ContentsInvestor Sentiment, Accounting Information and Equity Valuation-Empirical Evidence from Listed Companies in China ……………………………………………………………………… Yi LUO (1)Study on Macau Flight Catering Based on ARIMA and Newsvendor Models ………………………… Huajun TANG, Tian DING, Siyang DU, Xinzhu MENG, Mengling XU (16)The Impact of Perceived Job Insecurity on Affective Commitment and Deviant Behavior ………………………………………………………………………… Qing TIAN, Yiyi CHEN (23)Environmental Productivity Growth in the Chinese Construction Industry:Based on the Malmquist-Luenberger Index …………………………………………………………… Yu SONG, Qian LI (35)Window Waiting Time Competition Strategy in Macau's Commercial Bank: An Analysis Based on Hotelling’s Linear City Model ……………………………………………… Jing Hua ZHANG (46)A Research of the Influence Factors of the Financial Institutions Ownership Structure to Risk ……………………………………………… Sen QIAO, Chen ZHONG, Shuai LI, Huimei BU (55)Relationship Research between Perception and Job Performance for the Real Estate Companies Staff:the Effect of Moderator and Mediator on Job Stress View ……………………………………Zhihua LIAN, Yaopeng LIN, Tangzhan LONG, Hua HUANG (63)Research of the Impact of Intellectual Capital on Corporate Value ………………………………………………………… Shun-Ho CHU, Xian ZHUO, Shuo YAN (76)A Study on World Heritage Residents' Attitude towards Other Tourism Stakeholders: Take the Historic Centre of Macao World Heritage for an Example ……………… Ying-Chuan WANG, Ying GU (84)Innovating upon Homogenized Teaching in Undergraduate Applied Courses by “Free Applied Teaching” Mode ………………………………………………………………………………… Zhiming CAI (97)Inverse Problem Research about Shape Determinant of Asteroid from Lightcurves ……………………………………………………… Xiaoping LU, Haibin ZHAO, Zhong YOU (102)Judicial Review of Arbitration Agreement: Practice and Problems of Macau …………………………………………………………………………………… Lanfang FEI (107)Defect and perfection of the criminal protection of food safety from the perspective of risk society in drainage oil event ……………………………………………………………………… Liang LI (113)Introduction of In Camera Review to Litigation of Government Information Disclosure:Take American Legal System and Practice as An Example ………………………………… Lingguang WANG (125)Associations of Dyslipoproteinaemia with BMI, Fasting Plasma Glucose, HbA1c, and Insulin Resistance in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients……………………………… …… Man CHU, Angela Yee-moon WANG, Iris Hiu-shuen CHAN, Shiu-hon CHUI,Chun Kwok WONG, Christopher Wai-kei LAM (133)Celebrity endorser images in Chinese television advertising: A content analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………… Zhen SUN (139)Analysis about the drama theory system construction and its modern transformation of reason …………………………………………………………………………………… Fang ZHANG (149)
1第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 投資者情緒、會計信息與權益估價 ——來自中國上市公司的證據羅 奕(澳門科技大學行政與管理學院,澳門)摘要: 通過使用消費者信心指數作爲投資者情緒的代理指標,本文研究了在不同的投資者情緒狀况下會計數字對于權益估價的啓示。研究發現,在投資者情緒較高的時期,投資者傾向于較少地關注會計盈餘和賬面價值等基本面的指標,進而該時期的股價更多地偏離其內在價值。相反,在投資者情緒較低的時期,投資者的這種估價偏誤較小,進而股價與公司基本面信息的關係更爲緊密。進一步的研究發現,投資者情緒對權益估價的作用還受到公司盈利與否的影響。本文的研究結果對投資者决策以及對會計數字的解讀具有啓發意義和指導作用。關鍵詞: 投資者情緒;消費者信心指數;會計信息;權益估價Investor Sentiment, Accounting Information and Equity Valuation -Empirical Evidence from Listed Companies in ChinaYi LUO( Faculty of Management and Administration, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: Using Consumer Confidence Index as proxy for investor sentiment, the paper examines the implication of accounting number for equity valuation under circumstances of different degrees of investor sentiment. We find that at times of high investor sentiment, investors tend to pay less attention to fundamental information such as earnings and book value, leading to larger divergence between stock price and its intrinsic value. On the contrary, at times of low investor sentiment, the valuation bias is relatively small in magnitude and there’s a closer relationship between stock price and fundamental information. Moreover, the effect of investor sentiment on equity valuation is also subject to the profitability of the firm. These findings have implications for investors’ investment decisions as well as the interpretation of accounting numbers.eyyordst: Investor Sentiment; Consumer Confidence Index; Accounting Information; Equity Valuation收稿日期:2012-10-07;修訂日期:2013-01-01。通訊作者:羅奕,澳門科技大學行政與管理學院講師、在讀博士。主要研究方向爲資本市場中的會計問題。 Email: yluomust@gmail.com。作者感謝兩位匿名審稿人的有益意見和建議,當然文責自負。在大多數時間裏面,很多人不可磨滅的投機或者賭博天性,以及希望、恐懼和貪婪的傾向,使得股票的價格會向兩個方向非理性震蕩。1——本杰明 · 格雷厄姆《聰明的投資者》1 原文如下:“Most of the time common stocks are subject to irrational and excessive price fluctuations in both directions as the consequence of the ingrained tendency of most people to speculate or gamble... to give way to hope, fear and greed."– Benjamin Graham, Intelligent Investor [22].0 引言本文的研究問題是投資者情緒如何影響會計信息在權益估價的應用。之所以提出這一問題是基于以下原因:會計信息如何影響投資者對股票的估價是實務界和理論界都關注的問題。從實務界來看,在投資的實踐中,就有基本面(Fundamental
14參 考 文 獻[1] Baker, M., and J. Wurgler. 2006. Investor Sentiment and the Cross-Section of Stock Returns. The Journal of Finance 61 (4): 1645–1680.[2] Baker, M., and J. Wurgler. 2007. Investor Sentiment in the Stock Market. Journal of Economic Perspectives 21 (2): 129–152.[3] Ball, R., and P. Brown. 1968. An Empirical Evaluation of Accounting Income Numbers. Journal of Accounting Research 6 (2): 159–178.[4] Barberis, N., A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny. 1998. A Model of Investor Sentiment. Journal of Financial Economics 49 (3): 307–343.[5] Ben-Rephael, A., S. Kandel, and A. Wohl. 2012. Measuring Investor Sentiment with Mutual Fund Flows. Journal of Financial Economics 104 (2): 363–382.[6] Bergman, N. K., and S. Roychowdhury. 2008. Investor Sentiment and Corporate Disclosure. Journal of Accounting Research 46 (5): 1057–1083.[7] Brad C., W.R. Landsman and S. R. Stubben 2012. Does Accounting Information Facilitate Efficient Markets? Evidence from Investor Sentiment-Related Mispricing. 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16第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 基於ARIMA模型與報童模型的澳門航空配餐研究唐華軍*,丁 甜,杜司楊,孟芯竹,許夢玲(澳門科技大學行政與管理學院,澳門)摘要: 本文以SERVAIR MACAU的航空餐期望利潤最大化為目標,首先調查統計了SERVAIR MACAU所服務的其中一條航線在2012年2~4月份的實際承載人數、配餐數量、航空餐過剩和缺貨情況,然後利用ARIMA模型來預測其在2012年4月份的航空餐需求,并在此需求預測結果的基礎上,利用報童模型給出了該航線在2012年4月份的航空餐最優訂購計劃,最後比較了實施報童模型優化策略前後的航空餐利潤,結果表明報童模型優化策略的實施可幫助SERVAIR MACAU的航空餐利潤上升19.3%,同時其缺貨率下降了2.8%。本文所得到的研究結果不僅豐富了ARIMA模型與報童模型在航空配餐預測及訂購中的應用,同時也為本澳利用報童模型制定航空餐最佳訂購計劃的研究填補了空白。此外,本文的研究方法和結果在實踐上也為SERVAIR MACAU根據歷史需求,利用ARIMA模型和報童模型制定合理的航空配餐計劃提供了科學的決策支持。關鍵詞: 航空配餐;ARIMA模型;報童模型Study on Macau Flight Catering Based on ARIMA and Neysvendor ModelsHuajun TANG*, Tian DING, Siyang DU, Xinzhu MENG, Mengling XU( Faculty of Management and Administration, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )eyyordst: This study aims to maximize the expected profit in flight catering of SERVAIR Macau. Firstly, the paper investigates the related data of one flight route from Macau to Chengdu, including the actual passenger numbers, catering service, and the levels of over-estimate and under-estimate from February to April. Then it forecasts the passenger demand in April with the use of ARIMA model. Based on the forecasting result, this study applies the newsvendor model to estimate the demand for the catering, and evaluates the catering profit before and after the application of the newsvendor model. Finally, this study suggests that the profit in flight catering can increase by 19.3% through the application of the newsvendor model, and the stock-out rate can decrease by 2.8%. In addition, the research result provides the scientific support for SERVAIR MACAU to make reasonable decisions for catering service.eyyordst: Flight Catering; ARIMA Model; Newsvendor Model收稿日期:2012-08-21;修訂日期:2012-09-14。通訊作者:唐華軍,男,博士,澳門科技大學行政與管理學院助理教授,主要研究方向為供應鏈管理、交通優化與綠色物流。E-mail: hjtang@must.edu.mo, Tel: (+853) 8897 2874。0 前言澳門作為具有中西合璧特色的歷史小城,是一座典型的旅遊城市,其博彩業的繁榮帶動了旅遊業的發展而不斷壯大。隨著旅遊業的發展,航空業迎來了發展的黃金時期,隨之而來的航空食品供應公司的競爭日益加劇。航班承載人數的不確定性,顧客需求的多樣化、個性化,以及顧客對航空食品質量及服務要求的提高,均對航空配餐公司提出了嚴峻的挑戰。作為澳門航空配餐業的龍頭,SERVAIR MACAU,在澳門旅遊業的蓬
22參 考 文 獻[1] Chatwin Richard E. Multiperiod airline overbooking with a single fare class, Operations Research. 1999, 46: 805-819.[2] Charles Wang, and Scott Webster. The loss-averse newsvendor problem. OMEGA, 2009, 37: 93-105.[3] 趙桂紅,馬志剛. 航空公司機上供應品成本控制方案. 中國民用航空,2005,03:41-44.[4] 朱傑. 航空配餐ERP系統的設計與開發. 博士论文,雲南大學,2006.[5] 彭剛. 航空食品供應商管理江蘇航空食品公司供應商管理討論. 博士论文,南京理工大學,2007.[6] Khouja Moutaz. The single-period newsvendor problem: literature review and suggestions for future research. OMEGA, 1999, 27(5): 537-553.[7] Su X, Zhang F. On the value of commitment and availability guarantees when selling to strategic consumers. Management Science, 2009, 55(5): 713-726.[8] Schweitzer M E, Cachon C P. Decision bias in the newsvendor problem with a known demand distribution: experimental evidence. Management Science, 2000, 46(3): 404-420.[9] Wu J, Li J, Wang S, Cheng TCE. Mean-variance analysis of the newsvendor model with stock-out cost. OMEGA, 2009, 37(3): 724-730.[10] 緱程,汪立榮,王刊良. 報童模型及ARMA預測在航空配餐問題中的應用. 運籌與管理,2008,17(2): 109-114.[11] 馬福珍. 需求信息更新的報童模型訂貨策略選擇. 碩士论文,武漢科技大學,2009.[12] 翟致遠. 對於航空收益管理中差別定價及倉位控制策略的最優化研究. 博士论文,中國人民大學,2009.[13] 黃松,楊超,張曦. 考慮客戶戰略行為時報童模型定價與庫存控制. 運籌與管理,2010,19(3): 7-15. 校園活動澳科大畢業典禮 展現矚目成就澳門科技大學於6月8日假座澳門科技大學體育館室內運動場舉行2013年度畢業典禮,近1200名本科、碩士及博士畢業生出席。行政長官崔世安先生親臨主禮。劉良校長致辭中說:澳門科技大學自2000年建校以來,一直秉持“意誠格物"之校訓,經過多年持續不懈的努力,從2011年起,已躋身兩岸四地大學排名百強之列,成為最年輕的百強名校。近年來,大學根據高等教育的國際化發展趨勢,緊貼澳門的人才市場需求,調整並優化課程結構和教學內容。大學亦全面推動學術發展,在中藥質量與創新藥物研究、嫦娥探月數據分析與太空科學研究、澳門社會文化與可持續發展研究、人力資源與博彩旅遊管理研究等領域,形成了學術特色和優勢。大學還大力引進優秀的學術帶頭人和年輕學者,使教研隊伍的水準和實力明顯提升,在國際一流學術期刊發表研究論文和申請國內外發明專利的數量均顯著增加。最近,大學獲得了澳港地區在中醫藥領域的首個國家科學技術進步獎,同學們也在澳門及國內外多種比賽中屢獲佳績。校董會周禮杲主席總結過去十三年,科大在多方面都獲得了長足的進步,得到了社會各界的肯定。他指出在過去一年,大學圓滿完成新舊校長的交替。教學水平逐步提升,教學條件得到改善,如大學為酒店與旅遊管理學院新建了教學餐廳,供相關課程的師生實習使用。在推進國際化方面,大學已與國際上100多個教研機構簽訂了合作協議,開展了多種方式的教學科研合作,已為眾多學生提供了到外國一些大學交流學習的機會。中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室成立兩年來取得了豐碩的成果,劉良校長領導的中醫科研隊伍,由於其卓越的科研成果通過國家層層評比,獲得了2013年國家科技進步獎,這在港澳地區還是第一個獲得中藥研究領域中的國家科技獎。大學在月球與太空研究方面頗多成果,獲得國際同行專家的好評。澳科大經同意將在年內建立中國科學院月球與深空探測重點實驗室的夥伴實驗室。澳門科技大學基金會為大學的發展作出了新的規劃,要為師生提供更好的教學設施和生活環境,已正在籌建一棟十一層高規模較大的的綜合教學大樓,以及一棟十五層高的宿舍大樓,即將開工興建。最後,畢業生代表致辭為是次畢業典禮畫上完滿的句號,典禮在畢業生的歡呼聲中圓滿結束。
23第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 工作不穩定感對組織的情感承諾和偏差行為的影響田 青,陳奕奕(澳門科技大學行政與管理學院,澳門)摘要: 本研究旨在探討澳門博彩業員工的工作不穩定感及其產生的對組織承諾和偏差行為的影響。通過實證調研發現澳門博彩業員工的這種工作不穩定感會使員工內心倦怠,繼而對組織產生低情感承諾。低組織承諾是導致偏差行為的原因之一。基於社會交換理論,本研究從理論上闡述工作不穩定與偏差行為的關係, 並從實踐角度, 對澳門博彩組織提出有效的管理指導建議。關鍵詞: 澳門博彩;工作不穩定;心理疲惫;情感承諾;職場偏差行為The Impact of Perceived JoA Insecurity on Affective Commitment and Deviant BehaviorQing TIAN, Yiyi CHEN( Macau University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management and Administration, Macau )AAstractt: This study explored the influences of perceived job insecurity among casino employees on their organizational commitment and deviant behavior. Empirical studies found that job insecurity will lead to employees’ psychological burnout which causes low affective commitment. Low affective commitment is one of the main reasons leads to organizational deviance. Based on social exchange theory, this study contributes to the extant theories and managerial implications. eyyordst: Gaming Industry of Macau; Job Insecurity; Psychological Burnout; Affective Commitment; Workplace Deviant Behavior收稿日期:2012-06-01;修訂日期:2012-12-01。本文得到澳門基金會資助(MF-U/UH/MIAR/TIS-2011-0188)﹡通訊作者:田青,女,博士,副教授,主要研究方向:商業倫理,組織行為。 E-mail:qtian@must.edu.mo, Tel:00853/889722650 引言隨著澳門經濟與博彩業的迅速發展促使行業內部存在激烈的競爭,新型博彩組織不斷融入使整個博彩業對人才的需要量日益增加,但是澳門經濟發展過程中經濟結構和生產技術的急劇轉變帶來一定的勞動力供求錯配,導致失業人員及高的職位空缺這兩種矛盾的現狀長期並存。澳門在 2000 年失業率曾一度高達 7.1%[1],在政府一系列有效措施下澳門失業問題得到一定的改善,但最近幾年依然維持在 3% 左右 [1],究其原因从事博彩業工作要求学历较低,许多青年由于不愿继续学习而参加博彩业工作(陳章喜,區楚東,2009)[2],因教育程度偏低被替代的可能性越大。同时,自 2002 年起外地劳工占澳门总劳动力的比例连年持续上涨[1],外地劳工的大量涌入对澳门博彩業員工工作稳定带来一定影响。失業等問題的存在使博彩業員工產生工作不穩定感,這種不穩定感主要是指其所遇到的失業威脅以及對就業前景的擔憂(Hartley & Klandermans, 1986[23]; Ashford & Feldman, 1982[4])。Roskies 和
33田青,等 工作不穩定感對組織的情感承諾和偏差行為的影響勝任感並選擇相信組織,才能更大程度避免其偏差行為的產生。但是由於澳門博彩業中各組織經營方式、組織規模及理念存在很大的差異,因而不同博彩組織中的員工需求與內心變化存在很大差異性,在政府大力支持整個博彩業發展的同時,組織要根據自身實際情況制定切實的人力管理計劃,培養人才,留住人才,為今後進一步發展儲備資源。參 考 文 獻[1] 澳門統計暨調查局.2010年統計年鑒.按性別及職業之統計就業人口. [EB/OL] http://www.dsec.gov.mo/Statistic.aspx[2] 陳章喜,區楚東. 賭權開放對澳門博彩旅遊業經濟效率影響的動態分析. 旅遊學刊, 2009, 24(10): 19-25.[3] Allen, N.J., Meyer, J.P. The measurement and antecedents of affective,continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 1990, 63: 1-18.[4] Ashford,H.J.,Feldman, D.C. A multivariate analysis of the determinants of job turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1982, 67: 350-360.[5] Babakus, E., Cravens, D.W., Johnston, M., et al. The role of emotional exhaustion in sales force attitude and behavior relationships. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 1999, 27(1): 58-70.[6] Becker, H.S. Notes on the concept of commitment. American Journal of Sociology, 1960, 66: 32-42.[7] Beehr, J., Newman, J. E. 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34[36] Lee, R.T., Ashforth, B.E. A meta-analytic examination of the cor-relates of the three dimensions of job burnout. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1996,81(2): 123-133.[37] Leiter, M.P., Maslach, C. The impact of interpersonal environment on burnout and organizational commitment. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1988, 9(4): 297-308.[38] Mak, A.S., Mueller, J. Job insecurity, coping resources and personality dispositions in occupational strain. Work and Stress, 2000, 14(4): 312-328.[39] Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E., Leiter, M.P. Maslach burnout inven-tory manual (3rd edn.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.1996.[40] Maslach, C., Jackson, S.E. The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behavior, 1981, 2: 99-113.[41] Maslach, C., Wilmar, B. S., Leiter, M. P. Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 2001, 52: 397-422.[42] Meyer, J.P., Allen, N.J. Commitment in the workplace. Thousand Oaks, CA:Sage. 1997 by SAGE Publications Inc. Items were taken from Table A-1, 1997: 118-119.[43] Mitchell, M.S., Ambrose, M.L. Abusive supervision and workplace deviance and the moderating effects of negative reciprocity beliefs. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2007, 92, 1159-1168.[44] Mowday, R.T., Steers, R.M., Porter, L.W. The measurement of organi-zational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1979, 14: 224-247.[45] Neuman, J.H., Baron, R.A. Workplace violence and workplace ag-gression. Evidence concerning specific forms, potential cause, and preferred targets. Journal of Management, 1998, 24(3): 391-419.[46] Probst, T.M. Wedded to the job: Moderating effect ofjob involvement on the consequences of job insecurity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2000, 5(1): 63-57.[47] Randall, D., Fedor, D., Longnecker, C. The behavioral expression of organizational commitment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 1990, 36: 210-224.[48] Robinson, S.L., Bennett, B.J. A typology of workplace deviance be-haviors: A multidimensional scaling study. Academy of Management Journal, 1995, 38: 555-572.[49] Robinson,S.L., Bennett,R.J.Workplace deviance: Its definition, its manifestations, and its causes. Research on Negotiations in Organizations, 1997, 6: 3-27.[50] Robinson, S.L., Greenberg, J. Employees behaving badly: Dimensions, determinants and dilemmas in the study of workplace deviance. In D. M. Rousseau & C. Cooper(Eds.), Trends in organizational behavior, New York: Wiley, 1999, 5: 1-23.[51] Roskies, E., Louis-Guerin, C. Job insecurity in managers: Antecedents and consequences. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1990, 11: 345–359.[52] Roskies, E., Louis-Guerin, C., Fournier, C. Coping with job insecurity: How does personality make a difference? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 1993, 14, 617-630.[53] Sahibzada, K. Job Insecurity and work—family conflict: the organizational, situational, and individual influences on the job strain process, UMI. 2006.[54] Sethi, V., Barrier, T., King, R.C. An examination of the correlates of burnout in information systems professionals.Information Resources Management Journal, 1999, 12(3): 5-13.[55] Shaffer, H.J., Hall, M.N. The natural history of gambling and drinking problems among Casino Employees. Journal of Social Psychology, 2002, 142(2): 405-424.[56] Sheldon, M.E. Investments and involvements as mechanisms producing commitment to the organization. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1971, 16(2): 143.[57] Steers, R.M. Antecedents and outcomes of organizational commitment. Administrative Science Quarterly, 1977, 22: 46-54.[58] Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., Naswall, K. No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 2002, 7: 242-264.學生活動澳科大學生獲全國英語演講大賽二等獎由外語教學與研究出版社主辦的“2012年‘外研社杯’全國英語演講大賽”(其前身為“CCTV杯”全國英語演講大賽)的全國總決賽2012年12月於北京圓滿結束。93名來自分區賽頭三甲的選手躋身全國總決賽。經過以備演講、即席演講、現場問答和即席辯論4個環節的緊張角逐之後,行政與管理學院周葉繁同學以流利的英語、純正的發音、儒雅的臺風,脫穎而出奪得總決賽二等獎,在來自全國(包括臺灣)的93名選手中排名第24位。其導師澳科大通識教育部李啟昌老師也在本次比賽中榮獲“外研社杯”全國英語演講大賽指導二等獎。外研社舉辦全國英語演講大賽已逾十年。十餘年來,大賽覆蓋全國30個省、市、自治區和港澳臺地區,產生了巨大的社會影響。“外研社杯”英語演講賽目前已成為國內影響力最大的兩大演講比賽之一。大賽組委會始終堅持廣泛的參與範圍、嚴謹的賽程賽制、專業的組織監督、公正的評審評判,旨在為大學生打造全國最權威、最專業的英語演講賽事。
35第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 環境約束下中國建築業生產率的增長: 基於Malmquist-Luenberger指數的實證分析宋 宇 ,李 茜(澳門科技大學行政與管理學院,澳門)摘要: 本文利用Malmquist-Luenberger(ML)指數測度1997至2010年中國各地區建築業環境生產率的增長情況。我們發現行業生產率總體呈現增長趨勢,技術進步是生產率增長的主要動力。在研究的四個地區中,東部地區的效率規模表現得最好,而東北部地區的平均生產率最高。當我們考慮固體廢物時,建築業的年均生產率增長率為5.38%;如果忽略固體廢物的產生,行業的年均增長率則為5.65%。關鍵詞: “壞"產出;資料包絡分析;全要素生產率;Malmquist-Luenberger 指數;建築業Environmental Productivity Groyth in the Chinese Construction Industryt: Based on the Malmquist-LuenAerger IndexYu SONG, Qian LI( Macau University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management and Administration, Macau, China )AAstractt: This paper employs the Malmquist-Luenberger Index to measure the environmental productivity of the construction industry in China over 1997 to 2010. The index shows that mainly benefit from the technical progress, there is a continuous improvement except for a reduction from 2001 to 2002. The northeast region performs the best in productivity, and the east region performs the best in scale efficiency among the four regions in China. Accounting for solid wastes produced, the average annual environmental productivity growth is 5.38%, whereas it is 5.65% when solid wastes produced are ignored.eyyordst: Bad Output; Data Envelop Analysis; Total Factor Productivity; Malmquist-Luenberger Index; Construction Industry收稿日期:2013-01-24;修訂日期:2013-02-25。本文受澳門基金會專案No.0240資助。通訊作者:宋宇,男,博士,澳門科技大學行政管理學院副教授。主要研究方向:房地產經濟學。 E-mail:ysong@must.edu.mo, 電話:853-889723500 引言在建築業生產率測度方面,已經有許多研究者提供了相關的模型與方法。比如,Sumardi 和 Anaman(2004)採用隨機邊界生產函數分析模型度量汶萊建築業的效率,並分析了影響行業勞動需求的因素。Zhi, Hua 等(2003)利用 Jorgensen模型研究 1984 至 1998 年新加坡建築業的全要素生產率。近幾年來,Malmquist 指數模型被廣泛使用於研究建築業的全要素生產率(Xue, Shen et al. 2008; Li and Liu 2010)。利用這一模型,研究者可以進一步探究推動全要素生產率的動力。
36然 而, 傳 統 的 模 型 忽 視 了“ 壞 ” 產 出(undesirable output)在生產率分析中的影響,因而對生產率的評價存在偏差。所謂“壞”產出,即整個產出中不理想的部分。比如,在建築業中,固體廢物就是“壞”產出的一個例子。Kaneko 和 Managi(2004)表明環境因素對更新生產率的成本和降低污染活動有著重要的影響。“壞”產出會對經濟產生負面的影響,並且為了減少或是重新利用這些“壞”產出,必須耗費更多的成本。因此,本文在測定建築業生產率時將考慮環境污染的影響。中國作為工業大國,長期以來依靠“高投入,高消耗,低效率”的粗放型方式進行發展,為此付出了巨大的資源和環境代價。隨著中國經濟的快速發展,建築業對環境造成的污染不可忽略。圖 1 分別顯示了 1997 至 2010 年,國民生產總值(GDP),建築業的產值在 GDP 的比值以及建築業產生固體廢物的增長率。在建築業高速發展(11.2%)的同時,建築業產生的固體廢物也在高速增長(12.3%),這意味著探究中國建築業在環境約束下的生產率水準是極其有必要和意義的。為了填補早期研究的不足,本文運用在Malmquist 指數基礎上改進的模型,即 Malmquist-Luenberger(ML)指數模型分析中國建築業 1997至 2010 年的環境生產率。本文餘下的安排是:第二部分簡述理論基礎的發展,第三部分闡述研究所用的方法,第四部分描述本文所用的資料以及變數,第五部分實證分析生產率增長的因素,最後一個部分總結全文。本研究將為政府及行業的宏觀戰略決策提供理論及資料支援。1 文獻綜述資料包絡分析(Data Envelop Analysis ,DEA)是一種非參數的分析方法, Malmquist 指數以DEA 為基礎,可以同時利用多個投入和產出評價一段時間內一個決策單位生產率的相對變化。該模型最初源於 Malmquist(1953)的一篇開創性論文和 Shephard(1970)的二元理論。為了簡化模型,Caves, Christensen 等(1982)將 Malmquist指數描述成兩個距離函數的比值,這雖然使得模型更容易理解,但計算程式卻十分複雜。Färe 和Grosskopf(1994)運用非參數邊界的方法簡化了計算的過程,他們還進一步地鬆弛了模型關於技術效率的假設。在此之後,許多研究者開始採用Malmquist 模型研究單個行業或是整個經濟體的生產率狀況。例如,農作物業(Armagan, Ozden et al. 2010),航空業(Barbot, Costa et al. 2008),OECD 國家(Margaritis, Fare et al. 2007),房地產信託基金(Topuz, Darrat et al. 2005)等等。同時,資料來源:《中國統計年鑒》和《中國建築業統計年鑒》圖1 中國GDP、建築業產量以及建築業產生固體廢物的增長率(1997~2010年)
45宋宇,等 環境約束下中國建築業生產率的增長: 基於Malmquist-Luenberger指數的實證分析5 結論本文提出了一種新的研究中國建築業全要素增長的思路,即考慮固體廢物的影響下,構建產出導向性的 ML 指數對建築業生產率進行分析,並進一步將該指數分解成技術改變和技術效率改變探討生產率改進的主要原因。用該方法測度1997 至 2010 年中國建築業全要素生產率及其分解成分得出以下結論:第一,1997 至 2010 年中國建築業技術效率的平均值小於 1,並且除了 2001 年和 2002 年,建築行業一直處於無效率的狀態,這說明建築業在發展過程中存在資源浪費和環境破壞的現象,提高行業整體的效率任重道遠。第二,1997 至 2010 年中國建築業規模效率的平均值為 0.957,這意味著中國建築業需要調整發展規模,提高資源的利用率,增加單位產出。在四個地區中,東部地區的效率規模表現得最好,該地區 1997 至 2009 年的效率規模均實現最優。第三,1997 至 2010 年中國建築行業整體生產率總體呈現增長趨勢。除了 2001 至 2002 年這一個時間段,中國的建築業的生產率持續增長,且年均增長率達到了 5.4%。從分解的結果看,建築業生產率的改善主要來源於技術進步的作用(生產邊界線移動)而非技術效率的提高。這說明我國在發展建築業的過程中,重視技術進步而忽視了生產技術效率。因此,在大力促進體制創新和技術創新、加快前沿技術進步的同時,也應該鼓勵資源優化配置,減少環境污染進而改善技術效率。第四,1997 至 2010 年不考慮環境因素影響的生產率平均增長率為 5.7%,比環境約束下的生產率高 0.4%,有幾段期間,考慮環境後生產率增長出現顯著差異,說明環境因素影響生產增長水準的測算,忽略環境因素會對生產率增長產生偏差,甚至對環境政策產生誤導。總而言之,中國需要提高建築業的生產效率,合理有效地利用資源,充分考慮建築生產對環境的影響,從而提高建築業的生產率。參 考 文 獻[1] Armagan, G., A. Ozden, et al. (2010). “Efficiency and total factor productivity of crop production at NUTS1 level in Turkey: Malmquist index approach.” Quality & Quantity 44(3): 573-581.[2] Barbot, C., A. Costa, et al. (2008). “Airlines performance in the new market context: A comparative productivity and efficiency analysis.” Journal of Air Transport Management 14(5): 270-274.[3] Caves, D. W., L. R. Christensen, et al. (1982). “The economic theory of index numbers and the measurement of input, output, and productivity.” Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society: 1393-1414.[4] Chung, Y. H., R. Färe, et al. (1997). “Productivity and undesirable outputs: a directional distance function approach.” Journal of Environmental Management 51: 229-240.[5] Coelli, T. J. a. S. P. (1999). “A comparison of parametric and non-parametric distance functions:with application to European railways.” European Journal of Operational Research 117: 326-339.[6] Färe, R., S. Grosskopf, et al. (1997). “Malmquist productivity indexes: a survey of theory and practice.” Index numbers: Essays in honor of Sten Malmquist: 127-190.[7] Färe, R., S. Grosskopf, et al. (1994). “Productivity growth, technical progress, and efficiency change in industrialized countries.” The American Economic Review: 66-83.[8] Färe, R., S. Grosskopf, et al. (2001). “Accounting for air pollution emissions in measures of state manufacturing productivity growth.” Journal of Regional Science 41(3): 381-409.[9] Fare, R. and S. Grosskopf (1994). “Estimation of Returns to Scale Using Data Envelopment Analysis - a Comment.” European Journal of Operational Research 79(2): 379-382.[10] Kaneko, S. and S. Managi (2004). “Environmental productivity in China.” Economics Bulletin 17(2): 1-10.[11] Li, Y. and C. Liu (2010). “Malmquist indices of total factor productivity changes in the Australian construction industry.” Construction Management & Economics 28(9): 933-945.[12] Luenberger (1995). “Externalities and benefits.” Journal of Mathematical Economics 24: 159-177.[13] Malmquist, S. (1953). “Index numbers and indifference surfaces.” Trabajos de Estadística y de Investigación Operativa 4(2): 209-242.[14] MANAGI, S. and S. KANEKO (2006). “Productivity of market and environmental abatement in China.”[15] Margaritis, D., R. Fare, et al. (2007). “Productivity, convergence and policy: a study of OECD countries and industries.” Journal of Productivity Analysis 28(1-2): 87-105.[16] R.W., S. (1970). “Theory of cost and production functions.” Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press.[17] Sumardi, R. H. and K. A. Anaman (2004). “Aggregate efficiency analysis of resource use and demand for labour by the construction industry in Brunei Darussalam.” Construction Management & Economics 22(7): 755-764.[18] Topuz, J. C., A. F. Darrat, et al. (2005). “Technical, allocative and scale efficiencies of REITs: An empirical inquiry.” Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 32(9-10): 1961-1994.[19] Xue, X. L., Q. P. Shen, et al. (2008). “Measuring the productivity of the construction industry in China by using DEA-based Malmquist productivity indices.” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management-Asce 134(1): 64-71.[20] Zhi, M., G. B. Hua, et al. (2003). “Total factor productivity growth accounting in the construction industry of Singapore.” Construction Management and Economics 21(7): 707-718.[21] 柯孔林 and 馮宗憲 (2008). “中國銀行業全要素生產率測度.” 數量經濟技術經濟研究(4).
46第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 澳門銀行業窗口等待時間的競爭策略: 基於霍特林線性城市模型的分析張靜華(澳門科技大學行政與管理學院,澳門)摘要: 本文以霍特林的線性城市模型(Hotelling's Linear City Model)為基礎,建立了一個客戶對銀行服務選擇的數理模型,並新引入“相對等待時間"變數來分析澳門銀行業的競爭策略。分析結果表明,在納什均衡的條件下,排隊時間較短的銀行在利潤、價格和數量方面均具有競爭優勢。雖然銀行為了縮短排隊時間需要犧牲一定的利潤,但是能由此在更大程度上削減競爭對手的利潤收益,從而使自身獲取競爭優勢。該模型分析結果為澳門銀行業制定長遠發展和競爭策略來提升窗口服務效率、解決銀行“排長龍"現象提供了理論依據。關鍵詞: 銀行競爭策略;霍特林;線性城市模型;等待時間Windoy Waiting Time Competition Strategy in Macau's Commercial Bankt: An Analysis Based on Hotelling’s Linear City ModelJing Hua ZHANG( Faculty of Management and Administration, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: Based on Hotelling’s Linear City Model, this research establishes a model of banking service product, in which a new variable, “relative waiting time”, is introduced to analyze the commercial bank’s competition strategy in Macau. The model reveals that, at Nash equilibrium, the bank with shorter waiting time has more competitive advantages with respect to the equilibrium profit, price and quantity. Reducing the relative waiting time is still a dominant strategy for a commercial bank, despite of the profit devoted to reduce the waiting time. The competitive advantage is gained by pushing the competitor’s profit down. The present findings provide theoretical ground for Macau’s commercial banks to make long run competition strategy to enhance the service efficiency and eventually solve the long-window-waiting-time issue.eyyordst: Bank competition strategy; Hotelling; Linear City Model; Waiting time收稿日期:2012-07-09;修訂日期:2012-08-05。通訊作者:姓名,張靜華,女,經濟學博士,助理教授,主要研究方向:財務管理、醫療金融管理和政策分析。 E-mail:jhuzhang@must.edu.mo,Tel:+853-889729860 引言澳門作為彈丸之地,常被稱為“澳門街”。澳門街上銀行密佈,可是各家銀行的服務大廳裡面總是擠滿客戶,銀行窗口排隊時間過長的問題長期困擾客戶。尤其是擁有客戶量較多的一些大銀行,客戶排隊時間動則 20 分鐘以上。銀行窗口是銀行同客戶的直接連接點,窗口等待時間是銀行服務品質水準的重要標誌之一,並會影響到公眾對銀行的綜合評價和信用。澳門的銀行“長龍”現象的背後固然有多方面的原因,如澳門互聯網路不好,銀行客戶普遍缺乏使用網上銀行的習慣。然而,客戶等待時間過長問題的解決,其實從根
47張靜華 澳門銀行業窗口等待時間的競爭策略: 基於霍特林線性城市模型的分析本上取決於銀行在其發展戰略中把該問題擺在什麼樣的位置,進而從窗口管理、業務管道和網點佈局等多方面進行深層次的系統調整和改善。本文以澳門的特有競爭環境為背景,採用霍特林線性城市模型(Hotelling's Linear City Model,下文簡稱“霍特林模型”)來分析各商業銀行的窗口等待時間策略。本文在傳統的霍特林模型的基礎上,引入“相對排隊時間”這一新的變數,並以此為基本模型來分析澳門銀行業的服務競爭策略。在推導出銀行的納什均衡利潤、均衡價格和均衡服務量的基礎上,分析並闡釋銀行在“排隊時間”問題上應採用的最佳長期競爭策略。從長遠發展和競爭策略的角度來看,銀行投入成本縮短客戶的排隊等待時間將有利於銀行獲取長期經營競爭的優勢。該理論分析為澳門的銀行採用縮短客戶排隊時間來提升市場競爭優勢的策略提供了理論依據。對澳門銀行業競爭進行的類似分析的研究在文獻中尚未有報導。1 理論背景傳統的霍特林模型假定了這樣的市場競爭條件:在一個小城市中只有一條平坦的直線型街道,有兩個商家在街道上各自選好位置開設一家店鋪,所售的產品在消費者看來都是具有完全可替代性的同質產品[1]。線性城市的消費者均勻地居住在這條街道上,可以任選一商家前往購買其所需產品,需要自己承擔相應的交通成本(transportation cost)。消費者在決定選取哪家商家的時候,需要將交通成本一併考慮到產品的購買成本中去。在這個產品差異化定位策略模型中,交通成本意味著客戶從一個商家轉到另一個商家購買的難易程度,也常被詮釋為“轉換成本”。傳統的霍特林模型以對“交通成本”的詮釋為競爭戰略的著力點,但它並沒有考慮客戶的“時間成本”。而在現實中其他條件等同或相似的情況下,客戶常常根據預估的排隊等待時間長短來決定商戶的選擇,這在消費者決策中是一個極其普遍而又有代表性的常例。Cachon et al (1999)[2] 和 Cachon et al (2002)[3] 嘗試在基本模型中引入“時間成本”,商家同時以價格和等待時間進行競爭,但是模型的建立和分析過程非常複雜,在現實中商家其實不可能實際操作。Gallay & Hongler (2006)[4] 採用不確定的等待時間來設定模型,並研究市場分占的動態機制。考慮到澳門的銀行業市場單一,同質性較高,本文在固定的預期等待時間的基礎上引入“相對等待時間”變數。固定的預期等待時間在 Cachon et al (1999)[2] 的模型中也被採用,是在平均值的基礎上對等待時間進行討論分析,但是未見報告採用“相對等待時間”。霍特林模型也被應用來分析中國的銀行業競爭。岳中剛(2008)[5] 運用霍特林模型衍生出的“轉換成本”概念對中國的銀行卡產業競爭進行分析。于久洪(2011)[6] 假設在線性市場以及市場資訊完全的情況下,運用霍特林模型類比具有不同規模和成本結構的雙寡頭銀行的最優貸款定價和貸款水準選擇。但是尚未有文獻運用霍特林模型對中國的銀行業服務等待時間進行模擬分析。2 模型構建澳門的銀行業具有銀行產品單一且高度同質,機構網點佈局集中的特點,其產業結構和市場競爭類型屬於寡頭競爭型。有鑑於此,澳門非常符合霍特林模型的各項前提假設,如下文詳細分析。2.1 模型的基本前提假設為了使分析簡潔而不失其相關性,現假設“澳門街”為一條直線的街,有兩家銀行,即“銀行A”和“銀行 B”,在這條街上開設網點,競爭提供傳統的銀行服務,其產品和經營滿足以下前提條件:1)直線街道的長度為確定值 L。這意味著這個市場是有限的,銀行在利益最大化的驅動下會相互競爭更大的市場份額。澳門經濟屬於微型經濟,市場容易飽和,非常符合有限的直線街道的特徵。2)儲戶(需求)在直線街上均勻分佈。霍特
48林模型中消費者均勻地分佈在直線街的各段。由於澳門的人口非常密集,銀行的潛在客戶可以被考慮為在網點的輻射範圍內均勻地分佈。3)兩家銀行的產品具有同質性。澳門銀行業目前經營的一個特色是業務較傳統和單一化,產品同質度較高,主要經營收益均來自儲蓄存款和信用貸款等業務(劉錦釗,2005)[7]。以信用貸款為例,工商機構的企業生產性質的貸款佔有最大比例,其次是私人樓宇按揭貸款,還有就是私人消費信用貸款等業務。雖然澳門商業銀行的中間業務的比重在不斷提高,但是吸收周邊居民的儲蓄業務仍是其網點的核心業務。兩家銀行的產品具有同質性,意味其市場位置相同。因此本文假設兩個銀行都在霍特林的直線街道上設置網點,並且網點距離街道兩端的距離相等,均為α。4)銀行產品在“直線街道”上位置是確定的。由於金融創新需要較長時間和程式獲准監管當局的審批,並且由於其他金融資訊技術的應用在一定時間內也是相對穩定的,因此在一定時間內銀行產品在“直線街道”上的位置是相對固定不變的。5)銀行具有固定的經營成本。由於金融監管當局禁止銀行進行利率競爭,各家銀行具有相似的籌資成本。假定兩家銀行在經營管理上具有同樣的效率,在此模型中可以不用考慮比較運營成本。為簡化起見,本模型假定生產成本均為零。6)儲戶前往銀行辦理業務時需要負擔交通成本。該模型中的交通成本在銀行網點服務模型中具有兩重含義:一重含義是傳統意義上的交通成本,另一重含義是客戶在銀行之間轉換帳戶時需付出的成本。基於傳統交通成本的考慮,儲戶選擇交通距離短,或交通成本低(例如,提供免費穿梭巴士)的網點辦理業務。而從客戶服務的角度來看,“交通成本”常被解釋為儲戶的主帳戶從一家銀行轉換到另一家銀行去的難易程度。霍德利模型表明,為了挽留客戶,公司所採用的策略應當是增加“轉換成本”,銀行則是對客戶進行多種帳戶和產品的交叉行銷,比如代發工資的帳戶同時繳納水電,煤氣和電話等費用,從而使客戶移動到另一家銀行去的“交通成本”大大增加。由於澳門的銀行產品具有高度的同質性,各家銀行之間的轉換成本基本一致,不屬於本文的討論對象。7)儲戶在選擇銀行服務時不考慮銀行的信用風險因素。澳門特區政府在 2008 年的全球金融風暴中保證提供存款金額的 100% 賠償金額。金融風暴之後,從 2011 年 1 月 1 日起,設定每名存款人在每家銀行可獲得最高補償金額澳門幣 50 萬 [8]。在這樣的安排下,約 95% 的存戶仍享受全額存款保障,儲戶在選擇開戶銀行時不需要擔心銀行的信用風險(李君濠,何毅華,2011)[9]。為了進一步保障金融安全,澳門特區政府行政會於 2011 年10 月完成了《存款保障制度》法律草案的討論,繼續推行每名銀行客戶最高 50 萬澳門元的存款保障。基於澳門的存款保障制度,本模型無需引入銀行的信用風險因素,其有效性亦不會受到影響。8)銀行已經有大量的廣告投入,儲戶對各銀行的產品和服務具有充分的資訊。在澳門這樣的人口密集的小城市中,資訊傳遞非常迅速。資訊均一的假設條件也可以成立。根據以上前提條件,澳門的商業銀行競爭的霍特林模型可以表示為圖 1,其中 x 表明直線街上客戶的位置。圖1 澳門的商業銀行競爭的霍特林模型2.2 儲戶的效用函數本模型繼續沿用霍特林線性模型中的消費者效用函數。假定所有儲戶對銀行服務產品的需求完全取決於為產品支付的總費用,其包括產品價格本身及其相關的所有費用。當一位住在直線街上 x 位置的客戶前往銀行 A 或銀行 B 辦理業務時,其效用函數可以分別表示如下: Ua = – pa – t1 ( x – α ) (1) Ub = – pb – t2 ( L– α – x ) (2)
49張靜華 澳門銀行業窗口等待時間的競爭策略: 基於霍特林線性城市模型的分析上式中 U 代表客戶的效用總額,p 代表銀行產品價格,α 是銀行網點距離直線街道端點的距離。為了進一步簡化模型,本文假定 α = 0,這意味著兩家銀行分別處於直線街道的兩端。t 代表銀行排隊時間。現實中,儲戶根據排隊時間的長短來選擇銀行時,真正考慮的是基於兩家銀行相比較的“相對排隊時間”,排隊時間的絕對值不是關鍵因素。基於此考慮,該模型進一步將兩家銀行的排隊時間分別設定為 t1 = 1,t2 = t。因為設定銀行 A 的排隊時間較長,而銀行 B 的排隊時間較短,因此 0 < t < 1。這樣,模型中的銀行排隊時間t 實際上變成了兩家銀行排隊時間的比值,是“相對時間”。當 t 值接近 1 時,表明兩家銀行的排隊時間相接近;若 t 值靠近 0 時,則表明銀行 B 的排隊時間遠遠短於銀行 A。根據以上討論,現在前往銀行 A 或銀行 B 的儲戶的效用函數可以簡化重寫為如下: Ua = – pa – x (3) Ub = – pb – t ( L– x ) (4)3 模型分析該模型通過由後向前的反推法來求解。若銀行A 和銀行 B 都同時設定均衡價格,pa 和 pb 可以視為已知。對於處於中間點的儲戶來說,Ua = Ub ,即將式(3) 和式(4) 設為相等,可以得到 – pa – x = – pb – t ( L – x) (5)求解式(5) 關於 x 的方程,得到一個 x 的運算式:(5.1)假設兩家銀行以伯特蘭(Betrand)方式進行競爭,從而進一步求解得到納什均衡利潤 π、均衡價格 p 和均衡市場份額 q 如下: (6.1) (6.2) (7.1) (7.2) (8.1) (8.2)根據以上模型推導的結果,可證明以下兩個主要命題:命題 1:在納什均衡的條件下,排隊時間較短的銀行在利潤、價格和數量方面均具有競爭優勢。證明:比較式(6.1) 和式(6.2),由於 0 < t < 1,因此排隊時間較短的銀行 B 的均衡利潤高於排隊時間較長的銀行 A 的均衡利潤。比較式(7.1)和式(7.2),可以看出排隊時間較短的銀行 B 的產品的均衡價格也高於排隊時間較長的銀行 A,即pb* > pa*。比較式(8.1)和式(8.2)顯示出 qb*大於 qa*,說明銀行 B 的金融服務量也高於銀行 A。進一步計算兩家銀行之間均衡利潤、均衡價格和均衡服務量的差異,可以表示為: (9.1) (9.2) (9.3)由於 0 < t < 1,因此以上各式均大於 0,即排隊時間短的銀行在均衡利潤、均衡價格設定以及均衡服務量提供等各方面均高於排隊時間長的銀行。命題 2:在均衡狀態下,銀行為了縮短排隊時間需要付出一定的成本,但是能由此在更大程度上削減競爭對手的利潤收益,從而使自身獲取競爭優勢。證明:用銀行的均衡利潤對排隊時間求導,考察在均衡狀態下排隊時間對銀行利潤的邊際影響,將
50結果簡化整理後得到式(10.1)和式(10.2): (10.1) (10.2)因為0 < t < 1,可以推知式(10.1)和式(10.2)的值均為正數。這說明銀行排隊的相對時間的變化與利潤的增加成正比。當 t 值增加時,兩家銀行的利潤度會增加。因為 t 表示的是銀行排隊的相對時間,表明銀行 B的排隊時間相對增長,兩家銀行的排隊時間接近,在該服務因素上相互不再具有競爭性。因為式(10.1)的值總是大於式(10.2),那麼在 t增加(即排隊時間變得更接近)的這種情況下,銀行 A(等待時間較長的銀行)的利潤增幅大於銀行 B(等待時間較短的銀行)的利潤增幅。另一方面,當 t 降低時,即銀行 B 成功縮短儲戶等待時間時,雖然短期中兩家銀行的利潤都會下降,比如銀行 B 需要加大投入來配置更多的櫃員,尤其是需要根據客戶流量峰值變動進行櫃員的動態配置,或者是對儲戶進行更多自助銀行操作的培訓,但是銀行 A 利潤卻要因此而下降得更多。權衡以上兩種市場結果,銀行 B 應當採用的占優策略是降低排隊時間而獲得相對於對手的競爭優勢。從長期動態策略來看,銀行 B 將繼續降低排隊時間直至降到最低水準,並形成新的均衡狀態。若沒有進一步的管理和技術上的突破使得排隊時間發生變化,這一新達成的均衡是穩定的。4 模型實證分析該部分採用面板資料固定效應模型對澳門三大銀行在 2001 年至 2006 年期間存款市場佔有份額進行分析,以此來檢驗本文理論模型的推論,即:澳門的商業銀行可通過縮短排隊時間來增大存款市場的佔有份額。本研究採用 2001 年至 2006 年期間的資料,因為這一期間銀行的經營特點為本研究提供了一個清晰的分析窗口,便於控除貸款業務以及其他銀行經營因素的影響,便於有效解決內生變數問題和混淆變數(confounding variable)問題。首先,2001 年至 2006 年期間,澳門銀行業受遺留不良貸款的影響而“惜貸”經營,便於排除貸款業務增長對存款變動帶來的影響。通常情況下,銀行窗口排隊時間(提供服務的速度)在銀行負債業務(存款業務)中對客戶選擇的影響較大,而在信貸業務的銀行選擇決定中則不佔有重要地位(Seshaiah & Narender,2007 )[10]。同時,存款餘額的增長除了反映其對公司和個人的儲蓄存款的吸收情況,也很易受到銀行貸款業務的拉動,从而抵消由於排隊時間過長而帶來的客戶存款流失。受到九十年代澳門房地產巨額不良貸款的影響,澳門各商業銀行在 2001 年至 2006 年期間均採取了惜貸政策,“過分謹慎地審議和批核各項貸款專案,使信貸業務量大大減少”(劉錦釗,2005)[7]。銀行在擁有大量過剩存款的情況下,也不需要採用額外的行銷手段來發展或維繫儲蓄客戶。這樣便於排除客戶銀行選擇模型中的其他決定性因素,如銀行服務價格和費用,銀行一般工作形象和廣告形象等因素(Seshaiah & Narender,2007 )[10] 的影響。此外,2007 ~ 2008 年受到金融危機的影響,故而不予採用。在 2009 年之後,澳門經濟穩步復蘇,房地產價格快速上漲,部分銀行開始積極擴張住房按揭業務,部分銀行繼續推行審慎貸款政策(劉錦釗,2005)[11]。這些原因都使銀行存款變動的因素重新變得複雜,因此不被包含在研究期間中。本文收集了中國銀行(澳門)、大豐銀行和誠興銀行的資料。因為這三家銀行是當時澳門綜合實力和規模居於前三位的銀行,共佔有澳門銀行業 60% 的市場份額,符合本文模型中寡頭的壟斷競爭。中國銀行(澳門) 作為發鈔行和澳門政府公共庫房出納代理銀行,大豐銀行也由於歷史和社會原因在客戶資源方面佔有很多優勢。但是兩行的客戶排隊等待時間過長問題均特別突出,
53張靜華 澳門銀行業窗口等待時間的競爭策略: 基於霍特林線性城市模型的分析比性。在將來的研究中若能有針對性地收集銀行經營策略變數並對銀行的排隊時間進行實際抽樣統計,將有助於更好地把握澳門商業銀行的市場特性。總而言之,該模型為澳門銀行業重新審視其窗口業務管理,制定長遠發展和競爭策略來解決銀行“排長龍”現象提供了理論基礎和依據。另外,中國國有商業銀行在各大城市的分支網點也普遍存在窗口等待時間過長,銀行“排長龍”等問題,而且長期得不到解決甚至有加劇的趨勢。本研究的結論同樣適用於中國國有商業銀行的競爭,因而具有較普遍的相關性和參考價值。參 考 文 獻[1] Hotelling H., Stability in Competition, Economic Journal, 1929, 39 (153): 41-57.[2] Cachon G. P., Harker P. T. Service Competition, Outsourcing and Co-Production in a Queueing Game [EB/OL]. (1996-03) [2012-07-08]. http://knowledge.emory.edu/papers/889.pdf.[3] Cachon G. P., Harker P. T. Competition and Outsourcing with Scale Economies. Management Science, 2002, 48 (10): 1314-1333.[4] Gallay O., Hongler M. O. Waiting Time Penalties to the Hotelling Model [EB/OL]. (2006) [2012-07-08]. http:/ /ccm.uma.pt/publications/15692 ccm-123-06.pdf.[5] 岳中剛. 轉換成本、鎖定效應與定價策略研究——以銀行卡產業為例. 河北經貿大學學報,2008,29 (2):48-52.[6] 于久洪. 基於霍特林模型的雙寡頭銀行貸款競價博弈. 華東經濟管理,2011,25(8):155-158.[7] 劉錦釗. 因應市場結構模式試論銀行業務發展策略. 澳門金融管理局季報,2005,17(10):3-17.[8] 澳門金融監管局. 澳門特區政府存款保障延續措施的具體範圍及操作規則(傳閱檔第043/B/2010-DSB/AMCM號)[EB/OL].(2010-12-30) [2012-07-08]. http://www.amcm.gov.mo/rules_and_guidelines/laws/bank/Ch_Av_043_2010.pdf.[9] 李君濠、何毅華. 金融安全網與澳門的相關安排. 澳門金融研究季報,2011,20(7):87-110.[10] Seshaiah, S. Venkata, and Vunyale Narender. 2007. Factors Affecting Customers’ Choice of Retail Banking. The Icfai University Journal of Bank Management 6 (February): 34 – 46.[11] 劉錦釗. 建立澳門銀行優質品牌及相應建議. 澳門金融管理局季報,2005,15(4):3-12.[12] Mckinnon R., Money and Capital in Economic Development; Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1973.[13] BIS, Risk Concentrations Principles, [EB/OL] (1996-01-01) [2012-08-10]. http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs63.pdf[14] Clark T., Dick A., Hirtle B., Stiroh K.J., and Williams R., The Role of Retail Banking in the U.S. Banking Industry: Risk, Return, and Industry Structure, FRBNY Economic Policy Review, 2007, 17(3): 39-56.[15] Wooldridge J. M.. Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2001.附 錄論文中相關公式推導計算的原始記錄:(所使用軟體為 Maple 數學軟體)
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55第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 金融機構所有權結構對風險的影響因素研究喬 森,鍾 忱,李 帥,卜慧美(澳門科技大學行政與管理學院,澳門)摘要: 從美國的次貸危機,到歐洲的債務危機,各國的金融市場都受到不同程度的影響,全球經濟也正處於低迷狀態。嚴重的損失使政府、企業和人們都開始關注風險管理。究其根源,學者發現有關金融機構所有權對風險的影響研究甚少。所以本文選取金融機構作為研究對象,採用16家中國上市銀行具體的所有權結構的數據,通過面板回歸分析所有權結構對風險的影響。研究發現,隨著我國股權分置改革的推進,上市銀行已基本實現了股份全流通,有利於銀行分散各種風險,提高銀行績效。關鍵詞: 金融機構;所有權結構;風險A Research of the Influence Factors of the Financial Institutions Ownership Structure to RiskSen QIAO, Chen ZHONG, Shuai LI, Huimei BU( Macau University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management and Administration, Macao, China )AAstractt: As we can see, the global economy is in recession. The governments, companies and people are beginning to focus on risk management because they suffered serious losses in the financial crisis. Tracing their original sources, the ownership structure is one of the important factors affecting the enterprise risk. Therefore, the paper chooses the sixteen financial institutions as the research industry. Using detailed ownership data from a sample of China listed banks, the paper examines the effect between ownership structure and various risks by panel regression analysis. The study finds that, with the advance of China's split share structure reform, the listed banks have the basic realization of the shares in full circulation, which is conducive to the bank dispersed to various risks and improve bank performance.eyyordst: Financial Institution; Ownership Structure; Risk收稿日期:2012-10-31;修訂日期:2012-12-07。喬森,男,澳門科技大學金融專業碩士研究生。E-mail: qiaosenboy@163.com,Tel: 157037556660 引言從 2007 年 8 月開始浮現,始於美國並蔓延影響到全球經濟的金融危機,對我國的金融市場和經濟同樣有著顯著的影響。Bonin et al.(2005)[1]指出銀行所有權主體的性質對風險有著重要的影響。特別是在發展中國家,國家持股比例越高,銀行的風險也就越嚴重。但這與葉欽華(2010)[2]得出的國家股比例與銀行風險負相關的研究結論相悖。Laporta & Shleifer(2002)[3] 提出兩種觀點:一是政府股東發展觀點,另一個是政府股東政治觀點。其中,政府股東發展觀點認為政府在金融體系中扮演著重要的角色。支持發展觀點的有Adrianova et al.(2002)[4] 證明政府持有銀行股份可以增加社會公眾對銀行系統的信任。而政府股東政治觀認為國有企業只不過是政治家追求個人政治目標的一種手段。支持政治觀點的有 Sapienza(2004)[5] 和 Khawaja & Mian(2004)[6] 對該觀點提供了實證分析。所以關於所有權結構對風險的影響,到目前為止還沒有一致的定論。
62的影響還是相對較小。而從我國各上市銀行自2007 年 12 月份以後對風險的控制上看,確實比以前有了更大的改進,對歐美國家的風險控制漏洞引以為戒,同時又在管理方法上與國際接軌。雖然按照我國商業銀行的發展水準和外部環境,我國的銀行業在短期內尚且不具備全面實施《新巴塞爾協議》的條件。所以銀監會確立了分類實施、分層推進、分步達標的基本原則。隨著此次金融危機的影響的蔓延以及影響程度的加大,人們對風險的防範和管理更加重視,運用不同的計量方法對各種風險進行計算與對比研究,可以獲得較準確的風險指標,對風險管理的發展更有意義。在所有權結構的分類方面,可以運用國外學者的分類方法,並與之結果進行對比研究。或是將研究範圍擴展到港、臺地區的上市銀行,對比其所有權結構與風險的相關性,並與我國內地的上市銀行的結果進行對比分析,使研究成果更有實際意義。在可能的情況下增加數據量有利於提高模型的精確度,使得實證結果更有說服力。參 考 文 獻[1] Bonin. J. P., Hasan, I., Wachtel,P. (2005). Bank performance, efficiency and ownership in transition countries. Journal of Banking and Finance,29, 31-54.[2] 葉欽華(2010)。我國商業銀行股權結構與風險承擔的實證研究[D]。華中科技大學,2010。[3] Laporta, L., Shleifer (2002). Government Ownership of Banks. Journal of Finance, 2(1).[4] Adrianova, S, D. Panicos and Shortland (2002). State Banks, Institutions and Financial Development. Leicester, United Kingdom. University of Leicester Mimeographed document.[5] Sapienza, P. (2004). The Effects of Government Ownership on Bank Lending. Journal of Financial Economics. 72, 357-384.[6] Khawaja, Asim Ijaz and Atif Mian. (2004). Corruption and Politicians: Rent-Seeking in an Emerging Financial Market, Miemo Kennedy School, Harvard University.[7] Grace, E. (2004). Contracting Incentives and Compensation for Property-Liability Insurer Executives . Journal of Risk and Insurance, 7(2), 285-307.[8] Yoser,G. & A.A.Mohamed.(2003). Ownership Structure and Risk: A Canadian Empirical Analysis. Quarterly Journal of Business & Economics, 42(1-2), 19-36.[9] 于團葉,陳翩翩(2012)。基於生命週期的中小企業股權結構對績效的影響[J]。同濟大學學報(自然科學版),2012,40(6):955-959.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.0253-374x.2012.06.026。[10] 王昌銳,倪娟(2012)。股權結構、董事會特徵與盈餘管理[J]。安徽大學學報(哲學社會科學版),2012,36(1):141-149。[11] Dolde, Walter and Knopf, John D.(2010). Insider Ownership, Risk, and Leverage in Reits. Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, Vol. 41, No. 4, 2010[12] Giaani De N., Elena L. (2007). Bank ownership, Market Structure and Risk. Working paper, 217.[13] Kenneth, S. Richard J. (2007). Corporate Governance and Bank Performance. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. September 2007.[14] 楊有振,趙瑞(2010)。中國商業銀行風險規避與股權結構:基於面板資料的經驗與證據[J]。財貿經濟,2010,(6):33-39。[15] 王曉楓,吳叢根(2011)。公司治理對我國商業銀行風險影響的實證研究[J]。長沙理工大學學報(社會科學版),,2011,26(6):73-79。[16] 黃薇(2009)。我國商業銀行代理成本、股權結構與風險資產關係研究。江西財經大學金融碩士學位論文。[17] 欒天虹,吳靈玲(2011)。商業銀行公司治理對風險承擔水準影響的實證研究[J]。當代經濟,2011,(15):146-149。[18] Jorion, (1996). Value at Risk: the new benchmark for controlling market risk. Chicago: Irwin.[19] Stiroh, Kevin J. (2004). Diversification in Banking: Is Noninterest Income the Answer? Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, 5, 852-853.[20] George G. Judge. (2011). An Information Theoretic Approach to Econometrics. [21] 金謀幸(2011)。基於VaR的我國A股市場風險計量。中國市場(金融領域),第一期,56-57。百位文化學者聚首澳門 暢論文化多元共融發展由澳門基金會贊助,澳門科技大學承辦的澳門論壇3月26日在澳門威尼斯人度假村會議廳隆重開幕。首屆澳門論壇邀請到海內外近百位世界知名的文化研究學者和大學校長聚首澳門,暢論文化多元共融發展。除主題演講外,論壇亦設“跨學科的多元文化研究”、“多元文化與澳門發展”、“多元文化傳承著的使命”三個分論壇,在威尼斯人度假村酒店及科大同時進行,逾50位學者發言。論壇彙聚來自文學、史學、宗教學、藝術學、教育學等多學科的跨界聲音,共同探討文化的內涵、多元文化的現狀與未來,從而引起思想碰撞,激發共鳴。通過對話,與會嘉賓分享了各自學術領域中最新的文化研究成果,以及對多元文化的理解和看法,眾多學者的多元探尋激發出了與會人員很多共同的關注點。校園文化
63第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 地產企業員工知覺心理同工作績效影響: 職業壓力觀點之調節中介效應檢驗連智華1 ,林瑤鵬1,龍堂展2 ,黃 華1(1. 澳門科技大學行政與管理學院,澳門;2. 澳門城市大學管理學院,澳門)摘要: 本文基於社會交換理論視角,探索職業壓力下民營企業員工知覺主管支持、心理資本同工作績效之間的影響,以及心理資本對主管支持與職業壓力之間的調節作用。研究以珠三角和海峽西岸經濟區域的10家房地產企業員工之363份調查資料進行統計分析,通過結構方程模式檢驗了樣本數據不存在共同方法偏差問題,最后,模型實證結果表明,在沿海區域的民營企業特定環境下,員工職業壓力在知覺主管支持與工作績效之間發揮中介作用;其中工作績效主要包括了任務績效和週邊績效;而員工心理資本則調節了主管支持與職業壓力之間的影響。關鍵詞: 知覺主管支持;心理資本;職業壓力;工作績效Relationship Research Aetyeen Perception and JoA Performance for the Real Estate Companies Stafft:the Effect of Moderator and Mediator on JoA Stress VieyZhihua LIAN1, Yaopeng LIN1, Tangzhan LONG2, Hua HUANG1( 1. Faculty of Management and Administration, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )( 2. Faculty of Management, City University of Macau, Macau, China )AAstractt: This paper is based on the view of social exchange theory, explore the influence between perceived supervisor support, psychological capital and job performance for private enterprise on the job stress, and how to play a moderation in psychological capital between perceived supervisor support and job performance. In the research, we collected 363 survey data from 10 real estate enterprises in the Pearl River Delta and West Straits Economic Zone for statistical analysis, and applied structural equation model for demonstration analysis, found that the research did not exist problem of common methods biases. Finally, the results indicate that under the specific background of the coastal area of private enterprise, job stress plays a mediating role between perceived supervisor support and work performance, which job performance contains task performance and contextual performance. In addition, psychological capital also makes moderated effect between perceived supervisor support and work performance.eyyordst: Perceived Supervisor Support; Psychological Capital; Job Stress; Job Performance收稿日期:2012-10-31;修訂日期:2012-12-11。基金項目:澳門特別行政區基金會社會科學研究項目(1888); 福建省福州市交通運輸委員會2012綜合課題項目——員工工作績效研究(FZJT20120701)。通訊作者:連智華,男,澳門科技大學行政與管理學院博士研究生,主要研究方向為組織行為學與人力資源開發、市場管理。Email:lawrancelian@gmail.com
74制度,理順上下溝通管道,形成具有自身特色之柔性組織文化,注意直屬主管支持的方式和手段,盡可能促使員工在責任及認同歸屬感知方面的共鳴,以期説明組織早日達成目標;與此同時,民營企業員工本身亦需加強對職業壓力的認識和關注,尤其是組織成長環境與角色內外行為也都會反應在其工作績效上。其次,以心理資本作為預測變量來檢驗中介效應,統計結果顯示,員工職業壓力對於心理資本與工作績效之間不具有中介作用,但是,心理資本自身對於工作績效產生直接關係。這也不難理解,一方面職業壓力和心理資本同屬於員工主觀心理狀態,二者之間即有重疊又有區別,本研究之員工心理資本是一種人格特質,主要定位於積極和正向的一面,而職業壓力則是在生理、心理和行為上的反應,其包括了正向和負面的元素;另一方面,心理狀態本身就能引起外在行為表現,若無外界因素進入並且作用其中,很難進一步影響工作產出;所以,及時瞭解員工知覺心理狀況,改善組織環境生態,加強職業壓力因應管理對一個企業有其必要性及重要性;而知覺主管支持和心理資本的戰略重視以及相對輕鬆的工作氛圍則可以提升員工職場投入的熱忱與態度,進而透過主管支持感知的影響對促進組織績效有潛移默化的效果。除此之外,在調節效應方面,研究之實證分析發現,心理資本對於知覺主管支持與職業壓力之間產生調節效果;相應地,亦即知覺主管支持也能與心理資本共同作用于職業壓力,可以說,調節模型成立,并且是是雙向,鑒于交互變量作用同時也是兩個單獨的預測變量,故研究模型圖僅畫出單向模型,但不影響其所表示的意義。關於上述雙向調節作用,也就是說,一方面,民營企業員工的知覺主管支持程度會直接影響到員工工作時的情緒及行為表現,並且會因為自身心理資本優劣而加劇這種影響,員工心理資本越高,主管支持感知則越能正向影響職業壓力;另一方面,知覺主管支持調節影響了心理資本與職業壓力之間的關係,員工對主管支持感知程度越高,其心理資本越能積極影響職業壓力。因此,在組織管理新形勢下,人力資源管理部門應跳出六大常規 HR 模塊的拘束,重新整合佈局,注意員工關係培養與發展,對於挑戰性和阻斷性壓力應有統一規劃和辨別控制,適時將組織和主管支持融入到組織文化,使員工對於內外層面的愉悅和接受度進一步擴大,力促在組織氛圍帶動下,加劇員工對組織績效的回饋和貢獻,並且帶來正向的影響作用。基於上述探討,本文研究了職業壓力視角下民營地產企業員工知覺主管支持、心理資本對工作績效的影響,以及在特定背景的情況下,員工知覺心理的調節作用影響。然研究還存在一定的局限性。未來可以考慮對以下問題進行深入探討 : 首先,本文調查的資料來源單一性,皆出自於地產性質的民營企業,而研究變量之工作績效評價僅由員工自身評價,雖然控制了共同方法偏差,但是難免有較大的樣本風險,因此未來研究應多元調查資料來源,包括要求上級評價、同事評價等,以期獲得更為豐富的研究結果。其次,研究雖然是基於職業壓力的視野首次探討了知覺主管支持、心理資本和工作績效的內在現象,但稍顯解釋力不足,後續研究需要尋求更多的因變量和調節變量來預測通過職業壓力對工作績效的影響,例如員工的智力資本、職業特徵、團隊創造力等變量之研究成果仍舊缺乏,也不失為今後在管理研究中一個有價值的課題。參 考 文 獻[1] Eisenberger,R.,etal.,Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1986. 71(2): 500-507.[2] Kottke, J.L. and C.E. Sharafinski, Measuring Perceived Supervisory and Organizational Support. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1988. 48(4): 1075-1079.[3] Greller, M.M. and D.M. Herold, Sources of feedback:A preliminary investigation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 1975(13): 224-256.[4] L a w r e n c e , T h e s u p p o r t a p p r a i s a l f o r w o r k s t r e s s o r s inventory:Construction and initial validation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 2007. 70: 172–204.
75連智華,等 地產企業員工知覺心理同工作績效影響: 職業壓力觀點之調節中介效應檢驗[5] Lazarus, R.S., Psychological stress and the coping process. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966.[6] Thomas, L.T. and C.D. Ganster, Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 1995. 80(1): 6-15.[7] Rhoades, L. and R. Eisenberger, Perceived organizational support:A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2002. 87: 698-714.[8] Anderson, S.E., B.S. Coffey and R.T. Byerly, Formal organizational initiatives and informal workplace practices: Links to work–family conflict and job-related outcomes. Journal of Management, 2002. 28(6): 787–810.[9] 雷宏振,候娜.主管支持感、主管信任與組織成員間的知識轉移效果. 科技進步與對策, 2012. 29(5): 142-146.[10] Guild,D.P., Antecedents and Consequences of Supervisory Support:The Moderating Affects of Perceived Organizational Status of the Supervisor. Webster University: Saint Louis,2009.[11] Shanock, L.R. and R. 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76第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 智慧資本對企業價值影響之研究朱順和*,卓 憲,鄢 鑠(澳門科技大學行政與管理學院,澳門)摘要: 智慧資本是企業員工的知識與能力,企業價值是同時表現在於其財務資本與智慧資本之上。本研究主要針對香港證交所上市澳門博彩公司的2008年至2011年數據,以增值智慧係數模型進行財務資本及智慧資本對企業價值影響分析。研究結果顯示,財務資本及智慧資本對對企業價值有顯著性的影響。關鍵詞: 智慧資本;企業價值;智慧增值係數;博彩業Research of the Impact of Intellectual Capital on Corporate ValueShun-Ho CHU*, Xian ZHUO, Shuo YAN( Macau University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Management and Administration, Macau,China )AAstractt: Intellectual capital is knowledge and capability of employees. Corporate value is attributed form financial capital and intellectual capital simultaneously. This study aims on the evaluation of the impact of financial capital and intellectual capital on corporate value of Macanese casino companies listed in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange based on Value-Added Intellectual Coefficient model using empirical data form 2008 to 2011. The empirical results of this study show that there is a statistically significant relationship between financial capital and intellectual capital and corporate value.eyyordst: Intellectual capital; Corporate value; Value-added intellectual coefficient; Casino industry收稿日期:2012-12-18;修訂日期:2013-06-17。* 通訊作者:朱順和,男,博士,澳門科技大學行政與管理學院助理教授。研究方向:銀行管理、退休金管理.E-mail:shchu@must.edu.mo; Tel:+8869337288700 引言近年來受惠於中國經濟快速成長及港澳自由行旅遊政策,澳門旅遊業持續蓬勃的發展,博彩業的博彩收入亦呈現增長趨勢(朱順和,2011[1])。2009 年中國國務院頒布《珠江三角地區改革發展規劃綱要(2008 ~ 2020 年)》,澳門發展定位為世界旅遊休閒中心,博彩娛樂場已成為旅遊觀光特殊景點(Hinch and Walker,2005[2])。2012 年澳門博彩收入高達澳門幣 3041 億元,較2011 年持續增長 13.50%。以博彩收入而言,澳門自 2006 年迄今已位居全球第一大賭城。同時,博彩業的重要性充分反映在其博彩稅收對經濟的貢獻(Upneja, Kim,and Singh,2000[3]),2012 年博彩稅收為澳門幣 1070 億元,佔財政收入來源的80% 以上。整體而言,博彩業已成為澳門第一大經濟產業。 博彩業是人力與資本密集的行業(Upneja,Kim,and Singh,2000[3])。智慧資本是企業員工的知識與能力,可分為人力資本、結構資本及顧客資本(Stewart,1997[4])。Edvinsson and Malone
77朱順和,等 智慧資本對企業價值影響之研究(1997[5])認為企業價值是同時表現在於其財務資本與智慧資本之上。智慧資本管理是當今知識時代的企業價值核心(Bontis,1998[6]),隨著服務業的大幅增長,企業的無形資產是競爭力與獲利能力的重要影響因素(Stewart,1997[4])。 本研究參考 Pulic(1997)[7] 增值智慧係數模型(Value-Added Intellectual Coefficient Model; VAIC Model),建立研究變數,運用面板數據分析方法(Panel Data Analysis),評析澳門博彩業的企業價值。據此,本研究目的為︰ ● 探究澳門博彩公司企業價值的影響因素。 ● 提出澳門博彩公司經營管理之建議。1 文獻探討1.1 智慧資本定義與衡量1969 年 John Galbraith 首 先 提 出 智 慧 資 本(Intellectual Capital)概念,認為智慧資本是企業運用組織營運、決策及腦力行為所產生出的價值。學者更進一步解釋智慧資本的定義與內容。Brooking(1996)[8] 將智慧資本分為市場價值、人力中心資產、智慧所有權資產及基礎設備資產等四大類。Seivby(1997)[9] 認為智慧資本包括內部结構、外部结構及員工能力。Edvinsson and Malone(1997)[5] 提出斯堪地亞市場價值結構(Skandia Market Value Structure),認為智慧資本是企業掌握知識、組織技術、實際經驗、顧客關係及專業技能,具有市場競爭優勢。Low and Kalafut(2002)[10] 將智慧資本視為無形資產,包括技術、顧客信息、品牌、聲譽及企業文化,是無價的企業競爭力。Stewart(1997)[4] 定義智慧資本,是指員工能為企業帶來競爭優勢的一切知識及能力的總和。智慧資本可分為人力資本、顧客資本及結構資本(Bontis,1998[6]);其中,人力資本是企業產生創新的源頭,員工努力工作可以帶來顧客價值及結構資本的效率;顧客資本即指顧客的價值,衡量指標如市場占有率、顧客滿意度、顧客貢獻度等;結構資本是指不會隨著員工下班回家的知識,可成為企業的財產。其 次, 本 研 究 歸 納 出 Luthy(1998)[11]、Williams(2000)[12]、Sveiby(2010)[13] 等 人 衡量無形資產的方法,主要有:1. 直接智慧資本法(Direct Intellectual Capital Method),就個別的無形資產來評估其價值,如價值開發(Andriessen and Tiessen,2000[14])、智慧資產評價(Sullivan,2000[15]);2. 市場資本化法(Market Capitalized Method),評估企業市場價值與股東權益帳面價值之間的差異,如Tobin's Q、無形資產負債表;3.資產報酬法(Return on Assets Method),評估無形資產的平均報酬,如經濟增值(Economic Value Added; EVA)、VAIC(Pulic,1997[7]);4. 計 分卡法(Scorecard Method),確定無形資產不同的組成,再呈現於平衡計分卡或領航圖上,如平衡計分卡(Kaplan and Norton,1992[16])、斯堪地亞領航(Edvinsson and Malone,1997[5])。市場資本化法及資產報酬法係以財務報表為基礎,來評估無形資產的價值,計算較為簡單且易於瞭解。直接智慧資本法及計分卡法則衡量因素較全面性,評估較為複雜且較難理解。1.2 增值智慧係數模型 Pulic(1997)[7] 提出增值智慧係數(VAIC)模型,作為企業使用其智慧資本對企業增值效率的衡量。Firer and Williams(2003)[17] 認為 VAIC具有計算容易、有效比較分析及數據來源為會計師審計後財務報表等特性。企業資源包括財務資本及智慧資本;其中,財務資本主要為有形資產資源,智慧資本主要為無形資產資源。因此,VAIC 計算公式如下(Pulic,1998[18]):。
79朱順和,等 智慧資本對企業價值影響之研究究發現博彩種類、實體環境和服務款待為衡量娛樂場服務的三大關鍵要素。連信森(2010)[26] 運用包絡線(DEA)模型,探討酒店入住人數、物價水準、內地經濟增長、金融海嘯等因素對澳門博彩業經營效率的影響。研究結論認為,博彩業的規模過大,會導致經營效率下降;博彩業經營效率與酒店入住人數呈正相關,但與物價水準呈負相關。至於內地經濟增長、金融海嘯等因素對博彩業經營效率的影響,則不是很明顯。Tsai,Cheung,and Lo(2010)[27] 為探究品牌淨值(brand equity)與企業績效關係,以問卷調查方式調查 204 位受訪者對澳門六家博彩企業的品牌忠誠度、品牌知覺、品牌印象及品牌認知等四大構面問項。調查結果顯示,經營績效表現佳的博彩企業與以顧客為基礎的品牌淨值有顯著關係。 朱順和(2011)[1] 利用流動性、財務槓桿、資產管理能力及獲利能力等四個財務構面,以灰色關聯分析澳門博彩公司經營績效優劣及其影響原因。經實證結果,經營績效表現最佳的永利及澳博,分別歸因於其獲利能力強及資產管理佳所致。相反地,經營績效表現最差的美高梅,主要歸究於其高財務槓桿運用及獲利能力差所致;經營績效表現次差的威尼斯人,則歸究於其流動性及資產管理能力等因素偏低。Kang,Lee,and Yang(2011)[28] 探討美國博彩業產品多樣化與產品補充性對經營績效的影響。研究以 Tobin's Q 及資產報酬率為因變數,以 1 減去赫氏指數及其平方值作為產品多樣化自變量,以博彩收入增長率、酒店收入增長率及餐飲收入增長率作為產品補充性自變量。研究結果顯示,產品多樣化與經營績效呈 U 型關係,而餐飲收入可作為博彩業的補充性產品。古曉晴(2012)[29] 以 2008 ~ 2011 年財務資本指標及智慧資本指標,運用灰色關聯模型,探討澳門博彩公司的經營績效及其影響因素。研究結果顯示,博彩公司的經營績效與財務資本指標及智慧資本指標有著密切關係,且智慧資本對經營績效影響大於財務資本。O' Donnell,Lee,and Roehl(2012)[30] 研究1980 ~ 2009 年美國大西洋城單一賭場與多賭場之博彩公司的經營績效與規模比較。研究結果之一顯示,多賭場之博彩公司較單一賭場之博彩公司具經濟規模效益。研究建議大型規模博彩公司於博彩賭場價值跌落時,以併購方式擴大經濟規模。李燕豪(2013)[31] 以智慧資本增值係數模型作基礎,配合企業資本結構指標,探討影響澳門博彩公司經營績效的因素。研究結果顯示,結構資本使用效率為與經營績效呈正相關;人力資本使用效率、關係資本使用效率及創新資本使用效率,則與經營績效呈負相關。其次,企業財務槓桿與經營績效為負相關關係,企業規模與經營績效為正相關關係。整體而言,博彩公司的經營績效與智慧資本及企業資本結構有著密切關係,且智慧資本直接對企業經營績效產生影響。Assaf,Cvelbar,and Pahor(2013)[32] 探討斯洛維尼亞(Solvenia)博彩業經營績效影響因素。實證結果發現,經營績效與規模大小及賭場地點有顯著關係,賭場是否提供酒店服務則沒有顯著關係。學者對於博彩業研究多偏重在經營績效課題,經濟規模(Gu,2001a[20],O'Donnell et al.,2011[30]; Assaf et al.,2013[32])、博彩種類、實體環境和服務款待(馮海燕、黃業堅,2009[25])、酒店入住人數(連信森,2010[26])、獲利能力及資產管理(朱順和,2011[1])、品牌及產品多樣化(Tsai et al.,2010[30]; Kang et al.,2011[28])、資本結構(Tsai and Gu,2007[24]; 李燕豪,2013[31])是影響博彩業經營績效之主要因素。學者進一步以不同觀點,如以多元回歸模型(Tsai and Gu,2007[24]; Kang et al.,2011[28])、投入與產出效率(連信森,2010[26])及財務比率(Gu and Gao,2006[23]; 朱順和,2011[1])、財務資本及智慧資本(古曉晴,2012[29],李燕豪,2013[31])等對澳門博彩業經營績效實證研究。
82博彩業企業價值的重要影響因素。3.4.3 就結構資本而言本研究實證結果發現,結構資本效率影響企業價值權重介於資本使用效率與人力資本效率。就 2011 年管理費用而言,管理費用支出最高者,金沙為 60.44 億港元;相對地,管理費用支出最少者,美高梅僅為 13.98 億港元。澳門博彩業是一個多元化經營的行業,包括博彩娛樂、酒店住宿、精品商店、餐飲美食、會議展覽、影藝表演等,尤其是提供往返酒店至機場、碼頭、關閘等出入境的免費旅遊巴士服務。因此,除財務資本以外,結構資本是另一影響企業價值的重要因素。4 結論與建議經實證結果與討論分析,本研究結論為財務資本與智慧資本是影響企業價值的因素;其中,人力資本及結構資本等企業無形資產亦是澳門博彩業競爭力與獲利能力的重要影響因素。依據本研究實證結果,說明人力資本仍是智慧資本最基礎的要素。Pfeffer(1994)[35] 認為人力資本是組織的關鍵核心資源與能力,且可為企業組織取得競爭優勢。因此,澳門博彩公司應重視智慧資本,更應注重其所擁有人力資本,宜避免提高博彩中介人佣金競爭方式。本研究基於上述的實證分析結果與結論,提出對澳門博彩公司經營管理建議如下:澳門貴賓廳博彩業務長期以來都是博彩收入的主要貢獻業務,占博彩收入達 70% 以上,惟此主要依賴博彩中介人制度;但博彩公司承擔著博彩中介人的高度廉潔及誠信的有關責任,因而博彩公司聲譽可能遭受損害,或可能遭受法規懲處。本研究建議,澳門博彩業電子博彩僅占總收入的 5% 左右,對比拉斯維加斯賭城角子機收入占總收入超過 80%,澳門電子博彩收入有明顯的發展空間。目前澳門電子博彩已有不少的變化,由傳統拉把式角子機模式發展至電子骰寶、電子俄羅斯輪盤、3D 仿真人百家樂、互動式大富翁及真人直播百家樂等。同時,澳門博彩業可借鑒一些發展成熟的美國拉斯維加斯、歐洲的摩洛哥等賭城,利用電子科技技術,建立網上娛樂場,以提高博彩市場的佔有份額。其次,諸多學者研究指出在競爭激烈的成熟博彩市場裡,資產規模較大的博彩公司較具有競爭優勢。因此,建議澳門博彩業者應將營運利潤再投入投資,擴增經營規模,已獲致經濟規模效益。同時,博彩業是多元化服務行業,除博彩娛樂外,還包括高級酒店住宿、奢侈品專賣、時尚服裝、餐飲美食、會議博覽、表演藝術等不同元素,建議澳門博彩業者應運用其個別經營策略與特色,增加博彩設施、酒店及相關設施,以提升競爭力及其經營效益與企業價值。參 考 文 獻[1] 朱順和. 澳門博彩公司經營績效評估之研究-灰色關聯分析之應用. 澳門經濟,2011,31:134-143.[2] Hinch, T. and Walker, G. J.. Casino Markets: A Study of Tourist and Local Patrons, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2005, 6(1):72-87.[3] Upneja, A., Kim, H., and Singh, A.. Difference in Financial Characteristics between Small and Large Firms? An Empirical Examination of the Casino Industry, Journal of Hospitality Financial Management, 2000, 8(1): 24-35.[4] Stewart, T.A.. Intellectual Capital: The New Wealth of Organizations, 1997, New York: Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group, Inc..[5] Edvinsson, I. and Malone, M.S.. Intellectual Capital:Realizing Your Company's True Value by Finding Its Hidden Manpower, 1997, New York: Harper Business.[6] Bontis, N.. Intellectual Capital: An Exploratory Study that Develops Measures and Models, Management Decision, 1998, 36(2): 63-76.[7] Pulic, A.. The Physical and Intellectual Capital of Austrian Banks, retrieved September 1, 2012, http://irc.mcmaster.ca/. 1997[8] Brooking, A.. Intellectual Capital: Core Assets for the Third Millennium Enterprise, 1996, London: Thomson Business Press.[9] Seivby, K.. The New Organizational Wealth: Managing and Measuring Knowledge Based Assets. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler, 1997.[10] Low, J. and Kalafut, P.C.. Invisible Advantage: How Intangibles Are Driving Business Performance. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 2002.[11] Luthy, D. H.. Intellectual Capital for Managing and Reporting on Intangibles. retrieved September 1, 2012, http://www3.bus.osaka-cu.ac.jp/apira98/archives/pdfs/25.pdf. 1998.[12] Williams, M.. Is a Company's Intellectual Capital Performance and Intellectual Capital Disclosure Practices Related? Evidence from Publicly Listed Companies from the FTSE 100. McMasters Intellectual Capital Conference, 2000.[13] Sveiby, E.. Methods for Measuring Intangible Assets. retrieved
83朱順和,等 智慧資本對企業價值影響之研究September 1, 2012, http://www.sveiby.com/article/intangibleMethods.htm, 2010.[14] Andriessen, D. and Tiessen, R.. Weightless Wealth, Find Your Real Value in a Future of Intangible Assets. Financial Times. London: Prentice Hall, 2000.[15] Sullivan, P.. Value-driven Intellectual Capital: How to Convert Corporate Assets into Market Value. N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.[16] Kaplan, R.S. and Norton, D.P., The Balanced Scorecard Measures that Drive Performance, Harvard Business Review, 1992, 71-79.[17] Firer, S. and Williams, S.M.. Intellectual Capital and Traditional Measures of Corporate Performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2003, 4(3): 348-360.[18] Pulic, A.. Measuring the Performance of Intellectual Potential in Knowledge Economy. retrieved September 1, 2012, http://www.vaic-on.net/, 1998[19] [19] Pulic, A.. An Accounting Tool for IC Management. retrieved September 1, 2012, http://www.vaic-on.net/, 2000.[20] Gu, Z.. Economies of Scale in the Gaming Industry: An Analysis of Casino Operation on the Las Vegas Strip and in Atlantic City. Journal of Hospitality Financial Management. 2001a, 9(1): 1-15.[21] Gu, Z.. Comparative Analysis of Nevada and Holland Casino Operations. Journal of Hospitality Financial Management. 2001b, 9(1): 84-85.[22] Lucas, A.F.. Dunn, W.T.. Roehl, W.S.. and Wolcott, G.M. Evaluating Slot Machine Performance: A Performance-Potential Model, International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2004, 23: 103-121.[23] Gu, Z. and Gao, J. Z.. Financial Competitiveness of Macau in Comparison with Other Gaming Destinations. UNLV Gaming Research & Review Journal. 2006, 10(2): 1-12.[24] Tsai, H. and Gu, Z.. The Relationship between Institutional Ownership and Casino Firm Performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2007, 26: 517-530.[25] 馮海燕、黃業堅. 量表開發:賭場的成功關鍵要素. 澳門科技大學學報,2009,3(1):49-59.[26] 連信森. 澳門博彩業經營效率及其相關因素研究. 澳門經濟,2010,29:129-141.[27] Tsai, H., Cheung, C.. and Lo, A.. An Exploratory Study of the Relationship between Customer-based Casino Brand Equity and Firm Performance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2010, 29: 754-757.[28] Kang, K.H.. Lee, S.. and Yang, H.. The Effects of Product Diversification on Firm Performance and Complementarities between Products: A Study of US Casinos. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2011, 30: 409-421.[29] 古曉晴. 財務資本、智慧資本與經營績效關聯之研究-以澳門博彩業為例,2012,澳門:澳門科技大學工商管理碩士論文.[30] O'Donnell, J.M., Lee, S., and Roehl, W.S., Do Economies of Scale Exist in the Atlantic City Casino Industry? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 2012, 24(1): 62-80.[31] 李燕豪. 智慧資本與企業資本結構對經營績效之影響研究-以澳門博彩業為例,2013,澳門:澳門科技大學工商管理碩士論文.[32] Assaf, G.A.. Cvelbar, L.K.. and Pahor, M.. Performance Drivers in the Casino Industry: Evidence from Slovenia. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2013, 32: 149-154.[33] Riahi-Belkaoui, A.. Intellectual Capital and Firm Performance of US Multinational Firms: A Study of the Resource-based and Stakeholder Views. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2003, 4(2): 215-26.[34] Roos, G., Bainbridge, A., and Jacobsen, K.. Intellectual Capital Analysis as A Strategic Tool. Strategy & Leadership, 2001, 29: 21-8.[35] Pfeffer, J.. Competitive Advantage through People: Unleashing the Power of the Workforce. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1994.校園活動廖維康先生捐贈百件大師作品予科大6月8日,廖維康老先生把他收藏的沈仲強大師的繪畫、手稿、文稿及書法共100件作品捐贈給澳門科技大學圖書館和人文藝術學院作教學用途。沈仲強先生1893年出生於廣東番禺的一個書香世家,從小研習繪畫,尤其擅長畫菊花。他筆下的菊花賦色妍雅,筆致秀逸,為人稱頌,沈先生也因此成為嶺南畫派中的大師級人物。1938年廣州淪陷,沈先生帶著家人到澳門避難。剛到澳門時,因為人生地不熟,生活一度陷入困頓。當時的南京偽國民政府和廣東省的政要多次邀請沈先生做官,並許以高官厚祿,都被沈先生斷然拒絕,其高風亮節,令人感佩!在友人的幫助下,沈先生在香港、澳門等地多次舉辦菊畫展,不少外國人士也慕名前來,爭相購買他的畫作。人們稱頌沈大師淡于榮祿、兩袖清風的高尚氣節,“沈菊花”的美名由此廣為傳揚。廖維康先生長期關注教育事業,一直大力支持澳門科技大學的建設和發展。2012年,廖老先生已經向大學捐贈了兩百萬港元。適逢今年廖老先生甫滿100歲,如今再向科大圖書館慷慨捐贈沈大師100件字畫藝術品,令此次捐贈別具意義,我們都深感榮幸。這些優秀的字畫藝術品,使科大師生有機會一睹大師的風采,親身感受傳統藝術文化的魅力,而沈大師的崇高氣節也無時無刻不在教育和激勵著我們每一個人。
84第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 世遺地居民對其他旅遊利益相關者的態度之研究以澳門遺產歷史城區為例王盈娟,顧 瑩(澳門科技大學酒店與旅遊管理學院,澳門)摘要: 旅遊目的地居民感知與態度研究是旅遊地理學研究的重要主題之一。在2005年澳門歷史城區被聯合國教科文組織評定為世界文化遺產。此後澳門政府準備以此為契機發展澳門文化遺產旅遊,以使其旅遊形象不再局限於賭城形象。眾多的旅客到訪澳門,對這片悠久歷史的“澳門歷史城區"保育造成一定的壓力。本研究以澳門世界歷史遺產城區為例,為了更進一步地瞭解現時社區居民對世遺旅遊地的感知與態度,以澳門居民為研究物件,對有關政府部門和旅遊業及從業人員的感知和態度這三方面進行調查研究,並依據研究結果給予相應建議,在一定程度上具有理論與實踐的參考價值與意義。關鍵詞: 澳門社區居民;世界文化遺產;利益相關者理論;感知和態度A Study on World Heritage Residents' Attitude towards Other Tourism Stakeholders: Take the Historic Centre of Macao World Heritage for an ExampleYing-Chuan WANG, Ying GU( Faculty of hospitality and tourism management, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao, China )AAstractt: Studies on the residents’ perceptions and attitudes towards tourism destinations have been one of important topics in tourism geography. In 2005, Historic Centre of Macau was classified as an UNESCO world cultural heritage. Since then, the Macau Government intended to take this opportunity to develop Macau's cultural heritage tourism. Therefore, tourism image of Macau would no longer be limited to the gambling image. Currently, there are a large number of tourists visiting Macau every year, which has caused great pressure on the conservation of the Historic Centre of Macau. In order to understand the perceptions and attitudes of the community residents on the World Heritage Tourism, this researcher took the Macau World Heritage City as an example to study. This research mainly focused on studying the perceptions and attitudes of residents towards the visitors, government departments and the tourism industries while developing the cultural heritage tourism. The results attempted to respond to the research hypotheses, and finally, provided some possible suggestions and recommendations.eyyordst: Macao residents; world cultural heritage; stakeholder theory; perceptions and attitudes收稿日期:2013-04-15;修訂日期:2013-06-13。﹡通訊作者:王盈娟,女,博士,助理教授。主要研究方向:文化旅遊,美食觀光。 E-mail: ycwang@must.edu.mo,Tel: 88972918
95王盈娟,等 世遺地居民對其他旅遊利益相關者的態度之研究安全,監督世遺周邊的衛生環境等等。5.2.2 對遊業界及旅遊從業人員的建議在與澳門華夏文化產業協會理事長訪談中,他提出應有一個統一的標准解說,令遊客能瞭解到這些世遺經典的背後的歷史故事,如提高旅遊從業員的世界遺產專業知識和解說培訓。對提高旅客的世遺教育方面,應加強導遊人員解說系統的建設。文化遺產旅客一般對導遊的要求較高,因此發展文化遺產旅遊就必需培訓文化遺產導遊。澳門政府可參考像國外一樣增加文化遺產景點導遊或增加專業導遊解說人員一職,在澳門歷史城區內對來澳遊玩的旅行團或者自由行旅客,指定一些專業解說人員給旅客講解。這些專業解說人員應根據遊客的特徵及興趣愛好來選擇不同的內容,這樣旅客才能更好地理解其中所蘊藏的深刻內涵,使旅客能在短時間內瞭解澳門的世遺文化特色和魅力所在,從而讓遊客能發自內心地區保護澳門文化遺產。所以加強導遊人員解說能力,提高對旅客的世遺教育是發展澳門文化旅遊一個刻不容緩的議題。另外,提高旅遊服務業人員及旅行社的服務質素水平,設立服務監督部門,不定期視察進行評估,對不符合標準的企業提出警告或處罰,對獲得好評的企業進行獎勵。利用提升服務質素來作為宣傳澳門文化遺產旅遊城市是一個可行的手段。《澳門會展》雜誌文案主任及《澳門會展》雜誌編輯在訪談中多次提出,提高世遺景點區內的文化氛圍,是提高旅客及居民對世遺的認識。例如可參照土耳其將文化遺產以企業行銷的觀念來經營管理方法,推出文化旅遊巴士,車身上漆有鮮明的文化遺產與其他文化相關的圖像,成為吸引遊客的吸引點。此外,澳門可參考捷克和斯洛伐克中部地區摩拉維亞鄉村遺產廊道[25]的做法,由各類利益相關者牽手合作,打造富有澳門文化遺產特色的遺產廊道,將豐富的文化遺產和歷史遺跡,如歷史建築物、歷史博物館、手工藝作坊、音樂舞蹈的酒吧等等連接起來,在途經之處可建設客棧或民宿、充滿澳門特色美食的自助餐館和餐廳。澳門旅遊業界儘量使用澳門本地的食品、飲料和物資以帶動相關產業;社區居民主要參與復興澳門濃厚的葡國音樂、藝術和手工藝,建立獨特的文化形象。參 考 文 獻[1] 趙玉宗,李東和,黃明麗. 國外旅遊地居民旅遊感知和態度研究綜述[J]. 旅遊學刊,2005(4):85-92.[2] Marsh, N. R., & Henshall, B. D. Planning Better Tourism: The Strategic Importance of Tourist-Residence Expectations and Interactions. Tourism Recreation Research, 1987, 12: 47-54.[3] Keogh, B. Public Participation in Community Tourism Planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 1990, 17: 449-465.[4] Jamal, T.B., & Getz, D. Collaboration Theory and Community Tourism Planning. Annals of Tourism Research, 1995, 22: 186-204.[5] Ryan, C. Equity management power sharing and sustain ability: issue of new tourism. Tourism Management, 2002, 23(1): 17-26.[6] Sautter, E.T., & Leisen, B. Managing Stakeholders: a Tourism Planning Model. Annals of Tourism Research, 1999, 2: 312-328.[7] Gursoy, D.C. Resident Attitudes: A Structural Modeling Approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 2002, 29: 79- 105.[8] Lawson, R., Williams, J., & Young, T., Cossens, J. A Compare is on Residents Attitudes towards Tourism in 10 New Zealand Destinations. Tourism Management, 1998, 19 (3): 247- 256. [9] 陸林. 旅遊地居民態度調查一以皖南旅遊區為例[J] .自然資源學報,1996,4:377-382. [10] Mathieson, A. l., & Wall. G. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. New York: Longman Press, 1982.[11] 范方舟,旅遊景區過度商業化問題剖析[J]. 商業時代,2010,25:124-125.[12] 何佳梅. 新編旅遊環境學. 天津:南開大學出版社,2007.[13] 保繼剛,蘇曉波 . 歷史城鎮的旅遊商業化研究[J] . 地理學報 . 2004, 59(03):427-436.[14] 屈穎. 旅遊市場中利益相關者的旅遊倫理研究. 碩士論文[D],長安大學,2007.[15] 吳必虎. 地方旅遊開發與管理. 北京:科學出版社,2000,62:181-182.[16] 李峰,王璐. 基於旅遊倫理的旅遊可持續發展[J]. 學術界. 2008,5:218-223.[17] 薄茜. 博弈視角下的鄉村旅遊利益相關者研究. 碩士論文[D],瀋陽:瀋陽師範大學,2010.[18] AP. J. & Crompton, J. Developing and Testing a Tourism Impact Scale. Journal of Travel Research, 1998, 37 (2): 120- 130.[19] 郭栩東. 綠道是旅遊可持續發展的一種選擇—基於社區及遊客的視角[J]. 旅遊論壇. 2012,4:16-22.[20] 宋寧,王芳淺. 析旅遊可持續發展利益相關者.中國商貿:旅遊經濟研究[J],2009(11):1005-5800.[21] 劉韞. 淺談酒店的環境管理[J]. 四川大學學報. 2004,S1:251-
96252.[22] Dalkey, N.C. The Delphi Method:An Experimental Study of Group Opinion. The RAND Corporation, 1996.[23] Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. The Delphi Method:Techniques and Applications. MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1979.[24] 杜 歡 政 . 亞 澳 論 壇 “ 思 路 決 定 出 路 : 聚 焦 澳 門 綠 色G D P, 2 0 1 1 ”, 2 0 1 1 4月, h t t p : / / w w w. c n - e m . c o m /blo/?%B0%C4%C3%C5-521e93090100qp1o.html.[25] Charles, A., Flink, R., & Searns, M. Greenways. Washington: Island Press, 1993, 167.劍擊隊出征全澳大學生劍擊錦標賽 全澳大學生劍擊錦標賽於2013年4月14日在澳門東亞運動會體育館舉行,代表澳門科技大學劍擊隊出征的21名隊員參加了男女佩劍、重劍等6個專案的角逐,喜獲1金1銀1銅的好成績。雖然與往屆賽事相比,本屆比賽獎牌數量不是最多,但是每枚獎牌都是含金量十足。在男子佩劍的角逐中,我校選手呂詩宇、董越奪得金銀兩項獎牌。冠軍呂詩宇之前最好成績是銀牌,已經研究生二年級的他這次參賽拿出了勢在必得的英雄氣概,終於摘得金牌,足以告慰整整六年的漫漫劍擊路;男子佩劍銀牌的獲得者是法學院大二年級學生的董越。董越坦言:“一開始覺得能進決賽就已經很滿意了。”盡管小組賽連輸2場,但是淘汰賽和半決賽中,董越咬牙堅持,愈戰愈勇,終於闖入決賽,雖然不敵呂詩宇學長,卻也是雖敗猶榮。經曆了這次比賽,董越說:“前面的三位學長都快畢業了,明年男子佩劍就只有自己一個是老隊員了。每想到此,肩上就會壓力陡增。不管付出多大的艱辛,一定不會讓男佩這枚金牌在自己的手上流失。”而女子重劍的鄒蜜同學也不負众望,雖然第一次代表校隊參加比賽,就取得了銅牌的好成績。在本屆錦標賽中,澳門科技大學女子重劍、花劍、佩劍,男子重劍、花劍、佩劍的名次均有提升。也許賽場上永遠只能是勝負定成敗,但是唯有堅持才會成就夢想。澳科大劍擊隊的所有成員,將在前輩精神的引領和感召下,努力提高自身素質,增強體能和技能的訓練,堅持為夢想而戰,為澳門科技大學的榮譽而戰!第10屆澳門內地優秀影片展”學生座談會在本校成功舉辦 “第10屆澳門中國內地優秀影片展——中國電影藝術家走進校園”學生座談會於2013年5月12日下午4時在本校N座101禮堂隆重舉行。中國電影基金會代表團到訪本校,受到了同學們的熱烈歡迎,大批學子踴躍參加。此次參會代表有中國電影家協會、中國電影基金會會長、著名電影導演李前寬先生,國家電影審查委員會委員蕭桂雲女士,中國電影基金會副理事長薛貴枝女士,中國電影基金會副會長著名學者崔君衍先生和中國著名導演尹力先生,澳門影視傳播協進會理事長鄭國強先生;以及演員代表趙靜女士、何杜鵑女士、劉全和先生與劉全利先生。此外,常務副校長張曙光教授,大學校監顧問許敖敖教授,澳門影視傳播協進會常務副會長蘇香玫小姐也出席了此次座談會。張曙光副校長首先發表了歡迎詞。隨後李前寬先生發表致辭,他指出,很高興能與充滿希望、青春、活力的年輕朋友們相會,希望科大學子將夢的暢想落實到行動中去,並祝福學子們夢想成真。在接下來進行了自由提問對話環節,李前寬、蕭桂雲、尹力、崔君衍、趙靜等多位著名藝術家走上舞臺,與科大學子就電影藝術文化、核心價值觀、大學生生活等眾多話題進行了傾情交流。藝術家與科大學子敞開心扉,毫無保留,語重心長又不失風趣幽默,劉全和與劉全利先生的即興表演更是使現場氣氛迎來熱烈的高潮,笑聲掌聲不絕於耳。座談會結束後,代表團全體成員上臺謝幕,並邀請在場同學們上臺合影。朝氣蓬勃的科大學子們蜂擁而上,與藝術家們簇擁在一起,彼此親切交流,臺上頓時融為一片歡樂的海洋,在閃光燈的聚焦下最終定格為難忘的瞬間。一年一度的“中國電影藝術家走進校園學生座談會”,每一年都會成為熱點,在同學間反響熱烈,也成為科大通識教育中一道亮麗的風景線。暢談電影新形勢,感悟人生價值,科大學子通過與藝術家們面對面的交流,勢必不斷加深對中國電影藝術的理解,拓寬對人生態度的思考。學生活動
97第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 以自由創新範式改革同質化本科應用型教育蔡智明(澳門科技大學資訊科技學院,澳門)摘要: 本文針對目前本科應用型教育同質化與當前高等教育的若干問題,從課程體系、教學方法、通識教育幾個方面進行了分析,以IT類專業、特別是軟件工程專業爲例,提出了“自由創新應用教育"的概念範式,幷給出了實施這一範式的具體建議。關鍵詞: 本科教育;應用教育;自由創新Innovating upon Homogenized Teaching in Undergraduate Applied Courses Ay “Free Applied Teaching” ModeZhiming CAI( Macao University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Information Technology, Macao, China )AAstractt: The paper researched the homogenization in undergraduate courses, teaching method and general education at applied universities. The “Free Applied Teaching” mode, including concepts, approaches and implementation, is put forward with the examples of IT related courses, especially in software-engineering major.eyyordst: Undergraduate Courses; Applied Teaching; Homogenization收稿日期:2013-02-22;修訂日期:2013-04-17。通訊作者:蔡智明,男,博士,副教授,主要研究方向:軟件工程。E-mail:zmcai@must.edu.mo0 引言當前,許多高校本科教育的人才培養目標都定位在:應用型實踐型人才。但在高校排名、論文、檢索、引用等指標的引導刺激下,各個學校、專業越來越沒有了各自的辦學特色,同質化現象越來越普遍,大家都要爭做“高水平、研究型”大學。溫總理 2012.5.19. 在中國地質大學表示 [16],一所學校最重要的,是自由之精神、獨立之思想;中國人民大學原校長紀寶成痛批當前高校的弊端[12]:許多高校把自己當成研究所、開發部……這就像某些官員只看重 GDP 卻不懂得保護環境,可持續發展……大學越來越浮躁、越來越焦慮……高等教育的根本目的在於培養人。出版《大學課程設計》專著的徐同文教授認爲[14],目前我國大學的問題在於:一是大學與社會需求脫節,二是學術與課程脫鉤,三是學生與老師脫離,“學生學著無用的課,教師說著無用的話”。海外學者薛涌更尖銳指出[13]:“研究型大學,是中國大學中最不需要的。現在中國的名牌大學,哪個不是研究型大學?……中國最需要的,是基層的教學型大學。現在中國的大學體系,在這方面很少有戰略考慮……對於大多數大學生來說,他們更需要的是參與社會的行動能力,而不是關起門來研究。以研究型大學這種狹隘的觀念談創新,本身就是對創新的諷刺”。目前,中國已是世界上科技人口、科研論文總量排位第一、第二的“科技大國”,
102第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 小行星光變曲線反演形狀模型的演算法研究盧曉平1,趙海斌2,尤 眾1(1. 澳門科技大學資訊科技學院,澳門;2. 紫金山天文臺,南京)摘要: 本文提出一種基於小行星光變曲線資料來計算小行星相關物理參數,如自轉週期、自轉軸方向以及三軸橢球體形狀模型的演算法。該演算法採用一種新的計算小行星表面亮度值的積分方法,並通過應用Lebedev數值積分來快速求解。進而應用Levenberg-Marquardt演算法來求解該非線性優化問題,尋找最優解。最後通過對(3)JUNO小行星的兩條光變曲線應用該演算法進行反演,獲得了與目前已發表公佈的相關參數相近的結果。關鍵詞: 光變曲線;形狀模型;自轉週期;自轉軸;光度積分;散射法則Inverse ProAlem Research aAout Shape Determinant of Asteroid from LightcurvesXiaoping LU1, Haibin ZHAO2, Zhong YOU1( 1 Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )( 2. Purple Mountain Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China )AAstractt: In this article, a new inverse method is presented to search the related physical parameters of asteroids, such as spin period, the orientation of the spinning axis and the shape model, inverted from lightcurves. The new method introduces an efficient numerical integration to simulate the brightness of asteroids, adopting the Lebedev Quadrature. Furthermore, Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is employed here to find the optimal solution of this inverse problem. Finally the method is confirmed by applying both the synthetic lightcurves and observed ones of real asteroid (3)JUNO.eyyordst: Lightcurves; Shape Model; Spin Period; Spinning Axis; Brightness Integral; Scattering Law收稿日期:2012-11-12;修訂日期:2013-01-21。本論文由澳門科學技術發展基金會資助,資助編號:019/2010/A2通訊作者:盧曉平,男,在讀博士,講師,小行星形狀反演。E-mail: xplu@must.edu.mo,Tel:(853)88972837 0 引言近年來小行星的研究引起天文學界越來越多的關注,然而由於大部分小行星距離地球比較遠,小行星的地面觀測就成為其主要研究資料來源。隨著地球上越來越多擁有大口徑天文望遠鏡的天文觀測站的建立,使得小行星的亮度資料越來越多。此外一些大型巡天計劃,如 UVEX, VPHAS,SSS, PanSTARRS,也獲得了海量的小行星亮度資料[1]。小行星相關物理化學屬性可以基於這些亮度資料研究獲得。小行星的物理屬性,如小行星自轉周期,自轉軸方向以及其形狀模型等可以用來研究太陽系的演化,例如小行星自轉週期的分佈以及自轉方向的趨向性等可以推斷太陽系誕生初期的演化規律。大部分小行星分佈在火星與土星中間一個環狀區域,稱為主帶小行星,距離地球距離大約在2.1~3.3 天文單位之間。對於主帶小行星,地面只能觀測到其表面反射的微弱太陽光。因此小行星自轉而引起的亮度變化(即光變曲線)就成為小
106從上面的結果容易看出,該演算法計算得出的小行星自轉週期與 Cellino 等人發佈的結果非常接近,即 JUNO(3)小行星自轉週期利用該演算法僅需連續三晚的觀測資料即可準確得出。對於橢球體的三軸比,該演算法的結果,也與 Cellino 等人的一致。而對於小行星自轉軸的 值兩者相差較大。主要原因在於兩點,首先是該演算法僅僅基於三條連續觀測獲得的光變曲線來進行反演計算,而 Cellino 等人採用的是連續幾年離散資料來進行反演;此外,由於小行星表面散射法則非常複雜,目前仍然沒有有效的演算法能夠準確對其進行擬合,Cellino 等人採用的是橢球在地球觀測垂直方向投影面積來估算亮度值,本文提出的演算法則使用的是積分離散化方式計算光度,採用的是 Kaasalainen 擬合函數來類比散射法則。再加上觀測誤差的影響,使得很多基於三軸橢球體模型的演算法對於自轉軸的定位都有較大的誤差。在Cellino 等人的論文中,在反演結果中也有另外一個可行解,即[15]圖4 擬合光變曲線的相位角顯示最後如圖 4 所示將兩條光變曲線按照相位角 分佈以散點‘*’描繪出來,並用實線顯示擬合獲得的光變曲線。3 總結本文基於小行星形狀為三軸橢球體這一假設,通過應用 Lebedev 數值積分提出一種快速計算亮度積分的演算法。該演算法能夠較傳統的三角剖分方法更快速地計算亮度值,並且可以用較少的光變曲線來還原相關物理參數。最後通過對虛擬三軸橢球體小行星的類比驗證了演算法的有效性,並以(3)JUNO 小行星為例來演示如何應用該演算法以及 LM 優化演算法來搜尋相關物理參數的過程。並取得了與對該小行星物理參數已發表結論相近的結果。參 考 文 獻[1] Jordi C., Gebran M., Carrasco J.M., et al. Gaia Broad Band Photometry [J]. A&A, 2010, 523(48): 1-16.[2] Russell H. On the Light-Variations of Asteroids and Satellites [J]. Astron. J, 1906, 24(5): 1-18.[3] Lumme K, Bowel l E . Radia t ive Transfer in Surfaces of Atmosphereless Bodies, I Theory [J]. Astron. J, 1981, 86: 1694-1704.[4] Lumme K, Bowel l E . Radia t ive Transfer in Surfaces of Atmosphereless Bodies, II Interpretation of Phase Curves [J]. Astron. J, 1981, 86: 1705-1712.[5] Karttunen K. Modelling Asteroid Brightness Variations. I-Numerical methods [J]. A&A, 1989, 208: 314-319.[6] Karttunen K., Modelling Asteroid Brightness Variations. II-The Interpretability of Lightcurves and Phase Curves [J]. A&A, 1989, 208: 320-326.[7] Kaasalainen M., Lamberg L. Interpretation of Lightcurves of Atmosphereless bodies. I-General Theory and New Inversion Schems [J]. A&A, 1992, 259: 318-332.[8] Kaasalainen M., Lamberg L. Interpretation of Lightcurves of Atmosphereless bodies. II-Practical Aspects of Inversion [J]. A&A, 1992, 259: 318-332.[9] Kaasalainen M., Torppa J. Optimization Methods for Asteroid Lightcurves Inversion I. Shape Determination [J]. Icarus, 2001, 153: 24-36.[10] Kaasalainen M., Torppa J. Optimization Methods for Asteroid Lightcurves Inversion II. The Complete Inverse Problem [J]. Icarus, 2001, 153: 37-51.[11] Kaasalainen S., Kaasalainen M., Piironen J. Ground Reference for Space Remote Sensing Laboratory Photometry of an Asteroid Model [J]. A&A, 2005, 440:1177-1182.[12] Lebedev V., Laikov D. A Quadrature Formula for the Sphere of the 131st Algebraic Order of Accuracy [J]. Doklady Mathematics, 1999, 59(3): 477-481.[13] Kaasalainen M., Lu Xiao-ping, Vanttinen A. Optimal Computation of Brightness Integrals Parametrized on the Unit Sphere [J]. A&A, 2012, 539: 93-102.[14] Durech J., Sidorin V., Kaasalainen M. DAMIT: a Database of Asteroid models [J]. A&A, 2010, 513:46-58.[15] Cellino A., Hestroffer D., Tanga P. et al. Genetic Inversion of Sparse Disk-Integrated Photometric Data of Asteroids: Application to Hipparcos Data [J]. A&A, 2009, 506: 935-954.
107第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 仲裁協議之司法審查:澳門的實踐及問題費蘭芳(澳門科技大學法學院,澳門)摘要: 法院在特定情形下可以對仲裁協議有效性做出司法審查。國際商事仲裁發展的最新趨勢是秉持支持仲裁的態度,對仲裁協定的存在及有效性給予更爲寬泛的認可。本文檢討澳門在仲裁協議司法審查方面的法律規定和司法實踐,比較澳門相關制度與實踐與國際仲裁法最新潮流的契合與差距,幷對澳門仲裁的司法審查提出完善的意見。關鍵詞: 仲裁協議;司法審查;澳門仲裁Judicial Reviey of ArAitration Agreementt: Practice and ProAlems of MacauLanfang FEI( Faculty of Law, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: Court could review the validity of arbitration agreement under certain circumstances. The latest development of international arbitration law is to give the validity of the arbitral agreement more broad interpretation. This article reviews the legislation and judicial practice in terms of the validity of arbitration agreement in Macau and provides suggestions to improve relevant rules and practice towards the international arbitration norms. eyyordst: Arbitration agreement; judicial review; Macau arbitration收稿日期:2013-02-02;修訂日期:2013-03-05。費蘭芳,女,香港大學博士,澳門科技大學法學院講師,主要研究方向:國際商事仲裁及替代性爭議解決機制。E-mail:llfei@must.edu.mo,Tel: 00853-889729670 引言:仲裁協議有效性之司法審查所謂仲裁協議,依照《涉外商事仲裁專門制度》(第 55/98/M 號法令)第七條之規定,系指當事人决定將他們之間在某個特定法律關係上,不論是否屬合同關係,已産生或可能産生之所有或某些爭議,提交仲裁之協議[1]。仲裁協議是仲裁的基石,無協議則無仲裁。如若當事人對仲裁協議的效力存有疑義,則可提請法院對仲裁協議的有效性進行司法審查。仲裁協議司法審查是司法對仲裁的監督的一種表現形式,其本質是國家公權力對仲裁這種非正式糾紛解决機制的公正性的監控,其現實性則源于仲裁裁决最終有耐于司法機確保執行[2]。仲裁協議的司法審查標準依各國法律規定各有不同,通常涉及仲裁協議的形式是否符合法律規定,內容是否具有可仲裁性,是否爲當事人合意訂立以及仲裁約定是否明確等事項[3]。 近年來 ,國際商事仲裁的傾向是對仲裁協議的存在和效力給予更爲寬泛的認可。具體而言,各國法律傾向于 “對于仲裁協議的有效性給予較有利的條件的原則”[4],放寬仲裁協議的形式要求和認定標準,而法院在實際的案件中則根據法律規定和現實可能,不拘泥于書面形式及文字語言的限制,儘可
112基石,針對仲裁協議採納“對于仲裁協議的有效性給予較有利的條件的原則”的政策是支援仲裁的重要內容。澳門在立法和司法實踐中均對“有利于仲裁協議有效”的原則有所體現,但與國際商事仲裁的最新進展相比又都尚有差距。澳門應進一步完善相關立法,積極推動仲裁在澳門的發展。參 考 文 獻[1] 第55/98/M號法令第七條(一)[2] 于喜富:“论仲裁协议有效性的司法审查”,《山东审判》,2008年,第1期,第34页[3] 孙南申,涉外仲裁司法审查的若干问题研究——以仲裁协议为视角,《法商研究》2007年 第6期, 116-122页[4] 邵博韜,澳門之自願仲裁,[EB/OL].(2004-12-19)[2012-12-20]:www.dsaj.gov.mo/EventForm/DisplayEvent.aspx?Rec_Id=1058[5] 王生長,中國特色的仲裁管轄權決定制度---成就和問題,中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會編著:《中國國際經濟貿易仲裁委員會管轄權決定選編》,中國商業出版社2004年2月第1版,第305-307頁; 又見Appeals from Arbitration Orders under the Federal Arbitration Act: Pro-Arbitration Policy Clashes with the Right to Appeal Final Decisions - Randolph v. Green Tree Financial Corp.; Baxter, Sarah 2000,J. Disp. Resolution. pp.165.[6] 澳門仲裁法的歷史發展及其他法令參見李淑樺,澳門特區仲裁制度及承認外地裁判的簡史與現況---澳門作為中國與葡語國家監視橋樑之獨特及典範角色,《行政》第二十四卷,總第九十二期,2011 No.2,341-361及唐曉晴,澳門仲裁的現狀與機遇,[EB/OL].(2008-2-1)[2012-12-20]:www.lawtime.cn/info/zhongcai/zclw/2008111441343.html[7] 《澳門地區自願仲裁法草稿》第45頁[8] 第55/98/M號法令第七條(2)[9] 第29/96/M號法令第七條(3)[10] 第55/98/M號法令第七條(4)[11] 第29/2010號上訴案[12] 第29/96/M號法令第七條[13] 第157/2010號上訴案[14] 第29/96/M號法令第七條[15] 最高人民法院關於確認成都七彩服裝有限責任公司與創始時裝有限公司專營合同中仲裁條款效力一案的請示的復函,(2007年9月18日 [2007]民四他字第16號),見萬鄂湘主編,涉外商事海事審判指導,2007年第2輯(總第15輯),人民法院出版社,2008年版,80-84[16] 第29/96/M號法令,第六條;第55/98/M號法令,第七條[17] 第29/96/M號法令,第七條(一)(二)[18] 第29/96/M號法令,第三十四條[19] 第29/96/M號法令,第三十七條(三)[20] 香港新《仲裁條例》(第609章)[21] 趙鍵,聯合國《國際商事仲裁示範法》2006年修訂條款評述 --兼論對我國仲裁立法與實踐的影響,中國國際私法與比較法年刊(2007第十卷)[22] 王紅松:《〈仲裁法〉存在的問題及修改建議》,載《北京仲裁》第52輯,法律出版社2004年9月第1版,第23頁科研進展大學舉行新聞發佈會 中藥研究取得重大成果大學於1月22日舉行了中醫藥研究獲國家科技進步獎新聞發佈會。會上公佈了由澳門科技大學校長兼中藥品質研究國家重點實驗室(澳科大)主任劉良講座教授率領的研究團隊,長期從事中藥抗關節炎研究,其“抗關節炎中藥製劑品質控制與藥效評價方法的創新及產品研發”專案,喜獲2012年度國家科學技術進步獎二等獎。國務院1月18日在人民大會堂隆重舉行國家科學技術獎勵大會,獲獎項目主要完成人劉良講座教授、周華副教授、姜志宏教授出席了大會。劉良講座教授等六十五位獲獎代表登上主席臺,接受國家領導人的親自頒獎。在中醫藥研究領域,獲得國家科學技術獎勵在澳港地區還是第一次。這標誌著澳門科技大學中藥品質研究國家重點實驗室的中藥研究水準進入了國家領先行列。該項目成果豐碩, 獲得抗關節炎正清風痛寧系列產品3個,國家藥品品質標準5項,新藥證書2個,藥品生產批件5個,中國授權專利4項,美國授權專利2項,發表研究論文41篇,其中國際SCI英文期刊論文27篇。截至2011年11月9日止,僅27篇國際SCI期刊論文已被引用400多次, 涵蓋逾60種英文和近20種中文期刊及3本學術專著和教材。可見,其研究成果不僅具有重大的學術價值, 而且產生了很好的社會和經濟效益,推動了中藥產業的科技進步以及我國中藥研究的國際化。
113第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 風險社會視域下食品安全刑法保護的缺陷與完善——以地溝油事件為例 李 梁(澳門科技大學法學院,澳門)摘要: 隨著全球化進程的加快和社會不確定因素的增多,當今社會的發展具有較大的不確定性和潛在的風險性,它既是一個常態管理的社會,也是一個風險高發的非常態管理社會。以“地溝油"事件引發的食品安全事故為切入點, 運用貝克的風險社會理論剖析隱藏在食品安全問題背後的深層原因,並提出了行之有效地解決我國食品安全問題對策,從“地溝油"事件出發闡述刑法對食品安全保護的必要性,進一步建立健全食品安全風險控制系統。關鍵詞: 風險;風險社會;食品安全;刑法保護Defect and perfection of the criminal protection of food safety from the perspective of risk society in drainage oil eventLiang LI( Macau University of Science and Technology , Faculty of Law, Macao, China )AAstractt: With the accelerating of the process of globalization and the increasing of the social uncertain factors,the developing of the society of today has the greater uncertainty and potential risks, it is a normal management society, also is a high risk of abnormal management society. Taking the food safety accidents caused by " drainage oil " event as the breakthrough point, using Beck's risk society theory to analyze the deep reason behind the food safety problems, and puts forward some effective measures to solve the problems of food safety in our country, expounds the necessity of protection to the food safety law, further establish improving the food safety risk control system from the point of view of " drainage oil " event.eyyordst: Risk society; 8th Criminal Law Amendment; Food safety; Defect and perfection ; Criminal law protection收稿日期:2013-02-25;修訂日期:2013-06-16。通訊作者:李梁,男,漢族,河南商丘人,澳門科技大學法學院2010級刑法學博士研究生;研究方向:刑法學、犯罪學、刑事政策學。E-mail: lilianglaw@yahoo.com.cn,Tel: 62192591 0 引言在風險社會理論中,“風險”是一個最基本的概念,是風險理論的基石。20 世紀 80 年代,德國著名學者烏爾里希 ‧ 貝克在《風險社會》一書中首次提出風險社會這一概念。風險社會理論中賦予“風險”一詞新的涵義,烏爾里希 ‧ 貝克認為,“風險”是一個很現代,指明自然終結和傳統終結的概念[1]。他用這一概念描述當今西方高度發達的現代社會,反思、批判現代性出現以來風險因素日益突出的社會現象,並提出了風險社會理論。從風險社會理論的論述來看風險刑法,該理論與風險社會理論具有直接的淵源關係,主要特
125第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 政府信息公開訴訟中秘密審查制度之引入 ——以美國的制度及實踐爲借鏡王淩光(澳門科技大學法學院,澳門)摘要: 在我國的政府信息公開實踐中,“國家秘密"作爲豁免公開事由之一,常常成爲政府拒絕公開某些敏感信息的擋箭牌,從而極大地影響了公民知情權的實現。美國作爲世界上政府信息公開制度最爲成熟完善的國家,通過秘密審查制度較好地解决了這一問題。本文考察了美國的相關制度和實踐,幷在此基礎上探討我國解决此類問題的進路。關鍵詞: 政府信息公開訴訟;秘密審查;知情權Introduction of In Camera Reviey to Litigation of Government Information Disclosuret: Take American Legal System and Practice as An ExampleLingguang WANG( Faculty of Law, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: In the practice of litigation of government information disclosure in China, “state secret” as an exemption from disclosure, is often used by the government as an excuse not to disclose some sensitive information. That hinders the realization of people’s right to know severely. In Camera Review is established to solve the problem in the America, which is the most transparent country in the world. This paper will research on the solution in China based on the American Legal System and Practice in the field.eyyordst: Litigation of Government Information Disclosure; In Camera Review; Right to Know收稿日期:2013-06-21;修訂日期:2013-07-11。王淩光,男,法學博士,澳門科技大學法學院助理教授,主要研究方向爲憲法、行政法。E-mail: lgwang@must.edu.mo, Tel:889729650 引言作爲一種特殊的行政訴訟,政府信息公開訴訟因其所保護的權利類型、訴訟對象等的獨特性而對我國現行《行政訴訟法》及相關司法解釋所確立的制度體系提出了諸多挑戰。焦點之一就是針對行政信息公開主體以“國家秘密”爲由拒絕公開行爲所提起的訴訟。實踐中,公開與保密的衝突已經成爲政府信息公開制度的瓶頸,嚴重影響了公民知情權的實現。作爲世界上最“透明”的國家,美國通過《信息自由法》及相關判例確立了秘密審查制度,較好地解决了這一問題。本文將以美國的制度和實踐爲借鏡,探討在我國建立類似制度的可行性及具體方式。1 美國的制度與實踐1.1 制度框架美國憲法全文僅有一處提到了保密,即:在國會的議程中,兩院都應該進行會議記錄(keep a
126journal of its proceedings),幷且不定期地公開發行,除了那些他們自己認爲應該保密的內容;兩院中對任何議題持贊成或反對意見的所有議員都應該登記在會議記錄中[1]。這個條款幷未以公開和保密之間存在衝突爲前提。相反,憲法强制國會公開會議記錄幷且對其自身行爲負責,將保密視爲該項規則的例外。憲法幷未提及保有秘密信息的行政權力,該權利源自于憲法第 2 條,此條賦予總統陸海軍總司令的權利和締結條約的權利(需要徵詢參議員的意見和同意)。在三權分立體制下,國會有權爲國家防禦提供經費,宣戰幷制定在陸地和海面虜獲戰利品的規則,制定有關管理和控制陸海軍的各種條例;而總統有權經參議員建議或同意制定條約;國會承認了司法機構在監督行政機構保密權方面的憲法地位;制約與平衡的憲法原則不允許行政行爲脫離司法機構的監督。憲法第 3 條賦予了司法機構解决保密爭議的權利。《信息自由法》及 1974 年修正案更精確地界定了司法機構在這方面的職責。儘管憲法幷沒有賦予行政機構獨享涉及國家安全的秘密信息的特權,但是,出于三權分立的考慮,司法機構怕捲入政治紛爭,幷且司法機構在這方面缺乏專業知識,所以,法院幷不願意干涉總統在軍事和外交事務上享有的權利。但是,三權分立的顧慮是站不住脚的。在有關《信息自由法》的案例中,至少有關定密的行政命令成爲了第一項豁免條款的試金石:依據行政命令已被適當的定密幷且“關係到國防和外交利益”的信息可以免于公開[2]。這種行政命令必須由總統發布。法院幷未被要求對何種信息應當納入保密範圍進行評判;《信息自由法》幷爲對行政命令依據安全等級對信息做出的定密提出挑戰。相反,爭議的焦點在于某些特定的信息是否被恰當地定密,法院對此進行裁判幷未侵犯行政權力。即使在政府援引保密特權的案例中,三權分立原則也不能阻止法院對保密主張的合法性進行裁判[3]。在一個民主國家,法院被明確地賦予保證權力正當行使的權力。美國國會試圖通過《信息自由法》解决司法不願介入保密審查的問題。《信息自由法》要求行政機關公開所有記錄,除了國會明確規定的九個豁免公開條款涉及到的記錄。如果行政機關拒絕公開,《信息自由法》規定了司法審查條款。國會賦予法院重新審查權,是爲了讓法院對行政行爲的正當性做出最終裁判,防止法院對行政决定的審查成爲無意義的司法裁量。1.2 制度實踐在《信息自由法》最初實行的十年裏,行政機構都非常不願意遵從這部法律,法院也不願意嚴格執行該法的各項規定[4]。對國家安全,即國家防禦、外交關係的司法審查表現最爲突出,司法審查的立場也從完全放弃審查轉變爲十分謹慎的進行審查。1973 年最高法院審理的環保局訴明克(EPA v. Mink)[5] 案是促使司法審查立場轉變的直接導火索,而 1974 年國會對《信息自由法》的修改則被視爲司法秘密審查制度發展過程中的分水嶺。通過這次修改,法院對國家秘密的秘密審查權以法律的形式加以確立。環保局訴明克案之後緊接著發生了水門事件,國會意識到了增强《信息自由法》效力的必要性。于是,國會于 1974 年修訂了《信息自由法》,以推翻最高法院在環保局訴明克案中對豁免條款一的解讀爲主要目的[6]。福特總統對這項修正案行使了立法否决權,因爲他認爲,法官對定密决定進行裁判是違憲的。國會幷未理睬福特總統的否定意見,明確授予法官對政府宣稱涉及國家安全的文件進行秘密審查的權力。1974 年的修正案對豁免條款一做出了修改,只有“(A)根據總統的行政命令規定的準則,明確地核准了爲了國防或外交利益必須保守的秘密,幷且(B)在實際上已正確地按照總統的此項行政命令定密”的事項才能免于公開[7]。修正案還規定:法院應該重新審查這些事項,幷且可以秘密審查此類政府記錄的內容,來判斷這些記錄或者記錄中的某一部分是否應當依據豁免條款免于公開,做出保密决定的行政機
127王淩光 政府信息公開訴訟中秘密審查制度之引入 ——以美國的制度及實踐爲借鏡構對其行爲承擔舉證責任。修正案通過之後,《信息自由法》清晰地確立了政府信息重新審查制度。直接司法審查制度的確立,顯露出國會希望强化《信息自由法》適用範圍的意圖。在雷訴特納(Ray v. Turner)[8] 一案中,哥倫比亞巡迴法院貫徹了國會的意圖。哥倫比亞巡迴法院意識到國會希望法院對涉及國家安全的行政决定做出獨立的司法審查。在對國會報告進行評論的過程中,哥倫比亞巡迴法院指出:從立法過程中可以看出國會對于重新審查制度的想法,此想法與下列建議相反,也可以說是對下列建議的否定。行政機關提出幷且受到某些參議員支持的建議:在涉及國家安全的領域,法院的權力應該僅僅限制在,判斷適格的行政機構做出的免于公開的行政决定是否具有合理的依據。……國會强調對于客觀的、獨立的司法裁判的需要,幷且認爲,應當信賴法官能够通過常識處理好涉及到國家安全的行政决定,且不會給國家安全造成損害。他們强調,在做出重新審查决定的過程中,法官需要對行政機關提交的詳細的書面陳述給予足够的重視,幷且要考慮到行政權關“對于公開某項特定的保密信息可能産生的負面影響具有獨到的見解。”根據《信息自由法》1974 年修正案的立法過程來看,國會設想的司法審查方式,與典型的管制性法律所規定的司法遵從原則(judicial deference)不符。司法機構遵從行政機構判斷的基本形式被稱作“謝弗林遵從”(Chevron deference),在這一原則下,聯邦法院尊重行政機構對法律做出的合理解釋。該原則確立于美國謝弗林公司訴自然資源保護委員會(Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council)[9] 一案。當時,環境保護局制定了一個規章,要求所有工業企業排放的所有污染物數量必須來自“固定的污染源”。爲了推翻該規章,最高法院决定采取兩步分析法來審查行政機關自己制定、自己執行的規章的合法性。第一步,法院要確定國會“對所爭論的問題是否存在特定意圖。”如果存在,法院和行政機關都必須遵循國會所表達的明確意圖;第二步,如果法院確認國會沒有特定意圖,法律對所爭論的問題沒有規定或者規定模糊不清時,如果行政機關自己制定、自己執行的規章是“合理的”,那麽法院必須接受該規章。因此,法院實質上遵從了行政機關用規章的形式進行的法律解釋,而不是采納自己的解釋。此案之後,最高法院的一項决議中提到,“謝弗林尊從”幷非源自于三權分立原則,而是依從了國會對行政機關——法院之間法律解釋權的分配意圖[10]。相反,在《信息自由法》的語境下,國會的意圖完全不同。國會不僅用立法語言而且用立法過程告訴世人,它期望法院運用自身的權利對保密理由是否合法做出判斷。通過確立重新審查(而不是《聯邦行政程序法》規定的隨意的,捉摸不定的審查)規則,國會表達了它的願望,那就是法院有權對事實和法律進行一番全新的審查,完全不依賴于行政機關最初做出的决定[11]。考慮到《信息自由法》規定的行政機關不予公開决定(denials)不像大多數行政行爲那樣通過裁决、通知、評論等權利保護程序,最高法院的這一舉措是明智的。事實上,除了引用特定的豁免條款的不予公開决定,《信息自由法》中大部分不予公開决定幷沒有解釋清楚免于公開的理由。因此,國會十分明確地希望,法院能够對有爭議的問題進行程序和實體上的重新審查,幷且能够允許就事實和法律問題進行充分討論(a full airing)[12]。儘管國會希望法院能够對行政機關依據《信息自由法》,以涉及國家安全爲由拒絕公開某些信息的行爲進行嚴格的審查,但是法院通常不願意探尋行政機關拒絕公開國家安全信息的理由。即使依據《信息自由法》的授權,進行所謂的重新審查,法院仍會尊重行政機關以保護國家安全需要爲由做出的解釋。下面以韋斯曼訴中央情報局(Weissman v. CIA)[13] 一案進行說明。該案的案情是:1975 年,美國公民韋斯曼從新聞中得知,中央情報局曾對左翼政治激進分子開展過調查,而他本人在六十年代正是一名左翼
132規定;其次,在於將《政府信息公開條例》上升爲法律或者修改《保守國家秘密法》以解決兩者之間的衝突;最後,也是最根本的,在於落實憲法第 126 條的規定,使“人民法院依照法律規定獨立行使審判權,不受行政機關、社會團體和個人的干涉”,否則即使賦予法院“實質審查權”,也難免流於形式,於事無補[24] 。3 結語公開與保密的衝突,說到底是公民知情權和國家安全兩種利益的平衡與博弈。法治先進國家的經驗與我國政府信息公開訴訟的實踐充分證明:如果賦予政府不受司法審查的定密權,將極大的限制公民知情權的行使。所以,由法院對行政機關的定密行爲進行司法審查,是維繫行政信息公開制度有效性的保障。無論我國的保密法律制度是否授權法院對行政機關的定密行爲進行審查,我們都可以通過政府信息公開訴訟的方式,確立法院對國家秘密的審查權,以規制其濫用。當然,由于秘密審查制度的種種弱點,即使在美國,法院對秘密審查制度的適用十分謹慎,我國法院也當在尊重行政機關專業知識和初次判斷權的基礎上,審慎行使此種權力。參 考 文 獻[1] 《美利堅合衆國憲法》第1條第5款。[2] 5 U.S.C.§552(b)(1) (2000).[3] Meredith Fuchs. Judging Secrets: The Role Courts Should Play in Preventing Unnecessary Secrecy. Administrative Law Review, 2006, 58(1):131-176.[4] Robert P. Deyling. Judicial Deference and De Novo Review. Villanova Law Review, 1992, 37(1):67-112.[5] EPA v.Mink, 410 U.S.73, 93 S.Ct.827(1973).[6] 同前3。[7] 5 U.S.C.§552(b)(1) (2000) (emphasis added).[8] Ray v. Turner, 587 F.2d 1198 (D.C. Cir. 1978).[9] Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, 467 U.S. 837 (1984).[10] United States v. Mead Corp,533 U.S. 218 (2001).[11] 同前4。[12] 同前。[13] Weissman v. CIA, 565 F.2d 692 (D.C. Cir. 1977).[14] 分別對應的是《信息自由法》中的第一項、第三項和第七項豁免規定。[15] 同前4。[16] CIA v. Sims, 471 U.S.159(1985).[17] National Security Studies v. Department of Justice,331 F.3d 918 (D.C. Cir. 2003).[18] 同前3。[19] 陳儀. 政府信息公開爲何屢遇“玻璃門”——評《政府信息公開條例》第一案.法學,2008(7):68-75.[20] 相關事例可參見:浙江省高級人民法院課題組.政府信息公開行政訴訟案件疑難問題研究——以浙江法院審理的行政案件爲實證樣本.行政法學研究,2009(4):21-28;趙正群,董妍.中國大陸首批信息公開訴訟案件論析(2002-2008).法制與社會發展,2009(6):85-95;江蘇省南京市中級人民法院行政庭課題組.政府信息公開的司法審查難點及其應對——以江蘇省南京市司法審查狀况爲切入點的考察.法律適用,2011(4):79-83.[21] 草案規定:“人民法院審理政府信息公開行政案件,可以就所涉及的政府信息內容的全部或者部分實行不公開的單方審理”。[22] 李廣宇 .政府信息公開司法解釋讀本 .北京:法律出版社,2011:207.[23] 同前,第209頁。[24] 學界關於實現行政審判權獨立的著述較多,大體有激進和溫和兩種進路。前者認爲應當效仿法國,建立獨立的行政法院,後者認爲可以通過修改《行政訴訟法》,以提高行政審判的審級或者異地審理等方式來實現行政審判的獨立。由于此問題超出本文的範圍,在此不多作論述。具體可參見:應松年,楊偉東.我國《行政訴訟法》修正初步設想(上).中國司法,2004(4):28-31;馬懷德主編.司法改革與行政訴訟制度的完善《行政訴訟法》修改建議稿及理由說明書.北京:中國政法大學出版社,2004;江必新主編.中國行政訴訟制度的完善 行政訴訟法修改問題實務研究.北京:法律出版社,2005;楊偉東.建立行政法院的構想及其疏漏.廣東社會科學,2008(3):189-195;江必新,梁鳳雲.行政訴訟法理論與實務.北京:北京大學出版社,2011.
133第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 慢性腎病血脂蛋白變異與體重指數、空腹血糖、糖化血紅蛋白及胰島素抵抗的相關性研究楚 曼1,王依滿2,陳曉旋3,崔紹漢1,黃振國4,林偉基1(1. 澳門科技大學澳門藥物及健康應用研究院,澳門;2. 香港大學瑪麗醫院內科學系,香港) (3. 基督教聯合醫院病理部,香港;4. 香港中文大學威爾斯親王醫院化學病理系,香港)摘要: 目的:研究慢性腎病(CKD) 中血脂蛋白尤其是小型濃密低密度脂蛋白(sd-LDL) 與體重指數(BMI),空腹血糖(FPG),糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c) 及胰島素抵抗(IR) 的相關關係,探討代謝因數對血脂變異發生發展的意義。方法:從香港招募234例根據KDIGO(Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes,2004) 確診的CKD病人(年齡57 ± 12歲,男性人數=136)。酶解法或免疫法測定血清總膽固醇(TC),甘油三酯(TG),高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C) ,直接低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C),空腹血糖(FPG) 及空腹胰島素(Abbott ci8200 analyzer);FDA認許的聚丙烯醯胺凝膠梯度電泳法測定LDL類型和粒徑大小(Quantimetrix Lipoprint system);親和色譜法測定HbA1c(Primus CLC 385 analyzer);HOMA-IR(homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance) 指數評估胰島素抵抗。結果:TG與BMI,FPG,HbA1c和HOMA-IR 呈顯著性正相關(所有P < 0.05) ,HDL-C 和LDL粒徑大小與BMI,FPG,HbA1c和HOMA-IR 呈顯著性負相關(所有P < 0.05)。 高甘油三酯血症,上升的sd-LDL和下降的HDL-C與BMI > 28,FPG > 8.0 mmol/L,HbA1c > 6.5%及HOMA-IR > 2.25有關(所有P < 0.05)。結論:肥胖,高血糖,上升的HbA1c和IR 與上升的TG和sd-LDL及下降的HDL-C 有關,這些心血管疾病(CVD) 風險因子會加劇CKD中CVD併發症的風險。關鍵詞: 慢性腎病;血脂蛋白變異;相關性研究Associations of Dyslipoproteinaemia yith BMI, Fasting Plasma Glucose, HAA1c, and Insulin Resistance in Chronic idney Disease PatientsMan CHU1, Angela Yee-moon WANG2, Iris Hiu-shuen CHAN3, Shiu-hon CHUI1, Chun Kwok WONG4, Christopher Wai-kei LAM1 ( 1. Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China ) ( 2. Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China ) ( 3. Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China ) ( 4. Department of Chemical Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China )AAstractt: Objectives: To investigate the associations of dyslipoproteinaemia including small dense low density lipoproteins (sd-LDL) with body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and insulin resistance (IR) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Methodst: 234 stage 3-5 CKD patients (age 57 ± 收稿日期:2013-04-17;修訂日期:2013-06-02。資金資助:澳門基金會通訊作者: 楚曼,女,澳門科技大學澳門藥物及健康應用研究院碩士畢業生,主要研究方向為血脂蛋白在腎病中的變異; E-mail: shaanxichuman@gmail.com.
1340 背景慢 性 腎 病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)是一個嚴重的全球性公共健康問題,發病率及死亡率逐年遞增[1~2]。腎病患者的死亡原因並不全是腎功能衰退引致的腎衰竭,近乎 50% 的末期腎病病人是死于心血管併發症(cardiovascular disease,CVD),末期腎病中這一風險比普通人群高 100 倍。血脂及脂蛋白紊亂不僅是 CKD 的常見現象,更是引致 CVD 而造成飆升的死亡率的重要原因[3~5]。CKD 中的血脂紊乱现象包括甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)升高;富含 TG 的極低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(very low density lipoprotein cholesterol,VLDL-C)和中密度脂蛋白膽固醇(intermediate density lipoprotein cholesterol,IDL-C)升高;高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)持續性下降;總膽固醇(tatal cholesterol,TC)和低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C)通常來說是正常的,有時甚至有所下降,個別末期腎病患者呈現升高趨勢[6~7]。小型濃密低密度脂蛋白(small dense low density lipoproteins,sd-LDL)是新近發現的 LDL 亞組分,一項長達 13 年的跟蹤研究證明 sd-LDL 更易引致心血管疾病 [8]。與普通 LDL 相比,sd-LDL 更易進入血管壁,與 LDL受體親和性差,在血漿中殘留時間延長及氧化應激敏感性升高,因而導致了諸如糖尿病等代謝紊亂性疾病中更為嚴重的心血管疾病的風險[9~10]。筆者之前的研究已经发现,在 CKD 病人中, TG 升高,HDL 下降,TC 和 LDL 不升反降,sd-LDL 升高导致了更为显著性升高的 sd-LDL/LDL[11]。CKD 的多種風險因素影響血脂變異的發生與惡化,超重和肥胖體質與血脂代謝異常關係密切,糖脂代謝互相影響,而胰島素抵抗(insulin resistance,IR)也與包括脂代謝紊亂的代謝綜合症有關[12~13]。因此,筆者研究了 CKD 中血脂蛋白尤其是常規難以檢測的 sd-LDL 與體重指數(body mass index,BMI), 空 腹 血 糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG),糖化血紅蛋白(HbA1c)及 IR的相關關係,進一步探討代謝因數對血脂變異發生發展的意義。1 病人與方法1.1 病人本研究獲得香港大學和香港醫管局香港西聯網醫院研究委員會批准(No. UW-08-354)。 臨床資料來源於香港確診的 234 例 CKD 3 ~ 5 期患 者, 診 斷 標 準 符 合 2004 年 KDIGO(Kidney Disease: Improve global outcomes)國際標準 : 腎小球 濾 過 率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)< 60 mL/min/1.73m2)或腎損害不低於三個月 [14]。取樣前病人未接受任何形式的胰島素治療。GFR 的計算公式為 GFR = 186 × Pcr-1.154 × Age-0.203 × 0.742(女性)× 1.227(中國人)[15]。CKD 分期依據 KDIGO12 years, male=136) diagnosed according to KDIGO (Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, 2004) were recruited from Hong Kong. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), direct low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), FPG and insulin were assayed on the Abbott ci8200 analyser. LDL particle size was determined by FDA-approved polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (Quantimetrix Lipoprint system), and HbA1c by affinity chromatography (Primus CLC 385 analyzer). IR was estimated according to the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index. Resultst: TG was correlated positively with BMI, FPG, HbA1c and HOMA-IR (all P < 0.05). HDL-C and LDL particle size (but not TC, LDL-C and Non-HDL-C) was correlated negatively with BMI, FPG, HbA1c and HOMA-IR (all P < 0.05). Hypertriglyceridaemia, increased sd-LDL and decreased HDL-C were associated with BMI > 28, FPG > 8.0 mmol/L, HbA1c > 6.5% and HOMA-IR > 2.25 (all P < 0.05). Conclusionst: Obesity, hyperglycaemia, elevated HbA1c and IR are associated with elevated serum TG and sd-LDL and decreased HDL-C. These risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) confer increased cardiovascular complications in CKD patients.eyyordst: Chronic kidney disease; Dyslipoproteinaemia; Association study
137楚曼,等 慢性腎病血脂蛋白變異與體重指數、空腹血糖、糖化血紅蛋白及胰島素抵抗的相關性研究性下降或缺乏,而來自於乳糜微粒(chylomicron,CM)和 LDL 的 HDL 合成受阻和分解加速,發生血脂代謝異常。所以糖尿病腎病易出現比沒有糖尿病的 CKD 更為嚴重血脂代謝異常,這正與 FPG控制不良有關,高 FPG 影響到凝血系統等多方面的改變,使血管內皮受損、基膜增厚、腎小球硬化;而腎臟損害的進展,又可加劇蛋白的丟失,進一步引起膽固醇代謝紊亂,不僅加劇毛細血管的病變,而且會累及大血管病變的發生。糖尿病加重血脂代謝紊亂,而高血脂加速糖尿病腎病的發生發展與惡化[26]。值得注意的是,本研究中血清TG,HDL-C,LDL 類 型 在 FPG > 7.0 mmol/L 和FPG < 7.0 mmol/L 組間並無顯著性差異,當 FPG持續惡化升至 8.0 mmol/L 時,血清 TG,HDL-C,LDL 類型發生明顯的組間變異。CKD 中 IR 的存在早已被認識,美國一項對非糖尿病性 CKD 的研究也證實了這一現象 [27]。現有研究認為,脂蛋白脂酶是胰島素敏感酶,在IR 存在下,肌肉組織對糖的利用存在障礙,胰島素不能有效抑制脂肪分解。同時,肌肉脂肪組織不能充分攝取 FFA,使大量 FFA 進入循環,從而肝臟合成 VLDL,TG 及膽固醇增加,引致更為複雜的血脂變異。但 IR 與脂代謝紊亂的關係尚有爭議,國外學者報告,與 IR 有關的脂代謝紊亂的常見類型是高 TG 和低 HDL-C,而 TC 和LDL-C 與 IR 相關較弱 [28]。本研究結果支持上述結論,同時也發現高 sd-LDL 與 IR 顯著性相關。因此,改善腎病患者的 IR 對緩解血脂紊亂具有積極的意義。肥胖、升高的 FPG、HbA1c 及胰島素會促進血脂變異的發生與惡化,尤其與升高的血清 TG和 sd-LDL,下降的 HDL 有顯著的相關性。血脂異常的首要治療是改善生活方式,包括飲食調節、運動、減輕體重及戒煙戒酒等。在控制 FPG及改善 IR 的基礎上,採用調脂藥物治療以達到控制目標。有效控制血脂水準,可降低 CKD 的心血管併發症風險,從而降低末期腎病的死亡率。參 考 文 獻[1] Yach D, Hawkes C, Gould CL, et al. The Global Burden of Chronic Diseases: Overcoming Impediments to Prevention and Control. Journal of the American medicine association 2004, 291(21): 2616-22.[2] Enyu I, Masaru H, Tsuyoshi W, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the Japanese general population. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 2009, 13(6): 621-30.[3] Kundhal K, Lok CE. Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease. Nephron Clin Pract 2005, 101: 47-52.[4] Wang AYM, Lam CWK, Yu CM, et al. Troponin T, left ventricular mass, and function are excellent predictors of cardiovascular congestion in peritoneal dialysis. Kidney Int 2006, 70: 444-52.[5] Kaysen GA. Dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease: Causes and consequences. Kidney International 2006, 70: 55-8.[6] Grzegorz Piecha, Marcin Adamczak, Eberhard Ritz. Dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2009, 119(7-8): 487-92.[7] Vaziri ND. Dyslipidemia of chronic renal failure: the nature, mechanisms, and potential consequences. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006, 290: 262-72.[8] St-Pierre AC, Cantin B, Dagenais GR, et al. Low-density lipoprotein subfractions and the long-term risk of ischemic heart disease in men: 13-year follow-up data from the québec cardiovascular study. Arterioscler thromb Vasc Biol 2005, 25: 553-9.[9] Taskinen MR. LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol ortriglycerides-which is the culprit? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003, 61:19-26.[10] Attman PO, Nyberg G, William-olsson T, et al. Dyslipoproteinemia in diabetic renal failure. Kidney International 1992, 42: 1381-9.[11] Chu M, Wang AY, Chan IH, Chui SH, Lam CW. Serum small-dense LDL abnormalities in chronic renal disease patients. Br J Biomed Sci 2012, 69(3):99-102.[12] Ji B, Zhang S, Gong L, Wang Z, et al. The risk factors of mild decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate in a community-based population. Clin Biochem 2012, 84(6):32-6.[13] Kutyrina IM, Kriachkova AA, Savel’eva SA. The role of hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in development of chronic kidney disease in patients with metabolic syndrome. Ter Arkh 2012, 84(6):32-6.[14] Levey AS, Atkins R, Coresh J, et al. Chronic kidney disease as a global public health problem: Approaches and initiatives – a position statement from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int 2007, 72: 247-59.[15] Ma YC, Zuo L, Chen JH, et al. Modified Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimating Equation for Chinese Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006, 17: 2937-44.[16] Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y, et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: A position statement fromKidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes(KDIGO). Kidney International 2005, 67: 2089-100.[17] Wallace TM, Levey JC, Matthews DR. Use and abuse of HOMA modeling. Diabetes Care 2004, 27(6): 1487-95.[18] Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosisand management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association National Heart, Lung,and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005, 112(17): 2735-52.[19] Eiji O, Ryu K. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol is cross-
138sectionally associated with preclinical chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Japanese Men. Inter Med 2010, 49: 713-19.[20] Lee PH, Chang HY, Tung CW, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia: an independent risk factor of chronic kidney disease in taiwanese adults. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 2009, 338(3): 185-9.[21] Kwan BCH, Kronenberg F, Beddhu S, et al. Lipoprotein Metabolism and Lipid Management in Chronic Kidney Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007, 18: 1246-61.[22] Weiner DE, Tighiouart H, Stark PC, et al. Kidney disease as a risk factor for recurrent cardiovascular disease and mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 2004, 44: 198-206.[23] Miller WM, Nori-Janosz KE, Lillystone M, et al. Obesity and Lipids. Current Cardiology Reports 2005, 7: 465-70.[24] Burke GL, Bertoni AG, Shea S, et al. The Impact of Obesity on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Subclinical Vascular Disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arch Intern Med 2008, 19: 928-35.[25] De Cosmo S, Bacci S, Piras GP, et al. High prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in parents of IDDM patients with albuminuria. Diabetologia 1997, 40: 1191-6.[26] Tolonen NE, Groop PH. Can lipid abnormalities predict renal disease in patients with diabetes? Clin Lipidol 2010, 5: 151-5.[27] Chen J, Muntner P, Lee H, et al. Insulin resistance and risk of chronic kidney disease in nondiabetic US adults. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003, 14: 469-77.[28] Savage DB, Petersen KF, Shulman GI. Disordered Lipid Metabolism and the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2007, 87: 507-20.服務澳門可持續發展研究所公佈“澳門消費者信心指數2012年第4季”調查澳門科技大學可持續發展研究所透過下設的市場調查中心,於2012年12月12日至18日利用電話訪問系統(CATI),成功訪問了1009名18歲或以上的澳門居民。調查顯示,本季澳門消費者信心全面回升,消費者對澳門整體經濟信心持續走高,就業信心相應提升,物價水平信心開始回暖,生活水準信心略有回升,購買住宅信心止跌微升,投資股票信心大幅上揚。2012年第4季,中國內地經濟和金融運行總體平穩,積極因素進一步增多,物價形勢基本穩定;全球經濟仍較為疲弱,不確定性依然存在。面對剛剛開局的2013年,澳門需繼續穩固通脹治理效果,緩和物價對民生的壓力,加大房地產調控力度,有效緩解住宅供求失衡,致力提升教育水平,保障民生,增加福祉,從而進一步提振消費者的信心。區宗傑主講《中小企業的前景與政府的互動》 由澳門基金會贊助,澳門科技大學社會和文化研究所於1月24日舉辦“澳門社會”系列講座,邀請澳門中小企業協進會區宗傑理事長主講“中小企業的前景與政府的互動”。張曙光常務副校長出席了講座並向區宗傑贈送紀念品。區宗傑對比了澳門與其他國家/地區中小企業的差異,並介紹了澳門中小企業的情況、所面對的困難及自救之路。區宗傑表示,雖然澳門近年經濟發展迅速,但博彩業一業獨大的局面並未改變,中小企業的發展空間受到相當大的限制。中小企業面對租金高昂,人手不足,招聘困難及員工流動性大等各種問題,大部份中小企都在逆景中求存。澳門政府近年推出多項措施,如,中小企業信用保證計劃、企業融資貸款利息補貼等,對合資格中小企提供資助,可惜手續麻煩,金額不大,且很多中小企業沒有財務報表,令業界受惠不多。面對經營困境,中小企業自救之路是自我增值,利用區域發展的機遇,尋求向外發展。區宗傑提議特區政府設立“中小微企事務辦公室”,為業界研究短、中、長期的發展策略,推動中小企業建立聯營體經營運作模式,協助中小企業進行產業多元化;並從財務、人力資源、企業培訓、土地資源、促進商機等方面作出支援,全面提升澳門中小業的競爭力。
139第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 Received 18 May 2012; Revised 23 Jul. 2012.* Ph.D. in communication, Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology. Email: zsun@must.edu.mo , Tel: 00853-88972484CeleArity endorser images in Chinese television advertisingt: A content analysisZhen SUN* ( Faculty of Humanities and Arts, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China )AAstractt: The present study proposes a content analysis to examine the images that celebrity endorsers convey in Chinese television commercials. The purpose is achieved mainly by analyzing how celebrities’ gender and age characteristics are associated with product types and celebrities’ role-playing. The findings show that male and female celebrities are portrayed nearly equally in the ads for home and food products. Male celebrities are significantly more likely than female celebrities to represent medicine/nutrition products. The most frequently assumed roles by both males and females are user recommenders. Male celebrity endorsers significantly more often play the role of expert on the product. Mature adult and elderly celebrities’ stereotypical associations with medicine/nutrition products have been identified. The middle-aged and elderly celebrities are significantly more often than the young celebrities to be assigned the role of expert recommender. As a result, middle-aged male celebrities who play the role of expert recommender to promote medicinal or nutritional products are the most typical image in Chinese celebrity-endorsed television ads. The study offers some support for the visual rhetoric model in that advertisers seem to use stereotypical assumptions shared with consumers to construct advertising messages.AAstractt: Celebrity endorsement; Gender; Age; Product types; Roles; Stereotypes 中國電視廣告中的名人代言者形象——內容分析孫 瑱(澳門科技大學人文藝術學院,澳門)關鍵詞: 本文使用內容分析的研究方法,分別考察了廣告代言者的性別與產品類別和角色扮演,及其年齡與產品類別和角色扮演之間的關係,描畫了中國電視廣告中的名人代言者形象。研究發現,男性與女性名人在家庭產品和食品兩個產品類別上的代言數量並無明顯差異,但是藥品及保健產品更願意使用男性名人代言者。男性與女性名人在廣告中最常被賦予的角色是使用型推薦者,然而,男性比女性更經常地扮演專家型推薦者的角色。中年及老年名人代言者與藥品及保健產品的刻板關係也在本研究中呈現。相較于青年人,中年及老年名人更經常地扮演專家型推薦者的角色。綜合各項結果,可以發現中國電視廣告中出現的最具典型性的名人代言者形象是代言藥
1400 Introduction Celebrity as a culture has a long history, but has intensified only in the past decades. One of the signs of the intensification of celebrity culture is celebrity’s role changing from the idol of production to the idol of everyday consumption[1]. Celebrities nowadays are bonded with commodity consumption to cultivate desiring consumers. This phenomenon has become ubiquitous all around the world. For instance, approximately one-quarter of all TV and print ads in the U.S. have featured celebrities[2]. The extensive use of celebrity endorsement has motivated the proliferation of celebrity advertising studies in both academic and practical areas. Prior literature focuses on the issue of choosing the right celebrity, which has been labeled as an art and inexact science[3~4]. Most studies are undertaken in the frameworks of the source credibility and attractiveness model and the celebrity match-up hypothesis. Some note that celebrity characteristics, such as physical attractiveness, trustworthiness, likability, and etc, are baseline criteria to consider when selecting an appropriate celebrity endorser[5~7]. Others suggest that the effectiveness of celebrity endorsement is inextricably tied to how well the celebrity matches the product and the selling idea[8~9] They collectively show the complicated nature of using celebrity images. Although researchers have offered comprehensive strategic implications about the use of celebrity’s images, practitioners seem to more rely on some easily-manipulated characteristics of celebrities to cater to consumers’ assumptions and values. As noted by a series of investigations of celebrity advertising practice in China, across different categories of products, the most welcomed celebrity endorsers mentioned by the subjects vary little[10~16]. This situation directs the study’s attention towards the images that celebrity endorsers actually present in advertising. Specifically, drawing on the visual rhetoric model (VRM), the present study proposes a content analysis to examine the images that celebrity endorsers convey in Chinese TV advertising. The purpose is achieved mainly by analyzing how celebrities’ gender and age characteristics are associated with product types and celebrities’ role-playing. 1 Conceptual frameyork Visual rhetoric is a recent area within the age-old discipline of rhetoric. As a communication artifact, visual rhetoric is the actual image or visual object that communicators generate for communication with an audience[17]. There are at least three areas on which scholars concentrate when they study visual imagery: (a) nature of the artifact, which deals with the components, qualities, and characteristics of visual artifacts; (b) function of the artifact, which concerns the communicative effects of visual rhetoric on audience; (c) evaluation of the artifact, which focuses on the evaluation or assessment of visual artifacts. Description of the nature of artifacts is essential to any study of visual rhetoric because the other two study areas require an understanding of the substantive and stylistic nature of the artifacts being explored. Advertising, as a strategic form of communication, is aimed not only to inform, but also to persuade and convert. Unlike other contemporary forms of human communication that rely exclusively or heavily on the verbal components, presentations in advertising rely greatly on the nonverbal components, such as olfaction, visual, auditory, and tactile. The visual component is the predominant nonverbal element of presentation[18~19]. As Scott[20] notes, today’s world of advertising is bombarded with fantastic visual images (including celebrities). It is necessary to apply a 品及保健品、扮演專家型推薦者的中年男人形象。這一研究在某種程度上驗證了廣告人使用與消費者共享的刻板性設想來構建名人廣告信息,為視覺修辭模式提供了理論支撐。關鍵詞: 名人代言;性別;年齡;產品類別;角色;刻板印象
141Zhen SUN Celebrity endorser images in Chinese television advertising: A content analysistheoretical framework of visual rhetoric to study the sophisticated forms of images used in advertising. At first, the VRM rationalizes the necessity for a fundamental understanding of the characteristics of celebrities. The celebrity in an advertisement is a key visual artifact and serves as a basic building block around which the ad is constructed[21]. Second, it implies that the visual images of celebrity endorsers can be detected from their relations with products. An ad is the deliberate rhetorical act linking a visual image to a product[22]. In celebrity endorsed ads, the image of a celebrity is expected to present the ideal and typical consumer of the product being endorsed[23]. Third, the VRM introduces the concept of mutual assumption, which has been used to explain how the coordination between communicator and audience could be achieved[24]. In the context of celebrity advertising, celebrities are viewed as cultural symbols that represent the conventions and values of specific cultures. Consumers hold a set of assumptions related to the celebrities. The image of celebrity used in an ad is relevant to its consumers only when one or more of the cultural assumptions that it makes manifest is relevant to them. Scott[25] suggested that advertisers should draw on a shared knowledge of vocabularies and conventions to determine how to construct visual messages. 2 Stereotypical gender and age assumptions Advertisements have been regarded as reflecting a society’s gender- and age-related assumptions in an effort to attract and impress consumers. According to previous literature, males presented in ads tend to be depicted as powerful, successful, independent, ambitious, tough, and knowledgeable, whereas females are presented as sexy, charming, acquiescent, young, and available[26~31]. Gender role stereotyping in advertisements is generally reflected in male and female actors’ role playing and relationships with product types. Prior studies have noted that males are more likely to be assigned independent and autonomous roles and portrayed as professionals and authorities on products, while females are more often shown with dependent and submissive roles and portrayed as demonstrators and users[32~34]. With regard to the product types, a study conducted by Bretl and Cantor[35] in the U.S. showed that females were more likely to promote domestic products than males, while males were more likely to advertise the products that are not used at home. Kim and Lowry[36] content analyzed Korean TV ads and disclosed that men were more likely to represent technical products. Some other studies noted that women were more frequently shown with body and home products, while men were more often portrayed with food, auto, and sports products[37~39]. Given the importance of examining gender images in ads and the lack of relevant research in the realm of celebrity advertising, the following research questions are proposed: RQ1: Do male and female celebrities distribute differentially across product types in Chinese TV ads? RQ2: Do male and female celebrities differ in terms of the roles they play in Chinese TV ads? People hold stereotypical assumption on different age groups. For instance, young people are thought to be energetic, irresponsible lazy, and sloppy. The elderly are viewed as lacking energy, unproductive, responsible, and thrifty[40~41]. Aging in advertisements is often portrayed in a negative way. Many studies have shown evidence of ageism against older models in advertising[42~49]. The phenomenon is mainly embodied in the absence and stereotypical portrayal of older people, especially those over 60. The elderly are traditionally associated with images of senility, debility, infirmity, feebleness, and helplessness[50~52]. Over the past decades, however, the portrayal of the elderly in TV ads seems to be more positive. One of the evidences was that the elderly were used in ads for a wide variety of products, which showed that senior people played actively in society[53]. In the 1970s, the elderly appeared most frequently in the ads for medicines and other health aids[54]. In the 1980s, the elderly characters in ads were found to be widely associated with food, TV promotions and
142public service announcements[55], liquor, banks, autos, etc[56]. Zhou and Chen[57] also noted that the senior characters were more often included in social and transgenerational scenes and were used to promote a variety of products and services. Compared with the voluminous research on the portrayal of gender groups, fewer studies examine the image portrayal of different age groups in advertising. This study seeks to address the following research questions: R3: Do celebrities of different age groups distribute differentially across product types in Chinese TV ads? R4: Do celebrities of different age groups differ in terms of the roles they play in Chinese TV ads? 3 Methodology3.1 SamplingThe method of quantitative content analysis was used for this study because content analysis is particularly useful when applied from a theoretical perspective that has strong meaning for the analysis[58]. Celebrity endorsed commercials in Chinese Central Television Channel (CCTV) 1, 2, and 5 were collected. The three channels have distinct programming content and target audience, which determines that they are advertising hosts for different products. In addition, the rates of access to these channels are higher than those to the other CCTV channels in China. Commercials were recorded in the time period from 6 to 10 p.m. during every day for one week in each month of March 2007, 2008, and 2009. Rotation principle was applied for the three channels in each week to increase the sample’s representation. Each of those ads featuring the same celebrities but promoting different products was regarded as an independent sample. Any duplicate ads for the same brand endorsed by the same celebrity were excluded from the sample. The ads containing multiple celebrity endorsers were eliminated. Additionally, public interest ads, movie promotions, and the channel’s self-promotions were all omitted. The final sample comprised 227 celebrity ads for coding. 3.2 MeasuresCelebrity’s gender was coded as male and female. Celebrity’s age was defined as his or her actual age. It was classified into four major categories: child and adolescent (17 or younger), young adult (18~39 years), mature adult (40~59 years), and elderly (60 or older).Products were originally coded into twenty four categories. Referring to previous studies, they were later collapsed into six major types to achieve statistical significance[59]. They were home, body, food, medicine/nutrition, auto/sport, and other.Celebrity’s role was categorized into six groups, which were mainly adapted from the categorization of Pringle[60] and further modified to fit the current sample. The six categories were defined as follows: (1) Himself/herself: The celebrity plays himself or herself in the ad, which means that s/he implies s/he would use the product in his or her real life. More importantly, the celebrity emphasized his or her real identity through monologue, dialogue, voiceover, footage, pictures, titles, or text. The audiences can identify his or her real identity and expertise area by watching the ad. In most cases, the celebrity should be well known to the audience. (2) Expert recommender: The celebrity plays like an expert on the product, but not an apparent user of the product in the ad. It seems that s/he knows the product better than the audience does. But you cannot tell if s/he uses the product in his or her daily life. You cannot tell his or her expertise area or real identity only through the ad either. (3) User recommender: The celebrity plays like a common user of the product. It seems that s/he presents his or her experience with the product in the ad. The product-user role is possible in his or her real life. Sometimes the celebrity uses the first persona “I” to tell or show his or her personal story about the product. You cannot tell his or her expertise area or real identity only through the ad. (4) Invented role: The celebrity plays a new fictitious role in the ad, which means that the role is impossible in his or her real life. The role has been
143Zhen SUN Celebrity endorser images in Chinese television advertising: A content analysisdeveloped exclusively for the brand and only exists in the ad context. (5) Imported role: In the ad, the celebrity presents the role s/he has played before in the movies, sitcoms, TV shows, etc. It is always a familiar or recognizable image to the audience. (6) Role model: The celebrity merely appears with the product in a commercial, but s/he does not say anything about the product. S/he must wear or use the product in the ad. Those celebrities whose roles did not fit any category were coded as “others” .3.3 CodingTwo Chinese students coded each advertisement. They worked independently and were blind to the research questions. The coders were first trained in the coding procedure. After getting a full explanation of the categories, they coded a total of twenty practice ads, which were excluded in the main study. After the training session, the two coders coded all the celebrity ads. Intercoder reliability was determined by using Cohen’s kappa. The two coders achieved complete agreement (100%) upon the variables of gender and age. The intercoder reliability for “product type” was 0.972 and for “celebrity’s role” was 0.902. Inconsistencies in the coding were resolved through discussions involving the author until agreement was achieved. 4 Results 4.1 VariaAle description Of the 227 celebrity TV ads, 54.2 percent were promoted by male celebrities and 45.8 percent were endorsed by females. Over half of the ads featured young adult celebrities aged 18 to 39 (56.4%) and 40.1 percent featured mature adults aged 40 to 59. Celebrity endorsers aged 60 or older were merely presented in 3.5 percent of the sample. A cross comparison of gender and age indicated that young female celebrities (34.4%) and mature male celebrities (29.5%) were more popularly employed. The most common ro le assumed by the celebrities was user recommender (44.5%), followed by the role of himself/herself (24.7%) and expert recommender (17.2%). The remaining three roles were almost equally adopted and each accounted for less than 5% of the occurrences. With regard to product types, the most frequently endorsed one was body products (26%), followed by home products (23.3%), food products (20.3%), medicine/nutrition products (14.1%), auto/sport products (9.7%), and others (6.6%). 4.2 Addressing research questionsAs noted in Table 1, analyses of gender and product category indicate that male and female celebrities have significant differences in promoting different product categories (X 2=13.285, p≤0.05). Males were most frequently depicted with home products (22.0%), followed by body (19.5%), food (18.7%), and medicine/nutrition products (17.9%). Females were most likely to advertise body products (33.7%), followed by home (25%) and food products (22.1%). Male and female celebrities were equally presented in the ads for food products and almost equally depicted with home products. Females advertised slightly more body products than males. However, no significant gender difference has been identified. Gender presentation in both medicine/nutrition (X 2=4.50, p≤0.05) and auto/sport (X 2=6.55, p≤0.05) ads were significantly in favor of male celebrities. TaAle 1 Product Type Ay CeleArity’s GenderProduct categoryMale (n=123) Female (n=104)X 2 n Percent n Percent Home 27 22.0 26 25 0.02Body 24 19.5 35 33.7 2.05Food 23 18.7 23 22.1 0Medicine/nutrition 22 17.9 10 9.6 4.50* Auto/sport 17 13.8 5 4.8 6.55*Other 10 8.1 5 4.8 1.67 X 2 = 13.285; df =5; p≤0.05 * p≤0.05With regard to the association of celebrity’s age and product type, the findings show that merely
1448 celebrities were at the age of 60 or older. Five of them were presented in the ads for medicine/nutrition products. Two were depicted with home products and one with others. The elderly were collapsed into the group of mature adult celebrities to increase the statistical significance of the results. As shown in Table 2, young adult celebrities (18~39 years) appeared very often in the ads for body products (31.2%), food products (25.8%), and home products (22.7%). Mature adult (40~59 years) and elderly (60 or older) celebrities were most likely portrayed with medicine/nutrition products (31.3%), followed by home (24.2%) and body products (19.2%). The ads for body ( X 2=7.48, p≤0.01), food (X 2=8.70, p≤0.01), and auto/sport products (X 2=4.55, p≤0.05) were significantly in favor of young adult celebrities. Mature adult and elderly celebrities were significantly more frequently employed to promote medicine/nutrition products ( X 2=27.13, p≤0.001). The two age groups did not differ much in terms of their presence frequencies in the ads for home products. As reported in Table 3, male celebrities often assumed the roles of user recommender (39.8%), himself (27.6%), and expert recommender (22.0%). Female celebrities were frequently portrayed in the roles of user recommender (50%), herself (21.1%), and expert recommender (11.5%). Males were significantly more likely than females to play an expert recommender role (X 2=5.77, p≤0.05). TaAle 2 Product Category Ay CeleArity’s AgeProduct categoryYoung adult (n=128)Mature adult & elderly (n=99) X 2 n Percent n Percent Home 29 22.7 24 24.2 0.47Body 40 31.2 19 19.2 7.48**Food 33 25.8 13 13.1 8.70**Medicine/nutrition 1 .8 31 31.3 27.13***Auto/sport 16 12.5 6 6.1 4.55*Other 9 7.0 6 6.1 0.60X 2 = 44.974; df=5; p≤0.001 * p≤ 0.05. ** p≤0.01. *** p≤0.001 TaAle 3 CeleArity’s Role Ay GenderCelebrity roleMale (n=123) Female (n=104)X 2 n Percent n Percent Himself/herself 34 27.6 22 21.1 2.57Expert recommender 27 22.0 12 11.5 5.77*User recommender 49 39.8 52 50 .09Invented role 6 4.9 5 4.8 .09Imported role 3 2.4 6 5.8 1.00Role model 4 3.3 7 6.7 .818* p≤0.05Table 20 shows that the two roles that young adult celebrities often played in Chinese TV ads were user recommender (46.9%) and himself/herself (29.7%), which together accounted for over three-fourths of the occurrences. The three major roles adopted by mature adults and elderly were user recommender (41.4%), expert recommender (28.3%), and himself/herself (18.2%). Young adults were significantly more likely to be assigned the role of himself/herself (X 2=7.14, p≤0.01), whereas mature and older adults were significantly more likely to assume the role of expert recommender (X 2=7.41, p≤0.01). TaAle 4 CeleArity’s Role Ay Actual AgeCelebrity roleYoung adult (n=128)Mature adult & elderly (n=99) X 2 n Percent n Percent Himself/herself 38 29.7 18 18.2 7.14**Expert recommender 11 8.6 28 28.3 7.41**User recommender 60 46.9 41 41.4 3.57Invented role 8 6.3 3 3.0 2.27Imported role 6 4.7 3 3.0 1.00Role model 5 3.9 6 6.1 0.09** p≤0.01. 5 DiscussionAccording to the VRM, when using product endorsers, advertisers have to consider the basic cultural assumptions held by target consumers. They draw on the relevant content from consumers’ assumptions on both advertising characters and products to compose ad messages. Past research notes that advertisers seek to communicate to their audience with existing or well-established assumptions. They
145Zhen SUN Celebrity endorser images in Chinese television advertising: A content analysiswould like to use stereotypes other than multiple and realistic values to impress their prospects. In this way, advertising acts as a distorted mirror to our culture. It reinforces the stereotypical images of the characters in ads, as if these images are idealized or desired by consumers[61]. The findings of this study offer some support for the VRM, especially in terms of advertisers’ manipulation of the relationships between celebrity’s age and product type and role-playing and also between celebrity’s gender and role-playing. The findings on celebrity’s gender images in relation to product types are not in keeping with traditional gender role stereotyping. According to past research, home, food, and medicine/nutrition products are preconceived by consumers to have a feminine image and have been consistently taken as women’s product types[62~63]. This study, however, shows that male and female celebrities are portrayed nearly equally in the ads for home and food products. Furthermore, male celebrities are significantly more likely than female celebrities to represent medicine/nutrition products. The roles played by celebri ty endorsers determine their engagement with the endorsed products, specifically, how they work for the products and what meanings they attach to the products. The results indicate that male and female celebrities in Chinese TV ads do not show much difference in their role-playing. The most frequently assumed roles by both males and females are user recommenders, through which celebrities act like real product users and share product experiences with the audience. The main task of celebrities is to make the audience quickly identify with their status as product users. Once the identification process occurs, the target consumers may attempt to try the promoted products. This can be seen as way of “hitching their wagon to the star”[64]. The second popular role is himself/herself, through which celebrities play themselves and exploit their own personas in an ad. This role-playing, to some extent, is only applicable to the celebrities who are well-known to the target audience. They can instantly convey an enormous depth of imagery and associations and enhance audience participation. Male celebrity endorsers significantly more often play the role of expert on the product. They are essentially acting like a mouthpiece for the endorsees. The finding is consistent with earlier research suggesting that males comprise a large proportion as product authorities or experts than females. Men are generally perceived to be more credible than women when providing arguments for products[65~73]. A cross comparison between product types and celebrities’ roles suggests that celebrity endorsers most frequently take the expert role to promote medicine/nutrition products, for which more expertise is desired by consumers to make a purchase decision. An expert recommender image seems more impressible and credible. Thus, the link point between male celebrities and medicine/nutrition products is consumers’ expertise related assumptions on males and medicinal products. Despite the traditional feminine image of medicinal products, the advertising strategy of stressing endorsers’ expertise makes male celebrities the optimal pitchpersons. The results on the relationships between age groups and product types are in line with past literature. Mature adult and elderly celebrities’ stereotypical associations with medicine/nutrition products have been identified. According to previous research, the use of middle-aged spokespersons tends to work best when products or services are middle-aged oriented. The consumption of mature adult consumers usually consists more of products and services related to care of health and illness, household expenditures, groceries, etc[74]. Middle-aged and elderly are significantly less likely to appear in ads for body products. Although they are sometimes the target consumers of body products such as cosmetics and personal hygiene, they are not the desired models for these products. For example, aging in the cosmetics market represents “ugglyness” and “loneliness.” Models featured in cosmetic ads are often ten to fifteen years younger than their target consumers[75]. As expected based on past research, the middle-
146aged and elderly celebrities are significantly more often than the young celebrities to be assigned the role of expert recommender. They are portrayed as credible consumer advisors, who possess special knowledge or experience related to the endorsees. Though their expertise on the products is not credentialed in specific ads, they tend to convey their opinions in a powerful and decisive manner. In Chinese traditional culture, age means more experience, power, credibility, and authority. For Chinese consumers, the perceived expertise of mature adult or elder celebrities may be more acceptable and persuasive than that of young adult celebrities. The expert image of the middle-aged and elderly can be also attributed to this group of people’s associations with medicine/nutrition products. 6 Conclusion and Limitations Within the conceptual framework of the VRM, this study examines celebrity endorsers’ gender and age images in terms of their matching relationships with product types and celebrities’ role-playing. Although the study does not present a highly stereotypical picture of different gender and age groups, it provides some explanations as to why advertisers may be using the celebrities of different gender and age groups for certain types of products and with certain roles. The study, to some degree, offers support for the VRM in that advertisers seem to rely on shared stereotypical assumptions to construct advertising messages.The most typical image of celebrity endorsers emerging from this study is middle-aged male celebrities who play the role of expert recommender in ads to promote medicinal or nutritional products. Are they the best spokesperson for pharmacy products? Are they most qualified for the expert role? The effectiveness of this kind of ad requires further exploration. Some limitations of this study should be mentioned. The categorization of product types adopted in this study is broad and may hide celebrity’s matching relations with specific product categories, for instance, young female celebrities’ association with cosmetics. Future studies may want to use a more specific categorization of products. Additionally, celebrities hold diversified meanings that advertisers can exploit and attach to products. This study only focuses on the gender and age characteristics of celebrities. Perhaps future studies could explore how product types and celebrities’ roles are related to their other characteristics, for example, nationality and physical attractiveness. References [1] Lowenthal L. The triumph of mass idols//Marshall PD. The celebrity culture reader. New York: Routledge, 2006: 124-152.[2] Shimp T. Advertising, promotion and supplemental aspects of integrated marketing communications (6th ed.). Fort Worth, TX: The Dryden Press, 2003.[3] Cooper M. Can celebrities really sell products? Marketing and Media Decisions, 1984, 19: 64-65, 120.[4] Sherman SP. When you wish upon a star. Fortune, 1985, August 19: 66-71. [5] Miciak AR and Shanklin WL. Choosing celebrity endorsers. Marketing Management, 1994, 3(3): 50-60. [6] Erdogan BZ and Baker MJ. Towards a practitioner-based model of selecting celebrity endorsers. International Journal of Advertising, 2000, 19(1): 25-43.[7] Erdogan BZ, Baker MJ and Tagg S. Selecting celebrity endorsers: The practitioner’s perspective. Journal of Advertising Research, 2001, 41(3): 39-48. [8] Kamins MA and Gupta K. Congruence between spokesperson and product type: A matchup hypothesis perspective. Psychology & Marketing, 1994, 11(6): 569-586.[9] Spielman HM. The celebrity sell: Making it work. Marketing Times, 1981, 28: 13-14.[10] Sinomonitor International. The spokespersons for brand image. China Ads, 2006, 4: 114. [11] Sinomonitor International. The spokespersons for brand image. China Ads, 2006, 8: 140.[12] Sinomonitor International. The spokespersons for brand image. China Ads, 2006, 9: 141.[13] Sinomonitor International. The spokespersons for brand image. China Ads, 2006, 10: 108.[14] Sinomonitor International. The spokespersons for brand image. China Ads, 2006, 11: 116.[15] Sinomonitor International. The spokespersons for brand image. China Ads, 2007, 2: 168.[16] Sinomonitor International. The spokespersons for brand image. China Ads, 2007, 3: 103.
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149第 7 卷 第 1 期 澳 門 科 技 大 學 學 報 Vol.7 No.12013 年 6 月 30 日 Journal of Macau University of Science and Technology June 30 , 2013 民初戲劇理論思想體系構建及其近代轉型 之原因探析張 芳(澳門科技大學通識教育部,澳門)摘要: 民初(1912~1919)的社會,呈現出了戲劇評論和理論研究活動異常繁盛的局面。民初戲劇理論家在總結繼承我國傳統戲劇理論的基礎上,吸收西方文論之精華,形成了豐贍深刻的戲劇理論思想,為民初富有科學性、系統性、理論性的劇學框架體系的構建,為中國傳統戲劇理論批評的近代轉型奠定了基礎。而以上局面及現象產生的原因有以下幾個方面:民初的戲劇文化環境;晚清“花譜"文化對民初劇評的影響;近代報刊業的興起與西學東漸浪潮的席捲。關鍵詞: 民初(1912~1919)戲劇理論;戲劇思想體系構建;近代轉型;民初戲劇文化環境;晚清“花譜"文化;近代傳媒與西學東漸Analysis aAout the drama theory system construction and its modern transformation of reasonFang ZHANG( Macau University of Science and Technology, Department of General Education, Macau, China )AAstractt: The (1912-1919) society, showing a dramatic criticism and theory research activity in the prosperous situation. The drama theorist in the summary inheriting our traditional drama theory, absorbing the essence of western literary theory, forming a rich profound drama theory, for the rich and scientific sex, systematization, theory of play science framework system, as the Chinese traditional drama theory criticism laid the foundation for modern transformation. While the above situation and reason has the following several aspects: the drama culture environment; late Qing "florilegium" culture on the drama; modern press industry and the rise of Western tide.eyyordst: The (1912-1919) theory of drama; dramatic thought system; modern transformation; the theatrical culture environment; late Qing "florilegium" culture; modern media and culture收稿日期:2012-09-11;修訂日期:2012-09-17。張芳(1983—),女,漢族,南京師範大學戲劇戲曲學碩士畢業,澳門科技大學通識教育部語文組講師,研究方向為戲劇戲曲學。E-mail:839654956@qq.com,Tel:13532268651(珠海),62738710(澳門)0 引言民初(1912 ~ 1919)的社會,戲劇評論和理論研究活動異常繁盛。很多愛好戲曲的文人學者投身戲劇,他們或考究劇史,或研究戲劇理論,或品評戲劇表演,或記述梨園歷史變遷,由此出現了大量的戲曲專著。如王國維《宋元戲曲史》、吳梅《顧曲麈談》、齊如山《觀劇建言》、《說戲》、《編劇淺說》、馮叔鸞《嘯虹軒劇談》、劉豁公《戲劇大觀》、畢公天《慕俠叢纂》、楊塵因《春雨梨花館叢刊》、宗天風《若夢廬劇談》、王夢生《梨園佳話》、李菊儕《戲本》、章棄材、章棄枋《劉喜奎集》、揚鐸《漢劇叢談》、錢靜方《小說叢考》、盛磊庵《昭容集》、郭渫史《劉菊仙集》、穆辰公《伶史》、燕石《京師女伶百詠》、謝無
158 2012,6(2)學術動態中藥質量研究與創新藥物研究高峰論壇在澳科大隆重舉行由澳門科技大學主辦,澳門基金會、科學技術發展基金和安捷倫科技有限公司協辦的“中藥質量研究與創新藥物研究高峰論壇(2013•澳門)”於4月16~17日假澳門科技大學舉行。來自兩岸四地、美國和韓國的30多位知名專家和年輕學者以及本澳中藥界和學術界人士共150多名出席了高峰論壇的開幕典禮。在開幕典禮上,劉良校長致詞說,澳門科技大學是一所文理並舉、充滿活力的年輕綜合型大學。經過13年的發展,已經成為澳門最大規模的高等學府,成為躋身於兩岸四地百強名校的最年輕大學。澳門科技大學基金會一直著力發展中醫藥,早在2000年建校之初,即創辦了中醫藥學院,隨後又建立了澳門藥物及健康應用研究所和科大醫院。目前,完整的中醫學和中藥學高等教育課程體系已經基本建立。2011年1月,國家科技部批准中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室在澳門掛牌,使大學成為國家重點實驗室的兩個依託機構之一,這為大學發展中醫藥研究注入了強勁動力。最近,大學已將澳門藥物及健康應用研究所升格為研究院,藉以加強創新中藥新藥研發和食品與藥品檢定服務工作。今後,大學將會充分把握質量和創新兩個關鍵,將發展優質中醫藥教育及研究繼續作為大學發展的重要方向之一。國家中醫藥管理局于文明副局長在致辭中說,中央政府對中醫藥工作進行了一系列重要部署,更加注重扶持和促進中醫藥事業發展。特區政府把發展中醫藥作為推動經濟適度多元發展的四大重點領域之一,國家也將推動澳門發展中醫藥納入《十二五發展規劃》。于文明副局長充分肯定了澳門科技大學在中醫藥的教育和研究方面所取得的顯著成績,並表示將繼續支持中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室的建設和發展。“中藥質量研究與創新藥物研究高峰論壇”是繼2012年“中藥質量與創新藥物學術研討會”之後的又一次中藥研究的學術盛會, 20多位演講者分別從中藥質量、中藥安全性和創新藥物研究的新思路、新技術、新方法、新進展、新成果等方面發表了高水準的學術報告,並深入地進行了討論。例如張伯禮院士全面介紹了中國內地中醫藥科學研究和中藥產業化方面的最新進展,指出了未來的發展方向;姚新生院士以其研究實例,詳細地闡述了中藥產品質量控制的重要性,認為特別需要建立中藥複方的質量控制技術、方法和標準;李連達院士闡述了中藥防治H7N9禽流感的應用策略與方法,指出要辯證論證,要早期用藥、合理用藥,要中西醫結合,從而降低死亡率;劉昌孝院士闡述了野生瀕危藥材的資源保護策略,認為應該加快建立中藥資源保護的技術標準,以及發展中藥分子鑒定新技術;蘇國輝院士報導了枸杞子對眼的退行性疾病的神經保護作用的分子藥理學研究成果;澳門科技大學校長劉良講座教授報導了位於IKK-beta 激酶分子上的一個抑制炎癥和關節炎的藥物結合新靶位的最新研究結果;美國Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center的Chu Chen教授報告了口腔癌基因表達譜鑒定和藥物干預靶標的最新研究進展;韓國首爾大學張日武名譽教授系統地介紹了紅參的質量控制方法與研究進展;台灣中國醫藥大學的吳永昌教授分享了抗癌新藥WYC-02的研發過程及其成就。中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室(澳門科技大學)的白麗萍博士、伍建林博士和李婷博士分別介紹了中藥活性成分的生物有機化學、中藥的LC-MS-NMR分析和紫草素的分子藥理學研究成果。會議期間,與會專家和參會者還參觀了中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室(澳門科技大學)。他們對實驗室的尖端儀器設備和管理以及科研成果表示了極大的讚許。澳門科技大學將每年舉行一次這樣的專題研討會。劉良校長說,科技進步和現代醫學的快速發展,各種新技術、新思路、新方法和新成果不斷湧現,爲中藥質量研究和創新藥物研發帶來許多機遇和挑戰。借此高峰論壇召開之際,各位專家學者共聚一堂,共同分享中藥質量和創新藥物研究的重要成果、發展趨勢和學術觀點,將大大擴展與提升這兩大研究領域的研究思路與方法。中藥質量研究國家重點實驗室(澳門科技大學)亦希望進一步凝煉目標,加強創新,力爭在一些關鍵技術領域取得跨越式進步。