型貧血Screening AAnormal Complete Blood Count Results from the Medical Examination of 2014 Macau-Aorn University Freshmen Students to Estimate the Current Prevalence of Thalassemia Trait in Macau Pek Ha TAI1*, Cheuk Kuen CHENG1, Ming Yiu FONG2, Shiu Hon CHUI3, Gregory CHENG4, Christopher Wai Kei LAM1,5*( 1. Clinical Laboratory Diagnostic Centre, University Hospital, Macau: 2. Diagnostix Medical Centre Ltd, Hong Kong )( 3. Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau ) ( 4. Departments of Internal Medicine and Hematology, University Hospital, Macau )( 5. Faculty of Health Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau )AAstractt: Background and Objective Anemia is a public health problem affecting the population of rich and poor countries. Different from iron deficiency anemia, thalassemia is a hereditary anemia disease. Patients with such trait 收稿日期：2016-07-27；修訂日期：2016-08-21。* 通訊作者： 戴碧霞，女，澳門科技大學健康科學學院碩士畢業生，主要研究方向：公共衛生學及檢驗醫學。E-mail:cissycheese@gmail.com，Tel:00853-63801985。 林偉基，男，澳門科技大學健康科學學院講座教授，科大醫院病理及檢驗科室總監，主要研究方向：公共衛生學及檢驗醫學。E-mail:wklam@must.edu.mo，Tel:00853-88972636
111戴碧霞，等 從澳門出生的2014年大學一年級新生入學體檢的異常全血圖篩檢澳門輕度地中海型貧血的盛行率0 地中海型貧血地 中 海 型 貧 血 （Mediterranean anemia），又稱海洋性貧血（thalassemia），或庫利氏貧血（Cooley's anemia），是一種先天的血液疾病，和父母的遺傳有關。此病的特點是紅血球（red blood cell, erythrocyte）的血紅蛋白 (hemoglobin, Hb）製造異常。血液藉著血紅蛋白將氧氣送至全身各個部位，如果血紅蛋白異常引致氧氣供應不充足，身體各部位的器官及組織的運作便會受影響。由於患有地中海型貧血的人，血紅蛋白的數量較正常人少，所以通常會出現輕度至重度的貧血(anemia)。世界很多地方都有地中海型貧血患者，但以地中海地區發病率較高，因此而得名。其中來自亞洲、地中海、希臘、意大利、中東、非洲地區的人士，患地中海型貧血的機會尤其高[1]。血紅蛋白是紅血球中一種輸送氧氣的物質，由血紅質（heme）及球蛋白（globin）組成。其中，血紅質由原紫質（protoporphyrin-Fe2+）合成，球蛋白由四條多肽鏈（polypetide chain）合成。從胚胎時期、胎兒時期到成人時期，每個階段血紅蛋白的組成各不相同，正常成人主要是由兩條 α 鏈與兩條 β 鏈合成。這些球蛋白都是由父母遺傳的基因結合而成，其中 α 球蛋白基因位於第 16 號染色體，β 球蛋白基因位於第 11 號染色體 [2]。當這些遺傳基因不能正常地運作時，血紅蛋白的製造便會異常。而地中海型貧血主要分為 α 型地中海型貧血（α thalassemia）及 β 型地中海型貧血（β thalassemia）兩大類。1 α 型地中海型貧血血紅蛋白 α 鏈的製造，取決於從父母雙方各自遺傳的兩個基因，共四個基因來決定。如果一個或幾個這樣的基因發生缺失 / 刪除（deletion）或突變（mutation），便會罹患 α 型地中海型貧血。α 型地中海型貧血的嚴重程度，視乎有多少個不正常的基因而決定：1.1 隱性基因攜帶者 - α /α α ( α+/ α)具有一個不正常的基因，但身體依然可以製造血紅蛋白，此類型的人沒有任何病徵，並可像正常人一樣過健康的生活。1.2 輕度α 型地中海型貧血患者- α / - α or -/ α α此類型的人由於少了兩個正常的基因，紅血球的形狀會較正常人細小。雖然患者可能患有貧血，但仍可維持健康的身體。1.3 血紅蛋白H 型疾病(Hemoglobin H disease) 患者 -/ - α (α0/α +) or -/ αTα ( α0/ αT)由於只有單一個基因製造血紅蛋白，呈現明顯的小球性、低染色的嚴重貧血（Hb 6-11 g/dL），引致氧氣輸送不足。電泳可見 4-10% 的血紅蛋白H 帶（β4）；血液塗片染色時可見高爾夫球狀的血球。or mild thalassemia are asymptomatic, and can live as normal healthy people. Severe cases require long-term blood transfusion therapy, and can be fatal. Mild thalassemia is not rare in nearby regions; the objective of this study was to investigate its unreported prevalence in the Macau population. Methods Macau-born freshman students of Year 2014 in a specific Macau university were recruited from July to September 2014, when they enrolled for entrance medical examination. EDTA and clotted blood samples were analyzed for complete blood count (CBC: MCV, MCH and RDW), serum iron concentration (Fe) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC) before blood film examination and hemoglobin electrophoresis for diagnosis of mild thalassemia. Results A total of 532 students were recruited, including 296 male and 236 female students. Forty nine students (9.2%) manifested simultaneous low MCV and low MCH values. Hemoglobin electrophoresis identified 4.1% of all students having mild thalassemia: 2.6% were with α thalassemia and 1.5% β thalassemia. Discussion Similar to nearby regions, the prevalence of mild thalassemia is quite high in Macau. Our government should apply long-term public health strategies to promote public awareness and provide pre-marital or antenatal testing for couples and parents, as well as timely and appropriate counseling services.Keyyordst: Abnormal results of complete blood count; Thalassemia trait; Iron deficiency anemia; α thalassemia trait; β thalassemia trait
116雖然我們的研究中沒有使用最精確的檢測方法，有可能發生低估的情況，但亦具有足夠的代表性並提供具有意義的資訊（到目前為止，澳門並未有任何有關地中海型貧血的官方資料）。9 總結由本研究的結果顯示，目前澳門地區輕度地中海型貧血的盛行率至少為 4.1%，而以全血圖異常結果預測到地中海型貧血的比率為 9.2%。故澳門地區的地中海型貧血亦是非常重要的公共衛生議題。世界衛生組織建議的地中海型貧血公共衛生控制程序，包括公眾的啟蒙、篩查基因攜帶者、為伴侶進行婚前或產前篩查、遺傳諮詢[16]。這些預防措施可以有效地預防受地中海型貧血影響的孩子的出生。這些建議都是長遠的公共衛生政策，澳門政府可以利用世界衛生組織的建議，提高公眾的健康意識，長遠地減少澳門地區地中海型貧血的發生率及盛行率。參 考 文 獻[1] Gu XF, Zeng YT. A Review of the Molecular Diagnosis Thalassemia. Hematology 2002 Aug; 7(4): 203-9.[2] Hoffbrand AV, Moss PAH, Pettit JE. Essential Haematology 5th Edition. UK: Blackwell Publishing 2006; pp. 72 – 93.[3] Bowden DK. Screening for thalasssaemia. Australian Prescriber 2001; 24:120 - 3.[4] 王仁傑, 李湘雄. 健康心理學. 新北市: 弘智文化, 2000[5] 中華民國內政部統計月報. 2015.[6] 柯滄銘, 海洋性貧血的遺傳[EB/OL]. (2014)[2015].http://www.thala.artcom.tw/ap/news_view.aspx?bid=43&sn=8d20df15-d73b-4e00-81f4-2bb1c63e4dbf[7] 香港地中海貧血兒童基金. [EB/OL].(2015)[2015].http://www.thalassaemia.org.hk/tc/thala01.php[8] Lau YL, Chan LC, Chan YY, et al. Prevalence and genotypes of alpha- and beta-thalassemia carriers in Hong Kong -- implications for population screening. The New England Journal of Medicine 1997 May; 336(18): 1298-301.[9] Xu XM, Zhou YQ, Luo GX, et al. The prevalence and spectrum of alpha and beta thalassaemia in Guangdong Province: implications for the future health burden and population screening. Journal of Clinical Pathology 2004 May; 57(5): 517-22.[10] Yin A, Li B, Luo M, et al. The prevalence and molecular spectrum of α- and β-globin gene mutations in 14,332 families of Guangdong Province, China. PLoS One 2014 Feb 27; 9(2): e89855.[11] Xu LH, Fang JP. The current status of β-thalassemia major in Mainland China. Hemoglobin 2013; 37(4): 307-14.[12] 李穎豐, 倪少娟. 廣西壯族地區地中海貧血干預研究進展. 醫學綜述, 2011, 17 (17).[13] 郭保麟, 地中海型貧血之遺傳學[EB/OL].(2002)[2015].http://www.ncku.edu.tw/~genetics/knowledge/km5.pdf[14] C l a r k e G M , H i g g i n s T N . L a b o r a t o r y I n v e s t i g a t i o n o f Hemaglobinopathies and Thalassemias: Review and Update. Clinical Chemistry 2000 Aug; 46 (8 Pt 2): 1284 – 90.[15] Muncie HL, Campbell JS. Alpha and Beta Thalassemia. American Family Physician 2009 Aug; 80(4): 339-44.[16] World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting healthy life. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2002.服務澳門首屆澳門網民新媒體使用習慣調查研究發佈 澳門科技大學人文藝術學院澳門傳媒研究中心、中山大學傳播與設計學院大數據傳播實驗室聯合澳門傳播學會，首次就澳門地區的新媒體使用情況進行系統深入的調查研究，并於2016年12月6日在澳門科技大學發佈“首屆澳門網民新媒體使用習慣調查研究報告”。本次調查對於政府及社會各界政策的制定與推行、分析澳門傳媒業態等均具有重大意義。本次調查於10至11月進行，共收回有效問卷1061份，運用SPSS軟件進行資料分析。調查的目標是瞭解澳門地區的新媒體使用情況。調查以職業、性別、年齡等不同人群劃分方式，對本澳傳統媒體、新媒體的使用習慣、時長、使用目的、社會各階層所關心的不同維度進行調查。澳門傳媒研究中心是澳科大人文藝術學院屬下的一個學術與產業結合的研究中心。成立以來，一直關注澳門及周邊地區傳媒業態發展，積極構建澳門綜合型“大數據庫”，對傳統媒體以及新媒體的產業、傳播內容、技術及用戶行為等多方面進行研究，為澳門及境內外華文媒體提供傳媒發展建議。同時，為配合澳門特區政府及社會各界的發展需求，提供各類項目性調研服務。
彩 插 1高維數據中顯著性運動目標檢測的方法研究The Effect of Demographic Structure to China’s Investment-An Dynamic Analysis Based on Provincial Panel DataFigure 1 Trend Chart of Fixed Asset Investment Rate and Young Dependency RatioFigure 2 Trend Chart of Fixed Asset Investment Rate and Old Dependency Ratio050100Fixed Asset Investment Rate5 10 15 20 25Old Dependency Ratioir Fitted valuesFig. 3 Scatter Graph of Fixed Asset Investment Rate and Old Dependency Ratio050100Fixed Asset Investment Rate10 20 30 40 50 60Young Dependency Ratioir Fitted valuesFig. 4 Scatter Graph of Fixed Asset Investment Rate and Young Dependency RatioObservation Low-rank sparse 圖1 低秩-稀疏矩陣分解圖3 監控視頻的其中12張圖片的示意圖
彩 插 2從澳門出生的2014年大學一年級新生入學體檢的異常全血圖篩檢澳門輕度地中海型貧血的盛行率圖1 Wright Stain，可見疑似患有輕度地中海型貧血者的血液塗片中會出現低色素（hypochromic）和小血球（microcytic）的情形（Magnification 10 x 100）。圖2 BCB（Brilliant Cresyl Blue）染色，若為α型地中海型貧血患者，有機會在血液塗片中發現高爾夫球狀的血紅蛋白H類顆粒（Hb H inclusion，紅色箭頭；Magnification 10 x 100）圖3 Wright Stain，可見正常健康人的血液塗片中，RBC形態為正常血色素 (normochromic) 及正常血球大小(normocytic；Magnification 10 x 100)圖4 矩陣向量化示意圖原始圖像 SVT ALM IALMDual APGBS RPCA via IALM with L1BS RPCA via IALMwith L1/2圖9 各方法應用在Bootstrap效果
編輯委員會Editorial Board編委會主席：劉良Chairman of Editorial Board: Liu Liang主編 ：許敖敖Chief Editors: Xu Ao Ao編委：劉良、許敖敖、祈務晨、余秋雨、張志慶、姜志宏、方泉、林偉基、戴龍基、黎曉平、唐澤聖、陳乃九、龐川、孫立雲、孫建榮Editorial Board Members:Liu Liang, Xu Ao Ao,Keith Robert Barclay Morrison, Yu Qiu Yu, Zhang Zhi Qing, Jiang Zhi Hong, Fang Quan, Lam Wai Kei, Dai Long Ji, Li Xiao Ping, Tang Ze Sheng, Chan Lai Kow, Pang Chuan, Sun Li Yun, Sun Jian Rong澳門科技大學學報Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology主辦單位: 澳門科技大學Organizer: Macau University of Science and Technology編委會主席: 劉良Chairman of Editorial Board: Liu Liang主編: 許敖敖Chief Editors: Xu Ao Ao編輯: 《澳門科技大學學報》編輯部Editor: The Editorial Department, Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology ● 電話： +853-8897-2173 Tel: +853-8897-2173 ● 傳真：+853-2888-0022 Fax: +853-2888-0022 ● 電郵：publication@must.edu.mo E-mail: publication@must.edu.mo ● 地址： 澳門科技大學 澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 Address: Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau出版及總發行：澳門科技大學Publisher & Distribution: Macau University of Science and Technology ● 電話：+853-8897-2166 Tel: +853-8897-2166 ● 電郵：cbpsadmin@must.edu.mo E-mail: cbpsadmin@must.edu.mo ● 地址： 澳門科技大學 澳門氹仔偉龍馬路 Address: Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 封面及版式設計：高鴻 王港Graphic & Layout Designers: Gao Hong, Wang Gang印刷： 700本Print Run: 700出版日期：2016年12月Issued Date: December 2016國際標準期刊號：ISSN: 1994-4926規格： 21cm×29.7cmSize: 21cm width by 29.7cm height版權所有，翻印必究All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher.
半年刊 2007年6月創刊第十卷 第二期 2016年12月出版JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITYOF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYSemiannual, Started in June 2007Vol.10 No.2 December 2016定價: 20元澳門幣(人民幣/港幣)ISSN 1994-4926半年刊Semiannual Vol.10二 一六年 第十卷 第二期JOURNAL OF MACAU UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYVol.10 No.2 December 2016
