目 錄01 國立公共資訊圖書館資源利用與中小學圖書館之合作......劉採琼02 2014年臺灣高級中等學校圖書館發展與輔導工作及展望....劉文明03 台中市國民中小學圖書教師與學科教師協作教學之案例研究.......................................................賴苑玲04 教師和圖書教師對協作觀點的探討......................陳海泓05 學校圖書館與探究式教學 ─以經典閱讀教學為例.........謝淑熙06 資訊素養教學模式(BIG6) 融入高中職小論文課程分享.....范綺萍07 閱讀藝起來 ..........................................李凱茜08 閱讀心視界—用閱讀翻轉學生語文學習..................宋怡慧09 曙光女中圖書館主題閱讀講座在翻轉閱讀教學的應用與內涵.......................................................曾詩蘋10 誠品 X 苗栗:苗栗山海經」創意閱讀融入圖書館主題探究教學.......................................................黃琇苓11 Library services for minors in mainland China: a comparative research review............................張文彦12 集聚正能量,服務“自主學習”-以無門圖書館為例......陳金菊13 互聯網環境下閱讀推廣實踐研究........................吳淑芬14 學校圖書館和教學的結合..............................陳亞兒15 學校圖書館如何協助自主學習..........................羅惠珊16 信息素養:香港小學教師對圖書館主任的觀感............梁月霞17 重拾文學閱讀的初衷..................................馬輝洪18 學校圖書館推動閱讀活動之經驗淺談....................劉慧敏19 開元故事法 — 如何以故事作情境教育?................彭執中20 2013年澳門圖書館事業發展概況........................王國強21 澳門圖書館暨資訊管理協會會員大會理事會工作報告2014...王國強1101824334351687690106127132139143151188195211217258
國立公共資訊圖書館資源利用與中小學圖書館之合作A cooperative model in combining the resources of public libraries and all level school libraries 劉採琼Tsai-Chyong ,Liu 國立公共資訊圖書館副館長Deputy Director, National Library of Public Information E-mail:p041@nlpi.edu.tw 黃文玉Wen-Yu, Huang 國立公共資訊圖書館閱覽諮詢科科長Chief, National Library of Public Information, Circulation Section E-mail:wenyea@nlpi.edu.tw 【摘要 Abstract】 本報告探討公共圖書館如何建構一個結合中小學校人力與各方資源之合作模式,以發展數位閱讀及推廣資源應用的有利環境。本文並以國立公共資訊圖書館為實例,說明其建構支援教學資料庫、正體中文電子書服務平台,提供中小學校圖書館連結,進行數位閱讀及數位學習;並藉由數位資源推廣小組、班訪工作坊,種子教師培訓及分級認證課程等方式,將圖書館員及學校教師之人力相結合,有效擴散數位資源之應用成果。最後,提出公共圖書館與中小學未來進一步合作推廣數位閱讀,就配合 12 年國教課綱分類電子書及維護管理書目中心等事宜,將是可行方向。 This paper explored a cooperative model in combining the resources of public libraries, schools and other supporters to create a welcoming environment for digital reading and promoting digital resources. In this model, digital resources and services
國立公共資訊圖書館資源利用 與中小學圖書館之合作國立公共資訊圖書館資源利用 與中小學圖書館之合作 A cooperative model in combining the resources of public libraries and all level school libraries 劉採琼 Tsai-Chyong ,Liu 國立公共資訊圖書館副館長 Deputy Director, National Library of Public Information E-mail:p041@nlpi.edu.tw 黃文玉 Wen-Yu, Huang 國立公共資訊圖書館閱覽諮詢科科長 Chief, National Library of Public Information, Circulation Section E-mail:wenyea@nlpi.edu.tw 【摘要 Abstract】 本報告探討公共圖書館如何建構一個結合中小學校人力與各方資源之合作模式,以發展數位閱讀及推廣資源應用的有利環境。本文並以國立公共資訊圖書館為實例,說明其建構支援教學資料庫、正體中文電子書服務平台,提供中小學校圖書館連結,進行數位閱讀及數位學習;並藉由數位資源推廣小組、班訪工作坊,種子教師培訓及分級認證課程等方式,將1
國立公共資訊圖書館資源利用 與中小學圖書館之合作圖書館員及學校教師之人力相結合,有效擴散數位資源之應用成果。最後,提出公共圖書館與中小學未來進一步合作推廣數位閱讀,就配合 12年國教課綱分類電子書及維護管理書目中心等事宜,將是可行方向。 This paper explored a cooperative model in combining the resources of public libraries, schools and other supporters to create a welcoming environment for digital reading and promoting digital resources. In this model, digital resources and services are promoted and popularized. The National Library of Public Information (NLPI), as an example, has been cooperating with universities and high schools to develop digital resources of digital reading and learning, including databases for supporting education, the service platform for Traditional Chinese e-books, etc. For promotion to use, these digital resources are open to schools. NLPI also cooperates with public librarians and school teachers to promote digital resources. The specific cooperative promotion activities were carried out through several methods, including implementing Digital Resources Promotion Team of NLPI to introduce digital resources to teachers and students; holding class visit workshops; offering certificate and credential courses for public librarians and for seed teachers’ training. Finally, this paper discussed the future perspectives that public libraries work with elementary/high schools to classify e-books according to the syllabi of the twelve–year public education and to maintain and manage a bibliography center utility of elementary and high schools. This might be an another feasible direction to promote digital reading. 關鍵字 Keywords 公共圖書館、中小學圖書館、合作 Public library, school library, cooperative model 壹、國立公共資訊圖書館簡介 國立公共資訊圖書館(以下簡稱國資圖)之前身「臺中州立圖書館」成立於民國12 年(西元 1923 年),是一所歷史悠久的公共圖書館。其間歷經兩次搬遷、三次更名及四次改隸,除蒐集、整理、典藏各種圖書資訊、數位資源,推廣閱讀及提供資訊服務外,並負有輔導全國各級公共圖書館之任務。為全國公共圖書館之數位資源雲端中心,兼具實體與虛擬服務,虛實合一之國家級數位公共圖書館。除原有圖書館核心業2
台中市國民中小學圖書教師與學科教師 協作教學之案例研究 升。學生在資訊素養能力前後測無差異,檢視其測驗卷,發現學生在「傳播資訊」及「查尋策略」的層面上答對率有進步。(2)學生在「生物體與營養測驗」平均分數為 86.56(SD=8.67),有三位學生完全答對,比第一次段考(75.33)及第二次段考(81.64)成績高。(3)在六階段的學習中,學生對於提問階段的學習,最有困難,很難提出高層次的探究問題,需要小組成員腦力激盪與教師不斷的協助才能完成。資料彙整階段包含個人資料彙整與小組彙整,各組組員需將資料書寫成摘要再彙整成個人的報告後交給組長,組長再彙整呈小組報告,需要利用課餘時間才能完成。(4)學生認為透過專題探究的學習能瞭解專題的相關知識,這些知識是學生從做中習得的,更能加深印象。(5)對於小組中學習較落後的學生能得到小組中的同儕協助及協作教師的課後輔導,此外,學生的自信心、口語表達、專注力與團隊向心力在此專題探究學習後皆有增強。(6)學生對於 Google 協作平台能提高其學習興趣與小組快速達成共識外,也可以藉由平台互相交流、提供資料與彼此鼓勵。實驗教學半年後再調查,發現學生生物課的小組合作與分組討論及作業完成度比其他班級學生更好,學生甚至會用概念圖作考試前的總複習。(7)兩位協作教師認為協作教學可以提升教師專業成長,希望教學時間能再加長,較能掌握學生學習進度,同時肯定探究式專題學習可以增加學生的專注力與學科表現。 肆、結論與建議 本研究結論為:(1)實施協作教學前學校有完整的規劃,排課時將協作教師的教學時段連續安排,扣住學生學習的連慣性。教師之間能有效地溝通與緊密合作,在課程上作出相應的安排和協調,讓學生的學習過程順利進行。(2)圖書教師與學科教師的協作教學能有效地引導學生積極參與學習活動,同時對於小組中學習較落後的學生藉由小組中的同儕協助或教師的協作課後輔導,經由專題的探究來翻轉其學習。所有學生皆認為探究式專題學習,有助於提升其學科知識的學習及自信心、口語表達及溝通能力。(3)協作教學讓參與教學活動的教師們互相協助教學,使得課程設計具彈性和創意,也讓學生接觸多元化的教學知識,提升其學業成就、資訊素養、閱讀理解及資訊科技能力。教師們建議:(1)可以將此探究式教學納入學校常態性的課程,圖書教師可與不同學科教師協作,針對學科內容22
台中市國民中小學圖書教師與學科教師 協作教學之案例研究 對不同年級學生設計探究式專題教案以培養學生具備 21 世紀學者應有的能力。(2)擬定提問的問題與摘要的書寫需要加長時間教學與練習。 參考文獻 American Association of School Librarians (2009). Standards for the 21st-century learner in action. Chicago, IL: American Association of School Librarians. Carnesi, S. & DiGiorgio, K. (2009).Teaching the inquiry process to 21st centry learners. Library Media Connection, 27(4), 32-36. Kuhlthau, C. C., Maniotes, L., & Caspari, A. (2007). Guided inquiry: Learning in the 21st century. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited. Kuhlthau, C. C., Heinstrom, J., & Todd, R. J. (2008). The ‘information search process’ revisited: Is the model still useful? Information Research, 13(4), Retrieved 8 May, 2015, From http://informationr.net/ir/13-4/paper355.html. OECD (2005). The definition and selection of key competencies. Paris: Author. Su, F., & Beaumont, C. (2010). Evaluating the use of a wiki for collaborative learning. Innovations in Education & Teaching International, 47(4), 417-431. Yu, C.T., Fong, C. S., Kwok, W. K., Law, S. M., Chu, S.K.W. & Ip, I. (2011). Using Google Sites in Collaborative Inquiry Projects in General Studies. Paper presented at CITE Research Symposium 2011, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. 23
教師和圖書教師對協作觀點的探討和評鑑,成為真正的教學夥伴,增進協作成功的機會。 (四)增加圖書教師的能量 圖書教師在統整教學的平均數僅 2.36,顯示圖書教師需參與資訊素養融入學科領域、主題探究學習等協作教學模式的研習。圖書教師增能後,的研究可增加教師和圖書教師的訪談,了解促進教師和圖書教師質夥伴關係所需的更多細節,藉以增進學生的學科學習內容和資訊素養知能。 參考文獻教育tem/news_item.aspx?key=120始能增加信心,並與教師立於平等地位,達成高層次的協作統整教學。 (五)增加質性訪談 未來優部國教司(2010)。試辦國小專責圖書館閱讀推動教師,營造校園閱讀氛圍。檢索自http://www.greenschool.moe.edu.tw/sys 陳海 與協作模式之初探。教. Bain nal 泓(2014)。教師和圖書教師協作量表之編製育資料與圖書館學,51(3) 411-444。Doi:10.6120/JoEMLS.2014.513/0603.RS.AM AASL & AECT (1998). Information power: Building partnerships for learningChicago, IL: American Library Association. AASL (2007). Standards for the 21st-century learner. Chicago, IL: Author. AASL (2009). Empowering learners: Guidelines for school library programs. Chicago, IL: Author. bridge, J., Carbonaro, M., & Wolodko, B. (2002). Teacher professiodevelopment and the role of the teacher librarian. International ElectronicJournal for Leadership in Learning, 6(12). Retrieved from http://iejll.synergiesprairies.ca/iejll/index.php/ijll/article/view/442 S. K., Tse, S. K., Loh, E. K., & Chow, K. (2011). Collaborative inquiry Chu,project based learning: Effects on reading ability and interests. Library & Information Science Research, 33(3), 236-243. doi:10.1016/j.lisr.2010.09.008on Graziano, K. J., & Navarrete, L. A. (2012). Co-teaching in a teacher educaticlassroom: Collaboration, compromise, and creativity. Issues in Teacher Education, 21(1), 109-126. 31
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學校圖書館與探究式教學 ─以經典閱讀教學為例 學校圖書館與探究式教學 ─以經典閱讀教學為例 謝淑熙 摘要 探究式教學是整合學習策略與應用網路資源,規劃出探究導向的教學活動。本研究的目的旨在探討探究式教學法融入經典閱讀教學,對學生學習成就之影響。教學目的是引導學生閱讀經典古籍,並學會如何利用圖書館網路資源,搜尋網路資訊、分析整理、及群組的學習及知識共享,提升學生對閱讀主題的了解,以增進批判性思考能力,並強調個人閱讀心得寫作與小組研究報告分享,以達到學生對該經典的閱讀有充分的認知能力,並樹立正確的人生觀及培養優美的情操。 關鍵詞:學校圖書館、探究式教學法、網路資訊、經典閱讀教學、孔子 壹、前言 在知識經濟蓬勃發展的時代中,知識已成為運籌帷幄決勝千里的關鍵。多元化的教育思潮,不斷衝擊著臺灣的未來,因此終身學習已成為前瞻未來的指標。世界管理大師彼得、杜拉克(Peter Drucker)曾經指出:「人類的歷史上,再也沒有比此時更重視知識的價值了。」的確,在科技文明日新月異的時代裡,要提昇國民的素質,就要落實終身學習的教育目標,全面推展學習型組織,培養能夠終身學習的國民,並積極推動全民閱讀運動,以提昇知識競爭力。面對多元文化社會的變遷,我們必需提供多樣化的教材,引領學生懂得明辨是非、思考問題,有能力活用知識來解決問題。 美國學校圖書館員學會 (American Association of School Librarians,簡稱 AASL)曾於 2007 年提出「21 世紀學習者應具備的準則」(Standards for the *文學博士,現任職臺北市立大學、國立臺灣海洋大學、私立新生醫護管理專科學校通識中心兼任助理教授。33
學校圖書館與探究式教學 ─以經典閱讀教學為例 組的合作,從事知識的分享與建構,並學會負責的態度。以求新求變的信念,來提高學校教育的品質,使每位莘莘學子在快樂的學習環境中茁壯成長。 參考文獻 1 吳智雄、顏智英(2014)。《生命.海洋‧相遇-詩文精選》(2 版):臺北市,五南出版社。 2 陳欣蘭(2007)。〈論探究式教學法在社會科教學上的應用〉,《網路社會學通訊》,第 67 期。 3 劉美芳(2004)。〈簡介探究式教學法〉。《數學與科學教育》,試刊 1,頁29-34。 4 邱子修(2009)。〈結合跨文化視野於數位華語文學教材的閱讀策略〉 (Integrate Transcultural Perspectives into Reading strategies of Chinese Literary e-textbooks),第六屆全球華文網路教育研討會。 5 符碧真 (2012)。〈知識花園的探險樂趣:探究式教學法〉,國立臺灣大學教學 發展中心,電子報。http://ctld.ntu.edu.tw/_epaper/news_detail.php?nid=116。6 梁淑貞、陳秀騰(2001)。香港培正中學:教師進修日 2001 年,專題研習。 7 謝州恩、吳心楷(2005)。〈探究情境中國小學童科學解釋能力成長之研究〉,《師大學報:科學教育類》50 卷 2 期,頁 1-27。 8 洪振方(2003)。〈探究式教學的歷史回顧與創造性 探究模式之初探〉,高雄 師大學報 15 期,頁 641-662。 英文文獻: American Association of School Librarians, “Standards for the 21st Century Learner,” American Association of School Librarians, 2007, accessed July 15, 2014, 41
學校圖書館與探究式教學 ─以經典閱讀教學為例 http://www. ala.org/aasl/sites/ala.org.aasl/files/content/ guidelinesandstandards/learningstandards/ AASL_LearningStandards.pdf. Dodge, B. (1995). "WebQuests: A Technique for Internet-Based Learning." Distance Educator, 1(2), 10-13. [EJ 518 478] Cordeiro, P., & Campbell, B. (1995), Problem-Based learning as cognitive apprenticeship in educational administration., (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 386 800). Finke, R. A. (1990). Creative imagery: Discoveries and inventions in visualization. Hillsdale, NJ : Erlbaum. Reed, S. K., & Johnsen J. A. (1975). Detection of parts in pattems and images. Memory and Cognition, 3, 569-575. 42
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewLibrary services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research review Zhang Wen-yan,Wang Hui,Christopher Peter Clarke in LIS of Nankai University Abstract To gain a better understanding of library services for the youth and to narrow the gap between Chinese and overseas studies, this paper focuses on the most important and relevant research conducted in Mainland China. This paper demonstrates that these research projects have not received sufficient attention or support from government departments and parent organizations. In addition, China’s scientific publishing mechanisms and academic quality are still far away from satisfactory at present. The classification and subject of current research has been relatively general and superficial, despite the expanding number of studies on library services for minors. The research produced so far has only scratched the surface. The relevant Chinese research in the LIS field has reflected only a limited perspective, according to comparative research conducted abroad, and pedagogical and psychological studies conducted in Mainland China. Although the situation has been problematic, the studies examined in this paper and the commentaries still have shed light on the current development of library services for youths and their future prospects. KeywordsLibraries, reading promotion, minors, youth, research reviewIntroductionIn this research, 'minors' refers to citizens under the age of 18 years old. This stage of life including childhood and other teen years is the golden age for enhancing reading ability; At the same time, various libraries have included children's library services around the world, and school libraries are an essential and necessary public resource for comprehensive quality education. Many researchers have examined the influence of reading on youth development around the world. Libraries should also always offer good services for minors, which is an inherent requirement of the library profession’s philosophy, mission, and core responsibilities. UNESCO published its 'Public Library Manifesto' in 1994, which declared that 'This Manifesto proclaims UNESCO's belief in the public library as a living force for education, culture and information…All age groups must find material relevant to their needs' (UNESCO & IFLA, 1994).The Manifesto clearly stated that the core missions of public libraries are: '1. Creating and strengthening reading habits in children from an early age; 2. Supporting both individual and self-conducted education as well as formal education at all levels… 4. Stimulating the imagination and creativity of children and young people… 11. Facilitating the development of information and computer literacy skills' (UNESCO106
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research review& IFLA, 1994). The 'Public Library Manifesto' has universal significance for professional librarians worldwide, affirming children as members of society with rights to equal access to public library services and literature resources. From the perspective of all public libraries and other types of children-oriented libraries, services for children must be maintained, and public libraries must dedicate sufficient attention and resources to this mission and its responsibilities. Since the founding of the New People’s Republic of China, however, due to the limited economic situation and emphasis on culture and education coupled with the extremely limited professional services capability, Chinese teenagers have been under-served in most adult library settings. The establishment of an independent children’s library system in China was probably due to China’s large population base and heavy service load of public libraries for various readers in those years. As part of the public library system in Mainland China, an independent children's library system can better serve teenagers and focus its expertise on this specialized task. This system was established during the 1940s and 1950s in certain large cites of Mainland China, and until recently, there were about 100 children’s libraries nationwide. These have been mostly located in mid-sized or large cities in the eastern region of China. School libraries are also crucial for primary and secondary education as a whole. This paper consists of a relatively comprehensive research review and analysis on the domestic library services for minors (including school libraries and Children’s libraries belonging to the public library system) mainly during the first decade of the 21st Century in Mainland China1. This has been combined with an overview of relevant foreign research during more than the last five decades, which was previously explored in a Chinese article written by the author (Zhang, 2014) published in Library and Information Service, edited and published by National Science Library of Chinese Academy of Sciences, along with a summary of the main features and weakness of related selective research in Mainland China. The eight categories of relevant overseas research outlined below are completely drawn from this research paper. 1 We only review the research during last decade in the paper, that dues to the related research of mainland China was close to empty state throughout 20th Century. 107
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewA RESEARCH REVIEW OF MAINLAND CHINESE RESEARCH The relevant selected literature was mostly accessed through the Library access point in the Local Area Network of Nankai University as a campus user. China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) is the main source of Chinese academic papers and the most frequently used tool by scholars in China, therefore relevant sources were identifed through the use of electronic research databases, predominantly the full-text database (including periodicals, dissertations and conference papers) of CNKI. Partially the full-text literature was also sourced from the Local Area Network of Sun Yat-sen University’s library in Guangzhou and the paper collections of Nankai University Library, Tianjin Library and the National Library of China in Beijing especially for the monographs. Up until October 2014, the comprehensive literature search was undertaken with the topic of this review being 'library service for minors in Mainland China' A range of relevant search terms were employed including 'library service for minors', 'children’s library', 'juvenile', 'children', 'minor', 'youth', 'middle school student', 'service', 'extracurricular reading' ,'reading promotion' (in Chinese) as well as a wide range of search techniques, for example, discipline and specialty searches, retrieval using search connectors and so on. Currently, the vast majority of relevant research in Mainland China comprises experience-based strategies (Jin, 2002; Jin, 2009; Liu, 2005; Lv, 2002; Rong, 2010; Wu, 2001; Wu, 2003; Zeng, 2011; Zhang, 2000; Zhang, 2002; Zhou, 2001; Zhu, 2011: 86-87) and simple introductory articles of specific services (Chen, 2004; Chen, 2012; Cunningham, 1998; Lai, 2000; Li, 2003; Liu, Feng and Chen, 2009; Liu, 2011; Rong, 2010; Sin, 2012). Their research depth and scientific value are limited, that is, most research contained only superficial descriptions instead of the explorations of laws and theories. Several problems were observed in the research, including paucity of empirical evidence, scope of the inquiry, incorrect research approaches, and domestic and foreign dialogues. Their implications for future development are very limited, thus, these papers have been simply listed or cited for background information and reference in this review paper. In recent years, sporadic papers and investigative reports were published in Mainland China on library services for minors using quantitative (Liang, 2012; Lu, 2013) and qualitative (Wang, Sun and Wang, 2013: 41-52) empirical evidence, but the volume of such research is still very limited. There were approximately 105 related referenced articles and three monographs utilized, and the reviewed articles belonged to about 31 different journals. Although only a relatively small number of references were collated, this sample represented the current situation, level of research in this field and the possible trends of developments in Mainland China. The highly ranked relevant academic journals in Mainland China include Library Work and Study, Library Tribute, the Journal of Library Science in China, Library Theory and Practice and Library et al. There was no journal devoted exclusively to library services for minors in Mainland China at the time this paper was written. The lack of research on this topic was notable in the literature both on public libraries and school libraries. This could have been partially caused by the challenges in collecting, linking, and analyzing data at different levels 108
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewof observation using qualitative or quantitative empirical methods. Meanwhile, dialogue and interaction between the Chinese and international research communities had not yet emerged, or had only in some minimal and unreported cases. Therefore, research on this topic in Mainland China is still at a very early stage of development. Currently, in order to form an effective guidance structure and scientific organization of the booming practice of domestic library services for minors in China, more significant and representative papers, books, and research reports are needed. Usage of modern and commonly accepted research paradigms including positivist, post-positivist, interpretivist, critical and design-based research is urgently required, especially within high-level research such as PhD dissertations, and papers published in domestic or international authoritative academic journals. As it stands, relevant research utilizing scientific paradigms has only surveyed adults, and little attention had been given to the subject of library services for youth. In summary, although the current research on this topic is rather inadequate, research on library services for minors still shows potential and is considered a promising subject by a few experts in Mainland China. After examining the target literature one by one, we found that nearly all papers fall under one of four categories: according to their content and research focus: the evolution of library service for minors, information access and delivery, user studies, and the literature research (including bibliographic studies). The following sections discuss the literature in each of these areas.a) THE EVOLUTION OF LIBRARY SERVICES FOR MINORSGenerally speaking, domestic research on this subject is comparatively abundant and diverse in content, and can be treated as the strong point of current Mainland Chinese research. The referenced literature on this sub-category total more than forty papers excluding many with similar content deemed of too low quality (a general focus or published in low-ranked journals) to be included in the present study. This section of the study can be divided into two parts (concerning the geographic scope and study population). The authors covered both national research on the current situation and local introductory research on specific projects, organization, and successful initiatives. First, referring to the above-mentioned broader national studies, Lai and Zeng primarily reviewed the development of Chinese library services for minors during the 1970s (Lai and Zeng, 2000: 72-74, 83), focusing on several areas including automation, service facilities, and human resource development. They concluded that the library consciousness of Chinese society was still rather weak and that this hindered the development of children's librarianship in Mainland China as a result. They suggested that children's librarianship should seize the opportunities offered by China's rapid economic development and pay full attention to the modernization and informatization of libraries. Liu (2004), who carried out her research for master’s degree in Sun Yat-sen University in Guangzhou, investigated 109
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewstudents in three junior high schools in Macau utilizing random sampling through 388 valid questionnaires of 416 questionnaires in all, and examined their motivation for reading, the reading types and sources they made use of, and the teachers’ attitudes toward secondary students’ extracurricular reading. They found that the uppermost reading motivations of students in Macau were increasing knowledge and wasting time, and that extracurricular materials were mainly bought by themselves or borrowed from libraries. Their teachers also seldom encouraged them to read extra readings, and this, coupled with the negative attitudes of their parents, led to negative resistance from the students. Wang (2006) analyzed the current state of the China Children's Library in her Urban Management master's thesis. She applied the Lorentz curve to analyze the degree of imbalance in the regional distribution of children’s libraries, analyzed the growing loss of high-level personnel using time series analysis, and used comparative analysis to determine the differences between children’s libraries in Mainland China and the New York Public Library in terms of funding sources and structures. The study found a conspicuous imbalance between regions and widening gaps in levels of development in China. The proportion of high-ranking employees has been in decline in recent years, the only funding source of Children’s libraries in China was always governmental financial investment. One literature critique was undertaken to analyze the text 'Outline for the Development of Chinese Children' (2011-2020), and developed several guidelines for public library services (Liu and Wu, 2012: 1-3,66). He proposed that professionals should improve service systems, promote parent–child and grade-level reading, and develop awareness of early reading and resources for vulnerable groups of children with potential reading problems. Most of the above papers are based on the authors’ subjective impressions, and systematically lacked significant research evidence including published literature, data, and implications drawn from questionnaires, investigations, and interviews. Nevertheless, the authors are all veterans or scholars in librarianship, so their views still have a certain value. As a chief librarian, Liu (2002) proposed relevant departments of public libraries to influence and guide the operations of school libraries and children's libraries, oversaw the overall standard reading activities, and developed reading plans with the staff in the above institutions to expand services to primary and secondary schools. This showed that even more than a decade ago, he had recognized that the school and its library were both important forces for promoting children's reading outside the public cultural service system in Mainland China. However, presently, the educational and cultural systems of the vast midwestern regions and some schools located in developed eastern China (except the more normative schools in developed regions) had not recognized the importance of school libraries, and neither did society as a whole. Since the new 'Cultural Strategy' formulated and announced by the 18th CPC2 National Congress in 2011, the authors believed that society as a whole, as well as the Party and government, would pay more attention to librarianship and adolescents in the country, and that many problems in the development of librarianship would be naturally resolved in the overall development process. The process of professionalization in Chinese librarianship is also essential. As a veteran promoter of Chinese children's reading, As one partner to write the following book, A Jia saw the necessity of libraries in society and commented that: 2 CPC is short for Communist Party of China, the CPC National Congress is an important meeting for CPC as the ruling party in China, and also have a significant impact on the future development of the whole country. 110
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research review'There are many people in the world to do such a thing… connecting kids and books...the linking mechanism is rather important...One of the most critical connecting links is the library...now I find the usage of public libraries and school libraries relatively low, and there are very few books that could really attract the children; there is a serious problem about whether the domestic library system is professionally run…. (There is a need for training.) Right now we are doing “Seed story people” activities3, training activities for the Capital Library of Mainland China... rich books are one thing, rich opportunities are another matter, which is an idea' (Mei et al., 2008:55)4. The second section of this category reviews the more detailed research on different populations. It includes case studies and analysis of other advanced types of library services for minors appearing in China and abroad. In particular, it introduces projects, organizations, or websites, including Finland’s 'Marita' Children's Literature Library Service website, Zhang’s research (2009) on the reading situations of the students in Shanghai middle schools, and other literature on American and Japanese library services for minors. The research content in Mainland China includes specific introductions to China Children’s Information Big World (Li, 2003: 37-38), 'the volunteers in plan' activities in the Children's Library (Liu, Feng and Chen, 2009: 307-311), Wenzhou Children's Library’s 'no-pressure reading,' (Zhang, 2012: 113-114), and Children Services in Dalian Children’s Library, among many other initiatives (Chen, 2012: 105-107). As the principal of a distinguished school, Peng (2012) had promoted children's reading for many years. He wrote about his experiences running a successful school and about his ideas for advancing children's and young adults’ reading. He believed that children’s stories could benefit the spiritual growth of children, and that librarians should pay crucial attention to the development of children’s reading culture. He also suggested that reading should become a lifestyle for children and that they should be given more freedom in reading during their growth. Lu (2013) performed a quantitative empirical study of a large sample size in a Shanghai middle school on students’ reading on the basis of a survey. She reported on the Shanghai children's perceptions of libraries, their library utilization, their ideas of the ideal library, and the contexts of their extracurricular reading. She concluded that the school libraries in Shanghai should further strengthen their hardware and software options, so as to provide better service for the development and reform of education and meet the information needs of children. However, as the study only used descriptive statistical analysis, the research only described surface phenomena and their characteristics; the theoretical depth and hierarchy of the research results were both limited. As these examples demonstrate, in recent years, Mainland Chinese researchers (including 3 This is a free activity initiated by the Red Mud Cultural Development Corporation for public welfare; it currently is performed and organized by the Capital Library of China. The main content of this activity is training adult volunteers to read out loud to children in communities and schools. This activity is funded by the Capital Library; its facilities and equipments are also contributed by the library. The trainer in this activity is from the corporation. 4 The monograph was a record of one symposium led by Mei Zi-han, which there were six experts or scholars who are all dedicated to children’s reading or children’s literature in China to join in. They all expressed their own views on children’s books and the methods of children’s reading. The book supplied valuable and applicable guidance for the groups which was starting to focus on children’s reading in Chinese society, including parents, schools, kindergarten teachers and the children’s reading researchers. 111
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewthose in library science, education, the Chinese language study and other disciplines) have become increasingly concerned about library services for minors, leading to better understanding and research in the area. Overall, however, current research results could still be improved both in quantity and quality due to the poor scientific attributes of most individual research in China. Most research conducted here only utilizes questionnaires which do not use any empirical sampling or standardized scales, or the descriptive application research which only introduced one specific institution or project. Application of theory and methods of social statistics and qualitative research are very limited, not to mention the assessment of the quality of the statistical data (including the crosschecking of data). There are only a few papers with some 'scientific attributes', which mentioned 'data from surveys', 'the hypothesis' and 'sampling', but as there was rarely good measurement methods or very rigorous sampling procedures, the reliability of the research results were limited. The applications of scale and normative questionnaires were often neglected by Chinese scholars in LIS, so the validity of their research results is low. The samples studied (e.g Institutions surveyed and samples of junior students) and the analysis methods of the only few quantitative empirical studies were very limited, frequently around 300 in each study, and the samples explored in some studies were even lower than 150 (Yu, 2012: 28-29, 45-50). Hence, no matter whether they are quantitative or qualitative studies, their applicability and practical value need to be further investigated. The domestic inferential statistical researchers with formal academic training presently required to verify these theories are still extremely scarce. On the one hand, regarding internal validity, the exploration of the other possible explanations and good measurement methods was far from enough, and the attention of scholars was often limited by institutions such as libraries and information centers. On the other hand, because researchers only had limited capabilities and social relations, obtaining a sufficient sample was often very difficult for them, and they therefore utilized convenience sampling (samples are mostly less than 200), a sampling procedure which is not precise enough leading to a lack of external validity. Consequently, from an often unrepresentative sample, the findings can not be extrapolated to the population outside of the sample, affecting the scientific accuracy of many studies. b) INFORMATION ACCESS AND DELIVERYThere were about 50 Chinese papers referenced on this subject. The authors found that a few papers could be classified into two or three subjects; In such a case the author just selected the most suitable subjects and made the following classifications. ⑴ Digital Library ServicesA body of research already exists on the development of children’s digital libraries. Chen (2013) made an overall need analysis of children’s digital libraries in terms of several factors including hardware and software, resource construction, operation mechanisms, and team building, and also drew a basic blueprint for the future construction of such a library. Song (2006) outlined the many shortcomings of traditional children's libraries—they found it difficult to meet the needs of children and making use of the existing services, for instance. However, she argued that research progress and improved online information organization, column settings in the users’ interface, and information retrieval, could improve the poor quality of service in current traditional children's libraries to some extent. She examined the 112
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewcases of China Children’s Information World and the International Children's Digital Library, and proposed five principles of Children's Digital Library Information Architecture as follows: They must be goal-oriented, user-oriented, content-driven ('content is king'), balanced in structure and content, and designed to combine adaptation and guidance. To more precisely grasp child users’ information needs and retrieval preferences, this study also collected first-hand data through questionnaires for parents and students, and put forth suggestions on web information organizations and columns settings, and finally proposed network classification retrieval system tables. From this review, we found that the Mainland Chinese had already paid special attention to the research and practical implementation of children’s digital libraries, and according to the authors’ experiences and common social knowledge, the Chinese always have greater interests and higher expectations on digital library and electronic equipment, rather than physical collections and the library itself. Thus, scholars, librarians and leaders in Mainland China have to further invest in the study and practice of such topics, specifically, strive to conduct normative scientific research on the Chinese Children's Digital Library and the constructions of real digital libraries in the country in order to approach even reach an international advanced level in the long term. (2) Other specific services 'Specific Services' means specific information services for children in libraries open to minors. They can selectively impact children at all levels, frequently with profound and positive effects. The following review summarizes relevant research, including topics such as reading guides (Chen, 2012: 132), digital references (Li, 2009: 58), web information architecture (Song, 2006: 1), toy libraries (Bi, 1983: 15), and service evaluation (Wang et al, 2013: 41-48). Zhang (2007) mentioned that the knowledge services of libraries included reading instruction, document retrieval, online lending, reading activities, and other projects. Her thesis examined, compared, and analyzed the current situations of knowledge services in the U.S., France, Japan, Russia, and Mainland China. Chinese samples were obtained from two children’s libraries in Guangdong Province. This study concluded with six relevant questions and five directions that offered innovation. The current problems included collection development, classification, independent organizational structure, law and legislation, architecture environment, the quality of the human resources. She suggested the following directions including strengthening the cooperation between librarianship and society, strengthening knowledge services for community adolescents, developing specialized services, speeding up the construction of Children's Library websites, enlarging the relevant research and developing the theoretical system of children's library service. Li (2009) identified five primary service modes of domestic children’s libraries through investigations of the reference websites of twenty libraries. She found that regional differences were evident, information resources for online references were increasingly rich, purchases of the databases were insufficient, and service modes were diverse. Finally, the paper revealed the users’ preferences for information searches and services through a case study of the Guangzhou Children's Library. Wang et al. (2013) applied Delphi and hierarchical analysis methods to establish a synthesized evaluation indicator system including combined elements such as library management, user perception, and social influence. The evaluation indicators system contained multidimensional indicators of the library, such as inputs, outputs, and outcomes—examination of impacts in particular focused on library inputs and benefits to participants. Overall, studies on this topic have been growing more fruitful in recent years. The research community and the research perspectives 113
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewhave both rapidly and continuously expanded. Research in related areas, especially qualitative and quantitative empirical research, has become much more valuable and meaningful than speculative-style research. The authors believe that the limited studies conducted in Mainland China have not yet encompassed all the areas and issues of library services for minors. Simultaneously, the specific implementation of library services urgently needs to be guided by relevant theory. Therefore there appears to be a promising future for research in this area. (3) Strategy Research The famous domestic LIS expert, Prof. Yu (2003), argued that library science is nurtured and developed by the accumulated experience of librarians. Specifically, Chinese library science has never experienced the scientific baptism during nearly a century of development that the West went through; therefore it has remained weaker than the western theoretical construction. Following these assumptions, the relevant research papers in China are commonly found with apparent operational and empirical attributes. Except for many specific research strategies with strong operability (maybe too many), there is also plenty of literature containing recommendations and advice for work. Potentially this research can be helpful and inspire practical implementation in the real world. Liang (2012) asserted that children had emotionally rich and fragile psyches; their emotional status would directly control their every move. Library services must therefore include specific services addressing these emotional characteristics to focus exclusively on children's needs. Librarians must improve hardware and software environments as mentioned above. They should build information-rich, warm, and friendly reading environments, and also cultivate quality software environment; that is, librarians themselves need to become the popular 'Librarian Mom' and the respected 'Teacher Librarian' to build a reading context that is nurturing and comforting for children. The Nanning City Children's Library was taken as a case study example and presented its concept of innovation and how it widely cooperated with other organizations in the community (Zhou, 2013: 55-57). The innovations in this library’s operations were apparently reflected in their book circulation stations, automobile library and self-service stations. Children's libraries should cultivate 'developmental reading' in children with the following three objectives in mind (Jiang, 2006: 148-151): the transition of the reading paradigm from general to particular reading, the transition of reading spaces from enclosed classrooms to open spaces outside as well as the transition of the reading objects from accumulation of knowledge to developmental reading. Finally, the study cited Dong-Mei’s perspectives on reading promotion: 'parents.' Liu (2005) considered the development of individuals’ reading ability (especially the youth) an important and indispensable part of librarianship; this view was also advocated by others both in Mainland China and abroad. He believed that Chinese children’s libraries should focus on reading, and all librarians should consider cultivating independent readers as their motto. These statements aptly summed up the two vital keys to reading promotion and the guarantee of library resources for minors. The authors concluded that comprehensive and detailed strategies still need to be developed if the full potential of library services for minors is to be realized.C) USER STUDIESIn the past 30 years, many countries, including the U.S, Canada, Australia, and the United 114
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewKingdom, have conducted substantial large-scale surveys and studies on the impacts of school libraries nationally and at state-based levels. These studies were mostly government organized and financed. The majority of survey results clearly demonstrated a significant correlation between the students’ standardized test scores and the conditions of school library services. Simultaneously, the presence of a skilled librarian, a strong and varied range of resources, and robust collaboration between the librarian and teaching departments were common themes across the various studies. (Gildersleeves, 2012: 403-413) As of today, little of such research has been conducted by Asia-Pacific countries (including official investigations in Mainland China). Relevant individual research investigations have also been rare, and their data analysis and processing methods revealed significantly simplistic and superficial tendencies, as did their conclusions, which reflect a huge gap between the developed countries and Mainland China in culture, education, and social awareness levels. This simplistic and superficial tendency in research is probably due to the lack of knowledge on the methods and tools for empirical quantitative and qualitative research among researchers and practitioners. There were only about ten Chinese papers on this topic found in the authors’ searches. The following studies can be delineated into three types of research: speculative discourse, descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics. Chen Chen’s paper (2004) could be treated as the first type, he assumed that the educational function of a children's library would change along with the development of policy and the evolution of educational philosophy; children's libraries should take the initiative to historically adapt attested processes of development, build a complete 'student assistance' mechanism, and expand their capabilities. The differences between the next two articles and the previously discussed large-scale investigations in developed countries were substantial in many aspects for instance research ideas, questions to be resolved, project costs, and scale. The research was initiated by individuals, with the individual student as the sample unit, whereas the research object of the previously discussed investigations was always a single school. The second type could be represented by Qu’s paper (2013), he used descriptive statistical methods to measure the relationship between college entrance examination scores of high-school graduates and their perspectives on libraries. The paper mainly examined the relationship between cumulative entrances scores (particularly Chinese language scores) and the total number of books borrowed. It concluded that 'extracurricular reading should be moderate, but more is not better,' 'promotion of extracurricular reading should not blindly pursue quantity, but also focus on the level and quality of reading...rational readings must be used to support timely quality education...never be accomplices to examination-oriented education.' (Qu, 2013: 22-23) The papers belonged to third research type above mentioned are increasingly scarce, we could take Yu’s dissertation (2012) as an example. She studied the effects of secondary school library services on students’ academic achievements using questionnaires and interviews in Suzhou City. She concluded that in the examination-oriented educational mode of the current education system, there was no statistically significant correlation between the use of the school library and the students’ academic performance. Teachers and students perceived that the school library would be helpful for students' academic performance to some extent, but its benefits were not obvious. There were only three kinds of library-specific services in the design that could have a significantly positive impact on students' test scores. The most vital ways in which school libraries impacted students were 115
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewimproving their reading abilities(including facilitating students’ access to books), providing the students with a suitable reading atmosphere, providing literature resources to help students with their learning activities, and developing social practices. Several in-depth interviews with teachers identified the main reason for the limited role of school libraries in schools, wherein the current educational model in Mainland China the value and role of school libraries has not yet been fully realized. Although school libraries themselves can significantly affect students’ abilities in quality education systems, this did not hold in the school examined in the study. This also suggests that research findings from studies on the impact of school libraries conducted abroad may not apply to all educational contexts: their validity is greatly affected by the education model. The studies outlined above demonstrate that different research paradigms lead to completely different conclusions: The conclusions of the first study seemed general and vague, with limited scientific persuasiveness. Relatively speaking, the second and third studies and their conclusions, supported by the actual data and scientific algorithms, were significantly more credible and specific, they also seemed to be easier to understand and communicate. They thus fully reflected the superiority of their research paradigm. The third study investigated a variety of domestic and foreign research literature, and applied both quantitative and qualitative empirical research methods. We found its theoretical contributions and ultimate value would significantly exceed those of the other studies.d) A HOLISTIC STUDY OF THE RELEVANT LITERATUREConsiderable research had been conducted on the development of children’s libraries in Mainland China and from this Chinese literature reviews focused on the subject have also widely appeared. The present study has referenced about ten literature reviews on library service for minors. This section introduces three related research reviews or summary-style research using bibliometric methods. Chen (2004) first proposed the current development and reform strategies of children’s library science. He believed that research on this subject in China was still far from mature, its theoretical exploration was somewhat superficial, and the application of research methods to the topic was incomplete and limited. The role of children’s library science particularly appeared to be further diminished when traditional libraries faced necessary restructuring. The research paradigms in this area were influenced largely by traditional research conventions; the lack of innovation, awareness, and backward conditions of research tools were both constraints in Chinese research. Thus, He suggested that researchers combine qualitative and quantitative methods to improve the accuracy and reliability of their studies, and in particular, to strengthen the actual investigations and quantitative analysis to convincingly grasp the relationship among all aspects of the research objects. One earlier research project (Lai and Zeng, 2000: 72-74, 83) also drew the same conclusions in its data analysis of related articles published in LIS journals during the 1970s. Hu (2012) drew a more positive conclusion from his study, which focused on journal articles and related conference proceedings published from 1992 to the end of October 2011 in Mainland China. His study described numerous features of the relevant research such as publication dates and types, the publications themselves, the authors’ geographic location, the agencies which had a large amount of work published, and high-yield and frequently 116
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewcited authors. The study found that the top three provinces for production of relevant research were Liaoning, Guangdong, and Zhejiang. The yielding dispatch agencies were also mainly from these three provinces; the vast majority of children’s libraries had conducted academic research, but more than 70% of total library staff have never carried out research. The study finally concludes that the period from 2002 to 2011 was a vitally important stage for research development (initial stage and development stage) in Mainland China, and at present, Chinese research in the field has been in a period of transition toward a mature stage. These studies revealed that Chinese academic research on the topic of library services for minors has progressed to some extent, but still remains immature. The main reason for this is that most individuals staff members have not been sufficiently motivated to pursue it further. In addition, research across different regions of China has been extremely uneven. Related research in developed areas has already cultivated a high degree of interest, but generally speaking, research methods and tools in this area were outdated, and the level and depth of research were both limited. Thus, research on the subject in Mainland China urgently needs to improve in its complexity, the extent of regulation, and level of scientific sophistication. The field of library science in Mainland China faces tough tasks ahead, such as changing its attitudes, updating its research methods, and expanding its practice platforms lines.117
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewCONCLUDING COMMENTS ON THE RESEARCH OF CHILDREN-ORIENTED LIBRARIES IN MAINLAND CHINA a) THE UNIQUE PUBLISHING MECHANISM IN MAINLANDCHINA The quality of published papers is always closely linked with the publishing mechanisms utilized. Chinese papers are no exception. The three sub-reviews system of the publication had been implemented by national authorities since Oct. 1952. In January 1980, the National Publishing Bureau issued the 'Publishing Interim Regulations’, it reiterated the three sub-reviews system and made the corresponding provisions. Generally speaking, the first review of the manuscripts is handed into the junior editors and takes a comparatively short time to complete. This review mainly judges whether the contents, writing and formatting paradigm meet the basic requirements of publication. The second and third reviews are the key for both high-level authors and editors. After the implementation of editing positions appointments in 1986, commonly, a deputy editor and an editor can separately undertake the second and final review. After all, the publication right in scholarly journals is in the hands of the chief editor just as in scientific book publishing which is always treated as the principal part of scholarly publishing in China. At present, the dominant view is that the three sub-review system had become a basic review system in Chinese publishing industry; it provides an important guarantee for the quality of Chinese publications. Currently, however, the three sub-review system has also encountered practical difficulties, especially in the aspect of mechanism design and operation. 37 For the second and third reviews, the evaluations and accountability mechanisms of the editorials are too loose and unenforced. Meanwhile, qualified editors required for second and third reviews also resulted in work overloads. That leads to demotivated editors being devoted to examining each manuscript. In addition, the identification of “qualified editors” in Mainland China lacks rigor and their screening criteria is relatively confusing. The domestic selection criteria of the papers’ reviewers for academic journals tend to depend on their administrative duties and titles. Comparatively, the international journals place emphasis on the reviewers’ academic background and research area; the identifications of experts are mainly decided by their important publications. From the perspective of domestic experts in publishing, in the past ten years, the peer-review system has been rapidly developed along with the internationalization of academic journals in Mainland China. Peer-review, however, has still yet to become the mainstream method of manuscript review, instead, the predominate way of review remains the three sub-review system in place since the 1950s. In accordance with the requirements of the peer review system, China has been reforming the domestic peer review mechanism; part of academic journals at the forefront of the reform also effectively improved the quality of their journal and international level. The role and functions of peer reviewers, as well as the role and effectiveness of the peer review system and other issues are still under intense debate, however, and the opinions have yet to reach a consensus. Generally speaking, the papers produced and edited by domestic academic journals in a variety of publication management systems were largely uneven in quality; the reforms of the editorial system management have become the only choice for enhancing the levels of disciplinary research. In addition, during these years, corruption has impacted many institutions in China, and had already 118
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewhad adverse effects on the academy and Chinese publication.45 For example, some authors drew help from ’Guanxi'5 and 'renqing'6 to make their works easily or easier published. In addition, academic misconduct cases in China have formed a booming underground market, in which the research results of different quality levels can be treated as commodities with various values for sale, resulting in so-called 'academic achievement' without quality assurances. So regarding the institutional reforms and quality improvement of the Chinese scholarly publishing system and academic research activities there is still a long way to go. b) THE CLASSIFICATION OF RELATED RESEARCH.Such research in Mainland China was found to address six of the eight themes delineatedabove. As these categories were proposed and determined by principles of logical structure and content approximation, the gaps between the six themes observed in domestic research and the eight themes observed in developed countries’ were as follows: (1) the total number of classes and the classification styles itself showed that the depth and breadth of Chinese research remains far behind overseas study. (2) Further analysis of these themes could help us determine each sub-theme of the overseas studies. Each region or country has unique themes of focus according to the area’s needs and priorities. For example, the unique themes for relevant research in the U.S are the research on management and regulations, and on the collaborative activities of school libraries and related individuals. Each of these studies was directly related to the core purpose and practical operations of libraries and the vital interests of student readers. In terms of methodology, the vast majority of research studies, especially in the past twenty years, have applied more scientific empirical qualitative or quantitative research methods. The results of these academic studies have a certain persuasive and 5 Guanxi is generally translated as “personal networks” or “connections”, has been a significant element in Chinese culture for several hundred years. It is often characterized as uniquely Chinese, but similar relationships occur in other nations, especially in East Asia. In China guanxi has become especially significant in the last 60 years because it provides the individuals with a patterned, structured set of relationships that to some extent replace the social networks of family, village and clan that are more difficult to maintain in modern China, so it has become a mechanism for dealing with social uncertainty in a complex social environments for Chinese. Nowadays, an established network of quality contacts can help accomplish almost anything, and thus having good guanxi is a rather powerful asset. Its operating mechanism is as follows, a guanxi relationship may lead a person to feel obligated to help someone get a job or a promotion, or, conversely, may lead a person to have the expectation that a connection will help with a job search or a promotion, ect. Those who meet these obligations gain face and status, and expand their guanxi network, refusing to help is a sign of inhumanity and can bring disgrace. In the end, let’s simply put, guanxi can be seen as who you know and what they perceive to be their obligation to you. 6 Renqing as an important vehicle in Chinese social exchanges, that is, human sentiment literally, covers not only that but also the special process of exchanging of resources in some special interpersonal relationship. That could be treated as one kind of core competence for Chinese and other Eastern Asian people in society. The rule of “renqing” in Chinese society as follows: ”If you have received a drop of beneficence from other people, you should return to them a fountain of beneficence”. 119
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewexplanatory power, and influenced leaders’ decision making to some extent. Yet, the problems laid on domestic research were a severe lack of scientific research methods and more profound research questions. Although historical and current research and reviews in this area have been conducted as actively in Mainland China as research from abroad, other relevant areas for Mainland China, such as research on detailed strategies for library services for minors and studies on the impact and function of library service for minors, suffer from an apparent lack of objective data and formalization as their foundation. The following paragraphs will explore this issue in detail. (3) Two themes, research on individual cognitive rules and related strategy and the overall impact of particular libraries on students, have been explored in overseas studies. Such studies also demonstrated the good use made abroad of the relevant principles of pedagogy and psychology. Such research no longer limits itself to the exploration and analysis of surface phenomena; rather, it puts the research focus on exploring the inherent laws and characteristics of the problems. Of these two themes, the former tended to focus on the individual psychology of children, whereas the latter focuses on management decisions and the overall development of the institutions (i.e., the overall impact of library services on different kinds of groups). However, the domestic research community has not yet clearly distinguished between the two themes. (4) Finally, the foreign research community has drawn attention to service management in children's library services. This area is addressed by three topics in the literature, including research on collaborative activities of school libraries and related individuals and institutions, which specifically explores how to objectively measure the performance of library services, or how to substantially upgrade the quality of service using existing resources. However, currently, the domestic research community has not yet drawn sufficient attention to this topic nor initiated significant large-scale research. In summary, the relevant domestic research has been rich in content, but not yet detailed and complete. There remains much room for improvement in the degrees of practical meanings, specification of subject selection, and the research paradigms used.c) THE PARADIGMS ADOPTED BY RESEARCHERS ONCHILDREN’S READING Currently, the research on children’s reading, even on library services for minors in Mainland China, was undertaken mainly in the fields of education, psychology, and some management science. Existing studies or other research results written by the LIS research community on this subject were mostly speculative or descriptive articles with limited theoretical innovation. Thus, this study agrees with some scholar’s conclusions that research on Chinese school libraries lacks quantitative research results based on data and can supply adequate guidance for quality education practice. (Peng, 2012: 4-10) Empirical studies examining the value of primary and secondary school libraries was rare in Mainland China; therefore it was difficult to discern the current impact of the library with objective research data. This resulted in two negative consequences, including a lack of valuable research results that could be used to establish a reliable theory system, and the impossible task of effectively guiding cultural and educational practices (Lai and Zeng, 2000: 72-74, 83). Wang Su-Fang et al.(2013) also noted that some libraries had already carried out reader satisfaction surveys, and outstanding specific cases in Mainland China were documented by the teenagers’ Reading Promotion Committee which was 120
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewestablished to address teen issues and assess management by the Chinese Society of Libraries. Yet generally speaking, Mainland China still lacks a dedicated and rigorous assessment study, especially an impact assessment study for readers. Studies abroad focused strongly on numerous measurements of the benefits to children involved in reading, and research on the impacts of reading activities on participants generally addressed topics such as the amount of reading, reading achievement, reading range and time, confidence levels, social interaction skills, reading attitudes, and learning attitudes. Above all, the Chinese research community has not focused sufficiently on individual psychological development in children. Instead, generally speaking, the administrative departments of education, school leaders, teachers, parents, and other groups solely focused on their academic outcome and intellectual development. This observation should lead to reflection and investigation of the answers of the following questions: how do we perform activities to achieve the designated goals and what kind of data must be collected to determine the impact of library reading activities on users? The answers to these questions could make the practice of library service more scientific and effective. d) SOCIAL AND GOVERNMENT SUPPORT OF RELATEDLIBRARIANSHIP, DEVELOPMENT, AND RESEARCH From the perspective of LIS, serious theoretical research on library services for minors or children's reading should be strengthened. The U.S and some developed European countries have produced several doctoral dissertations from the 1960s onward with titles related to library services for minors. Related academic monographs, textbooks, research reports, journal papers, and proceedings have been continuously published since then. With the growing concern from society as a whole, the U.S. and approximately half its states have conducted large-scale investigations of children's services in school and public libraries from the early 20th century onwards. These studies found a significantly positive correlation between the condition of school library services and student academic achievement. Due to this finding, library management implemented library promotion activities and attempted to influence the management decisions of their superiors to maintain and enhance existing attention on and investments in school libraries. This research was mostly organized by state education authorities or state libraries in the U.S. In stark contrast to the above, theoretical scholars in Mainland China are still far from understanding the importance and urgency of this issue, without the effective guidance of sufficient theory practitioners in China also have less initiative to fight for the Government’s attention and support of the library services for the youth. Correspondingly, concern and support of all levels of government organizations for children’s library services is also much weaker in Mainland China than abroad. Moreover, the overall reading rate and social contexts of reading have not significantly improved among children's groups or Chinese society as a whole yet. In social practice, except for the active fighting for resources of the librarians, there were also misconceptions factors restricting the progress of research and practice. Chen (2012) noted that people perceive that children's service work is still not part of mainstream library work. This misconception must be immediately corrected. Children’s library services in advanced countries have great importance, and the professional community has emphasized the importance of children's education and development for a nation. Wang et al. (1999) also 121
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewnoted that some provincial libraries overlooked their educational functions from the perspective of public library work. The most prominent problems of provincial libraries were not locating services for children in a suitable place, and artificially setting up obstacles to shut out children's groups in society. These tactics not only weakened the social educational functions of provincial libraries, but were also inconsistent with or even contrary to the directives of basic national policy: rejuvenating the country through science and education, scientific concepts of the development of society, and quality education reform7.Research Prospects In the field of theoretical research and pure academic development, there has been a prominent lag in Mainland Chinese research. A famous scholar in LIS in China, Fan BS, even noted, ‘although library services for minors in the public libraries of Mainland China were very rich…but just as in public library research 10 years ago, research on theories of library services for minors in LIS were overseen by the theorists and editors...sources of knowledge of library service staff for minors...mainly depended on the consciousness and careful study of themselves... (It’s the high time) to seriously explore the theories underlying minors’ library service, including relevant basic theory. This has become an urgent topic of library science (Fan, 2014: 87)’. Another authoritative scholar named Wang (2010) also encouraged staff dedicated to academic research and practices to develop and apply relevant research results from education and psychology. Finally, in terms of the dissemination and application of research results, the situation has not been optimistic in China at all. Both quality and quantity normalized research results are still uncommon in Mainland China, and their influence has been even more negligible. However, some educational and psychological experts keen to promote children's reading already have certain influence in society, which has enabled their concepts and practices to effect subtle change. The researchers and practitioners, as well as the officials in the cultural field have been enhancing awareness in this regard. This research field has already had a relatively extensive practice basis and plain fundamental research. The researchers in the field have also been aware of their shortcomings and gaps, also with a strong sense of meeting international standards, thus, there appeared a strong motivation to improve learning. At the same time, 7 The three are all the basic state policies or large actions in current Mainland China. 122
Library services for minors in mainland China: A comparative research reviewdomestic researchers were also more and more aware of their flaws in methodology and epistemology, and tried to improve themselves. For both domestic and international researchers in LIS, the time is already ripe for more large-scale national representative surveys and multivariate analyses; also, comparative and longitudinal research can add depth and breadth to the subject. One might hope that this will begin to systematize the study toward the construction of a richer corpus of theoretical and empirical research in the field. The aggregate research output dealing with the youth would constitute a more significant platform for educational, informational, economic, and political decision making. From a broader perspective of research, the information behavioral theory of youths could become the basis of the theory of information services for minors. This has a more fundamental and central role in the theoretical system. That is, the better we understand adolescent’s information behavior, the better we could serve them and meet their needs; this is especially true for domestic researchers who have not yet recognized this. As part of or one application in the field of information services, the researchers and practitioners in library services for minors should develop a better understanding of information behavior theory; also learn more from it, especially for Chinese LIS researchers.onflict of interestNo conflict of interest associated with this work. References 1. Barzilai-Nahon K (2009) Gatekeeping: A Critical Review. Annual Review of InformationScience and Technology 43(1): 1-79.2. Bates MJ (1976) Rigorous Systematic Bibliography. RQ 16(Fall): 7-26.3. Bi JH (1983) Overseas Toy Libraries built for Disabled Children. Guangdong LibraryJournal 3(3): 15. (Originally Chinese)4. Cai YP (2007) Cai Yuan-pei Education Expo. Peking: Education Science Press. (OriginallyChinese)5. Chan MA (2006) The Chinese Concepts of Guanxi, Mianzi, Renqing and Bao: Theirinterrelationships and implications for international business. Available at:http://www.anzmac.org/conference_archive/2006/documents/Chan_Alvin.pdf (access 7February 2015). 6. Chen F (2004) Expansion of Educational Function of Children’s Library, Library Tribute24(1): 195-197. (Originally Chinese) 7. Chen HQ (2013) The Design and Need Analysis of Children’s Digital LibraryConstruction. HeNan Library Journal 33(6): 74-76. (Originally Chinese) 8. Chen WL and Wang QZ(2012) The Analysis and Thinking of Reading Service inChildren’s Library. Library Tribute 32(4): 132-135. (Originally Chinese) 9. Chen YF (2012) The Social Education Practice and its Strategies of Children in Library.Library Journal 31(6): 105-107. (Originally Chinese) 10. Courtright C (2007) Context in Information Behavior Research. The Annual Review ofInformation Science & Technology 41(1): 273-306. 11. Cunningham A and Stanovich K (1998) What reading does for the mind? AmericanEducator 22(1-2): 8-15. 123
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互聯網環境下閱讀推廣實踐研究 ——以寧波高職院校圖書館為例 互聯網環境下閱讀推廣實踐研究 ——以寧波高職院校圖書館為例 吳淑芬 (寧波教育學院圖書館,寧波,315175) 【摘要】 本文在對寧波 7 所高職院校圖書館閱讀推廣實際情況調研的基礎上,結合 3 所高職院校圖書館開展的閱讀推廣實踐案例,對在互聯網環境下高職院校圖書館閱讀推廣創新模式和運行機制進行詳細的闡述與分析。 【關鍵字】 互聯網;高職院校圖書館;閱讀推廣 Research about reading promotion practice in the Internet environment ——Take Ningbo higher vocational and technical college for example Wu Shufen (Library of Ningbo institute of education,Ningbo,315175) 【Abstract】 Based on the survey of reading promotion in 7 higher vocational colleges in Ningbo city,the paper introduces three typical cases,and analyzes the innovative models and operating mechanism of reading promotion in the vocational colleges under Internet Environment. 【 Key words: Internet 】 Environment ; vocational colleges ; reading promotion 1 引言 閱讀是人類學習知識、傳承文明、互相交流、合作創新的重要方式,是提高人口素質和國家文化軟實力的引擎。一個民族的閱讀史是一個國家成長發展史,由此可見閱讀關係到國家的經濟社會發展。高職院校圖書館作為文獻資訊資源中心,不僅是輔助教學科研、傳承人類優秀文化知識、還是閱讀推廣的重要陣地。因此,有效推進閱讀推廣活動,激發讀者的閱讀興趣,提高閱讀能力和閱讀素養是高職院校圖書館義不容辭的責任和義務。然而隨著現代網路科學技術的迅速發展和社會化媒體的多樣性,越來越多的學生傾向於網路閱讀,閱讀呈現淺層性、功利性、休閒性、娛樂性、碎片化等特點。由中國新聞出版研究院公佈的第十二次全國國民閱讀調查報告顯示數位化閱讀方式的接觸率為 58.1%,較 2013 年的 50.1%上升了 8.0個百分點,呈較快增長趨勢。[1]高職院校作為閱讀推廣的重要引領者,如132
信息素養: 香港小學教師對學校圖書館主任 的角色的觀感 世界經濟 American Association of School Librarians, Association for Educational Communication and Technology 製造業 為主 以資訊為主 交易的主要單位元商品資訊或知識-針對需求而分析所有有效的信息155
信息素養: 香港小學教師對學校圖書館主任 的角色的觀感 35% Q18.請闡述閣下所理解的"資訊素養技能 Please specify in your own words what you understand by the term ‘Information Literacy Skills’ 30% 29% 26% 25% 20% 有效運用資訊 及專重知識產 權 16% Same in Theme 13 15% 11% 11% Same in Theme 13 10% 5% 5% 1% 1% 0% related to copy right issues making good use of the information related to information identifying the credibility of the related to information related to imparting is unclear about it did not answer 與版權 有關 from the resources & observe copyright technology skills 與資訊技 能有關 information 辦識信 息的可 信性 searching skill 與資訊搜 尋技巧有 knowledge directly to students. 與直接傳授知識 給學生有關 不清楚 沒有回 答 Q19181
信息素養: 香港小學教師對學校圖書館主任 的角色的觀感 Q19 182
信息素養: 香港小學教師對學校圖書館主任 的角色的觀感 20.1.科任老師培養學生的資訊素養技能時不需與學校圖書館主任協作 Teachers are able to develop students’ Information Literacy Skills without the collaboration of the teacher librarian. 非常不同意 Strongly disagree 5% 非常同意 Strongly agree 6% 同意Agree 16% 不同意Disagree 32% 不肯定 Not sure 41% 20.2.基礎的師資培訓已訓練閣下教授資訊素養技能。Your initial teacher training course prepared you to teachInformationLiteracySkills.非常不同意Stronglydisagree (4)5%不同意Disagree,(22)30%非常同意Stronglyagree (2)3%同意Agree(24)33%不肯定Notsure (21)29%183
信息素養: 香港小學教師對學校圖書館主任 的角色的觀感 20.1.科任老師培養學生的資訊素養技能時不需與學校圖書館主任協作Teachers are able to developstudents’Information LiteracySkillswithout the collaboration of the teacherlibrarian.非常不同意Stronglydisagree 5%非常同意Stronglyagree 6%同意Agree 16% 不同意Disagree 32% 不肯定Not sure41% 20.2.基礎的師資培訓已訓練 閣下教授資訊素養技能。 Your initial teacher training course prepared you to teach Information Literacy Skills. 非常不同意 Strongly disagree (4) 5% 不同意Disagree, (22) 30% 非常同意 Strongly agree (2) 3% 同意Agree (24)33% 不肯定Not sure (21)29% 184
信息素養: 香港小學教師對學校圖書館主任 的角色的觀感 同意Disagree10%不肯定Not sure 非常同意StronglyAgree 7%7% 同意 Agree57% (與訪談結果主14 相同:題教師有責任教 授學生資訊素養技 能,需要以下培訓 方法,使他們能勝 任: ….Cross-validated by Theme 14:It is the responsibility for all teachers to teach information literacy skills. The following 20.3.閣下需要進一步的資訊素養技能的專業發展。 You have further professional development needs in terms of Information Literacy Skills. 非常不同意Strongly disagree, 0% Q21 “認識學校圖書館主任的角色”與訪談結果主題1 相同: 大家都不清晰法定的學校圖書館主任的角色。185
信息素養: 香港小學教師對學校圖書館主任 的角色的觀感 學校圖書館主任是教學夥伴的舉例。科任老師選擇優質兒童文學書目,圖書館主任供應相關圖書,並利 用”閱讀大挑戰免費網上平臺,擬題協助、引導及測試學生的閱讀理解能力 e.g. of teacher librarian as a teaching partner. Teachers select children’s literature for student reading, teacher librarians provide such titles and set questions to scaffold and guide student reading with the help of the free online platform “Reading Platform”. Please refer to the flyer for the details of “Reading Battle” About 400 titles in the system now General coverage Welcome recommendations by teachers Encompass a variety of genres (e.g. fiction, fairy tales, folklores, biographies, science, history, fables) Divided into 5 levels of reading difficulty Levels Chinese English P1 ~ 10 ~ 30 P2 ~ 40 ~ 40 P3 ~ 40 ~ 40 P4 ~ 45 ~ 25 P5 ~ 10 ~ 3 total 145 140 School-based titles Covers P1-P4 Titles submitted by teachers Each school has a quota of 30 titles 第六屆世界華語學校圖書館論壇 重拾文學閱讀的初衷重拾文學閱讀的初衷──淺析「香港文學深度體驗」計劃的實踐馬輝洪 (香港中文大學新亞書院錢穆圖書館、聯合書院胡忠多媒體圖書館主任)杜嘉興 (香港中文大學香港文學研究中心研究員)麥樂文 (香港中文大學圖書館特藏組館員)讓學生由書本的虛擬世界,走進真實的風景,由實景更見真情,重新認識一個情景交融的新香港。~~ 博愛醫院八十週年鄧英喜中學 1觀察中竟然發現攤檔貨物垂直吊掛、玉器給風吹動的發聲,真是童心童眼出來的結果,不是規範考試測出來的成績。~~~ 小思 2一、前言閱讀不能離開書本,同時閱讀又可超越書本。盧瑋鑾教授多年前提出「文學散步」概念,提倡通過實地考察認識香港文學、文化面貌。盧教授是文學研究者,亦是公認的教育家,她從教育關懷出發,再思文學閱讀策略。「文學散步」的理念在於讓讀者透過親歷其境,直觀感受文學現場,從經歷出發接近讀者與作品的距離,探尋閱讀的各種可能。盧教授多次實踐理念,親自領隊賞析香港文學景點,其後香港政府教育局、香港文學節以及不同的藝術、教育機構亦相繼推行1〈文學散步 「走進香港文學風景:香港文學深度體驗」〉,博愛醫院八十週年鄧英喜中學。(http://www.pohtyh.edu.hk/pastEventPhoto.php?curID=20140416_2)2小思:〈悄然動容〉,《明報》D5,2013 年 6 月 29 日。187
學校圖書館推動閱讀活動之經驗淺談為了加強學校、家庭、社區之間的資源共享,學校亦已向教育暨青年局申請把圖書館部份作為社區化之用,並於2010年3月正式向社區開放。服務對象除了本校師生外,凡屬澳門居民(三歲或以上)及對圖書館有興趣的人士均可入內申請閱覽證到館內閱覽,閱覽室因具有社區性,故多吸引附近社區民眾前來使用,附近社區的讀者,則多為該校的家長及其子女;館方因集合較多資源,吸引的讀者較不限於高士德區附近居民。 (二)培正圖書館推動閱讀活動之情況 培正中學圖書館由2004年開始,每年均舉辦閱讀活動,主要以圖書館利用教育及閱讀推廣為主力,另外亦有配合特殊紀念日的活動並行,視乎活動對象的年級、程度等條件做適度調整。活動推展對象由幼稚園至中學年級學生乃至家長,其中針對小學生或幼稚園舉辦之閱讀活動比例較多,下列三個圖表可呈現活動類型及該活動針對之對象情況,另外重點活動亦會用文字解說其舉辦情況: 活動對象之代號:幼稚園~K(Kindergarten)、小學~P(Primary)、中學~S(Secondary) A。圖書館利用教育活動 序 活動名稱 活動對象 1 有獎問答遊戲比賽 K P S 2 圖書館導覽(校內+校外) K P S 3 書架BB認養計劃 P4 讀架比賽 P S 5 學校圖書館交流參觀活動 S6 圖書館利用教育短片欣賞 P S 7 傑出圖書館社員嘉許典禮 S 8 有禮之館 P 9 閱讀種子培訓營 P S 10 圖書館領袖生培訓活動 P S 201
學校圖書館推動閱讀活動之經驗淺談11 讀書會小組培訓 S 12 書國愛漫遊 K 13 圖書樂悠悠 K 14 閱讀E世代 P 15 走進電子書 K 16 高效能數位閱讀工作坊 P S 表 2-1 圖書館利用教育活動 有獎問答遊戲比賽:尋查資料活動,亦是兒童與圖書館直接接觸的好機會,屬圖書館利用活動之一,我校圖書館每年不定期舉辦,以配合不用主題壁報內容來出題,而未來會把活動改良為親子尋找資料競賽的活動來舉辦的,不同於以往以個人讀者為對象,利用兒童喜歡熱鬧及競爭的天性;另一方面,為響應綠色校園環保理念,該活動亦改良為網上電子版,讓親子亦可安在家中參與。 圖書館導覽(校內+校外):圖書館導覽可於平日上課或下課時進行。平日導覽是指圖書館安排固定導覽時間,由本校老師、其他學校、其他社區團體、政府部門及社區人士可預先向館方登記參觀時間,每次參觀人數不能多於25位,周六為短期的集中式利用教育,將圖書館利用的相關活動以系列方式實施,通常較平日導覽活動為豐富。未來的導覽方式亦會採用親子家庭開放為單位,其他個案則皆不定期推出相關活動。圖書館導覽非屬特別計畫之活動,內容多有固定模式可循,因此館方或可考慮以依時節來固定提供此服務,惟首先須克服人力資源問題。202
學校圖書館推動閱讀活動之經驗淺談B。閱讀推廣活動 序 活動名稱 活動對象 1 故事小天地 K P S 2 新書及優質好書推介、書展 K P S 3 親子閱讀計劃 K P4 分析繪本工作坊 P S 5 青少年讀物主題寫作隨筆比賽 P S 6 學生好書書籤設計比賽 P S 7 閱讀專題講座 K P S 8 主題讀書會 S 9 「閱讀樹」之成長 K P 10 故事遍角落 P 11 相約在龜池 K P S 12 閱讀狀元榜 K P S 13 「閱出新天地」藝術作品展 S 14 食譜設計比賽 K 15 「從閱讀中學習」之急口令比賽 P16 閱讀E世代 P17 繪本配樂頌 P18 「享受生活.享受閱讀」攝影比賽 S19 繪本大導演 P S 20 愛拼新藝園 P 21 雲端親子樂講座 K 22 K1寶寶知多D K 23 分享讀後感之「論盡書中話」 P S 表2-2 閱讀推廣活動 故事小天地:指由學校圖書館負責人邀請校長、主任或老師到校園、班級進行說故事活動。圖書館老師會在固定日子安排在早讀時間到校203
學校圖書館推動閱讀活動之經驗淺談園操場分別向小一至小四全級說故事;而學生義工則會經開會討論細節後,決定每月一次在校園特定的地方說故事;而校長或主任說故事則安排到特殊日子如「423世界書香日」圖書館週在校園內說故事,以上參加者均是自由參與。而部份場次參與者更是非常踴躍。 新書及優質好書推介、書展:圖書是學校圖書館中相當重要的部份,亦是兒童閱讀主要的來源,因此學校圖書館經常需要突顯較優良或新進的圖書,因此,新書展示方面,本校會把新書集中於平面展示櫃上,又或配合教學主題,把新書改變採用圓形的矮展示架,擺設相關裝飾,用來吸引讀者注意。除展示之外,亦會利用網頁推介新書、或製成電子簡報,分別在學校操場、面向社區的校門及學校圖書館的大型電視中巡迴播放,最新的採用方式我們把新書的內容改變為真人現場推介,例如以試食或試飲推介健康人生的書籍等等。書展在校園內會分時段進行,展示場地多設於幼稚園的出入口處,這樣能吸引到師生及家長的注意。部份機構及書商多展出兒童讀物,全面推廣展出內容,書商方面具有營利目的。 讀後感寫作及徵文活動:自教青局於數年前大力提倡學生閱讀,閱讀活動中的寫作比賽成為熱門的課內作業,學校圖書館亦經常以此方式鼓勵兒童閱讀,並以讀後感寫作或徵文展示閱讀成果,然而相比較之下,圖書館不如各學科來得有強制力,因此學生容易因學校作業的壓力,影響其參與圖書館類似活動之動機,因此圖書館近年比較少進行閱讀寫作活動。C。配合特殊紀念日的活動 序 活動名稱 活動對象 1 「423世界書香日」圖書館週活動 K P S 2 「423世界書香日」故事接龍比賽 P3 「理想圖書館」書籤設計比賽 P S 4 圖書館或閱讀主題之壁報展 K P S204
學校圖書館推動閱讀活動之經驗淺談5 「120社區圖書館」展覽嘉年華 K P S6 書香格子趣 K P S 7 真人圖書館 P 8 125週年常識問答比賽〝MINI版〞 P 9 文學展影 S 10 幼兒閱讀多面睇 K 表2-3 配合特殊紀念日的活動 「423世界書香日」圖書館週活動:為我校最具代表性的活動。其目的主要是促進讀者對閱讀及圖書館服務的瞭解與支持。因此,設計的活動通常包括各種年齡層之讀者,適合所有師生或以親子及幼童為主的活動,主要設計內容均以圖書館利用為主,形式方面有靜態如網上問答及烤書籤;動態如闖關遊戲之系列活動;年年皆以圖書館週為名,內容則利用館藏查找資料及有獎趣味競賽為主,吸引學童參與的同時,亦將圖書館利用的相關知識傳遞給讀者。圖書館週的活動內容雖多以圖書館利用教育為主旨,難以避免部份生硬的內容無法吸引讀者,故必須以較活潑有趣動態的方式呈現,尤以針對兒童讀者設計之活動為多,近年更舉辦真人圖書館,並邀請校長以自身的奮鬥歷程與小讀者們面對面坦誠溝通分享,讓閱讀更具真實感。舉辦活動時間必須集中,因此圖書館週為全校同時慶祝之活動,亦採用鋪天蓋地的宣傳方式,藉此熱潮收壯大聲勢之效。 學校圖書館每年年初即擬定來年的閱讀活動計劃初稿,並安排適當時段進行;活動內容根據圖書館利用及推廣閱讀兩大原則構思,部份活動更是圖書館老師首次設計,並配合學校發展,推動電子閱讀為大方向,對學生來說比較有新鮮感,投入感也較大;除此之外,圖書館利用教育之系列活動亦為特色之一,透過完整規劃來傳達圖書館各種相關知識,並加以適度的視覺媒體資訊穿插在整個活動當中。本館把每年參加圖書館活動人次205
2013年澳門圖書館事業回顧金曉明、北京大學圖書館顧曉光、南京大學資訊管理學院張志強、國家圖書館台港澳交流處副處長馬靜、古籍館副館長謝冬榮、數字資源部副主任呂淑萍、資訊網路部總工程師王樂春、館長秘書劉明傑,以及徐靜慧、張麗菲。 台灣:淡江大學資訊與圖書館學系邱炯友、林雯瑤;政治大學圖書資訊與檔案學研究所蔡明月。 香港:能仁書院圖書館劉家耀。 其他:美國雪城大學 Paul Brian Gandel 教授。 4. 對外交流合作 澳門中央圖書館粵港澳文化合作第 14 次會議,通過了舉辦《辛亥革命在廣東》展覽、「世界閱讀日」系列活動、粵港公共史學論壇;響應《廣州大典》的底本徵集工作;三地合作舉辦系列講座及館員專業培訓系列課程;增加館員互訪、實習交流的機會;加強公共圖書館活動成果的網上共用,互相贈閱簡訊、會刊資訊交流等工作。 高等教育輔助辦公室副主任何絲雅任團長,成員包括澳門大學、澳門澳門理工學院學院、澳門旅遊學院、澳門城市大學、澳門鏡湖護理學院、澳門管理學院、澳門圖書館暨資訊管理協會及高教辦的工作人員,一行十六人,到訪葡萄牙科英布拉大學圖書館、雷利斯澳門理工學院學院圖書館、葡萄牙國立圖書館、里斯本大學圖書館。交流的目的為: 1. 譲高教辦及澳門高校圖書館代表,深入了解葡萄牙的文化及各大學圖書館的運作,特別是葡國圖書館之間的資源共享的現狀2. 加强兩地圖書館的聯系與經驗分享,建立兩地圖書館合作交流的平台3. 通過共渡多天的交流活動,讓澳門高校圖書館工人員更能互相認識,加强大家的合作關係253
2013年澳門圖書館事業回顧 澳門法律反思研究及傳播中心與葡國里斯本法學院及科英布拉大學法學院簽署的議定書,該中心可瀏覽科英布拉大學法學院的圖書館書籍。 5. 出席外地研討會澳門圖書館界共參加了 7 次區域的研討會: 2013.08.08-10 澳門圖書館暨資訊管理協會 第四屆華文學校圖書館長論壇 (福建福州) 2013.09.23-27 澳門圖書館暨資訊管理協會 第九次中文文獻資源共建共享合作工作會議(武漢) 2013.05.07-08 澳門大學圖書館、澳門科技大學圖書館 The Directors' Symposium (Library Leadership Forum) 2013.05.30-31 澳門大學圖書館、澳門科技大學圖書館 Library Collaboration and Competition in Hong Kong (香港中文大學圖書館)2013.08.17-24 澳門大學圖書館、澳門中央圖書館 79th IFLA General Conference and Assembly (Singapore) 2013.09.09-11 澳門大學圖書館 新時代圖書館規劃與發展趨勢國際論壇 (清華大學圖書館) 2013.10.02-05 澳門大學圖書館 Pacific Rim Digital Library Affiance (PRDLA) (溫哥華) 2013.12.02-03 澳門大學圖書館 Symposium for Yale-China Association for celebrating its 60 years of partnership (香港中文大學) 表 16:2013 年圖書館界出席外地研討會列表 七、意見及方向 本年度社會各界、特區政府、立法會議員、民生社團領袖對澳門圖書館的服務與發展的言論較去年多,現總結如下: 254