The Memory of the World Program ： Concepts and Principles Guiding Selection* Luciana Duranti ： Member of U N E S C O Memory of the World Program ( World Documentary Heritage) , In- ternational Advisory Committee ； Professor of the University of British Columbia, Candana.① See: http：//portal, unesco. org/ci/en/ev. php - URL_ID = 1538&URL— D O = DO_TOPIC&URL_SEC- TION=201.html.Luciana Duranti *UNESCO launched the Memory of the World Program ( MoW) in 1992，as a re- action to the intentional destruction of valuable documents during the Yugoslavian Civil War for the purpose of wiping out the memory and, with it , the soul of a whole people. Its goal is to protect and promote the world ’ s documentary heritage through preservation and access.① These two functions are complementary，in that access fosters preservation and preservation ensures access.The objectives of the Memory of the World program are：1) to support the preservation of the world's documentary heritage that is conducted through all appropriate means, such as providing access to reproductions, rather than to originals ；2) to facilitate and nurture access to the world's documentary heritage that is provided through digitization, description, web dissemination and other similar means, in respect of laws and regulations ； and3 ) to raise awareness worldwide of the significance of the world documentary heritage through the Memory of the World Registers, the media, and dedicated publications. ②In order to understand the goal of the program it is essential to understand first its object. What is the world's documentary heritage? Let's begin with the definition of documentary heritage. Documentary heritage is “ the portion of cultural heritage
that manifests a documentary nature，consisting of information affixed in a stable way to a medium for purpose of communication through time or across space. The medium may be any kind of material support, from stone to wood, paper, film , hard drive or optical disc. The information may take any configuration, from text, to drawings, images, or sound, and can be analogue or digital. The documents may be held in a cultural institution，such as an archives，a museum or a library，or may be maintained by its creator or legitimate successor. ”③ To be part of the world documentary heritage, a documentary entity, be it an item or an accumulation or collec- tion of items, should a) have resulted from activities that had a major influence on the history of the world, positive or negative, or b ) reflect a period of momentous change in world affairs, worldviews, approaches to the understanding of the world or nature, technology, etc. In other words, the documentary heritage in question must have had a global influence，or reflect or constitute evidence of events，actions，or i- deas that had a global influence.Thus，the goal of the Memory of the World Program is to raise awareness of the world's documentary heritage in order to encourage its preservation and ensure its ac- cessibility. What is meant by preservation? The program defines preservation as “ the whole of the principles, policies, strategies and activities designed to ensure the physical and technological stabilization of documentary heritage for the purpose of ex- tending indefinitely its life and of protecting its intellectual content. Thus，preserva- tion includes, among many other activities, conservation, which involves treatments to repair damage，and description，which provides a written account of the context， history, attributes, and relationships of the documents.，④What is meant by accessibility? The program defines accessibility as “ the avail- ability and usability of information about, and contained in , the documentary herit- age ，which can therefore be easily located，reached or used with a minimum of barri- ers, either in original, or in reproduction. ” ⑤The activities that contribute to the preservation and accessibility of the world's documentary heritage are also described by the program. They include a) the identi-③ UNESCO，Memory of the World Programme, UNESCO/Jikji Memory of the World Prize. Guidelines for Nominators and Adjudicators, Paris, 2010, p. 1. Online at http：//portal, unesco. org/ci/en/ev. php - URL一ID =31104&URL_DO = DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION =201. html.④ Ibidem.
fication of documentary heritage at risk, b) the acquisition of documents for permanent preservation, c ) conservation and restoration of damaged documents, d ) de- scription of holdings，development of finding aids and retrieval instruments，e) mi- crofilming and digitization programs, f ) publication of documents, g) development of digital preservation systems and of access systems through the Internet, h) educa- tion programs aiming to teach about the documentary heritage and the methods and practices for its preservation and access，and i ) the development of new preservation methods, techniques, or instruments for the documentary heritage in question.The assessment of the submissions made to the International Advisory Committee is based on a set of criteria, which do not have to be all present and which have different weight.⑥ The most important criterion is authenticity. An entity is considered authentic is it is what it purports to be. Authenticity comprises identity and integrity. Identity is constituted of the whole of the attributes that uniquely identify a documentary entity, e. g. author, date, place, title , the action producing it or the subject matter it relates to, context, presence of a seal, stamps, etc. Integrity means that the entity is able to convey the same message it was meant to convey when created. It does not matter i f the paper has become yellow, the colours have faded，the audio makes strange noises, and the presentation is in a different digital format, as long as the entity is substantially intact. Authenticity can be inferred from a documented chain of unbroken legitimate custody，r can be attested by a verification carried out on the entity itself by experts，or by the testimony of a witness who has direct knowl- edge of the entity in question. I f the entity nominated for registration is not an item but either an archival fonds or a collection of books, volumes, documents, e tc .，au- thenticity assessed with regard to the aggregation, not to its parts. I f the aggregation ( i. e. the archival fonds or the collection) is what it purports to be in terms of identi- ty and integrity over time，and its chain of custody is properly documented，it is con- sidered authentic. The authenticity of its components is assessed with regard to the aggregation, not in absolute terms. For example, a record in a file of an archival fonds might be a forgery as an individual item, but, i f it was made or received and filed for action or reference in the course of activity by the creator of the fonds，it is authentic with respect to such creator as s/he treated it as his/her own record，and is⑥ Abdelaziz ABID, " Preserving and sharing access to our documentary heritage," Paris, 2007, p. 5 - 6. Online at http：//porta l, unesco. org/ci/en/ev. php - URL_ID = 11869&URL_DO = DO_TOPIC&URL_SEC-TION =201. html.
therefore an authentic component of the fonds.The second criterion is uniqueness. It is a fact that every archival document or record, that is, every document made or received in the course of an activity as a means for carrying it out and as a by - product of i t ，is unique in its context even when there are several other identical documents in existence ( e. g. there may be five originals of the same agreement, each for one of five parties to the agreement, but each would exist in the context of a different archival fonds and would convey a unique meaning in that context) . However，in the context of the Memory of the World Program, uniqueness is an attribute of the documentary entity submitted for registration. I f the documentary entity is either a collection of books or documents, or an archival aggregation ( e. g. a file , a series, a fonds) , uniqueness refers to the whole, not to its parts. I f the documentary entity is one item, then uniqueness refers to the item itself, out of context. There must be only one item of the k ind , unless the submission in question is an item of which there is a limited number of copies ( if it is a book) or of originals ( a multiple original like the Magna Charta，if it is a re- cord ) . In this case，the most appropriate criterion to refer to might be rarity，al- though this term better indicates entities that are not often encountered but the exact number of which is not and cannot be known. Moreover, the unique entity must be irreplaceable and its disappearance would constitute an impoverishment of the herit- age of humanity. It may be representative of a type or a genre，but have no direct e- qual.The third criterion is really a set of criteria 一 one or more of which should be met 一 that relate to time，place，people, subject or theme，and form or style. Time may refer to several things ： the age of the entity submitted for registration ( although age by itself does not equal significance) ，the fact that the entity is the first of a kind, or that it is the expression of a special time, culture, historical event, etc. Place may refer either to the location where the entity submitted for registration was created ( its provenance or origin) ，which might be one from which no other docu- mentary heritage exists，or to the content of the entity，which may include crucial in- formation about a locality important in the history of the world, or may describe or show places that no longer exist or which would otherwise be unknown. People may refer either to the context in which the entity submitted for registration was created or to the content of the entity, which may relate to key individuals or groups, to move- ments , transitions, advances or regressions in social, industrial, artistic or political
development, or to human behaviour of special significance. Subject and theme refers to the historical，cultural，intellectual or artistic significance of the subject mat- ter of the entity submitted for registration. However, it has to be pointed out that, here, artistic significance refers to the subject matter of the documentary entity, not to its value as art. For example，one may nominate a group of letters that reveal the relationship between two renaissance artists, but one cannot nominate the works of such artists as they would not be documentary heritage but artistic heritage. It may happen that a work of art is nominated for its documentary characteristics or its his- torical significance，rather than as work of art，but it is better to avoid doing so，un- less the documentary value of the entity is overshadowing its artistic value to the point that there cannot be doubt that it constitutes part of the world's documentary herit- age. Finally, the form and style criteria refer to the significance of the rules of repre- sentation used to convey the message. For example, an entity might be remarkable for its linguistic characteristics，for the type of carrier or format，for the presentation of the message, etc.The fourth criterion has to do with the likelihood that the entity submitted for registration w ill continue to survive. The Memory of the World program links the concept of existing threat with that of a management plan or strategy. This idea is d iffi- cult to explain or even justify. On the one hand, the ultimate purpose of the Memory of the World Program is to protect the world documentary heritage that is or may be at risk，while，on the other hand，it asks the nominators for a preservation plan in or- der to protect such heritage by including it in the world register. One might wonder how can the nominated documentary heritage be at risk i f there exist a plan to protect it and make it accessible, especially one as detailed as required by the existing Memory of the World Guidelines ： “ a good plan would include a statement of the sig- nificance of the documentary heritage, cite policy and procedures for access and preservation, set out a preservation budget, list available conservation expertise and facilities，and explain how these are maintained，give detailed attention to the physi- cal environment of the material ( e. g. air quality, temperature and humidity, shelv- ing, security) and include a disaster preparedness strategy.”⑦ The answer lies on the subtlety of the language used ： the program does not request that the plan be al-⑦ Ray Edmonson, " General Guidelines to Safeguard Documentary Heritage," Paris, 2002, p. 23，4. 2. 6. Online at http ：//unesdoc. unesco. org/images/0012/001256/125637e. pdf
ready implemented but only that it is drawn. Its hope is that the prestige of the registration and the desire to obtain it would generate in the country submitting the nomination an effort to develop a strategy for the future protection and accessibility of the entity nominated, while the registration itself, once obtained, would generate the pressure necessary to make implementation possible. In fact, although the listing of documentary heritage in the Memory of the World Register has no legal or financial consequences, it does imply a certain stance and commitment by the owners of the registered entity as well as indicate a continuing and informed interest by UNESCO in its preservation as well as accessibility. As it regards the latter, the Memory of the World program requires three levels of access： a) for verification of world signifi- cance ，identity，integrity and security of the nominated entity; b) for reproduction ； and c) for public access in physical, digital or other form. There might be a require- ment that a single copy of part or all of the material be placed under the custodian- ship of UNESCO，not for public access but as a risk management measure.The criteria for assessing the global impact of the documentary heritage to be nominated are relatively clear and straightforward. Slightly more difficult to apply are the criteria for identifying the documentary heritage to be nominated. The rules say that the nominated entity must be “ finite and precisely defined； broad, general or open 一 ended nominations w ill not be accepted. ” ⑧A further analysis of what this means may render it even more complicated. It is better to make examples. One doc- ument ，one volume or one book may be nominated and this entity must be capable of being understood by itself. Thus, an entry in a register of incoming and outgoing mail, a page of a ledger, an attachment to a document, one volume of a book in three volumes，a drawing in a book, a last w ill in a volume of notarial deeds，a data set in a database, and other similar non - autonomous entities, cannot be nomina- ted ：one would have to nominate the entire entity of which these fragments are part. But, how large is the entire entity? I f an entry in a register is of particular signifi- cance, does one nominate the entire register, the series of registers for the year in question，or all the registers of the organization? I f a drawing in a case file in the ar- chival fonds of an architectural firm is of global importance, does one nominate the case file , the series of case files, or the fonds? Most often the first higher aggregation capable of being meaningful on its own is the most appropriate for nomination，but
the International Advisory Committee w ill decide case by case on the basis of the documentary context.The issue however can be raised from the opposite end ： how small the nominated entity has to be? Can one nominate the contents of an entire archival institution? Usually not, unless the archival institution contains only one archival fonds, and such fonds is closed ( i. e. the creator does not exist any longer) and clearly circum- scribed , such as the archives of a family or a dynasty，or the archives of a financial institution that has existed for centuries before being closed. This is also valid for l i - braries. One could nominate one entire historical library which no longer receives ac- cruals. It is more common, however, to nominate one archival fonds within an archi- val institution or one library collection within a library institution, as long as the fonds or the collection is closed and its content is clearly identifiable and described in such a way that all its components are accounted for.If one nominates a group of documentary entities, does the group have to be complete? Yes and no. It must include all the items that are known to exist and to belong in the group，but one does not have to account for other items that might exist but are not known to exist. I f there are items of the group that exist in another coun- try it is preferred that the two countries submit a joint nomination，but if the second country is not willing to or has an unstable situation that does not bode well for the survival of its portion of the documentary heritage in question，it is even more impor- tant that the first country goes ahead with the nomination on its own.When the documentary heritage exists in multiple copies and variant versions - for example, printed books or feature films released in differing versions or multiple languages - the nomination w ill apply to the work itself, rather than to the specific copy cited. One might argue that, when there are multiple copies of a piece of docu- mentary heritage，it cannot be considered at risk，a preservation plan may be present in several places, and accessibility is assured. Indeed, these are considerations that International Advisory Committee makes in its assessment of the nomination. One might also note that several entities that already have been registered in the World' s Register, and others that are likely future candidates, which are all kept in the cul- tural institutions of first world countries，are not at risk，and might argue that regis- tration in the Memory of the World program has no benefit for them and really no purpose, as it does not fu lfill the goal and objectives of the program. The answer is that these registrations fu lfill a complementary purpose, that of giving international
visibility to the program, to the world's documentary heritage and to the importance of its permanent preservation and universal accessibility. This visibility w ill hopefully get the attention of the countries whose documentary heritage is at risk and stimulate in their members the ambition to make their own documentary heritage visible through the stamp of UNESCO and to ensure their own government's commitment to its preservation and accessibility.F inally, a few words should be said about the digital documentary heritage. Some may think that the terms “ digital” and “ heritage” constitute an oxymoron, as the documents in digital form cannot possibly meet the criteria of time, being so new, and place, being so ubiquitous. However, the digital medium has been around long enough to make it possible to think of web sites that might meet the definition of world documentary heritage, or search engines that have had a global impact on how information is retrieved, or initiatives like Wikipedia, that have changed the way people do research, or even standards that have determined how organizations and the public behave in the digital environment. Certainly, when it comes to the digital documentary heritage, the criteria of uniqueness, authenticity, integrity, and irre- placeability must either be re-examined vis-a-vis their application or substituted by criteria that better reflect the characteristics of the digital environment, but this diffi- culty should not impede the consideration of digital documentary heritage for the Memory of the World Registers. I f anything, it should encourage us to move fast to- wards beginning a systematic and rigorous examination of the specific challenges presented by this kind of material，because one thing is certain ： if we wait，we will lose it all and we will never be able to preserve and make available the documentary heritage of our own time. This is the reason why the Memory of the World Program has assigned to a small committee the responsibility for developing criteria for the nomination and assessment of digital documentary entities ： while protecting our past， the program is already thinking of how to ensure that our present will have a future and our future w ill have a documentary memory.
Universal Access and Awareness Worldwide ： Mediating the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme in the Public and Academic SpheresLothar Jordan *Basics“ Safeguarding” is the mainstay of the “ Memory on the World Programme. ” It emphasizes the programme's concern with documents in distress. Instead of ‘ safeguarding ’ one could say ‘ preserving ’ • Preserving is the key of and to the “ Memory of the World” programme. Another pillar of MoW is to give as many people as possi- ble access to documentary heritage, which has been made possible by modem infor- mation techniques ( I T ) ，by digitization and the web. The idea that everyone ought to have free access to knowledge and information would easily match the optimism of 18th century European enlightened thinkers. And it goes well together with the re- sults of the World Summit on the Information Society ( Geneva 2003/Tunis 2005 ). UNESCO has taken over some of the chapters of this World Summit ：Chapter 3 ： Access to information and knowledgea. information literary through capacity building,b. information preservation to safeguard original material,c. information accessability through open and free access.Drawing the conclusion from its two main tasks MoW wants to “ raise awareness worldwide of the significance of documentary heritage” . The most obvious strategy to help raise this awareness is MoW's World Register.The World Register of the MoW programme is its most visible part，but it is on* Lothar Jordan ： Member of U N E S C O Memory of the World Program ( World Documentary Heritage)，Mar- keting Sub - Committee of International Advisory Committee ； Professor of Technical University Dresden, Germany.
ly one part of the programme. As it records the outstanding documents, it is the pro-grammers flagship or lighthouse. At the same time these documents reveal only the top of an iceberg. These first 一 class documents are valuable parts of the human her- itage . But they are more than that： they are symbols or promotors of the world's doc- umentary heritage as a whole. Each document, each preservation activity, access, analysing，utilizing, or mediation of a document means work within the frame of hu- man documentary heritage. That does not mean that each and every archivist, or l i - brarian ，or museologist，would have to think of other documents in other parts of the world during her or his work. But anybody's work on documents must be concomitant with, must be accompagniable by the idea that he or she is working for the memory of the world，for human heritage as an enormous amount and net of items. “ Memory of the World” is a network of documents, and working for documents is a task we all know and we all can join in. Every document and every archive is a part of the whole of human heritage.So it should be clear that the the MoW World Register is very important and should gain even more attentiveness, but it is only a part of the programme. It is like a wonderful window that should attract you to look through into the global house of documents，a house with many，many rooms. And you，and we, have to care for all these rooms.Beside the World Register Regional Registers ( not existing in every region) like the important register for the Asian 一 Pacific region, and National Registers play a decisive role in enhancing MoW's impact. But it is not only the registers ： MoW fos- ters preserving and digitization projects, web projects, publications, workshops, the development of projects and standards f. e. concerning digital heritage. ①For a better understanding of the MoW promotional activities - present and fu- ture - one can ask three questions ： How to raise awareness? What is already done? What should be done?MoW bodies and promotionIn 2009 the Marketing - Sub 一 committee ( MSC ) of the MoW International Ad- visory Committee provided a “ List of SC Marketing/Promotional Activities 2009 -① The M o W website ( www. unesco. org/webworld/en/mow) contains lots of information on this programme.
2012” . I w ill not go into details, just mention that it is based on the identification of four main target groups：A. Professionals ( in archives, libraries, museums, universities).B. Programme's internal audiences ( international, regional, national commit- tees, UNESCO network, government officials ).C. Pupils ( children, youth, students).D. Publicity ( Media ).One can find our detailed proposals on the MoW website.② They include coop- erations with heritage NGOs, media strategies, radio spots, brochures, merchandi- sing products, and many more.Sometimes traditional instruments of mediation like panel exhibitions may be very effective. That was the case October 2009 when some dozen panels showing documents from the MoW World Register decorated the fence around UNESCO Head- quarters in Paris, during the 35th General Conference of UNESCO [ photo 1 ] . More than 2 ，000 delegates passed by these MoW panels，many of them daily.③ Most probably many UNESCO decision makers thus got a clearer impression of what MoW is about, what it means and what it stands for. So this was made mainly for target group B.Regional and national MoW committees play a very important role for mediating and promoting the programme. Regional MoW Committees do not exist everywhere, but here, in this region, “ The Asia/Pacific Regional Committee for the Memory of the World Program” ( MOWCAP) plays an active role, starting its initiatives like publications or workshops, having some impact even on the global development of MoW.National MoW Committees are of high importance，too. There are more than 60 such committees, acting inside or in cooperation with National UNESCO Commis- sions. Coming from Germany I may say that the German MoW Committee is rather successful, not only concerning the number of nominations, but concerning its im- pact on the mediation of MoW in our country - although MoW is still some steps be- hind the “ World Cultural and Natural Heritage” . The Committee consists mainly of② http://portal, unesco. org/ci/en/files/30757/128393702433rd_report_marketing_en. doc/3rd_report_ marketing_en. doc③ Exhibition arranged by Joie Springer, U N E S C O Secretariat.
members from archives，libraries，museums，some few from the academic and politi- cal spheres. Even more successful seems to me the Australian MoW Committee, re- garding the role it has played and plays working for heritage at home and in the re- gion , and for MoW on a global scale.UNESCO MoW WebsiteThe MoW website of UNESCO ( see footnote 1 ) gives an overview of the activi- ties and contains a lot of documents on the programme. It is itself one of the most im- portant public activities of MoW.Jikji PrizeOne of the means to mediate MoW into the public spheres worldwide is the UNESCO/Jikji Memory of the World Prize, commemorating the inscription of the J ik ji, the oldest known book of movable metal print in the world. The prize started in 2004, consisting of an award of US $ 30，000 given every two years to individuals or institutions that have made significant contributions to the preservation and accessi- bility of documentary heritage. The award is funded by the Republic of Korea. It aims at promoting the objectives of the Memory of the World Programme. The jury takes the following factors into consideration ： the significance of work already under- taken in the area of preservation that is beyond the candidate's regular functions, long - term preservation strategy, sustainability, and international outreach.In 2009，the National Archives of Malaysia were selected by the jury in recogni- tion of its outreach, educational and training programmes in the area of preservation within the Asian region. It thus became the third winner of the Jikji Prize, after the Czech National Library (2005 ) and the Austrian Phonogramme Archive (2007 ).Heritage institutionsSome few examples for possible activities from the point of view of heritage pro-fessions ，starting with a word about libraries as one example of heritage institutions ：On - going and planned activitiesFrom the richness of promotional and related activities for MoW a choice has to be made.
Each library in the world should possess the basic texts of UNESCO，esp. “ information material on the UNESCO World Heritage Programmes ( World Cultural and Nat- N at Heritage； Memory of the World； Intangible Heritage) [ •••] so that library users could have easier access to these UNESCO programmes which are the flagships or lighthouses of cultural diversity. ” So each librarian could ask herself or himself： What informations do we have in our library about UNESCO's heritage conventions/ programmes, especially Memory of the World, and their contexts? Do we have the basic UNESCO papers?And let us think about archives providing both their staff and users with infor- mation on MoW and installing an emphasized link with the MoW website of UNESCO. And the same question may be valid for archives as for libraries ： Do you have the basic information on Memory of the World for staff and users in your ar- chive? I am sure the archivists will find a lot of ways to go for MoW.And what about museums? Let me give you an example, thereby drawing your attention to the International Museum Day ( IMD) 2011. The IMD is celebrated an- nually around the 18th of May. In 2009，about 30,000 museums in 90 countries took part in it, with a vast multitude of special events. Each year, the IMD deals with a special subject, which is chosen by ICOM. In 2011，the subject w ill be M Mu- seums and Memory” . This will be the first time that IMD and the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme cooperate. In an international workshop ( Berlin, Germany, 2 0 -2 1 September 2 010 )，organized by ICLM ( the International Committee for L it- erary Museums in ICOM) and partners，other documentary heritage institutions as CCAAA，ICA, IFLA, and ICOMOS agreed to be partners of IMD 2011. IMD 2011 is to direct attention- to the basics of our collective memory,- to the value of heritage，- to the fragility of its carriers.⑤The cooperation of different global heritage associations, council, and pro- grammes for IMD 2011 adds a new dimension to world heritage activities. MoW pro- vides challenges and chances for a better cooperation between heritage institutions④ Lothar Jordan，ICOM ： Statement on the IFLA Multicultural Library Manifesto. 15 October 2 0 0 9 . - UNE S C O 35. General Conference, Paris ( Communication and Information Commission, 13 - 15 October 2009).⑤ More information on the website of ICOM. ( wwn. icom. museum)
( archives, libraries, museums, universities) ，and IMD 2011 will be a good oppor-tunity for advancing it.Now we move one step from the public sphere to the professional and academic spheres.UNESCO International Memory of the World ConferencesEvery three years an International MoW Conference with 150 -200 participants is held. The last one, the third so far, took place at the National Library of Australia in Canberra, Australia, 19 -2 2 February 2008, titled “ Imagine."a world without memories. Communities and Memories： a Global Perspective” . The conference cov- ered the whole range of actual questions concerning MoW, from scholarly questions to those of applications, nominations，and promotion，as well as the difference of re- gional traditions, and fields like ‘ the intangible heritage ’ . Another important issue discussed was the question whether the MoW programme was to be developped into a UNESCO Convention.The next, the fourth International Conference of the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme w ill be held in Warsaw, Poland, 1 8 -21 May 2011，with the mot- to “ Culture - Memory - Identities” .Other symposia and workshopsIn a way similar to those big MoW conferences, but on the level of university teaching and training and thus joining two of MoW's main target groups is a Symposi- um like “ Preserving the Memory of the World” at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, March 2010. Initiated and fostered by Professor Luciana Du- ranti and organized by the Association of Canadian Archivists UBC Student Chapter, it brought together international and national experts and students of library and ar- chival studies and other disciplines，thus using the interdisciplinary potential of MoW for interdisciplinary studies on documentary heritage, circling around archival stud- ies. The symposium got its energy not only from the organizers and participants, but from the Memory of the World Programme as well.The combination of speakers and of subjects this Macau Conference offers, fol- lows the same idea，which is to present and promote joint ventures of different insti- tutions and professions sharing concern about the preservation of human heritage ： theMemory of the World is preserved and made aware to the public by both institutions
like archives，libraries，museums，and universities - and by joint ventures between them. And then there are workshops and training seminars； just to mention one： the “ Training Workshop on MoW Awareness - Raising and Advocacy for National MoW Committees and young Associates in Asia and the Pacific” , 1 - 3 March, 2010，Ma- nila, Philippines.From the international MoW conferences and a symposium like that in Vancou- ver or this in Macau I proceed to the last part of my paper, some reflections on MoW and the academic world，and to a proposal to introduce something really new，that is Memory of the World Studies.MoW and the academic worldThe MSC MoW Action Plan 2009 -2012 reveals “ university researchers” under “ Target Audience A. Professionals” as being among the core target groups for MoW promotional activities. The probably most effective way to reach the academic world would be by founding Memory of the World Studies and implementing them into uni- versities 、, colleges, academies, vocational schools, and other institutions of higher education. This would transcend awareness - rising by fa r： a global MoW net of re- search and teaching would help to improve the systematic development of the pro- gramme and the professionalization of working for documents and kindred forms of human heritage in an international context，thus building new capacities for universal access to information and knowledge.This is not only a question of promoting MoW ： From the perspective of the hu- manities and some technological disciplines, MoW Studies would cover a specific sector of the new field of human activities that arose with the development of the UNESCO heritage programmes ( W CH, MoW, IC H； see Appendix) . The ensemble of these programmes is the most extensive intentionally generated complex of memory and of safeguarding and mediating the contents of this memory in human history. “ Memory of the World is an ‘ umbrella’ for diverse knowledge and disciplines.”⑥ Based on the assumption that these programmes apply the highest standards，produce worldwide accepted outcomes of high quality that w ill be of long endurance，and aim at an audience of the most extensive scope, viz whole mankind, one has to draw the⑥ (Ray Edmundson ：) Memory of the World，General Guidelines to Safeguard Documentary Heritage. Revised Edition 2002. Prepared for U N E S C O by Ray Edmundson. Paris 2002, p. 5.
conclusion that such a new and very specific phenomenon requires a deepened knowledge and understanding and，seen from the practical side，the development of scholarly and scientific means to strengthen these programmes. The best way to reach such an understanding is to generate specific Studies, research and teaching, as the complexity and the peculiarity of these programmes hinder them to be covered by any existing academic discipline or even traditional interdisciplinary approaches.While there are already some chairs/professorships for WCH in different parts of the world⑦ there are none for MoW yet. The foundation of MoW Studies is something yet to come. It would help to improve human knowledge, could extend and promote MoW in a sustainable manner and institutionalize new means of international cooper- ation for the human memory in its diversity. On the basis of international exchange, professors and students will be very effectice multipliers for MoW.It may be wise to introduce MoW Studies in the context of other heritage stud- ies, especially those on UNESCO heritage programmes at universities in different re- gions of the world, or in faculties or institutes with close connections to the goals of MoW Studies. Thus MoW Studies，while following their specific tasks，could benefit from the experiences of other studies, and at the same time help to instigate new forms of working and learning for and by UNESCO ( and other) heritage studies, be- ing an innovative partner for some academic disciplines, different heritage pro- grammes and for heritage institutions like archives, libraries, and museums.MoW Chairs/ professorshipsThe long-term perspective is the creation of a set of MoW chairs/professorships/ lectureships, at least one of them in each region. Although they all have MoW at the centre of their studies, each may put a main emphasis on special aspects like tech- nology ( ICT) ，media，archival or museological studies，semantics of documents， comparative cultural history, comparative literature, philologies, languages, and so on. In many cases this w ill depend on the context of the universities, institutes, schools, they would work in. While the fundamental principles and more theoretical questions of MoW ought to be among their objectives，the professorships were to aim at the applicability at least of relevant parts of their work ( applied research ) for MoW itself and for the use in different sectors and on different levels of education.⑦ whc. unesco. org/en/activities/121 ( “University World Heritage Studies Programmes” ).
There may be two groups of MoW professorships ：1. Professorships fully or mainly dedicated to MoW Studies ；2. Professorships from disciplines close to the tasks of MoW, putting an explicit additional emphasis on MoW Studies ( f. e. professor of archival studies or film history with special regard for MoW Studies) ； but to be a formal part- ner of the MoW Studies network，here，to、o，continuity in research, publi- cations , and teaching on MoW is necessary. Professorships of this second group may be installed more easily and could help to start MoW academic networking rather soon.And, of course, this second group is necessary as MoW Studies should not compete with established and successful Heritage Studies ( archives，librar- ies, museums, history) ，nor try to replace them.This academic MoW net is expected to have a snowball effect and instigate young re-searchers，⑧ students，and colleagues from different academic disciplines to work on MoW or questions related closely to MoW. And，of course，this net should be in a good connection to the MoW Secretariat and the MoW International Advisory Committee, being a link between UNESCO and the academic world.Tasks of Research and TeachingThe following short list is just to give an idea of the multiple tasks of MoW re- search , f. e. on ：- the criteria and standards for the importance of documents ( authenticity， aesthetic qualities, spiritual importance, and many other) and their applicability in different cultures and regions; definition of values in a comparative manner ；- ‘ translating ’ and mediating the importance of documents into different cul- tural contexts ；- the role of languages and translations for the understanding of documents and the promotion of MoW ( with regard for cultural diversity)；- studies on common grounds and differences between similar documents in different regions, cultures, states ( f. e. documents on music ； on public crimes, and⑧ At the International Graduate School ： Heritage Studies ( Technical University Cottbus, Germany) since 2010 for the first time a Ph. D. scholarship has been open explicitly for research on Memory of fthe World. See： http：//www. tu - cottbus. de/btu/de/whs/courses/phd - programme, html
so on)；一 technological questions of safeguarding and preserving documents，of mediating them by new information and communication technologies ( ICT) ，of building bridges between MoW documents ；- standards for and technologies of electronic documents ；- strategies and tools of teaching of MoW; curricula for MoW Studies or MoW segments in wider heritage studies ； sustainable implementation of MoW in different sectors of education ( universities, schools, other institutions of learning and of knowledge like museums, libraries)；- common grounds of and differences between MoW and other UNESCO herit- age programmes ( WCH, ICH) and the UNESCO ‘ Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions ’ .Further relevance for MoWMany concrete positive effects of MoW Studies can be expected for MoW, for the quality of the programme and for its worldwide promotion. One aspect seems to be particularly interesting. I f the impression is correct that the main emphasis and attention of the programme which covers a broad range of activities has been drawn slightly to concentrate on the World Register, MoW Studies could help gain the capacity to cover the broad range of tasks that make MoW so rich. With the network of MoW Studies the programme could follow its way to leadership in the work for documents more easily，working for outcomes and standards that are of importance beyond the programme itself.Further relevance for UNESCOThe combination of MoW and MoW Studies offers rich opportunities to fu lfill tasks UNESCO has set itself in an real intersectoral manner, as education, science, culture ( as far as cooperation with the other heritage programmes is concerned ) ，and information and communication are united in this combination. MoW Studies enlarge the possibilities to go new ways towards the information and knowledge society UNESCO works for, especially for the chapters it has taken over from the World Summit on the Information Society (2003/2005 ) ， “ Access to information and knowledge” ，“ E-science and “ E-leaming” ，“ Cultural diversity and identity, lin guistic diversity and local content” .
Relevance for heritage studies in generalWhile sometimes people not familiar with MoW think it to be something for spe- cialists ，it has rather a very broad interdisciplinary range. That is true from the side of the carriers ( paper to electronic records) ； from the side of the contents，including nearly all aspects of human life ( politics，religion，science，literature, societal as- pects ，and so on) ； from the side of regions, cultures，and languages； from the side of heritage institutions involved. As MoW “ embraces documentary heritage over the whole of recorded history, from papyrus scrolls [ … to ] digital files” ⑨，it reflects a great part of human cultural and technological development. For MoW Studies MoW is a complex phenomenon, seen as an object of research and applied research that as well can be taken as a complex modell for a wide range of heritage questions. Students could learn a lot about many matters of heritage in MoW Studies.As the academic world is looking for new forms of interdisciplinarity and international cooperation, MoW Studies could offer both as essential elements to a very high degree.As mentionned above, the tasks of MoW Studies are manifold. I w ill just have a glimpse on subjects close to the academic fields I work on myself.One important question concerns language and translation ； it is basic to all means of communicating MoW documents ( and other documents) . For many MoW documents originally not written in English translations into that language, or at least of parts of the documents, are indispensable. Translations into other languages should also be considered, as linguistic diversity is a task which UNESCO shares with the World Summit of the Information Society. As translations of a lesser or even of an average quality can spoil the reception of works and documents, it is important to insist on the best possible translations in the communication of the MoW pro- gramme. This specially applies to literary documents, but of course to religious, philosophical, political ones ( and others) as well. In such a programme, the trans- lation of documents，and even of parts of them or even of small pieces for promotion- al activities, is not only a tool but a demanding synthesis of an original document and a medium of its reception. The situation of translations in MoW should be analysed, some projects be developped.⑨ M o W General Guidelines，see fn. 6 ，p. 6.
tance and values of documents into different cultural contexts. These comments on documents should be based on the best scholarly and academic knowledge available. Naturally, the commentaries rely on the most updated critical studies, without lead- ing to unconfirmed interpretations. But the commentators should have in mind that they are not addressing specialists and not just a national or regional public. For many disciplines this is still something new. As long as the desired ( i. e. global) readership is a major factor in our work，this will also have an impact on the commen- taries on MoW documents. As a matter of course，this readership must have an impact on the commentaries. Is at possible to write one comment on any document for all pos- sible readers in the world (or do we need different comments for different regions?).These were just two examples of the far 一 reaching tasks of MoW Studies.Final remarks“ Memory of the World” is a programme to foster working for the documentary heritage, working for documents, their carriers and their contents, in all regions of this planet. It has a World Register that highlights most important documents, but it contains much more than the World Register, and while this World Register is grow- ing successfully, we should try to expand the other parts of MoW, too, and we should enlarge the connection between MoW and research on and education for herit- age ( which may even help the MoW World Register). There are the questions of values and standards，the big challenge of electronic documents，of linguistic diver- sity, the relation of universal access and local content.This work for MoW would also include the movement of minds and institutions towards a transnational orientation with respect for cultural diversity as part of the hu- man heritage. In our time when the human individual has proved his or her strength， productivity, inventiveness, and freedom - loving capacity, but also testified to its devastating influence in many societies and to the disability of some states to shape politics，a UNESCO programme like MoW may remind us that a sense of community is not just necessary, but a strong asset in the human heritage. A cosmopolitan frame for the memory of the world，filled by the concept of diversity，will help bring back to us that community spirit without which a vision of the world of tomorrow that can be shared by all is hardly possible.Less pathetically speaking ： preserving the Memory of the World is a most valua-
ble activity for the fostering and preservation of the human heritage. Also, it is a step towards fair and balanced communication on how to build the world of tomorrow.APPENDIX The UNESCO Heritage ProgrammesUNESCO operates three heritage programmes that aim at helping to safeguard the human cultural and natural heritage by focussing outstanding examples. These programmes are：The World Cultural and Natural Heritage - programme (W C H ) is the oldest, most extensive and most famous of these programmes. It started in 1972 and is based on a UNESCO convention signed by 186 states. “ Cultural and natural heritage” means one programme，not two，as the distinction between natural and cultural herit- age is only made internally. For the list of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, states may nominate sites that are of “ Outstanding Universal Value” . The present World Heritage list includes 890 sites，most of which are cultural sites，less than one quarter natural ones, and 25 are both cultural and natural heritage sites. Famous ex- amples are the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, or in the US the Statue of Liberty ( New Y o rk )，in Italy the historic centres of Rome and Florence, or Venice and its lagoon.The prestige and sometimes even the economic impact of a site getting onto the World Heritage list can be enormous. Although the WCH is by some taken as the UNESCO heritage programme it is, in fact, only one out of three. But, of course, it is the flagship of UNESCO's heritage programmes.The second UNESCO - based heritage programme is the Memory of the World programme. It started in 1992. MoW has three main objectives ：“ To facilitate preservation of the world's documentary heritage,To assist universal access to documentary heritage, f. e. by using modem tech- niques of information, like digitizing and the web,To raise awareness worldwide of the significance of documentary heritage
through such means as the Memory of the World registers，and some promotion-al activities. ”The programme is managed by the UNESCO Secretariat and by an International Advisory Committee ( IA C ) ，its Bureau and its sub-committees，and by Regional and National MoW committees, these as parts of national UNESCO commissions.The third programme is the Intangible Cultural Heritage ( ICH) programme. It has been existing since 2003 and is based on UNESCO's ‘ Convention for the Safe- guarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage ’ . ICH emerged from the insight that hu- manity^ memory is not only maintained by material objects like sites or by docu- ments such as papers or films, but by immaterial forms of memory as well： those might be knowledge expressed in oral traditions, rituals, dances, handicraft, and so on. ICH keeps a list of ‘ Masterpieces ’ with 90 items.UNESCO Heritage Programmes are no system ； they are an ensembl, and there may be some blank spaces in this ensemble. But is is outstanding new and important in human history, an immense intentional global effort to safeguard and to communi- cate the world' s cultural and natural heritage. A ll three UNESCO heritage pro- grammes aim at a balanced consideration of nominations from the North and the South equally, from both industrialized and developing countries. This is one way of respecting cultural diversity. Cultural diversity is considered a value which has gained importance since, in 2005，the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions was adopted. And this Convention is of basic importance for the three UNESCO Heritage Conventions/Programmes.Memory on a Fence： UNESCO Headquarters
Introduction to MOWCAP registrationThe UNESCO Memory of the World program began in 1992，after the then Di- rector General of UNESCO, Federico Mayor, visited the ruins of the National Library of Sarajevo, where a country; s documentary heritage had been deliberately destroyed. It began on a small scale, with the first inscriptions on the International Register in 1997 ： at last count there were 193. Since then, national MOW committees have been established in 64 countries, along with three regional committees 一 for Latin America/Caribbean ( MOWLAC) ，Asia Pacific ( MOWCAP) and Africa ( ARCMOW). Currently there are two regional registers and about 30 national registers - the largest of which is China, with 80 inscriptions.The first inscriptions on the Asia Pacific Register were added in 2008. Currently the total is 12.The objectives of the program are：• To facilitate preservation, by the most appropriate techniques• To assist universal access• To increase awareness worldwide of the existence and significance of documentary heritagein other words to change how the documentary heritage, in libraries, archives , museums or other collections, is valued，protected, used and supported by nations, governments, communities.It has a very long term perspective because we fundamentally want to change the way people and governments think about，value and support their documentary heritage.What is a document? It is that which “ documents” or “ records” something by deliberate intellectual intent, and it comprises a carrier plus content. Carriers can include stone, cloth, wood, metal，palm leaves, film , magnetic tape as well as pa* Ray Edmondson： Chair, M O W C A P ( www. unesco. mowcap. org and www. unesco. org/webworld/mdm).Ray Edmondson*
per: there is great variety. Documentary heritage may be a single document - or a large collection - or anything in between. So the official definition of a document includes• Textual items ( MSS，books，newspapers etc)• Non - textual items ( drawings，prints，maps，musical scores etc)• Virtual items residing on websites and servers• Audiovisual items - analog and digital ( films，discs，tapes，photographs， microfilm, CD, DVD computer games)MOW does many things. It provides training, information and practical guid- ance ；it provides or brokers project funding ； it engages in advocacy, awareness rai- sing and promotion ； it encourages accessibility through digitisation ； it produces pub- lications and runs workshops; the committee system provides a structure for profes- sional collaboration across the collecting sector. But its most visible aspect is the reg- ister system which encourages recognition，protection and public awareness of key documents.As I've mentioned, there is not just one MOW register - there are many, per- ated by this network of committees. Why is this so? I f there was only one, it would be such a bottleneck that the system would collapse. That' s why there are three kinds of registers - national, regional and international - all with essentially the same criteria, the defining difference being the extent of geographic influence of the heritage in question, which I ' l l illustrate later.It is not a hierarchy. One register is not more important than another. The in- ternational register was the first one, and it's the largest and best known, while some of the others a quite young. But they w ill catch up in time.Being inscribed on a register is not an end in itself. It's really a beginning. It encourages the document or to become better known. It encourages access. It often helps documents under threat to find the resources for preservation work.I encourage you to nominate a document or collection. But what do you nominate? It needs to be something that meets the criteria.What are the criteria? You need to read the Guidelines carefully to get the full picture. You are asked to demonstrate that the material is genuine, that it is unique and that its loss would impoverish the memory of mankind，and that it has had a sig- nificant influence. You are asked to demonstrate why it matters in terms of the time it was created, the place it was created and the social context.
And then we want to know some other things, like - is the material underthreat? Is it damaged or incomplete? Is there a management plan to protect it?That may sound like a lot of work. And maybe it is - but it 's informationUNESCO needs to have and it's a disciplined way of organising information.So how do you actually compile a nomination?W ell, like a lot of things in life , it starts with filling out a form. After you've decided which register you want to nominate to, you download the relevant form which you use as a template.You fill in lots of practical information about ownership and location of the items and you describe the document or collection as precisely as possible. It must be aclosed and complete collection ： not one that is still growing. You are constructing acase - you have to convince a Register Subcommittee firs t，and then a full commit- tee - regardless of whether it's MOWCAP, a national MOW Committee or the Inter- national Advisory Committee.References and referees are important ： can you cite authoritative experts who will support your nomination? I f you are nominating to the Asia Pacific or Internation- al registers, it's a good idea to involve your national MOW committee at the begin- ning. It's not compulsory, but i f you don 't，UNESCO might ask them for their opin- ion anyway.Be aware of the closing date and get your nomination in on time. And if you find the development of your nomination d ifficu lt，ask for help and advice. There are some rules about this，but everybody in the system wants you to develop a good nom- ination.It's a very open program. In principle, anybody can lodge a nomination for any- thing. In practice, most nominations are lodged by institutions who are the custodi- ans of the items in question.It's not a competitive process, your nomination doesn't have to be better than someone else's and it's not measured against other nominations. Every nomination is measured on its own against the same criteria, and the committees try to judge whether those criteria are met - or not.There are some process differences. For the International Register, there's a lim it of two nominations per country per two year cycle 一 and that's purely to keep the work load manageable. But there's no lim it on joint nominations from two or morecountries. For the Asia Pacific register there is no lim it at all. Any country can lodge
as many nominations as it likes. Once you've lodged a nomination, the secretariat might ask for more information that you've supplied. That dialogue is normal. Check MOWCAP website www. unesco. mowcap. org and/or General Guidelines at www. unesco. org/webworld/mdmSo what do you gain from your heritage being inscribed on a register?Some benefits are immediate，such as publicity，and the fact that UNESCO rec- ognition carries a lot of moral and symbolic weight - it is meaningful and prestig- ious ，it puts your heritage and your institution on a pedestal. In some countries it has the effect of making the material more secure，and makes it easier to attract funding for preservation. It can even be deeply moving to individuals or communities in sur- prising ways. The right to use the MOW logo is an affirmation of the recognition which has been conferred. And the stature of your heritage benefits by association with the inscriptions already on the register.Some benefits are cumulative. As the registers grow, they become better known and increasingly serve as a point of entry for the items inscribed on them. Over time they also rebalance the global perspective on world history. This region has a history of colonisation by European powers, and for the last couple of centuries that has heavily influenced the way history books have been written. But the more the registers grow and additional source materials are inscribed on it , the more that view has to change, as previously unknown documents are brought into the light.Finally, there's the strategic value of inscription. I know of one institution that was saved from closure and dismantlement because some of its holdings were in- scribed at a critical time； another whose independence and security was greatly en- hanced because inscription arrived at the right time _ and history books also had to be rewritten as a result.I turn now to three case studies just to illustrate what Fve been saying.The world knows what happened in Cambodia between 1975 and 1979. The Tuol Sleng prison in Phnom Penh, now a museum, processed about 17 ,000 prisoners under the Khmer Rouge regime. Of that number, there were only 12 known survivors after the regime fell. A ll prisoners were professionally photographed and interroga- ted. These records survive and were inscribed on the Asia Pacific register in Febru- ary 2008，and some months later on the International register. In both cases，it was the first Cambodian nomination.The nominations to the two registers were submitted separately and assessed sep
arately. Clearly, what happened in Cambodia at the time affected neighboring coun- tries and was woven into the wider conflicts and pressures embracing Vietnam, Laos and Thailand. It is very directly part of the memory of the region and its effects reach into the present, with the current genocide trials taking place in Phnom Penh.Yet the atrocities of the Khmer Rouge regime have also been burned into global consciousness and the Tuol Sleng archive is a potent and poignant symbol of all that happened. You cannot look into the faces of these thousands of victims without being profoundly moved. As a result of the inscriptions steps are being taken to ensure the preservation of these records.F ig l& 2 . Tuol Sleng Museum Archive ： CambodiaWe now come to an inscription on the Australian national register. It's a collec- tion of about 4000 weekly editions of cinema newsreels dating from the 1920s to 1975. Before they were killed off by television, the newsreel was a common feature of cinema programs around the world. It was how people got their pictorial news.Fig3. Cinesound Movietone Collection ： Australia
This collection, held at the National Film and Sound Archive in Canberra, is a national treasure. Australian newsreels had a distinctive style and they were tremen- dously important to the national psyche and sense of identity, and especially to mo- rale during the Second World War. But, with the exception of some limited release in nearby New Zealand, they were never shown outside Australia, and they rarely used imported content. They did not have either regional or international influence.For that reason their inscription on the national MOW register is appropriate. I think it unlikely that the collection would be nominated for the regional or interna- tional registers.Fig4. Diocesan Archives ： Macau The Archives and materials of the Macao Diocese from the 1550s to 1800s were inscribed on the Asia Pacific Register in March this year. They cover aspects of the history of Macao from the beginning of Portuguese settlement. The MOWCAP Regis- ter Subcommittee and the MOWCAP General Meeting were satisfied that they met the test of regional geographic influence. Macao may be small in itself, but the trading and missionary activities which emanated from here were very wide across the region.I've been asked whether, in my opinion, the collection would meet the criteria for the international MOW register. The only answer I can give is： I don't know! A nomination would have to go through the due process，and as a member of the Regis- ter Subcommittee for the International Register, protocol forbids me from expressing an opinion! I f such a nomination was prepared, then the case put forward may have to be rather different ： perhaps，for example，argued in terms of the global influence of Portugal and the Catholic Church during the period in question，or on the basis of
This would not, I might add, increase the status or world significance of the collection. In MOW terms, that has already been established and I ' m pleased that all the right steps are being taken to make its status and significance obvious to the public!Fig5. Certificate Presentation ： Macau Much of the visibility and publicity value of an inscription is really up to the nominator to organise. You are only limited by imagination. You can make your heritage visible on websites and in Wikipedia； digitise it so that access is available on line. It's the kind of thing that visitors can view, and you can get it on the tourist track. You can make documentary heritage visible on postage stamps, money, post ers, in the press, on television. You can utilise all of UNESCO's publicity outlets. In the case of the announcement of the Macau inscription, the media exposure was brilliantly organised. I even saw myself on television speaking perfect Cantonese!A ll of this raises awareness of the documentary heritage and awareness builds on itself. It's good for you and it's good for UNESCO. So think hard： what does your institution have that is worthy of inscription，and in specific ways，how will your institution benefit?
中國文獻遺產重要性評估探析王新才* 李 雯 **一、引言1992年聯合國敎科文組織發起了世界記憶工程項目（the Memory of the World Program)，其目的在於利用最適當的手段保護世界各地文獻遺產，促進文 獻遺產的廣泛利用和提高人們對文獻遺產重要性和保管必要性的認識①。該專 案所關注的兩大問題是 :確立重點保護對象和實施保護措施，其中，通過評估確 立重點保護對象是實施保護的前提和依據。重要性，英語為Significance，或譯為意義，是衡量和評估世界遺產價値的國 際通用概念。“ 重要性評估" （Significance Assessment)是指判斷評選物件對過 去、現在和將來所具有的歷史、審美、和社群或精神等方面的價値，是確立重點 保護對象和劃分世界級、地區級或國家級遺產保護等級的依據。通過文獻遺產重要性的評估,劃分文獻遺產保護等級，是聯合國敎科文組 織和各國政府廣泛開展的活動,最終結果就表現為世界級、地區級和國家級②文 獻遺產名錄的建設。中國相對應的國家級文獻遺產目錄稱為《中國檔案文獻遺產名錄》，2000 年由國家檔案局牽頭組織, “ 中國檔案文獻遺產工程”國家諮詢委員會實施評 選。2002年評定出第一批《中國檔案文獻遺產名錄》共 4 8 件、組，是世界上最 早建立世界記憶工程國家名錄的國家之一（另一個國家是澳大利亞）。發展至 今，我國已有三批《中國檔案文獻遺產名錄》③，共計113項文獻遺。本文將分* 王新才:武漢大學信息管理學院教授。* * 李雯:武漢大學信息管理學院博士研究生。①UNESCO. Memory of the World ： General Guidelines ( Revised edition 2002)/prepared by Ray Edmondson. Paris： UNESCO,2002.② 有 的 國 家 級 下 還 有 細 分 ,例如中國還分別設有省和市級的文獻遺產名錄。③ 2002年第一批《中國檔案文獻遺產名錄》入選項目共4 8 項 ;2003年第二批《中國檔案文獻遺產 名錄》入選專案共3 5 項 ;2010年第三批《中國檔案文獻遺產名錄》入選專案共3 0 項。
析這些入選文獻遺產的重要性，提取重要性的影響因數，總結出我國文獻遺產 的評選特點和規律，為今後評估實踐提供參考，為完善我國文獻遺產重要性評 估指標體系服務。二、從重要性評估標準看《中國檔案文獻遺產名錄》入選文獻1. 重要性評估標準聯合國敎科文組織頒佈的《保護文獻遺產通用指南》（General Guidelines to Safeguard Documentary Heritage,2002)是實施世界記憶工程的基本綱要，其中製訂 了一個基本的文獻遺產重要性評估標準，其主要内容如下:評選通常是具有比較性質和相對的。但入選的文獻首先必須具有眞實性，其 來源和認定必須可靠。其次必須是獨一無二和不可替代的。其三要在時間、地 點、人物、主題、形式和風格等5 個方面具有一個或多個方面的意義。此外，如下 因素也應當考慮，即稀有性、整體性、受到威脅與管理計劃。在這個標準影響下，世界各地在開展文獻遺產評估和名錄建設時，分別成立 了各級評審委員會，並製定有各級文獻遺產名錄評選標準。地區級的如世界記憶工程亞太地區委員會、世界記憶工程拉丁美洲和加勒比 委員會等，也分別規定了本地區文獻遺產重要性評選標準;此外,澳大利亞、中國、 英國等國家也製定了各自的評選細則。澳大利亞世界言己憶國家委員會（National Committee of Australia Memory of the W orld)成立於2000年 1 2月，曾就文獻遺產評估標準廣泛徵求意見，並從2005年 以來多次召開會議商討④。該委員會最終製訂的標準為，沒有絕對的文化重要性 評測標準。但還是要盡可能地收集相關文獻遺產專案的資訊以確定其來源和它 所產生的歷史背景，並要確定其在實體形式與歷史主題等方面稀有與獨特與否。 具體來說,可以分基本標準（primary criteria)與相對標準（comparative criteria)兩 類。基本標準包含三個方面，即歷史意義（Historic Significance)、審美意義（Aesthetic Significance)和社群或精神意義（Community or Spiritual Significance)⑤。這 三個方面的規定相對聯合國敎科文組織的工作而言提供了一種從宏觀上把握文 獻價値的標準，是澳大利亞世界記憶國家委員會對文獻遺產評估的重要貢獻。該 委員會還製訂了 7 條相對標準。這 7 條標準涉及唯一性、不可替代性、時間與地④ National Committee of Australia Memory of the World . Submission Manual. http：//www. amw. org. au/ content/ background⑤ National Committee of Australia Memory of the World. Significance ： Assessment against selection criteria. http：//www. amw. or^. au/content/significance
澳门现存早期对外汉语教材述评夏 雪 *一、文献书目由于便利的地理条件，澳门历来就是中西文化交汇点,是中国与世界进行 沟通和交流的桥梁。在各种频繁的交流和沟通下形成了澳门独特的文献资源, 而在这批文献资源中，早期对外汉语课本文献资源引起了笔者的注意。经过多 次的调查和搜集，笔者发现了 5 6本 1742年至1949年间珍贵的对外汉语课本材 料。此批文献在澳门的保存情况陈列如下：1 .《中国官话》( 拉丁文名：《Linguae Sinarum Mandarinicae》），〔法〕傅尔蒙 ( Stephanus Fourmont) 著，出版社：Lutetiae Parisiorum ： Chez Hippolyte - Louis Guerin，1742。现存于圣若瑟修院。2 .《汉字文法》（原名：《Arte China》），〔葡〕江沙维（Joaquim A. Gonçalves) 著，出版社：Macao: Impressa no Real Collegio de S. Jose，1829。现存于民政总署 大楼图书馆。3 .《中国广东话教科书》（原名：《Chinese chrestomathy in the Canton dialect》) ，〔美〕禅治文( E. C. Bridgman)著，出版社：Macao: S. Wells Williams, 1841。现存于澳门资料室。4 .《汉语札记》（葡文名：(The notitia linguae sinicae of Premare》）由 J. G. Bridgman译成英文版，原作者：〔法〕马若瑟（Joseph de Prémare)，出版社：Canton: Printed at the office of Chinese Repository，1847。现存于民政总署大楼图书 馆。5 .《四字文笑注》（英文名: 《Chinese manual》) ，〔法〕Artus de Lionne, Bishop of Rosalie 著，出版社: London: Printed by Harrison and Sons, 1854。现存于民 政总署大楼图书馆。6 .《中文语法》（原名：《Grammar of the Chinese language》），〔德〕罗存德* 夏雪:澳门大学中文系硕士研究生。
( W. Lobscheid ) 著，出版社：Hong Kong ： The “ Daily Press ” ，1864。现存于民政 总署大楼图书馆。7 .《西语译汉人门》（《法文名：Appendice du Dictionnaire Francais - Latin - Chinois de la langue Mandarine parlee》) ，〔法〕童保绿( par Paul Pemy) 著，出版 社 : Paris ： Maisonneuve - Ernest Leroux，1872。现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。8 . 《语学举隅》（英文名：《A dictionary of colloquial idioms in the Mandarin dialect》），〔英〕霍理斯( Herbert A. Giles ) 著，出版社：Shanghai ： A. H. de Carvalho, 1873。 现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。9 .《中文初级读本》（原名：《A Chinese primer》 ) ，〔英〕J. S. Burdon著，出版 社 : Hong Kong：De Souza & Co, 1877。现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。10. 《寓言集》（原名：《0 circulo de conhecimentos em portuguez e china》）， 〔葡〕伯多禄（Pedro Nolasco da S ilva)将原葡文内容译成中文原作者：〔葡〕Car- los B ake r，出版社：Hong Kong： Typographia de Guedes & Ca, 1884。现存于澳门 资料室。11. 《粤方言和普通话常用句》（原名：《Phmses usuaes dos dialectos de Can- tao e Peking》），〔葡〕伯多禄( Pedro Nolasco da S ilva)著，出版社：Macao： Typogra- fia “ Popular” ，1884。现存于澳门资料室。12 .《语言自迩集》（英文名：《A progressive course designed to assist the student of colloquial chinese as spoken in the capital and the metropolitan depart- ment》），〔英〕威妥玛（Thomas Francis Wade) 和〔爱尔兰〕僖在明（Walter Caine H illie r)合著，出版社：Shanghai: Statistical Department of the Inspectorate General of Customs, 1886。现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。13 .《公馀琐谈》①（原名：《Lecons progressives pour lfetude du chinois parle et ecrit》) ，〔法〕A. Mouillesaux de Bemieres 著，出版社：Peking ： Typographic du Pe -T à n g , 1 8 8 6 ,现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。14.《公馀琐谈》（葡文名：Licoes progressivas para o estudo da lingua sinica fallada e escripta) ，由〔葡〕伯多禄（Pedro Nolasco da S ilva)译成葡文版，原作者: 〔法〕Mouillesaux de Bemieres，出版社：Peking ： Typographic du Pe - T ang，1886。 现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。15.《汉语实用语法》( 原名：《Grammatica pratica da lingua chineza》），〔葡〕 伯多禄（Pedro Nolasco da S ilva )，出版社：Macao: Typographia do “ Correio Ma-① 序 号 1 3和 、1 4两本书汉语教学内容相同，1 3 为 A. Mouillesaux de Bemieres编写,是英法汉三语 课本 ，而 1 7为伯多禄的翻译本，他将原书翻译为葡文版本。
caense” ，1886。现存于澳门资料室。16.《粤方言词语选编》（原名：《Select Phrases in the Canton Dialect》），〔英〕 Kerr, J. G .著 ,出版社: Hong Kong: Kelly and Walsh, 1888。现存于利氏学社图 书馆和民政总署大楼图书馆。17.《中文口语习语和句子手册》（原名：《An exposition of the construction and idioms of Chinese sentences as found in colloquial Mandarin》），〔美〕赛兆祥 ( Sydenstricker)著，出版社： Shanghai ： American Presbyterian Mission，1889。现存 于民政总署大楼图书馆。18.《汉语会话教科书》（原名：《Manuel pratique de la langue chinoise par- lee》) ，〔法〕于雅乐（Camille Imbault 一 Huart) 著，出版社: Hong Kong： Noronha， 1892。现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。19.《官话指南》（法文名：《Boussole du langage Mandarin》) 由〔法〕Pere Henri Boucher译成法文版，原作者 : 〔日〕吴启泰与〔日〕郑永邦合著，出版社:Zi - Ka - Wei [ Shanghai] ： Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique，1893。现存于民政总署 大楼图书馆。2 0 .《汉语研究一》（原名 : 《0 primeiro livro para o estudo da lingua sinica》，〔葡〕Carlos Augusto Rocha DAssumpcao 著，出版社：Macao: Leal Senado da Cama- ra,1893。现存于澳门资料室。2 1 .《普通话和粤语常用句型集》（原名：Compilacao de phrases usuaes e de diálogos nos dialectos de Peking e Cantao) ，〔葡〕伯多禄（Pedro Nolasco da Silva) 著，出版社：Macao：Typ de Noronha & C a，1894 。现存于澳门资料室。22. 《中文入门》( 原名：《0s rudimentos da lingua chineza》），〔葡〕由伯多禄 ( Pedro Nolasco da S ilva)著，出版社：Macao: Typographia de Noronha & Ca，1895。 现存于澳门资料室。2 3 .《铅椠汇存》（法文名：《Manuel de langue mandarine》），〔法〕A. Théophile P iry写作法文文本，〔英〕M. Charles Henry O liver写作英文文本，出版社： Shanghai ： Bureau des Statiques du Inspectorant General des Douanes Mari times Im- periales de Chine, 1895。现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。2 4 .《初级汉语簿记》( 原名 : 《Chinese elementary book keeping》) ，〔英〕Dr.F. L. Clyde 著 , 出版社: Shanghai: The Oriental Press, 18 - - ②。现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。2 5 .《训蒙指南》( 英文名：《Guide to knowledge》 ) ，〔英〕Alfred J. M ay著，出② 具 体 出 版 年 份 不 详 。
版社: Herford，England： Printed at Stephen Austin & Sons，1900。现存于民政总 署大楼图书馆。2 6 .《汉学书写及口语手册》之第二册《汉语口语:词汇》（原名：《Manual da lingua sinica escripta e fallada》II ) , 〔葡〕伯多禄（Pedro Nolasco da S ilva)著，出版 社:Macao：[s.n.]，1901。现存于澳门资料室。2 7 .《中文书面语进阶学习》（原名：《Progressive exercices in the Chinese written language》），〔英〕T. L. Bullock 著，出版社:Shanghai ： Kelly and Walsh，1902。 现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。2 8 .《汉学书写及口语手册》之第一册《圣谕广训》（原名“ 〈Manual da lingua sinica escripta e fa llada》I )，〔葡〕伯多禄（Pedro Nolasco da Silva ) 著，出版社： Macao： [s. n. ],1 9 0 3 。现存于澳门资料室。2 9 .《轻松学粤语》( 原名：《Cantonese made easy》），〔英〕波乃耶（J. Dyer B a ll)著，出版社 : Singapore: Kelly and W alsh,1904。现存于民政总署大楼图书 馆。3 0 .《教话指南》（英文名：《Beginning Cantonese》），〔英〕Wisner, 0. F . 著， 出版社：Canton： China Baptist Publication Society，1906。现存于利氏学社图书 馆。3 1 .《新读本》( 葡文名：《San 一 Tok 一 Pun ： novo methodo de leitura》），〔葡〕J. V. Jorge 编译，出版社：Macao: Typ. Mercantil de N. T. Fernandes e Filhos, 1907。现存于澳门资料室。32. 《汉语及如何学习汉语》（原名：《The Chinese language and how to learn it》），〔英〕Sir Walter H illier 著，出版社：London ： Kegan Paul，1907 - 1909。现存 于民政总署大楼图书馆。3 3 .《交易常谈》（原名 : 《Kiao - Yi Tch'ang - T 'an》) , 〔法〕A. Guerin著，出版 社 : Shanghai: La Presse 0rientale，1909。现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。3 4 .《华英翻译快诀》（英文名: 《A manual of translation)) ，〔英〕W. W. Y en编 译，出版社:Shanghai: The Commercial Press，1909。现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。3 5 .《教话指南》③（葡文名：《Texto chinez da bússola do dialecto can- tonense》) , 〔葡〕伯多禄(Pedro Nolasco da S ilva)著，出版社：[S. l . ：s. n. ] ,1912。 现存于澳门资料室。3 6 .《教话指南》( 葡文名：《Bussola do Dialecto Cantonense》），〔葡〕伯多禄③ 序 号 3 5、3 6都是伯多禄所作的《教话指南》，但两者版本不同。3 5 主要以汉语为主,课文通篇为 汉语。而 3 6 以葡语为主,偶出现汉语例句。
(Pedro Nolasco da S ilva)著，出版社：[S . l . ：s. n. ] ，1912。现存于利氏学社图书 馆和澳门资料室。3 7 .《国文教科書》（葡文名：《Kuok Man Kau Fo Shu ： Livro para ensino da literatura nacional》) ，〔葡〕伯多禄（P. Nolasco da Silva ) 译成葡文版，出版社: Macao： Typ. Mercantil de N. T. Fernandes e Filhos, 1912。现存于澳门资料室。3 8 .《医学专业汉语学习》（原名：《Medical missionary language study》)1914 年，〔英〕C. G. S. Baronsfeather著，出版社: Hong Kong: Kelly and Walsh, 1914。 现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。3 9 .《海关英华语言录》（英文名：《Custom officers" English - Chinese vade - mecum》，〔英〕D. Okamoto 著，出版社：Shanghai ： Printed at the Commercial Press, 1915。现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。40.《汉语口语》( 原名：《Colloquial Chinese》) , 〔英〕A .N e v ille J. Whymant 著，出版社: London: Kegan Paul, Trench, 1922。现存于民政总署大楼图书馆。41 . 《会话句型》( 原名：《Frases de Conversação》），〔葡〕Lau，Jacob .著，出 版社: Macao ： ( s . n . )，1924。现存于利氏学社图书馆。4 2 .《粤方言研究介绍》（原名：《Introduction à 1 "Etude du Dialecte Canton- ais》），〔法〕Caysac，Georges.著，出版社：Hongkong ： Imprimerie de Nazareth, 1926。现存于利氏学社图书馆。4 3 .《法汉谈论广东土话》( 原名：《Manuel de Conversation》），〔法〕Tallandi- er, I. L e .著，出版社：Hong Kong： Imprimerie de la Société des Missions 一 étmngères，1927。现存于利氏学社图书馆。4 4 .《虚字指南》( 原名：《Wenli particles)) , 〔英〕Brandt，IA kov著，出版社: Peiping： The North China Union Language School, 1929。现存于利氏学社图书馆。4 5 .《全民国文新课本》（西班牙文名：《K o iio -M in Hio - Hiao Kouo - Wen Sin KO - Pen ： Nuevo Manual de la Lengua 一 Literaria Nacional para las Escuelas Populares》），〔西班牙〕Huarte, José M• 译成西班牙文版，原作者 : P'an, J. - B. 出版社: Shanghai ： Imprimerie de T 'ou 一 Se - We，Zi - Ka - W ei，1930。现存于利 氏学社图书馆。4 6 .《粤语为人人》( 原名：《Cantonese for Everyone)) ，〔英〕Wells，H. R. 著 ,出版社: Hong Kong: Kae Shean Printing Co, 1931。 现存于利氏学社图书馆。4 7 .《实用性中文》( 原名：(Practical chinese)) ，〔英〕Harry S. Aldrich 著，出 版社: Peiping: Henri Vetch the French Bookstore，1931。现存于民政总署大楼图 书馆。4 8 .《汉语口语人门》（一 ) ( 原名：《Introduccion al Lenguaje hablado chino》
I ) ，〔西班牙〕Cabo，Eustasio Fernandez d e .著，出版社：Shanghai: Imprimerie de lOrpheUnat de Tbu - Se - We, Zi - Ka - Wei, 1931 。现存于利氏学社图书馆。4 9 .《汉语口语入门》（二）( 原名 : 《Introduccion al Lenguaje hablado chino》II ) ，〔西班牙〕Cabo, Eustasio Femandez d e .著，出版社：Shanghai: Imprimerie de lOrphelinat de Tbu - Se - We, Zi - Ka - W ei，1932。现存于利氏学社图书馆。5 0 .《汉语口语人门》( 三）( 原名 : { Introduccion al Lenguaje hablado chino》 IE ) ，〔西班牙〕Cabo，Eustasio Femandez d e .著，出版社：Shanghai ： Imprimerie de lOrphelinat de Tbu - Se - We, Zi - Ka - W ei, 1933。现存于利氏学社图书馆。51. 《汉语口语入门》（四）（原名：《Introduccion al Lenguaje hablado chino》 IV ) , [ 西班牙〕Cabo，Eustasio Femandez d e .著，出版社：Shanghai ： Imprimerie de lOrphelinat de Tbu - Se - We, Zi - Ka - Wei ,1933。现存于利氏学社图书馆。5 2 .《上海方言课本》（原名：《Leçons sur de Dialecte de Shanghai》），〔法〕 Bourgeois,A. M. 翻译成法语，原作者 : Pott，F. L. Hawks 著，出版社：Shanghai ： Imprimerie de la Mission Catholique，1934。现存于利氏学社图书馆。5 3 .《普通话常用习语》（原名：《Cliches usuels de la langue mandarine》） 〔法〕Kervyn，Louis - M arie.著，出版社：Tientsin ： Scheut Mission，1935。现存于 利氏学社图书馆。5 4 .《汉语口语入门》④（原名：《Introduction to Spoken Chinese》）〔西班牙〕 Cabo, Eustasio Femandez 著，出版社：Tientsin ： Procure de la Mission de Sienh- sien，1938。现存于利氏学社图书馆。55•《中国虚字》( 英文名：《Classical Chinese Particles》），〔英 〕Hans H. Frankel 著，出版社：（S. I. ) : Yale University, (n .d . ) ，1944。现存于利氏学社图 书馆。5 6 .《流行汉语初步研究》（原名：《Primi passi nello studio della lingua popo- lare Cinese》），〔意〕Valle, P. B• 著，出版社： Changsha ( China ) ： ( s. n. ) , 1949 。 现存于利氏学社图书馆。二、文献分类为了更好地介绍这批文献资源，现将这批文献资源按照涉及语种和课本内 容两项标准将其归类，归类具体情况见表一、表二。④ 本 书 与 序 号 4 8 - 5 1 的《汉语口语人门》大部分汉语教学内容相同,但是本书为英文版，而序号 4 8 - 5 1 的教材为西班牙文版。
十篇为耕农篇，介绍农事常识 ;第十一篇为六艺篇，介绍有关技艺的内容;第十 二篇为数学篇，介绍度量法等 ;第十三篇为地理志篇，介绍地理知识;第十四篇 为石论篇，介绍玉石等物件 ;第十五篇为草木篇，介绍花草树木;第十六篇为生 物篇，介绍各种生物;第十七篇医学篇，介绍百病百药等内容;第十八篇为王制 篇，介绍中国的管制制度。语言教学内容非常丰富，通过本书不但可以学习语 言知识还可以了解中国文化常识，可以看做广东话的百科全书。德国籍传教士罗存德（w . Lobscheid) 所作的《中文语法》（1864 ) ( 原名： 《Grammar of the Chinese language)) , 是一本早期详尽介绍汉语语法的教材，介 绍了汉语语调、元辅音、词性、比较级、格、语序等语法内容。虽然明显有套用印 欧语法体系的痕迹，但是能注意到汉语的语序问题也难能可贵。在介绍完语法 项目后，作者还按不同的主题选编了一些课文。在书中作者还介绍了一些有关 汉语方言的知识,着重介绍了粤方言。法国驻广州领事馆的于雅乐（Camille Imbault - H uart)所作的《汉语会话教 科书》（18 9 2 )( 原名：《Manuel pratique de la langue chinoise parlee》），又是一本 大部头著作。作者在介绍完汉语语法现象后，选编了多篇课文,每篇课文都是 既介绍粤语也介绍官话。内容详实,值深人研究。《铅棄汇存》( 1895)(法文名：《Manuel de langue mandarine))) 为三语课本, 也是一部大部头著作。法籍邮政总办帛黎（A. TheophilePiry)写作其中的法文 文本，奥利弗（Charles Henry Oliver)写作其中的英文文本。这本书属于知识型 课本，类似于百科全书，分成身体编、人情编、人事编、服饰编、门户编、饮食编、 本等编、居游乐生编、交事法门编、中华制度编、地与总编、生植编、杂编等编目。 作者在这部著作中还列出了很多俗语。《轻松学粤语》（1 9 0 4 )(原名：《Cantonese made easy》）为波乃耶（J. Dyer Ball) 所作。波乃耶父母均是欧洲人,他出生在中国，并长期居住在中国,所以他 对广东话和客家话都很有研究。这本书是一部重要的粤语教科书，曾被列入香 港公务员考试大纲。著名语言学家张洪年选取本书作为香港粤语发展史上，20 世纪初第一阶段的代表作品。这部著作对于研究港式粤语有重要的参考价 值⑩。《汉语口语入门》（原名：《Introduccion al Lenguaje hablado chino》），作者是 Cabo, Eustasio Femandez de .分成四册，第一册于1931年出版，第二册于1932 年出版,第三四册均于1933年出版的。该套书用西班牙文来解释和介绍汉语， 是一套关于汉语口语的大部头著作。作者选编的中文课文语言通俗易懂，每篇⑩参考澳门中央图书馆网页中馆藏介绍第十三期对本书的介绍。
都由字、词、句、篇组成。本套书对于编写汉语口语教材具有很好的借鉴意义。以上教材均是比较完整、典型的对外汉语教材,值得特别关注,而其余的书 目同样具有研究价值。研究语言类的课本，有研究粤方言和吴方言的著作,这 对于方言研究有重要的意义。语言类还有词语对译及翻译类的教材对于研究 翻译学有很大的帮助。而研究知识型的课本，对于汉语教材编写内容的选择上 有重要的启示。2.值得关注的汉学家在这5 6本书目中，有 1 1本书，即约1 /5 的书与一个人有关,这个人就是被 誉为“ 澳门功臣” 的汉学家及翻译官-伯多禄（Pedro Nolasco da Silva)■。这 11 本书中有3 本是他翻译的，剩下8 本是他自己编写的。伯多禄是一位令人感动 的汉学家，他笔耕不綴，直到往生前六个月还在编写汉语教材,《教话指南》就是 在这种情况下写作而成的。其一生编写汉语教材的过程主要分成三个阶段：( 1 ) 早期：1884 年 将 《寓言集》（原名：《0 circulo de conhecimentos em portuguez e china》，知识型教材）翻译成葡文（现存）编写《粤方言和普通话常用句》（原名：《Phrases usuaes dos dialectos de Cantao e Peking》，官话、粤方言教材） ( 现存）1886年 编 写 《汉语实用语法》（原名：《Grammatica pratica da lingua chineza》，官话、粤方言教材）（现存）1889年 编 写 《粤语暨京话词汇和常用句型》（未见）1890年 将 《公馀琐谈》（葡文名：《Licoes progressivas para o estudo da lingua sinica fallada e escripta》，官话课本）翻译成 葡文（现存）1894年 编 写 《普通话和粤语常用句型集》（原名：Compilacao de phrases usuaes e de dialogos nos dialectos de Peking e Cantao官话、粤方言教材）（现存）1895年 编 写 《中文入门》（原名：《Os rudimentos da lingua chine- za》，官话教材）（现存）( 2 ) 中期：1901年 编 写 《汉学书写及口语手册》之第二册《汉语口语：词⑪ 参 考 刘 羡 冰 《双语精英与文化交流》，1994年 ，澳门基金会出版，页 55 - 6 3。
汇》( 原名：《Manual da lingua sinica escripta e fallada》 Ⅱ，官话、粤方言教材）（现存）1902年 编 写 《汉语书写及口语手册》之第一册《汉语的书写、基 本概念及渐进课本》( 未找到）1903年 编 写 《汉语书写及口语手册》之第一册《圣谕广训》（原 名：《Manual da lingua sinica escripta e fa llada》I ，官话 教材）（现存）编写《汉语书写及口语手册》之第二册《汉语口语常用 语对话和会话形式》（未见）( 3 )晚期：1912年 编 写 《教话指南》（葡文名：《Texto chinez da bússola do dialecto cantonense》,课文为中文的粤方言教材) ( 现存）编写《教话指南》（葡文名：《Bússola do Dialecto Cantonense) ，课文为葡文的粤方言教材）( 现存）将《国文教科書》（葡文名：《Kuok Man Kau Fo Shu ：Livro para ensino da literatura nacional》，官话课本）翻译 成葡语（现存）伯多禄是一个不断完善自我的人，其编写或翻译的汉语教材从早期到晚期 内容不断丰富、质量不断提高。在他生命最后阶段编写的《教话指南》就充分体 现了教材的系统性和严密性。伯多禄精通官话和粤方言,所以其著作有的是介 绍官话,有的是介绍粤方言,还有的既介绍官话又介绍粤方言。他编写或翻译 的教材,无论对于当代对外汉语教材编写还是汉语方言研究都具有非常大的意 义。但是这位汉学家的教材并不被澳门以外的学者所熟识，而澳门学者对其研 究也往往从历史的角度加以介绍，所以还需要学者从语言学的角度对其编写的 教材进行系统的研究。纵观这5 6本课本，伯多禄是其中最多产,现存教材最多的汉学家，其他的 汉学家也值得研究。但是限于目前的研究状况，笔者很遗憾未能了解很多教材 编写作者的背景情况，所以还有待进一步深人研究。六、文化价值张西平曾经指出，“在华传教士们用中文写作的这批中文文献是我们考察 欧洲早期汉学时不可缺少的一个重要部分,从汉学的角度来说，这部分文献甚 至是传教士汉学家们的最高学术成就，就是从今天的汉学发展的标准来看，这
