“世界文獻遺產與記憶工程”國際研討會 論文集Proceedings o f the International Conference of “World Documentary Heritage and the M emory Program”主 辦 ：澳門文獻信息學會 中國圖書館學會學術研究委員會Organizers:Macau Documentation and Information SocietyLibrary Society o f China -- The Academic Research Committee資助： 澳門基金會澳門文化局 摩卡娛樂場Sponsors:Macao Foundation Cultural Affairs Bureau o f M acao SAR Mocha Club澳門 二零一零年十一月二十五日至二十八日Macao 25-28 November 2010
目錄ContensDocumentary and Memory o f the World Registration文獻與世界記憶名錄The Memory o f the World Program: Concepts and Principles Guiding Selection ............................................................................................................................ Luciana Duranti 1Universal A ccess and Awareness Worldwide: Mediating the UNESCO Memory o f the World Programme in the Public and Academic Spheres..................................Lothar Jordan 6Introduction on the MOWCAP Registration...............................................Ray Ddmondson 18The Preservation o f Documentary Heritage and Its Importance for A sia/ Pacific ...... ..................................................................................................................Rujaya Abhakom 25中國檔案文獻遺產工程與世界記憶工程.........................................................王雁賓 28澳門天主教文獻列入亞太區《世界記憶名錄》的啓迪.............................楊開荊 30Network Systems of Information and the Memory Project網絡化與記憶工程“高校古文獻資源庫”的擴大建設與前景展望.................................................姚伯岳 40網絡化文獻長期保存之問題與技術探討............................................................... 張文熙 47Singapore Memory Project...................................................................................Soh Lin Li 57Local Characteristics and Local Documentation本土特色與地方文獻論 地 方 文 獻 文 長 詩 《妞妞紅》的美學價値.................................................譚發祥 67橋批檔案（廣東）文獻遺產的價値與傳承.........................................................吳曉瓊 72近代五邑橋鄕國際移民網絡的構建.......................................................................張國雄 81家族書信與華南橋鄕國際移民...................................................................................劉 進 89
The M emory o f the W orld Program: Concepts and Principles Guiding SelectionLuciana DurantiUNESCO launched the Memory o f the World Program (MoW ) in 1992, as a reaction to the intentional destruction o f valuable documents during the Yugoslavian C ivil War for the purpose o f wiping out the memory and, with it, the soul o f a whole people. Its goal is to protect and promote the world’s documentary heritage through preservation and access. These two functions are complementary, in that access fosters preservation and preservation ensures access.The objectives o f the Memory o f the World program are:1) to support the preservation o f the world’s documentary heritage that is conducted through all appropriate means, such as providing access to reproductions, rather than to originals;2) to facilitate and nurture access to the world’s documentary heritage that is provided through digitization, description, web dissemination and other similar means, in respect o f laws and regulations; and3) to raise awareness worldwide o f the significance o f the world documentary heritage through the Memory o f the World Registers, the media，and dedicated publications.In order to understand the goal o f the program it is essential to understand first its object. What is the world’s documentary heritage? Let’s begin with the definition o f documentary heritage. The documentary heritage is the portion o f cultural heritage that manifests a documentary nature, consisting o f information affixed in a stable way to a medium for purpose o f communication through time or across space. The medium may be any kind o f material support, from stone to wood, paper, film , hard drive or optical disc. The information may take any configuration, from text, to drawings, images, or sound, and can be analogue or digital. The documents may be held in a cultural institution, such as an archives, a museum or a library，or may be maintained by its creator or legitimate successor. To be part o f the world documentary heritage， a documentary entity, be it an item or an accumulation or collection o f item s, should a) have resulted from activities that had a major influence on the history o f the world, positive or negative, or b) reflect a period o f momentous change in world affairs， worldviews, approaches to the understanding o f the world or nature, technology, etc. In other words, the documentary heritage in question must have had a global influence, reflect or constitute evidence o f events, actions, or ideas that had a global influence.Thus，the goal o f the Memory o f the World Program is to raise awareness o f the world，s documentary heritage in order to encourage its preservation and ensure its accessibility. What is meant by preservation? The program defines preservation as the whole o f the principles, policies, strategies and activities designed to ensure the physical and technological stabilization o f documentary heritage for the purpose o f extending indefinitely its life and o f protecting its intellectual content. Thus, preservation includes, among many other activities, conservation, which involves treatments to repair damage, and description, which provides a written account o f the context, history, attributes, and relationships o f the documents.What is meant by accessibility? The program defines accessibility as the availability and usability o f information about, and contained in, the documentary
heritage, which can therefore be easily located，reached or used with a minimum o f barriers, either in original, or in reproduction.The activities that contribute to the preservation and accessibility o f the world’s documentary heritage are also described by the program. They include a) the identification o f documentary heritage at risk, b) the acquisition o f documents for permanent preservation, c) conservation and restoration o f damaged documents, d) description o f holdings, development o f finding aids and retrieval instruments, e) microfilming and digitization programs, f) publication o f documents, g) development o f digital preservation system s and o f access system s through the Internet, h) education programs aiming to teach about the documentary heritage and the methods and practices for its preservation and access, and i) the development o f new preservation methods， techniques, or instruments for the documentary heritage in question.The assessm ent o f the subm issions made to the International Advisory Committee is based on a set o f criteria, which do not have to be all present and which have different weight. The m ost important criterion is authenticity. An entity is considered authentic is it is what it purports to be. Authenticity comprises identity and integrity. Identity is constituted o f the whole o f the attributes that uniquely identify a documentary entity, e.g. author, date, place, title, the action producing it or the subject matter it relates to, context, presence o f a seal, stamps, etc. Integrity means that the entity is able to convey the same m essage it was meant to convey when created. It does not matter if the paper has become yellow ，the colours have faded, the audio makes strange noises, and the presentation is in a different digital format, as long as the entity is substantially intact. Authenticity can be inferred from a documented chain o f unbroken legitim ate custody, or can be attested by a verification carried out on the entity itself by experts, or by the testimony o f a witness who has direct knowledge o f the entity in question. If the entity nominated for registration is not an item but either an archival fonds or a collection o f books, volum es, documents, etc.，authenticity assessed with regard to the aggregation, not to its parts. If the aggregation (i.e. the archival fonds or the collection) is what it purports to be in terms o f identity and integrity over time, and its chain o f custody is properly documented, it is considered authentic. The authenticity o f its components is assessed with regard to the aggregation, not in absolute terms. For example, a record in a file o f an archival fonds might be a forgery as an individual item, but，if it was made or received and filed for action or reference in the course o f activity by the creator o f the fonds, it is authentic with respect to such creator as s/he treated it as his/her own record，and is therefore an authentic component o f the fonds.The second criterion is uniqueness. It is a fact that every archival document or record, that is every document made or received in the course o f an activity as a means for carrying it out and as a by-product o f it, is unique in its context even when there are several other identical documents in existence (e.g. there may be 5 originals o f the same agreement, each for one o f the 5 parties to the agreement, but each would exist in the context o f a different archival fonds and would convey a unique meaning in that context). However，in the context o f the Memory o f the World Program, uniqueness is an attribute o f the documentary entity submitted for registration. If the documentary entity is either a collection o f books or documents, or an archival aggregation (e.g. a file, a series, a fonds), uniqueness refers to the whole, not to its parts. If the documentary entity is one item, then uniqueness refers to the item itself, out o f context. There must be only one item o f the kind, unless the submission in question is an item o f which there is a limited number o f copies ( if it is a book) or o f originals (a multiple original like the magna charta, if it is a record). In this case, the most appropriate criterion to refer to might be rarity, although this term better indicates entities that are not often encountered
but the exact number o f which is not and cannot be known. Moreover, the unique entity must be irreplaceable and its disappearance would constitute an impoverishment o f the heritage o f humanity. It may be representative o f a type or a genre, but have no direct equal.The third criterion is really a set o f criteria~one or more o f which should be m e tth a t relate to tim e，place, people, subject or theme, and form or style. Time may refer to several things: the age o f the entity submitted for registration (although age by itself does not equal significance), the fact that the entity is the first o f a kind, or that it is the expression o f a special time, culture, historical event, etc. Place may refer either to the location where the entity submitted for registration was created (its provenance or origin), which might be one from which no other documentary heritage exists, or to the content o f the entity, which may include crucial information about a locality important in the history o f the world, or may describe or show places that no longer exist or which would otherwise be unknown. People may refer either to the context in which the entity submitted for registration was created or to the content o f the entity, which may relate to key individuals or groups，to movements, transitions, advances or regressions in social, industrial, artistic or political development, or to human behaviour o f special significance. Subject and theme refers to the historical, cultural, intellectual or artistical significance o f the subject matter o f the entity submitted for registration. However, it has to be pointed out that, here, artistic significance refers to the subject matter o f the documentary entity, not to its value as art. For exam ple, one may nominate a group o f letters that reveal the relationship between two renaissance artists, but one cannot nominate the works o f such artists as they would not be documentary heritage but artistic heritage. It may happen that a work o f art is nominated for its documentary characteristics or its historical significance, rather than as work o f art, but it is better to avoid doing so, unless the documentary value o f the entity is overshadowing its artistic value to the point that there cannot be doubt that it constitutes part o f the world’s documentary heritage. Finally, the form and style criteria refer to the significance o f the rules o f representation used to convey the m essage. For example, an entity might be remarkable for its linguistic characteristics, for the type o f carrier or format, for the presentation o f the m essage, etc.The fourth criterion has to do with the likelihood that the entity submitted for registration w ill continue to survive. The Memory o f the World program links the concept o f existing threat with that o f a management plan or strategy. This idea is difficuly to explain or even justify. On the one hand，the ultimate purpose o f the Memory o f the World Program is to protect the world documentary heritage that is or may be at risk, w hile, on the other hand, it asks the nominators for a preservation plan in order to protect such heritage by including it in the world register. One might wonder how can the nominated documentary heritage be at risk if there exist a plan to protect it and make it accessible, especially one as detailed as required by the existing Memory o f the World Guidelines: “a good plan would include a statement o f the significance o f the documentary heritage, cite policy and procedures for access and preservation, set out a preservation budget，list available conservation expertise and facilities, and explain how these are maintained, give detailed attention to the physical environment o f the material (e.g. air quality, temperature and humidity, shelving, security) and include a disaster preparedness strategy•，’ The answer lies on the subtlety o f the language used: the program does not request that the plan be already implemented but only that it is drawn. Its hope is that the prestige o f the registration and the desire to obtain it would generate in the country submitting the nomination an effort to develop a strategy for the future protection and accessibility o f the entity nominated, while the registration itself, once
obtained, would generate the pressure necessary to make implementation possible. In fact, although the listing o f documentary heritage in the Memory o f the World Register has no legal or financial consequences, it does imply a certain stance and commitment by the owners o f the registered entity as w ell as indicate a continuing and informed interest by UNESCO in its preservation as w ell as accessibility. A s it regards the latter, the Memory o f the World program requires three levels o f access: a) for verification o f world significance, identity, integrity and security o f the nominated entity; b) for reproduction; and c) for public access in physical, digital or other form. There might be a requirement that a single copy o f part or all o f the material be placed under the custodianship o f UNESCO, not for public access but as a risk management measure.The criteria for assessing the global impact o f the documentary heritage to be nominated are relatively clear and straightforward. Slightly more difficult to apply are the criteria for identifying the documentary heritage to be nominated. The rules say that the nominated entity must be “finite and precisely defined; broad, general or open-ended nominations w ill not be accepted.” A further analysis o f what this means may render it even more complicated. It is better to make examples. One document, one volume or one book may be nominated and this entity must be capable o f being understood by itself. Thus，an entry in a register o f incoming and outgoing mail, a page o f a ledger, an attachment to a document, one volum e o f a book in three volum es, a drawing in a book, a last w ill in a volum e o f notarial deeds，a data set in a database, and other similar non-autonomous entities, cannot be nominated: one would have to nominate the entire entity o f which these fragments are part. But, how large is the entire entity? If an entry in a register is o f particular significance, does one nominate the entire register, the series o f registers for the year in question，or all the registers o f the organization? If a drawing in a case file in the archival fonds o f an architectural firm is o f global importance, does one nominate the case file, the series o f case files, or the fonds? Most often the first higher aggregation capable o f being meaningful on its own is the most appropriate for nomination, but the International Advisory Committee w ill decide case by case on the basis o f the documentary context.The issue however can be raised from the opposite end: how small the nominated entity has to be? Can one nominate the contents o f an entire archival institution? Usually not, unless the archival institution contains only one archival fonds, and such fonds is closed (i.e. the creator does not exist any longer) and clearly circumscribed, such as the archives o f a family or a dynasty, or the archives o f a financial institution that has existed for centuries before being closed. This is also valid for libraries. One could nominate one entire historical library which no longer receives accruals. It is more common, however, to nominate one archival fonds within an archival institution or one library collection within a library institution, as long as the fonds or the collection is closed and its content is clearly identifiable and described in such a way that all its components are accounted for.If one nominates a group o f documentary entities, does the group have to be complete? Yes and no. It must include all the items that are known to exist and to belong in the group, but one does not have to account for other items that might exist but are not known to exist. If there are items o f the group that exist in another country, it is preferred that the two countries submit a joint nomination，but if the second country is not w illing to or has an unstable situation that does not bode w ell for the survival o f its portion o f the documentary heritage in question, it is even more important that the first country goes ahead with the nomination on its own.When the documentary heritage exists in multiple copies and variant versions— for example, printed books or feature film s released in differing versions or multiple
la n g u a g esth e nomination w ill apply to the work itself, rather than to the specific copy cited. One might argue that, when there are multiple copies o f a piece o f documentary heritage, it cannot be considered at risk, a preservation plan may be present in several places，and accessibility is assured. Indeed, these are considerations that International Advisory Committee makes in its assessment o f the nomination. One might also note that several entities that already have been registered in the World’s Register and most likely future candidates are not at risk, as they are kept in the cultural institutions o f first world countries, and might argue that registration in the Memory o f the World program has no benefit for them and really no purpose, as it does not fulfill the goal and objectives o f the program. The answer is that these registrations flilfill a complementary purpose, that o f giving international visibility to the program, to the world’s documentary heritage and to the importance o f its permanent preservation and universal accessibility. This visibility w ill hopefully get the attention o f the countries whose documentary heritage is at risk and stimulate in their members the ambition to make their own documentary heritage visible through the stamp o f UNESCO and to ensure their own government’s commitment to its preservation and accessibility.Finally, a few words should be said about the digital documentary heritage. Some may think that the terms “digital” and “heritage” are an oxymoron as the documents in digital form cannot possibly meet the criteria o f tim e，being so new, and place, being so ubiquitous. However, the digital medium has been around long enough to make it possible to think o f web sites that might meet the definition o f world documentary heritage, or search engines that have had a global impact on how information is retrieved, or initiatives like Wikipedia, that have changed the way students do research, or even standards that have determined how organizations and the public behave in the digital environment. Certainly, when it com es to the digital documentary heritage, the criteria o f uniqueness, authenticity, integrity, and irreplaceability must either be re-examined vis-a-vis their application or substituted by criteria that better reflect the characteristics o f the digital environment, but this difficulty should not impede the consideration o f digital documentary heritage for the Memory o f the World Registers. If anything, it should encourage us to move fast towards beginning a systematic and rigorous examination o f the specific challenges presented by this kind o f material, because one thing is certain: if we wait，we w ill lose it all and we w ill never be able to preserve and make available the documentary heritage o f our own time. This is the reason why the Memory o f the World Program has assigned to a small committee the responsibility for developing criteria for the nomination and assessm ent o f digital documentary entities: w hile protecting our past，the program is already thinking o f how to ensure that our present w ill have a future and our future w ill have a documentary memory.
Universal Access and Awareness W orldwide: M ediating the UNESCO M emory o f the W orld Programme in the Public and Academ ic SpheresLothar JordanDirector o f Macau Documentation and Information Society, dear Helen Ieong，Ladies and Gentlemen,I am grateful for this opportunity to speak at the Macau Documentation and Information Society at the University o f Macau Library. So I thank you very much for your invitation.Basics [slide2]Safeguarding” is the mainstay o f the “Memory on the World Programme.” It emphasizes the programmed concern with documents in distress. Instead o f ‘safeguarding，one could say ‘preserving，. Preserving is the key o f and to the “Memory o f the World” programme. We have heard about this. Another pillar o f MoW, so to speak, is to give as many people as possible access to documentary heritage，which, o f course, has been made possible by modem information techniques (IT), by digitization and the web. The idea that everyone ought to have free access to knowledge and information would easily match the optimism o f 18th c. European enlightened thinkers. And it goes w ell together with the results o f the World Summit on the Information Society (Geneva 2003/Tunis 2005). UNESCO has taken over some o f the chapters o f this World Summit [slide 3]:Chapter 3: A ccess to information and knowledge information literary through capacity building, information preservation to safeguard original material, information accessability through open and free access.Drawing the conclusion from its two main tasks MoW wants to ,’raise awareness worldwide o f the significance o f documentary heritage”. The most obvious strategy to help raise this awareness is MoW 5s wonderful World Register. We have heard about this.The World Register o f the MoW programme is its most visible part, but it is only one part o f the programme. As it records the outstanding documents, it is the programme's flagship or lighthouse. At the same time these documents reveal only the top o f an iceberg. These first-class documents are valuable as parts o f the human heritage. But they are more than that: they are sym bols or promotors o f the world’s documentary
heritage as a whole. Each document, each preservation activity, access, analysing, utilizing, or mediation o f a document means work within the framework o f human documentary heritage. And one should be w ell aware o f this. That does not mean that each and every archivist, or librarian, or m useologist, would have to think o f other documents in other parts o f the world during her or his work. But anybody's work on documents must be concomitant with, must be accompagniable by the idea that he or she i s working for the memory o f the world, for human heritage as an enormous amount and net o f items. “Memory o f the World” is a network o f documents, and working for documents is a task we all know and we all can join in. Every document and every archive is a part o f the whole o f human heritage.So it should be clear that the the MoW World Register is very important and should gain even more attentiveness, but it is only a part o f the programme. It is like a wonderful window that should attract you to look through into the global house o f documents, a house with many, many rooms. And you，and w e, have to care for all these rooms.Beside the World Register Regional Registers (not existing in every region) like the important register for the Asian-Pacific region, and National Registers play a decisive role in enhancing M oW 's impact. But it is not only the registers: MoW fosters preserving and digitization projects, web projects, publications, workshops， the development o f projects and standards f.e. concerning digital heritage. Have a look at the MoW website!Let us come to the core o f my paper, let me ask:How to raise awareness? What is already done? What should be done?MoW bodies and promotionA s I was introduced here as a member o f the MoW Marketing-Sub-committee (MSC) o f the International Advisory Committee, I want to draw your attention to the action plan that was made by the MSC in 2009.The MSC worked out a “List o f SC Marketing/Promotional A citivities 2009-2012”. I w ill not go into details，but let me say that it is based on the identifcation o f four main target groups [slide 4]:A. Professionals (in archives，libraries, museums, universities).B. Programme's internal audiences (international, regional, national committees, UNESCO network, government officials).C. Pupils (children，youth, students).D. Publicity (Media).(By the way, all these start with a P. Like Programme or like Promotion? You may
choose.) You, can find our detailed proposals on the MoW w ebsite.1 They include cooperations with heritage NGOs, media strategies， radio spots, brochures, merchandising products, and many more.Sometimes traditional instruments o f mediation like panel exhibitions may be very effective. What we see here [slide 5] are just panels on a fence somewhere, the first one showing the diaries o f Anne Frank. That was the case October 2009 when some dozen panels showing documents from the MoW World Register decorated the fence around UNESCO Headquarters in Paris, during the 35th General Conference o f UNESCO. More than 2,000 delegates passed by these MoW panels, many o f them daily. Most probably many UNESCO decision makers thus got a clearer impression o f what MoW is about, what it means and what it stands for. (So this was made mainly for target group B.)Regional and national MoW committees play a very important role for mediating and promoting the programme. Regional MoW Committees do not exist everywhere, but here，in your region, “The Asia/Pacific Regional Committee for the Memory o f the World Program“ (MOWCAP) takes a very active role, starting its initiatives like publications，workshops, and so on, and having some impact even on the global development o f MoW.National MoW Committees are o f high importance, too. There are more than 60 such committees, acting inside or in cooperation with National UNESCO Commissions. Coming from Germany I may say that the German MoW Committee is rather successful, not only concerning the number o f nominations, but concerning its impact on the mediation o f MoW in our country - although MoW is still some steps behind the “World Cultural and Natural Heritage”. The Committee consists mainly o f members from archives, libraries，museums, some few from the academic and political spheres. Even more successful seem s to me the Australian MoW Committee, regarding the role it has played and plays working for heritage at home and in the region, and for MoW on a global scale.On-going and planned activitiesFrom the richness o f promotional and related activities for MoW a choice has to be made.UNESCO MoW WebsiteThe MoW website o f UNESCO3 gives an overview o f the activities and a lot o f documents. It is itself one o f the most important public activities o f MoW. Let me give1 http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/30757/128393702433rd report marketing en.doc/3rd report marketi ng en.doc2 Exhibition arranged by Joie Springer, UNESCO Secretariat.3 MoW www.unesco.org/webworld/en/mow.
you just some examples.Jikji PrizeOne o f the means to mediate MoW into the public spheres worldwide is the UNESCO/Jikji Memory o f the World Prize，commemorating the inscription o f the Jikji, the oldest known book o f m ovable metal print in the world [slide 6]. It started in 2004 [slide 7. The Prize consisting o f an award o f US$ 30,000 is given every two years to individuals or institutions that have made significant contributions to the preservation and accessibility o f documentary heritage. The award is funded by the Republic o f Korea. It aims at promoting the objectives o f the Memory o f the World Programme. The Jury takes the follow ing factors into consideration: the significance o f work already undertaken in the area o f preservation that is beyond the candidate’s regular functions, long-term preservation strategy, sustainability，and international outreach.In 2009, the National Archives o f M alaysia was selected by the Jury in recognition o f its outreach, educational and training programmes in the area o f preservation within the Asian region. It thus became the third winner o f the Jikji Prize，after the Czech National Library (2005) and the Austrian Phonogramme Archive (2007).Heritage institutionsSome few examples for possible activities from the point o f view o f heritage professions, starting with a word about 1 i b r a r i e s as one example out o f different heritage institutions: Let me cite the ICOM “Statement on the IFLA Multicultural Library M anifesto” 1: Each library in the world should possess the basic texts o f UNESCO, esp. “information material on the UNESCO World Heritage Programmes (World Cultural and Natural Heritage; Memory o f the World; Intangible Heritage) […] so that library users could have easier access to these UNESCO programmes which are the flagships or lighthouses o f cultural diversity.” So each librarian could ask her- or himself: What informations do we have in our library about UNESCO's heritage conventions/programmes, especially Memory o f the World, and their contexts? Do we have the basic UNESCO papers?And let us think about a r c h i v e s providing both their staff and users with information on MoW and installing an emphasized link on the MoW website o f UNESCO. And the same question may be valid for archives as for libraries: Do you have the basic information on Memory o f the World for your staff and users in your archive?I am no archivist. I am sure the archvists among you w ill find a lot o f ways to go for MoW.1 Lothar Jordan, ICOM: Statement on the IFLA Multicultural Library Manifesto. 15 October 2 0 0 9 .- UNESCO 35. General Conference, Paris (Communication and Information Commission, 13-15 October 2009).
And what about m u s e u m s? Let me give you an example, thereby drawing your attention to the International 2011 Museum Day (IM D) [slide 8]. The IMD is celebrated annually around the 18th o f May. In 2009, about 30,000 museums in 90 countries took part in it, with a vast multitude o f special events. Each year, the IMD deals with a special subject, which is chosen by ICOM. In 2011, the subject w ill be “Museums and Memory”. This w ill be the first time that IMD and the UNESCO Memory o f the World Programme cooperate. In an international workshop (Berlin, Germany, 20-21 September 2010)，organized by ICLM (the International Committee for Literary Museums in ICOM) and partners, other documentary heritage institutions as CCAAA, IC A ，IFLA and ICOMOS agreed to be partners o f IMD 2011 [slide 9]. IMD 2011 is to direct attention- to the basics o f our collective memory,- to the value o f heritage,- to the fragility o f its carriers.1The cooperation o f different global heritage associations, council, and programmes for IMD 2011 adds a new dimension to world heritage activities. MoW provides challenges and chances for a better cooperation between heritage institutions (archives, libraries, museums，universities), and IMD 2011 w ill be a good opportunity for advancing it.N ow w e move one step from the public sphere to to the professional and academic spheres.UNESCO International Memory o f the World ConferencesEvery three years an International MoW Conference with 150-200 participants is held. The last one，the third so far，took place at the National Library o f Australia in Canberra, Australia, 19-22 February 2008, titled ,，Im agine".a world without memories. Communities and Memories: a Global Perspective' The conference covered the whole range o f actual questions concerning MoW, from scholarly questions to those o f applications, nominations, and promotion，as w ell as the difference o f regional traditions， and fields like "the intangible heritage". Another important issue discussed was the question wheher the MoW programme was to be developped into a UNESCO Convention.The next, the fourth，UNESCO International Memory o f the World Conference w ill be held in Warsaw, Poland, 18-21 May 2011，with the motto “Culture - Memory - Identities”.“Sub-themes w ill be developped around lost memory, m issing memory; relationship with other UNESCO conventions and programmes; and history as a science and a belief, among others” (says the IAC meeting report, Barbados, 31 July，2009).1 More information on the website o f ICOM.
Other symposia and workshops[Slide 10] In a way similar to those big MoW conferences, but on the level o f university teaching and training and thus joining two o f our main target groups is a Symposium like “Preserving the Memory o f the World” at the University o f British Columbia, Vancouver，Canada, March 2010. Initiated and fostered by Professor Luciana Duranti and organized by the Association o f Canadian Archivists UBC Student Chapter, it brought together international and national experts a n d students o f library and archival studies and other disciplines，thus using the interdisciplinary potential o f MoW for interdisciplinary studies on documentary heritage, circling around archival studies. The symposium got its energy not only from the organizers and participants, but from the Memory o f the World Programme as w ell.The combination o f speakers and o f subjects this Macau Conference offers, follow s the same idea, which is to present and promote joint ventures o f different institutions and professions sharing concern about the preservation o f human heritage: the Memory o f the World is preserved and made aware to the public by both institutions like archives, libraries, museums, and universities — and by joint ventures between them.And then there are workshops and training seminars; just to mention one example: the “Training Workshop on MoW Awareness-Raising and Advocacy for National MoW Committees and young Associates in Asia and the Pacific”，1-3 March, 2010，Manila, Philippines.From the international MoW conferences and a symposium like that in Vancouver or this in Macau I proceed to the last part o f my paper, some reflections on MoW and the academic world, and to a proposal to introduce something really new, that is Memory o f the World Studies [slide 10].MoW and the academic worldThe MSC MoW Action Plan 2009-2012 reveals “university researchers” under “Target Audience A. Professionals” as being among the core target groups for MoW promotional activities. The probably most effective way to reach the academic world would be by founding Memory o f the World Studies and implementing them into universities. This would transcend awareness-rising by far: a global MoW net o f research and teaching would help to improve the systematic development o f the programme and the professionalization o f working for documents and kindred forms o f human heritage in an international context, thus building new capacities for universal access to information and knowledge.This is not only a question o f promoting MoW: From the perspective o f the humanities and some technological disciplines, MoW Studies would cover a specific sector o f the new field o f human activities that arose with the development o f the UNESCO heritage programmes (WCH，MoW，ICH，[slide 11]，see Appendix). The ensemble o f these programmes is the most extensive intentionally generated com plex o f memory and o f
safeguarding and mediating the contents o f this memory in human history. “Memory o f the World is an "umbrella" for diverse knowledge and disciplines.” (MoW General Guidelines，2002，p. 5). Based on the assumption that these programmes apply the highest standards, produce worldwide accepted outcomes o f high quality that w ill be o f long endurance, and aim at an audience o f the most extensive scope, viz whole mankind, one has to draw the conclusion that such a new and very specific phenomenon requires a deepened knowledge and understanding and, seen from the practical side, the development o f scholarly and scientific means to strengthen these programmes. The best way to reach such an understanding is to generate specific Studies, research and teaching，as the com plexity and the peculiarity o f these programmes hinder them to be covered by any existing academic discipline or even traditional interdisciplinary approaches.W hile there are already some chairs/professorships for WCH in different parts o f the world1 there are none for MoW yet. The foundation o f MoW Studies is something yet to come. It would help to improve human knowledge, could extend and promote MoW in a sustainable manner and institutionalize new means o f international cooperation for the human memory in its diversity. On the basis o f international exchange, professors and students w ill be very effectice multipliers for MoW.It may be w ise to introduce MoW Studies in the context o f other heritage studies, especially those on UNESCO heritage programmes at universities in different regions o f the world, or in faculties with close connections to the goals o f MoW Studies. Thus MoW Studies, w hile follow ing their specific tasks, could benefit from the experiences o f other heritages studies, and at the same time help to instigate new forms o f working and learning for and by UNESCO (and other) heritage studies, being an innovative partner for some academic disciplines, different heritage programmes and for heritage institutions like archives, libraries, and museums.MoW Chairs/professorshipsThe long-term perspective is the creation o f a set o f MoW university chairs/professorships, at least one o f them in each region. Although they all have MoW at the centre o f their studies, each may put a main emphasis on special aspects like technology (ICT)，media，archival or m useological studies, semantics o f documents, comparative cultural history, comparative literature, languages, and so on. In many cases this w ill depend on the context o f the universities, institutes, schools，they would work in. W hile the fundamental principles and more theoretical questions o f MoW ought to be among their objectives, the chairs/professorships were to aim at the applicability at least o f relevant parts o f their work (applied research), for MoW itself and for the use in different sectors and on different levels o f education.whc.unesco.org/en/activities/121 (“University World Heritage Studies Programmes”).
There may be two groups o f MoW professorships:Professorships folly or mainly dedicated to MoW Studies;Professorships from disciplines close to the tasks o f MoW, putting an explicit additional emphasis on MoW Studies (f.e. professor o f archival studies or film history with special regard for MoW Studies); but to be a formal partner o f the MoW Studies network, here, too, continuity in research, publications，teaching on MoW is necessary. Professorships o f this second group may be installed more easily and could help to start MoW academic networking rather soon.And, o f course, this second group is necessary as MoW Studies should not compete with established and successful Heritage Studies (archives, libraires，museums, history) or try to replace them.This academic MoW net is expected to have a snowball effect and instigate young re-searchers,1 students，and colleagues from different academic disciplines to work on MoW or questions related closely to MoW. And, o f course，this net should be in a good connection to the MoW Secretariat and the MoW International Advisory Committee, being a link between UNESCO and the academic world.Tasks o f Research and TeachingThe follow ing short list is just to give an idea o f the multiple tasks o f MoW research, f.e. on:- the criteria and standards for the importance o f documents (authenticity, aesthetic qualities，spiritual importance, and many other) and their applicability in different cultures and regions; definition o f values in a comparative manner;- 'translating' and mediating the importance o f documents into different cultural contexts;- the role o f languages and translations for the understanding o f documents and the promotion o f MoW (with regard for cultural diversity);- studies on common grounds and differences between similar documents in different regions，cultures, states (f.e. documents on music; on public crimes，and so on);- technological questions o f safeguarding and preserving documents, o f mediating them by new information and communication technologies (ICT)， o f building bridges between MoW documents;- standards for and technologies o f electronic documents;- strategies and tools o f teaching o f MoW; curricula for MoW Studies or MoW segments in wider heritage studies; sustainable implementation o f MoW in different sectors o f education (universities, schools, other institutions o f learning and o f knowledge like museums, libraries);- [slide 12] common grounds o f and differences between MoW and other UNESCOAt the International Graduate School: Heritage Studies (Technical University Cottbus, Germany) for the first time a Ph.D. scholarship was open explicitly for research on Memory o f the World.
heritage programmes (WCH，ICH) and the UNESCO 'Convention on the Protection and Promotion o f the Diversity o f Cultural Expressions,•Further relevance for MoWMany concrete positive effects o f MoW Studies can be expected for MoW, for the quality o f the programme and for its worldwide promotion. One aspect seem s to be particularly interesting. If the impression is correct that the main emphasis and attention o f the programme which covers a broad range o f activities has been drawn slightly to concentrate on the World Register，MoW Studies could help gain the capacity to cover the broad range o f tasks that make MoW so rich. With the network o f MoW Studies the programme could follow its way to leadership in the work for documents more easily, working for outcomes and standards that are o f importance beyond the programme itself.Further relevance for UNESCOThe combination o f MoW and MoW Studies offers rich opportunities to fulfill tasks UNESCO has set itself in an real intersectoral manner, as education, science, culture (as far as cooperation with the other heritage programmes is concerned), and information and communication are united in this combination. MoW Studies enlarge the possibilities to go new ways towards the information and knowledge society UNESCO works for，especially for the chapters it has taken over from the World Summit on the Information Society (2003/2005)，“A ccess to information and knowledge”，“E-science and “E-leaming”， “Cultural diversity and identity, linguistic diversity and local content”.Relevance for heritage studies in generalWhile sometimes people not familiar with MoW think it to be something for specialists, it has rather a very broad interdisciplinary range. That is true from the side o f the carriers (paper to electronic records); from the side o f the contents, including nearly all aspects o f human life (politics，religion, science，literature, societal aspects, and so on); from the side o f regions，cultures, and languages; from the side o f heritage institutions involved. As MoW “embraces documentary heritage over the whole o f recorded history, from papyrus scrolls [...to ] digital files” (MoW General Guidelines, 2002，p. 6)，it reflects a great part o f human cultural and technological development. For MoW Studies MoW is a com plex phenomenon, seen as an object o f research and applied research that as w ell can be taken as a com plex modell for a wide range o f heritage questions. Students could learn a lot about many matters o f heritage in MoW Studies.As the academic world is looking for new forms o f interdisciplinarity and international cooperation, MoW Studies could offer both as essential elements to a very high degree.As mentionned above, the tasks o f MoW Studies are manifold. I w ill just have a glimpse on subjects close to the academic fields I work on m yself.
One important question concerns language and translation; it is basic to all means o f communicating MoW documents (and other documents). For many MoW documents originally not written in English translations into that language, or at least o f parts o f the documents, are indispensable. Translations into other languages should also be considered, as linguistic diversity is a task which UNESCO shares with the World Summit o f the Information Society. A s translations o f a lesser or even o f an average quality can spoil the reception o f works and documents, it is important to insist on the best possible translations in the communication o f the MoW programme. This specially applies to literary documents, but o f course to religious, philosophical, political ones (and others) as w ell. In such a programme, the translation o f documents, and even o f parts o f them or even o f small pieces for promotional activities, is not only a tool but a demanding synthesis o f an original document and a medium o f its reception. The situation o f translations in MoW should be analysed, some projects be developped.And we need comments that are both concise and lively and translate the importance and values o f documents into different cultural contexts. These comments on documents should be based on the best scholarly and academic knowledge available. Naturally, the commentaries rely on the most updated critical studies, without leading to unconfirmed interpretations. But the commentators should have in mind that they are not addressing specialists and not just a national or regional public. For many disciplines this is still something new. As long as the desired (i.e. global) readership is a major factor in our work，this w ill also have an impact on the commentaries on MoW documents. A s a matter o f course，this readership m u s t have an impact on the commentaries. Is at possible to write o n e comment on any document for all possible readers in the world (or do we need different comments for different regions?).These were just two examples o f the far-reaching tasks o f MoW Studies.Final remarks“Memory o f the World” is a programme to foster working for the documentary heritage, working for documents，their carriers and their contents, in all regions o f this planet. It has a World Register that highlights most important documents, but it contains much more than the World Register，and while this World Register is growing successfully, we should try to expand the other parts o f MoW, too, and we should enlarge the connection between MoW and research on and education for heritage (which may even help the MoW World Register). There are the questions o f values and standards, the big challenge o f electronic documents, o f linguistic diversity，the relation o f universal access and local content.This work for MoW would also include the movement o f minds and institutions towards a transnational orientation with respect for cultural diversity as part o f the human heritage. In our time when the human individual has proved his or her strength, productivity, inventiveness and freedom -loving capacity, but also testified to its
devastating influence in many societies and to the disability o f some states to shape politics，a UNESCO programme like MoW may remind us that a “sensus communis” is not just necessary, but a strong asset in the human heritage. A cosmopolitan frame for the memory o f the world, filled by the concept o f diversity, w ill help bring back to us that community spirit without which a vision o f the world o f tomorrow that can be shared by all is hardly possible.Less pathetically speaking: preserving the Memory o f the World is a most valuable activity for the fostering and preservation o f the human heritage. A lso, it is a step towards fair and balanced communication on how to build the world o f tomorrow [slide 12,13].APPENDIXThe UNESCO Heritage ProgrammesUNESCO operates three heritage programmes that aim at helping to safeguard the human cultural and natural heritage by focussing outstanding examples. These programmes are:The World Cultural and Natural Heritage-programme is the oldest，most extensive and most famous o f these programmes. It started in 1972 and is based on a UNESCO convention signed by 186 states. “Cultural and natural heritage” means one programme, not two, as the distinction between natural and cultural heritage is only made internally. For the list o f the World Cultural and Natural Heritage，states may nominate sites that are o f “Outstanding Universal Value”. The present World Heritage list includes 890 sites， most o f which are cultural sites，less than one quarter natural ones, and 25 are both cultural a n d natural heritage sites. Famous examples are the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks, or in the US the Statue o f Liberty (N ew York), in Italy the historic centres o f Rome and Florence, or Venice and its lagoon.The prestige and sometimes even the econom ic impact o f a site getting onto the World Heritage list can be enormous. Although the WCH is by some taken as t h e UNESCO heritage programme it is，in fact，only one out o f three. But, o f course，it is the flagship o f UNESCO’s heritage programmes.The second UNESCO-based heritage programme is the Memory o f the World programme. It started in 1992. MoW has three main objectives:“To facilitate preservation o f the world's documentary heritage,To assist universal access to documentary heritage, f.e. by using modem techniques
o f information, like digitizing and the web,To raise awareness worldwide o f the significance o f documentary heritage through such means as the Memory o f the World registers, and some promotional activities.”The programme is managed by the UNESCO Secretariat and by an International Advisory Committee (IAC)，its Bureau and its sub-committees, and by Regional and National MoW com m ittees，these as parts o f national UNESCO com m issions.The third programme is the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) programme. It has been existing since 2003 and is based on UNESCO’s ‘Convention for the Safeguarding o f the Intangible Cultural Heritage，. ICH emerged from knowledge that humanity’s memory is not only maintained by material objects like sites or by documents such as papers or film s，but by immaterial forms o f memory as well: those might be knowledgeexpressed in oral traditions, rituals, dances, handicraft, and so on. ICH keeps a list o f 'M asterpieces’ with 90 items.UNESCO Heritage Programmes are no system; they are an ensemble, and there may be some blank spaces in this ensemble. But is is outstanding new and important in human history, an immense intentional global effort to safeguard and to communicate the world's cultural and natural heritage. A ll three UNESCO heritage programmes aim at a balanced consideration o f nominations from the North and the South equally, from both industrialized and developing countries. This is one way o f respecting cultural diversity. Cultural diversity is considered a value which has gained importance since, in 2005， the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion o f the Diversity o f Cultural Expressions was adopted. And this Convention now is o f basic importance for the three UNESCO Heritage Conventions/Programmes.
Memory of the WorldSince 1992... a UNESCO program to safeguard the world’s documentary heritage ... complementing World Heritage Convention, Intangible Heritage and other avenuesIntroduction on the M OW CAP RegistrationRay Edmondson (Chair, MOWCAP)Memory of the WorldMemory of the World - Registers and Nominations
Objectives• To facilitate preservation, by the most appropriate techniques• To assist universal access• To increase awareness worldwide of the existence and significance of documentary heritage… in other words to change how the documentary heritage, in libraries, archives, museums or other collections, is valued, protected, used and supported by nations, governments, communitiesWhat is documentary heritage?UNESCO Memory of the World definition of documents is broad. It includes:• Textual items (MSS, books, newspapers etc)• Non-textual items (drawings, prints, maps, musical scores etc)• Virtual items residing on websites and servers• Audiovisual items - analog and digital (films, discs, tapes, photographs, microfilm, CD, DVD computer games)
• Training, information, practical guidance• Provide or broker project funding• Encourage recognition, protection and public awareness of key documents through a register system: a "shop window”• Advocacy, awareness raising and promotion• Access through digitisation and products• Structure for professional collaboration20How does it pursue its objectives?The register system• Registers are not an end in themselves, but a means of recognition, raising awareness, achieving preservation and access objectives• National, regional (MOWCAP) and international registers• They are NOT a hierarchy• Criteria identical: the difference is geographic influence
What do vou nominate?• Does your heritage meet the criteria?• Selection criteria relating to authenticity, uniqueness, geographic effect, influence on the course of history• ...and time, place, people, subject and theme, form and style, social/spiritual/community significance• Further information on rarity, integrity, threat and management planHow to nominate?• Which register?• Download the relevant form• Fill in the information: ownership, location, description of document or collection etc• Work on it — construct your argument well: you are making a case, and you have to convince at least two committees• References and referees• Involve your national MOW committee if appropriate• Ask for help if you need it• 2 year cycle - submit before closing date
Rules and process• Anyone can nom inate anything (w ith in re a so n !)• Non-competitive: criteria-based• Check the process: International, MOWCAP, national all differ slightly• More information might be sought• Check MOWCAP website www.unesco.mowcap.org and/or General Guidelines at www.unesco.org/webworld/mdmBenefits• UNESCO recognition is meaningful and prestigious- a global body has made a judgment• Leverage support for preservation and access• Corrects historical balance and perspective• Right to use the logo (rules apply)• Publicity (book, website, general publicity)• Benefit by association• Strategic value
Tuol Sleng Museum Archive CambodiaCinesound Movietone Collection: Australia
The Preservation o f Documentary Heritage and its Importance for Asia/ PacificRujaya AbhakomIntroductionToday libraries and archives all over the world are looking after books，manuscripts in various forms, inscriptions, photographs, prints, sound recordings，and film s with the intention that they w ill be there forever and w ill by used by the reading public, researchers, university teachers and students, government officials and many other types o f users. In this context, the UNESCO Memory o f the World Programme (MOW) was set up in 1992 with the position that the documentary heritage in libraries and archives constitutes a major part o f the memory o f the peoples o f the world and reflects the diversity o f peoples, languages and cultures. It belongs to all and should be permanently accessible to all without hindrance. Unfortunately documentary heritage that comprises the written word on paper, palm leaves，leather or stone and also audiovisual materials including film s is fragile. A large amount o f it disappears through “natural” causes without people realizing it. For exam ple，acidified paper that was used for printing in the 19th century would eventually fall apart by itself, while other types o f material such as leather and parchment are constantly subjected to heat, humidity and dust. Likewise are film and magnetic tape which should be kept in controlled environment. Accidents， natural disasters and wars have caused major damages. One disaster often cited by UNESCO is the earthquake in Japan in 1923 which destroyed 700,000 volum es o f the Imperial University Library in Tokyo. Among the losses were records o f the Tokugawa Government and many manuscripts and old prints. Political conflicts sometimes targeted documentary heritage for destruction, such as the Cultural Revolution in China which destroyed many local libraries in provincial areas and the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia. To be vigilant against all these forms o f disaster is highly necessary and a continuous task.Preventing the decay or destruction o f the world,s documentary heritage and providing access to them are the basic aims o f the MOW Programme. Given limited resources，the Programme has to depend on the efforts o f the Member States them selves who may not be aware o f the importance o f their own documentary heritage and the perils it is facing. The MOW Register was founded in 1995 as a means o f raising awareness in the Member States o f their documentary heritage, in particular aspects o f that heritage which are significant in terms o f a common world memory. This concept o f everyone, regardless o f his/her country, having a common world memory may not be easily understood or accepted. How this idea is linked to the MOW Registers needs to be explained. Lastly，why and how the countries in the Asia/Pacific region should be involved in the preservation o f their documentary heritage in general and the MOW Programme in particular are issues o f common interest for the 43 countries defined by UNESCO as belonging to the A sia/Pacific region.
Common World MemoryThe present world is the result o f multifarious material and spiritual developments taken place over many centuries ago. These events and movements were sometimes in conjunction and at most tim es took place autonomously. To perceive them as common global experiences would be highly sim plistic. They occurred and were gone. At the most they would be remembered by the actors or the witnesses. In the transmission through successive generations o f oral societies they would probably be changed and have a life o f their own as “myths” and “legends”. If they were written down they may have a better chance o f survival. Since each integral sets o f documents have their own “stories，by connecting them a pattern may emerge but it does not necessarily reveal a “common history”，let alone a global one.Is there a need to discover a common world history? As we are recognizing that we live in a one “world village” it is tempting to try see past the present into the past if that “village” has always been there. By gathering documents up into the two baskets o f International and Regional Registers, the MOW Programme believes that they constitute a memory， not memories， o f the world. Out o f the 158 documents registered on the International Register between 1997-2007 there are some common themes that many people could share, such as the “civilizing process” that determines some identities and human civilizations that we recognize in ancient languages, literature, music, religions， philosophy and useful knowledge like medicine. The documents also present us with diverse cultural expressions. Political ideologies, the struggle for justice and the nation- building processes are particularly eminent as they still govern many nations and communities. The history o f capitalism and industrialization are themes that are still important today. Certain common memories also stand out，such as Memory o f War and Diplomacy，Memory o f Slavery, Memory o f Colonization, and the Memory o f Political Violence and Trauma. They are shared by some but not others. So “common world history’ does not mean the same historical experiences shared by the peoples o f the world, but rather diverse human activities many o f which have affected large groups o f peoples over the centuries and continue to do so today. What the MOW Programme gives us is a common knowledge o f world history that can be shared and educate us if w e care to learn.The Role o f the Asia/Pacific RegionA 2007 progress report on the development o f MOW in the A sia/ Pacific region found that o f the 120 inscriptions on the International MOW Register [up to 2006]，only 26 were from the region (compared to，for example, 63 from Europe). (Report by Ray Edmondson Chair, MOWCAP 5 June 2007). This situation can partly be explained by the fact that the MOW Programme was originally supported by European archival and library institutions who vigorously participated in the nomination process with success. Another reason may be that European civilizations and global political and economic domination in recent history are readily recognized. Lastly, it is evident that record keeping in the west is the most advanced and well-organized. In most cases, information related to the documentary heritage can be readily retrieved and presented in the nominations.
Since 2007，the A sia/Pacific Region has become more active in the MOW Programme through the regional committee MOWCAP and the formation o f national MOW committees or equivalent，resulting in greater participation by Vietnam, Cambodia, Indonesia, M ongolia, Fiji，N ew Zealand, Macao SAR and Bhutan, in addition to the already active China, Korea, M alaysia, Australia，India and Thailand. The recognition o f their documentary heritage would provide a much more holistic picture o f world history.Being registered should not，however, be the main concern o f the Asia/Pacific Region countries In general, the R egion’s tropical climate requires preservation and conservation measures to maintain the documentary heritage in good condition, through the use o f appropriate materials and equipment and the optimum controls o f temperature and humidity. These are concerns that the Region must address at all tim es.ConclusionThe MOW Programme aims at protecting and promoting the word’s documentary heritage through preservation measures and access, and by recognizing individual or sets o f documents as o f world significance in terms o f a recorded world “memory.” Naturally it does not mean that undocumented memory is not important or that the end result is a comprehensive world history. We are in fact involved in the exercise in historical reconstruction that can never be satisfied or satisfying as many gaps are bound to remain. Nevertheless, it is a learning process that w ill not only enrich our knowledge o f the world and its past, but also lead to a better understanding o f the background to the diverse values that world communities adhere to. It is the duty o f each community to reveal and make known its cherished principles and customs so that others may understand and respect them better. A s a centre o f world civilizations and useful knowledge, the A sia/Pacific Region has the responsibility to actively participate in the MOW Programme and make sure that its documentary heritage w ill be preserved and studied for many years to come.
澳門天主教文獻列入亞太區《世界記憶名錄》的啓迪楊開荊（澳門文獻信息學會理事長）摘要：2 0 1 0年 3 月 9 曰 ，《天主教澳門教區檔案文獻（十六至十九世紀)》，被 成功列入聯合國教科文組織亞太區《世界記憶、名錄》，這當然印證了澳門深厚的歷 文化底蘊及豐富的文獻遺產得到世界認同。然而，相信一系列的工作有待展開， 除了在進一步整理澳門文獻遺產的基礎上硏究申報世界級《世界記憶名錄》可行 性外，澳門文獻的深入控掘、整理、保護更是刻不容緩，同時利用現代化技術開 拓澳門文獻信息服務，包括建立澳門記憶、文獻總庫等等，使文獻能真正得以廣 泛利用，配合當今社會急速發展的需要。關鍵詞：澳門文獻遺產，澳門歷史，世界記憶、工程The Inspiration o f M acao D iocesan D ocum entation inscribed to the M OW CAPHelen Ieong Hoi KengDirector o f the Executive Board o f Macau Documentation and Information SocietyAbstract: On 9 March 2010，the “Archives and Materials o f the Macao D iocese from 1550s to 1800s” were added to the UNESCO Asia-Pacific Memory o f the World Register, which has certainly verified that contents o f the historical culture and the rich documentary heritage o f Macao are w ell recognized by the world. However, we believe that there are a series o f works need to do, which include: further studying o f the feasibility on registering to Memory o f the World; deeper exploring, w ell managing, better preservation the Macao historical documentary heritage are the urgent matters; simultaneously, using the information technology skill to develop documentation and information services，such as the “Macau Memory” program，integrating documentation resources networking storage and so on，that enable the resources to be widely using and be able to coordinate the rapidly social developm ent’s need.Key words: Macao Documentary Heritage，Macao History, Memory o f the World Program一 . 世界文獻遺產保護工程聯合國教科文組織(UNESCO)在 1 9 7 2年 發 起 《世界遺產名錄》項目，喚起 人類對文化和自然遺產建築或遺址的保護意識；1 9 9 2年又提出“世界記憶工程”， 關注的是世界文獻遺產，主要包括手稿、圖書館和檔案館保存的任何介質的珍貴 檔案以及口述歷史的記錄等，從而使人類的記憶更加完整；其後又於2 0 0 3年 ，設 立 了 《非物質文化遺產名錄》。由此可見，保存歷史、留住人類共同記憶已成爲 文明社會文化建設及文化價値的標誌。從某種意義上說，興建也許就是破壞，而 事實上都市的發展難免對文物建築及歷史古蹟造成摧毀。這種矛盾顯示了人類對 自己一手造成的“急速變化”的無奈與不適應。因此留住“記憶”便具有普世意義，也 是人類精神文明的共同目標。
不難發現，“ 高校古文獻資源庫” 是一個開放的系統。這裡所說的開放，包 含有多種含義：一是成員數量的開放。 “ 高校古文獻資源庫” 的建設方針是： “ 自願參加， 合作共用，開放服務。” 國内稍具古籍收藏規模的高校圖書館只要有參加的意向， 並簽署參建協議，承諾履行一定的義務（如願意提交館藏古籍的元資料、書影、 全文圖像等等)，隨時都可以加入該資源庫，成為參建館。所以， “高校古文獻資 源庫” 的成員將不斷擴大，並且不設底限。二是資源的開放。 “ 高校古文獻資源庫”中的元數據及其書影是對全社會開 放的，任何人在全世界任何地方都可以檢索利用。至於 “ 高校古文獻資源庫”中 的全文圖像和電子圖書，只要是該資源庫的成員館，其編目人員和讀者都可以在 該館瀏覽查看。三是服務方式的開放。待條件具備後，該資源庫的檢索發布系統將增加文獻 傳遞的功能，使所有CALIS或 CASHL[2]成員館的讀者，都能通過該資源庫的發布服 務系統，發送對於其所需古籍資源的文獻傳遞請求，並得到滿意的服務。此外還 可以應讀者的需要，增加互動空間、虛擬參考諮詢等服務方式。總之，通過CALIS三期的重點建設， “ 高校古文獻資源庫”將吸納更多的成 員館，更廣泛地揭示全國各重要高校圖書館豐富的館藏古文獻資源，現有的著錄 系統、發布檢索系統及其管理端將進一步完善，功能將更加強大， “高校古文獻 資源庫” 一定會建設成為一個富於古文獻特色、内容豐富、功能完備、理念先進、 佔有重要地位的全國性高校古文獻數字圖書館。註釋：[1] 為 China Academic L ibrary & Inform ation System 的縮寫, 即 “中國高等 教育文獻保障系統” ，是經國務院批准的我國高等教育“ 2 1 1工程”中三大公 共服務體系之一，管理中心設在北京大學圖書館。[2] 為 China Academic S o c ia l S c ie n c es and H um anities L ibrary 的縮寫，即 中國高校人文社會科學文獻中心，全國中心設在北京大學圖書館。The developm ent o f “A cadem ic D igital library o f C hinese A ncient C ollection”Yao Boyue (Peking University Library, Professor)Abstract: “Academic Digital library o f Chinese Ancient Collection”，flinded by China Academic Library and Information System (CALIS) in the past five years, has collected about 300,000 metadata records and full text book 8 0,000 items. It was initiated by Peking University Library, and has developed into a joint project o f 7 academic library members. In the near future, with the more support o f CALIS, “Academic Digital library o f Chinese Ancient Collection” w ill have more participating members and become an advanced, complete, huge，open and national database.
網絡化文獻長期保存之問題與技術探討張文熙 W en-Hsi Chang檔案管理局檔案資訊組組長 D ivision Director, Archival Information Systems D ivision National Archives Administration, Taiwan摘要：數位化記憶工程的發展結果，隱含數位化資料如何長期保存問題。數位 記憶必須確保資料內容之真實性、完整性及可用性才具備有效性。網絡化文獻兼 具數位資料及網絡資料易於傳遞的雙重特性，使其保存難度更爲提高。由於，電 腦軟硬體過時極快，如何避免數位記憶內容轉換到下一代設備或軟體後無法使用， 以及要如何減少轉移過程中造成內容損失，均成爲網絡文獻保存的重要課題。此 外 ，網絡應用雖加速資料傳遞，但網絡文獻容易複製再變造，嚴重影響內容真實 性辨識，加上惡意竄改的威脅，惟有在數位文獻產生及處理過程中增加必要性機 制 ，才能確保內容之長期有效。故本文針對網絡化文獻處理過程中可能影響長期 保存之相關問題，提供我們的看法及解決方案。一 、前 言發展數位化記憶工程，以電腦及網路保存文化資產已經成爲全球趨勢。網絡 不僅是傳播工具，也是保存媒體。然而，當各單位大量投入數位化發展之後，逐 漸面臨數位資料難以長期保存之問題。許多人開始意會，惟有確保網絡資料真實 性(A uthenticity)、完整性(Integrity)及可用性(A ccessibility)真實性，才能使這些網絡 化文獻具有實用效力。然而，數位資料長期保存比想像的困難，無法輕易解決， 必須融合多項技術，並且相關技術尙在發展中。檔案管理局爲解決政府機關電子 檔案長期保存問題，在2010年8月建置了電子檔案長期保存實驗室，硏發、測試及 整合所需工具，藉以尋求可行的解決方案(註 1 )。網際網路(Internet，互聯網)是目前傳遞數位文化資產最爲普及的方式。傳統型 式文獻資料必須先完成數位化，才能在不同網路平台上呈現，進而形式網絡化文 獻 。不論是以網頁(h tm l)、內篏Word或Pdf等 方法，都是網頁作爲與使用者接觸的 主要呈現方式。現代網頁隨技術演進，產生許多不同形態的變化，集合了影音、 動畫、圖像等，可以視作包含不同媒體網絡化文獻集合。全球各地所推動不同範 圍數位化記憶工程內容，總體而言，都是整合不同類型數位資料及網絡傳播的特 性 ，藉由電腦及網路來保存區域性或主題歷史回憶的方式。不論是保存機構官方 網頁、社群軟體(F acebook)、硏究者部落格(B log)等 ，就所需電腦保存技術而言是 相同的。然而，相較於傳統文件保存技術，數位化文件保存標準與修復技術，仍處於 發展階段，距離成熟完備還有相當大的發展空間。如果，將數位化文獻視爲傳統 文件新應用形式，網絡化文獻保存問題就單純得多。因爲當發生鑑定或應用疑義 時 ，求諸原件便可取得最終解答。然而，實務上當文獻數位化之後，勢必增加原 件中本來没有新技術元素，如此，使得數位化成果可能成爲未來重要典藏物。例
Singapore M emory ProjectMs Soh Lin Li Manager, National Library Office National Library Board, Singapore1. BackgroundBuilding the Nation’s Documentary HeritageThe wealth o f materials on Singapore that reside in research and academic institutions, public agencies and people organisations collectively tell the evolving story o f Singapore from its pre-founding days to current developments in all sectors o f life in Singapore.There has been an increasing emphasis placed by the Government on creating a sense o f identity and nationhood among Singaporeans, Permanent Residents and to some extent, foreigners in Singapore. Singapore’s maturity as a city-state has also given rise to a critical need and urgency in ensuring that the Singapore story is collected and discovered to avoid the permanent loss o f the nation’s heritage, national roots and nation development.The advances in digital technology offer NLB an opportunity to collect Comprehensively Across Agencies. Previously, institutions, organisations and private collectors would sometimes be reluctant to part with their collections to contribute to a national collection as some may have concerns over ownership o f the primary materials and access to their materials. With the advent o f digital technology, owners have the option o f holding on to their materials while copies are digitised.Further, the digital collection o f knowledge assets on Singapore can be housed in a portal that can be accessed from any location including the owners，sites and the potential o f such a collection for research, discovery and education is hugely augmented.2. Details o f Singapore Memory ProjectComponentsThe Singapore Memory Project (SMP) is the foundational knowledge base for communities and the initial phase o f a sustained long-term knowledge initiative. It will put in place a system to enable our cultural and intellectual memory to be collected, organised, preserved, and promoted for research and discovery. It will build a national digital collection o f knowledge assets about Singapore.
The SMP encompasses collecting, preserving, organising, disseminating, sharing and showcasing knowledge for research and discovery. This is a long-term national project and hence two phases were defined. The first phase will start from 2010 to 2013，while the second phase would be from 2013 onwards. For the 1st phase, we have the following components:
Coverage of the Singapore Memory ProjectThe Singapore Memory Content w ill take a more expansive approach in its collection o f items. The criteria would cover all formats with a focus on materials that are o f historical, cultural and educational importance. These could then be developed either into a chronological collection that charts Singapore’s national history or into thematic collections that focus on key developments o f Singapore either culturally, socially or economically.In the first year o f the development, in response to the current economic crisis， there could be emphasis on collecting materials that document how the nation had responded to previous crises such as SARS, the financial crisis o f the 1990s and o f course the struggle for independence. Further, efforts will be made to document the current crisis with the view to capture current memory for future use in times o f difficulties.NLB will consult with social scientists and historians to determine the areas o f social and historical significance that can form the bedrock o f the collection criteria.NLB will develop the Singapore Memory Content with agencies including:• Academic, research and library institutions. Some o f the partners who are agreeable to participate in this content development include libraries from the Institute o f Southeast Asian Studies, and National University o f Singapore• Key heritage agencies including the National Heritage Board and the National Archives o f Singapore.• Private agencies with collections on Singapore. Amongst others, the Singapore Press Holdings library will be participating in this development.• Government agencies with past and evolving content on Singapore’s national development. Agencies who have expressed interest to participate include national instruments o f development such as Urban Redevelopment Authority, Housing Development Board and Public Utilities Board.• People organisations such as clan associations, town councils and private donors.NLB is a national knowledge institution that plays a vital role in ensuring that Singapore’s collective memory in the form o f its intellectual and cultural output o f the nation is kept and preserved in perpetuity. It plays an important role as
the custodian and promoter o f the nation’s memory by enabling the sharing o f information and knowledge, by supporting learning and intellectual activities and by connecting communities to ideas and knowledge and to each other in pursuit o f new knowledge. Sections 6 and 7 o f the National Library Board Act, 1995 state that the Board will “acquire and maintain a comprehensive collection o f library materials relating to Singapore and its people”. The Board will also “take appropriate measures to maintain and preserve library materials deposited with the Board”.NLB has been collecting materials related to Singapore through its legal deposit statutory requirement for all materials published in Singapore to be deposited with NLB, through its active acquisition o f other materials with Singaporean content and through private donations from collectors.With the support o f its partners, the Singapore Memory will be able to build up exponentially even more partnerships with other institutions and agencies in order to optimise resources and leverage on expertise. This would enable the following:• The collection o f the materials，both physical and digital will go beyond the conventional confines o f the physical space o f the National Library Board to other institutions and spaces that collect materials related to Singapore.• Further, the Singapore Memory will build a variety o f research and layperson communities around these collections, to encourage the use o f the library’s rich resources.3. Need for Singapore Memory Content(a) Knowledge Assets for CommunitiesFor knowledge communities to grow and flourish, they must be supported with good content. This is so that these communities have a foundational knowledge base to work on, and to which they can add new knowledge. The SMP will build up a digital collection o f knowledge assets on Singapore and will become part o f the valuable eResources for these knowledge sharing communities.(b) Whole-of-GovemmentThe Singapore Memory Project will address the following desired strategic directions o f the Whole-of-Govemment strategy, which reflects the focus areas o f the Singapore Government:The Singapore Memory Project as an Instrument o f Nation Building and IntegrationInvesting in a new social compact
With Singapore’s maturity as a nation-state and the increasing emphasis placed by the government on creating a sense o f identity and nationhood among Singaporeans, Permanent Residents and to some extent, foreigners working, studying or living in Singapore, there is a critical need and urgency in ensuring that Singapore’s content is collected and preserved and history in the making is also collected and preserved.Having a preservation programme in place facilitates future access. This is an important element in capturing the collective memory o f Singapore as well as ensuring that our heritage is accorded its due appreciation and understanding.Managing Our Demographic C h a llen g es:A d d ressin g the Integration o fForeign Segment，Older Singaporeans and Younger SingaporeansSingaporeans have become increasingly interested to uncover more o f Singapore not only in terms o f its history but also in all the burgeoning aspects o f arts, culture, science and technology. This interest is hugely augmented by that o f the rising migrant population, foreign talent and expatriates who are keen to understand more about the country they are staying in. Building a programme to help them understand Singapore will also help in national integration o f these segments o f our population.Further the older generation o f Singaporeans are in a unique position; most are first-generation or second-generation Singaporeans with an increasing and more palpable bond with Singapore as opposed to their country o f origin. In addition, they have matured in a stable and prosperous Singapore. This gives them impetus to have the Singapore Story or Singapore Memory remembered and not forgotten. Increasingly, this group has become more vocal about Singapore’s identity and heritage.Likewise, the younger generation are increasingly being engaged in politics, policy-making decisions and civic society. Their propensity towards IT and the increasing use o f cyberspace as a communication tool is adding another layer to the Singapore Story.These developments and trends call for a more rigorous collection o f government publications, and other publications as well as resources related to Singapore and the region.(c) Outcomes for SingaporeFostering a Sense o f Community. National Identity and Rootedness.The initiative will work towards the creation o f knowledgeable Singaporeans, and towards a greater sense o f community and Singaporean-ness. Besides reaching out to Singaporeans, the target group o f the “wider” Singaporean including foreign talent, expatriates and new migrants could also be integrated into the entire fabric o f the nation through their deepened knowledge o f
Singapore and Singaporean-ness, and through the collaborative activities o f the Singapore Memory Content with other Singaporeans.In turn this will help the “wider” group o f Singaporeans also develop a Better Understanding o f Singapore and its Policies.Further, with the engagement o f the creative community in the people and private sector such as the average Singaporean as well as the participating agencies from the different sectors in content creation, the Singapore Memory Content is a platform that can be a great social studio and hence a showcase for a Vibrant and Sustainable Creative Cluster to create a whole new industry o f experiences based on Singaporeaness.Finally, with the 3-tiered programme design o f listen, watch and create in all aspects o f Singapore life in the resulting programme and exhibitions structure o f Singapore 101，including arts, heritage and culture, the Singapore Memory Project will catalyse a deeper and multilayered appreciation hence nurturing a Gracious and Knowledgeable People, Appreciative o f the Arts and Culture.(d) Outcomes of the Library 2010 (NLB)The Singapore Memory Project will contribute to the N LB’s Library 2010 outcomes o f Libraries for Life and Knowledge for Success and align with the strategic thrust o f “Building Asia-centric content especially pertaining to Singapore and South-East Asia for access and discovery”.The establishment o f a Singapore Memory Collection will reflect Singapore’s cultural and intellectual heritage and knowledge to be preserved for posterity. The ease o f access to Singapore content will result in increased research and discovery o f Singapore related areas. Singaporeans and other residents are engaged in the development o f and education in the Singapore Story through activities such as programmes, exhibitions, projects and collaborative content augmentation.The content built will increase the knowledge o f key historical, social and cultural aspects o f Singapore amongst students, expatriates and new immigrants that will result in a more cohesive and resilient nation with a common story o f national development.4. Benefits o f Singapore Memory ContentThe Ready Audience and Market for Singapore ContentThe collections and services offered by NLB in particular on Singapore content and materials are in demand by a broad spectrum and huge volume o f Singapore communities and even users in the region and beyond.The Lee Kong Chian Reference Library 一 the reference services arm o f NLB - receives about 2m visitors a year in need o f reference and research services
while the newly developed national library website with a significant emphasis on Singapore content has garnered close to 2m page views in the 6 months since its inception in Apr 08.One significant example would be the Singapore Infopedia. Singapore Infopedia is an online encyclopedia o f Singapore heritage information created by NLB. It has seen accesses for the content on its website increased from 400 to 180,000 a month over 18 months. This is an increase in usage o f 450 times in a relatively short time thus demonstrating the considerable demand for Singapore information.The following are the major groups o f existing users o f the Lee Kong Chian China Reference Library’s collections and services and who would form a major audience and market for the Singapore Memory Project:• Researchers on Singapore including the following who have used Singaporecontent to develop different products:- Writers o f books commissioned by Automobile Association o f Singapore, MOE，MCYS，Singapore Hollandice Club, East Coast GRC，Geylang Serai GRC, Sentosa Leisure Group- Curators from Singapore Art Museum & National Museum- Family and local history seekers.- Casual researchers such as artists Lim Hsin Hsin，Choo Keng Kwang, Chong Fah Cheong，Foo Chee San, Violet Oon, Straits Times journalist, Irene N g (MP，Tampines GRC)- Authors such as Eli Solomon (Snakes & Devils: a history o f the Singapore Grand Prix)- Lee Kong Chian Research Fellows: research on Singapore and Southeast Asia’s culture, language, society, economic activities, history, etc• Government users including Government and statutory board officers fromM DA，LTA，MCYS, MOE, NHB，MTI and MICA• Tertiary/adult students including faculty and students o f- Local academic institutions including Raffles Design Institute, Sotheby Institute，Singapore and the local universities including SMU, NUS and NTU. - Overseas Universities including History Dept (History o f Southeast Asia), University o f Malaya, Malaysia，University o f Cambridge, UK, Dept o f History, Cleveland State University, U S，History Faculty, Peking University, China，Asia Institute, University o f Melbourne, Cinema Studies, Stockholm University, Southeast Asian Studies Program, Ohio University, University o f the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan• Professionals and practitioners including:- Publishers/producers who require research and assistance for results such as a 6-episode TV series, Explore Singapore! (joint project between the Media Development Authority o f Singapore, National Heritage Board and NLB), Encyclopedia o f Singapore
- Museums and art institutions such as Asian Civilizations Museum, Singapore Art Museum and LaSalle who have actively used the Art collection at NLB• Businesses, libraries and the general publicIn addition to the existing user groups, this being a national effort — the potential users and beneficiaries o f the Singapore Memory Content could extend to:• Other Students. Through the education effort o f the Singapore Memory Content，projects and campaigns can be developed to enable students at the primary and secondary levels to achieve a deeper appreciation o f all things Singapore.• Households and the Average Singapore. The education effort could also extend to the average Singapore to capture stories and to pass on the messages about Singapore’s national development and culture.5. Key Performance IndicatorsIn addition to the performance indicators detailed below, a key outcome o f the Singapore Memory Content is to establish a long term plan and system to sustain the building o f the Singapore Memory Content collection at a national level and the associated components such as access and discovery, content creation and national education. The deliverable o f Singapore Memory Content is to be adopted as a national plan when the development reaches the end o f the funding provided by the L2010 funds.64
6. Expected Date o f Commencement & Physical Completion of SMPDate o f Commencement: 1 January 2010Date o f Completion: 31 Mar 20147. ConclusionWith libraries all over the world facing the challenge o f meeting the needs o f users by improving access，the National Library Singapore is in the midst o f development o f this landmark project. It will optimize the benefits and options offered by digitization not just for preservation purposes but to provide access to a varied audience from researchers and library practitioners to the public.Singapore Memory is a nation-wide initiative, with the National Library Singapore as facilitator，to put in place a system to enable the cultural and intellectual memory o f Singapore to be collected, organized, preserved and promoted for research and discovery. It will build a national digital collection o f materials about Singapore backed by a nation-wide digitization and digital preservation programme. Supported by this keystone project, the National Library aims to integrate existing services and functions to provide a seamless service to all its users.REFERENCESearch The Memory o f Netherlands (2009). Koninklijke Bibliotheek. RetrievedSeptember 30，2009，from http://www.geheugenvannederland.n1/7/en/homepage.The Library o f Congress American Memory. (2000). The Library o f Congress.Retrieved September 30, 2009，from http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/index.html.
论地方文献一 葬文长诗《妞妞红》的美学价值谭发祥（四川省攀枝花市图书馆馆员）摘要： 《妞妞红》是一部广泛流传于川滇交界地区、深受彝族民众喜爱、面临 消失的彝文长诗，它以迎娶儿媳为背景，全面展现了彝族人民的历史、文化、宗 教、地理、哲学思想、人伦规范、天文历法等，全诗有四章、1 7 4首、9 7 4 4行、 4 8 7 2 0字，蕴藉深厚、恢宏灿烂、节奏鲜明、曲调优美，既是一部历史史诗，也 是一本人文教材。本文从音韵学、文字学、人类学、民族学、伦理学等角度剖析 了 《妞妞红》的美学价值。A b str a c t: “ N iuniu Red” (the G ir l in Red) i s a Yi poetry spreading in Sichuan-Yunnan bordering area, w id ely popular among the Yi peop le, but in danger o f e x t in c t io n . Backgrounded w ith marrying a g i r l , i t u n v e ils a f u l l p ic tu r e o f the Yi e th n ic group in a sp e c ts o f h is to r y , cu ltu re , r e l ig io n , geography, ph ilosophy, human r e la t io n s and norms, astronom ical ephem eris. C onstructed w ith four ch ap ters, 174 p ie c e s , 9744 l in e s and 48720 ch a racters, i t appears profound, m agn ificen t and gorgeous, w ith d i s t in c t rhythm and g ra ce fu l melody. I t i s not on ly a h is t o r ic a l ep ic but a ls o a hum anities teach in g textbook. In t h i s paper, the a e s t h e t ic va lu e in the〃Niuniu Red〃 i s exp lored from the p e r sp e c tiv e o f phonology, p h ilo lo g y , anthropology, ethnology and e th ic s .生活在祖国西南边陲的云、贵、川、桂，近 8 0 0 万人口的彝族是世界上最古 老的民族之一。彝族， 彝语 “诺苏” ，直译 “ 黑色的民族” ，自称是鹰的子孙， 是神鹰之子吱嘎阿龙的后代。这是一个在森林中生活、崇拜火、崇拜自然、崇拜 祖先，相信万物有灵、相信灵魂不死的民族；这是一个为世界文明做出巨大贡献 的民族，创立的自源文字体系促进了彝族地区社会、经济、文化的发展及与其他 民族的融合；创立的十月太阳历，年的时间长度精确到365. 2 5 天；留下了大量的 珍贵的彝文典籍，著名的有《西南彝志》、 《阿诗玛》、 《宇宙人文论》 《古代 六祖史》 、 《勒俄特依》、 《支格阿鲁》等；这是一个诗化思维强烈的民族，诗 歌特别发达，长诗特别丰富，其中创世史诗《勒俄特依》、伦理史诗《彝汉教典》、 抒情长诗《妈妈的女儿》尤为著名；这是一个崇尚美、热爱美、创造美的民族， 不仅表现在服饰、器皿等日常用品上，而且还表现在诗词、音乐、歌舞、绘画、 宗教等方面，彝文长诗《妞妞红》就是集诗、歌、舞、美于一体的典型代表。一、《妞妞红》的历史地位《妞妞红》对于彝族民众特别是对于川滇交界地区的彝族民众来说，就像《格 萨尔王传》对于藏族民众， 《十二木卡姆》对于维吾尔族民众， 《信天游》对于 陕北民众，长、短调牧歌对于蒙古族民众一样，神圣无瑕、人诗合一，似明灯，
洋）、国币，还有美金、英磅、港币。有的是寄回荷兰盾、澳币、加拿大元等，侨 批封的邮戳也包含了极其难得的国际间邮政往来的丰富信息。这些最具时代特色 的批封，己成为民间收藏者关注的对象，也是世界多元文化和艺术的代表之一。4 . 文化交流价值。文化交流的价值不仅是国际移民跨国的人口流动，更是文 化的传承者和传播者。千百万的广东籍华侨华人就是中外外来文化的传播者，侨 批则是文字传播的重要渠道。在寄回家乡的书信中，会描述他们在侨居地的见闻， 外国人的生活习惯、行为观念、社会组织方式以及建筑式样，这些都往往给家乡 亲人带来新奇的感受。通过批信方式成为推动侨乡社会转变的同时，在侨居国也 注入了中外文化。如英語中的粤语借用詞：bok-choy ( 白菜 ）、 chop suey (杂 碎）、 chow mein (炒面）、conpoy (乾貝）、kowtow (叩头）、kungfu (功夫）、 Hong Kong (香港）、 wampee (黄皮）、 wonton (云吞）、 yum cha ( 饮茶）、lo mein(搜面）。又如粤语中的英语外来语：巴士（b u s )、的士（t a x i ) 、畸士（c a s e， 案件）、拉 士 （l a s t，最后）、厘 士 （la c e，花边）、芝士 （c h e e s e ,奶酪） 、 晒士（s i z e ，尺寸）、贴士（t i p s , 小费）、番士（fa n s，歌迷影迷）、卡士（c a s t , 演员阵容）、安士（ounce，盘司）、波士（b o ss，老板）、冇飞士（fa c e，面子）、 摆铺士（p o s e )、士 多 （S to r e，杂货店）、士巴拿（spanner，扳手）等等。 再 如英粤混用的词汇：叉电（ch arge，充电）、插梳（s o c k e t，插座）、洗桑拿（sauna， 蒸汽浴）、食布菲（b u f fe t， 自助餐）、买飞入场（f a r e ,门票）、圣诞唔 (card , 卡片）等等。 1 9世纪以来的中外文化交流是对社会发展影响较为深远，海外华侨 华人对这一文化大交流功不可没，是他们将外来文化传播到中国广大的侨乡。(二）侨批档案（广东）文献遗产价值民间有句俗语：有海水的地方就有广东人。侨批档案（广东）是在特定的历 史条件下广东侨民群体社会实践活动材料的总汇集。数量巨大、系统真实的侨批 档 案 （广东）是珍贵的中华民族记忆遗产。侨批文献遗产的发掘和整理，将为华 侨史、金融汇兑史、中外邮政史、中外交流史等学科领域的研究提供了宝贵的文 献遗产。1 . 对照世界记忆名录入选标准看侨批档案（广东）的文献遗产价值。根据 联合国教科文组织《保护文献遗产通用指南（总方针） 》 （General G u id elin es to Safeguard Documentary H erita g e , 2 0 0 2 )对照标准可入选理由：一是真实性。 1 4 万封侨批档案（广东）记录了一个半世纪的华侨华人的历史，它的独有性和来 源是可靠的真迹；二是世界意义、唯一性和无可替代的。侨批档案（广东）来自 东南亚、欧洲、美洲各地。具有世界范围的广泛意义，1 4 万封侨批档案中没有一 封雷同。在当今的信息时代，电子的联系己代替了纸张直接书写的形式；三是要 满足下列标准中的一项或多项。侨批档案（广东）符合以下各项要求： （1 ) 时间： 侨批档案跨越了一个半世纪的历史。记录了几个朝代的历史变迁、战争等变革。( 2 ) 地点：侨批档案记载世界各地华侨华人对中国的辛亥革命、抗日战争、解放 战争和对家乡、侨居国的贡献。 （3 ) 人物：赡养的千万家庭，支持孙中山和家乡 铁路、医院、学校建设，中西合璧的开平碉楼群等。 （4 ) 专题和主题：世界各地 的唐人街是华侨华人对中华传统文化等传播的产物，无论是英语中的粤语借用还 是混用。同属于中西文化的交流。 （5 ) 形式与风格：各式各样的邮政戳、批局 戳、宣传戳，金融货币信息，政治政策，广告，各种邮路和邮寄方式、各国邮票、 各具特色的信封、吉祥印章等等。批封上的文字和图案构成了侨批批封特有的美
Z Documentary Values of Qiaopi Archives (Guangdong)Guangdong Provincial Archival BureauWu XiaoqiongAbstract: The historical documentary archives in Guangdong are valuable cultural relics o f our mankind; it is also part o f the social and historical public memories o f Chinese people，witnessing the migration history o f Chinese. This paper attempts to figure out the methods o f using and preserving this heritage, so as to make full use o f these valuable historical documents. The author had worked for the application for UNESCO Cultural Heritage status for years, this paper is actually her thoughts during the application process，she realized how important and significant the 140 thousand qiaopi records are and the great responsibility on their shoulders, in terms o f how to preserve the documents.Key Words: qiaopi archives, historical documents, value evaluationOverseas Remittance File (Guangdong) as the documentary heritage o f mankind's documentary heritage is an integral part o f the worldwide overseas Chinese social and historical memory. It is the witness o f Chinese immigration history and the gift leaving to future generations the precious history literature remains o f the contribution and struggle o f overseas Chinese. The main point o f the dissertation is about how to protect and use o f these documentary heritage better, trying to seek the way to promote the exertion o f the function o f the documentary heritage as the social memory in the world. Through the Application o f the Memory o f the W orld、the protection and exploitation o f the Overseas Remittance File (Guangdong) documentary heritage, I came to realize that the 140000 Overseas Remittance Files (Guangdong) are significant from the perspective o f the social memory o f the world community, rescuing and Protection o f the Overseas Remittance File (Guangdong) is everyone’s immanent duty.Overseas Remittance Files (Guangdong) are not only a simple Chinese family letters but also the archives witness that hometown linked with Southeast Asia, Europe, America, Oceania and other countries and the region extensively one and half a century， the collective memory o f human heritage. Overseas Remittance Files (Guangdong) are the most complete, the richest meaningful, the most typical the file remains.140000 Archives reservations Overseas Remittance Files (Guangdong) system stored in Shantou Archives, Jiangmen Archives and Meizhou Archives，truly and extensively show the lives o f millions o f overseas migration，recording the changes o f the politic, economy, social, legal and immigration policy in Asia, Europe，America, Oceania different countries (regions). As the Chinese private letters, it is the link to the family home, recording the history o f overseas Chinese in the past for 150 years.The value o f the Overseas Remittance Files (Guangdong)Historical valueEarly in the 19th century to the 20th century, the seventies, a special way o f communication prevailed in some residencies o f the overseas Chinese, Guangdong and southeast coastal provinces for a long time, whose basic characteristic is that remittance and letter are mailed together .It is a kind o f remittance evidence which overseas Chinese send through private channels and the subsequent domestic financial
postal mail, with letter or a simple postscript. Such contact carrier linking home and abroad went by the name o f "Overseas Remittance’、commonly known as the "fan pi", called "silver letters." In Wuyi area(receive the name for consisting o f 5 overseas Chinese country). The initial batch o f that are bom in Southeast Asia, the time is the Qing dynasty, Qianlong period.Some Overseas Remittance Files sampleThe value o f historical evidenceThe value o f the historical evidence o f the Overseas Remittance Files (Guangdong) are mainly embodied through the original nature o f the literature. From it people can understand the situation o f the territory canceled in the letters，such as china, America or Southeast Asia, the "nostalgia” and the sentiment which overseas Chinese own to their families. The files are worthy o f economic and social encyclopedia, being provided with rich content、detailed r e c o r d s 、sincere feelings. Overseas Remittance archives are the witness that overseas Chinese support fam ily、righteous struggle o f the motherland and home construction, exchange feelings. So the value o f their original certificate is self-evident.Some files full o f thoughts o f love and missingImportant features o f the Overseas Remittance archives are: 1 .Truth 2.Integrity 3. Systemic.As the famous Overseas Remittance archives expert Mr. Weizhong Wang said，Systemic and integrity o f the Overseas Remittance archives is actually the inheritance o f Chinese traditional ethics, whose main contents are Filial piety 'm o d est、honest and trustworthy. Generations o f overseas Chinese, formatted the strong "root" o f consciousness influenced by it，when they wandered abroad，whatever how difficult the environment or how bad the conditions, do everything possible to fulfill the maintenance obligations o f parents and wives and children, reflecting the high sense o f responsibility to family. One by One Overseas Remittance are mailed to home continuously driven by ethical and moral strength in this Chinese tradition.3.the value o f Aesthetic appreciationthe value o f Aesthetic appreciation o f the Overseas Remittance Files are embodied in the approved seal. The amount o f the information on the Overseas Remittance seal is incomparable in all kinds o f seals.The value o f culture exchangeThe value o f cultural exchange is the Overseas Remittance archives not only reflect the cross-border population movements o f international migration, but also promote cultural inherit and disseminate. Millions o f overseas Chinese from Guangdong is just the disseminator o f foreign culture and foreign, Overseas Remittance is an important channel for dissemination o f the text likewise, the Remittances and letters returned home ， often describe their knowledge in the country o f their overseas residency，foreigner，s habits, behavior concept, values, the way o f social organization, and architectural styles, which constantly bring home novel feelings.The documentary heritage value o f Overseas Remittance File (Guangdong)A folk saying goes: where there is water there is Cantonese.Overseas Remittance Files (Guangdong) are the total collection o f Guangdong Diaspora groups social activities Materials the specific historical conditions in the expatriate Guangdong's material community social practice of. Huge am ount、true and systematic
Overseas Remittance Files(Guangdong) are precious heritage o f Chinese memory. Exploring and finishing Overseas Remittance documentary heritage will provide a valuable documentary heritage for researching the overseas Chinese history、the history o f the financial exchange ra te、foreign and china postal h istory、the history o f foreign exchange and other disciplines.Studying The documentary heritage value o f Overseas Remittance File (Guangdong) by the inclusion criteria o f the list o f Memory o f the World1. AuthenticityThe 140000 Overseas Remittance Files (Guangdong) recorded one and half a century history o f overseas Chinese, it’s reliable、unique and authentic for they are all consist o f authentic works.2. World significance, uniqueness and irreplaceableOverseas Remittance Files (Guangdong) were sent from Southeast Asia, Europe and the Americas, owing Wide range o f world significance and there isn’t a similar batch file in the 140,000 overseas. While In today's information age, the form o f direct writing paper has been replaced by electronic links.3.needing to Meet the following criteria in one or more.1 .time: Overseas Remittance files went across one and half a century history. Recording the historical changes o f several dynasties、wars and other changes.2. Location: Overseas Remittance files recorded the contribution o f Overseas Chinese all over the world to the Revolution o f 1911 (the Chinese bourgeois democratic revolution led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen which overthrew the Qing D ynasty)、the War o f Resistance Against Japan (1 9 3 7 -1 9 4 5 )、the liberation war( 1945-1949)and the home, host countries.3. People: the maintenance o f thousands o f fam ilies、support for revolution led by Sun Y a t-se n 、 home railways，hospitals, school construction and Western Kaiping Watchtowers combining o f east and west.4.Topics and themes: the Chinatowns all over the world appear by the sake o f the overseas Chinese’s diffusing to Chinese culture, whether Cantonese borrowed English or mixing o f Cantonese and English are both belonged to the exchange o f Chinese and Western cultures.5.Form and style: various postal stamps，approved Office stamps, stamp promotions, financial and monetary information、political policies，advertisements, postal routes， mails，national stamps, distinctive envelopes, lucky seals and so on. the words and images on envelopes incarnate the distinctive value o f Overseas Remittance Files (Guangdong).Many experts from different sides affirmed the value o f Overseas Remittance Files (Guangdong).Inheritance o f Overseas Remittance Files (Guangdong).1. The protection o f Overseas Remittance File (Guangdong) by Civil society organizations.2. The protection o f Overseas Remittance File (Guangdong) by Governments at all levelsJI SI YU
近代五邑侨乡国际移民网络的构建 — 以开平周运中家族为例1张国雄（五邑大学广东侨乡文化研究中心）摘要：从国际移民网络角度研究华侨历史文化，是华侨华人、侨乡研究的应有 之题。本文通过开平周氏家族个案的分析，力图揭示近代北美地区华侨国际移民 网络构建的方式和组织运作，借以反映侨乡民众对国际移民的群体态度以及华侨 与侨乡亲友对国际移民网络构建的集体意识。关键词：周运中家族；五邑侨乡；华侨；国际移民网络The S tru ctu re o f T ran sn ation a l M igration Network o f Wuyi Q iaoxiang in Modern Times: Zhou Yunzhong Family from K aiping County as a Case StudyZHANG GuoxiongGuangdong Q iaoxiang C ulture Research Center, Wuyi U n iv ers ityA b str a c t: From the an g le o f tra n sn a tio n a l m igration network to study Overseas C hinese h is to r y and c u ltu r e i s one o f the research themes o f O verseas Chinese s tu d ie s and q iaox ian g s tu d ie s . This paper ta k es a Zhou fam ily from Kaiping County as a case study, to an a lyze the s tru c tu re and o p eration o f tra n sn a tio n a l m igration network in North America, r e f l e c t in g q iaoxian g p eo p le ’ s m igration a t t i tu d e and the group co n sc io u sn ess o f Overseas Chinese and t h e ir fa m il ie s and fr ie n d s a t home.Key w ords: Zhou Yunzhong Family, Wuyi Q iaoxiang, O verseas Chinese, T ransnational m igration network没有海外移民就没有侨乡，而有海外移民并不一定就会形成侨乡。海外移民必 须具有相当数量，又与家乡建立起长期稳定的紧密联系，才可能使华侨迁出地从 传统的乡村转变为侨乡。在这紧密的联系中，国际移民网络的构建，是近代广东 侨乡形成的最基本条件和基本特征。其中，五邑侨乡国际移民网络的构建起始于 1 9世纪6 0年代，这一国际移民网络不断发展完善，一直延续到今天，成为五邑侨 乡常葆活力的动力。本文拟通过一个家族国际移民网络构建的案例分析，具体展 示五邑侨乡海内外人员联系的发展轨迹，以加深对海外华侨社会和五邑侨乡形成 的形象认识。1 本文系广东省普通高校人文社科重点硏究基地重大项目： “开平碉楼与村落文书硏究”的阶段 性成果。
家族书信与华南侨乡国际移民— 以江门五邑地区收藏的移民书信为中心刘 进 （五邑大学，广东侨乡文化研究中心副教授）摘要：2 0 世纪9 0 年代以来，中国华南侨乡征集到大量国际移民书信，这些书 信大都是家族之间的来往信件，主要分布在广东潮汕、五邑侨乡和福建省。本文 将以五邑地区国际移民书信为例，探讨移民家族书信的主要特点、内容，以及在 全球视野的观照下，透视移民书信与华南国际移民问题的联系，探讨移民书信在 中国侨乡研究中的作用与可能路径。Family Correspondence and T ran sn ation a l M igration in Southern China— — The C o lle c t io n o f Jiangmen Wuyi Area as th e CaseLIU J inGuangdong Q iaoxiang C ulture Research C enter, Wuyi U n iv ers ityA b str a c t: S in ce the e a r ly 90s o f th e 20th century, a la rg e number o f in te r n a tio n a l m igrants l e t t e r s have been c o l le c t e d by the lo c a l museums and p r iv a te in d iv id u a ls in the south China. Most o f the l e t t e r s i s the communication between fam ily members. The l e t t e r s o f th ese in te r n a tio n a l m igrants are m ainly d is tr ib u te d in Chaozhou and Jiangmen Wuyi in Guangdong province and Fujian province. T his paper tak es the le e t e r s o f in te r n a tio n a l m igrants from Jiangmen Wuyi areas as a case study, to analyze th e ir main c h a r a c te r is t ic s and con ten t, r e f l e c t in g fu n ctio n o f th e l e t t e r s and p o s s ib le research paths the in C hinese Q iaoxiang s tu d ie s .2 0 世纪9 0 年代以来，在华南的重点侨乡陆续发现和征集到大量海外华侨华人 的家族书信。在学术界，愈来愈重视民间文献在认识人类社会历史中起着独特作 用，譬如因为徽州大量民间文书的发现，学术界形成了 “徽州学”；对乡村社会史 的构建亦大量搜集民间文书。大量潮州侨批的发现和征集，使著名学者饶宗颐先 生兴奋地认为潮汕侨批“与徽州的契据、契约价值相当”。* 2 1世纪初期，江门五 邑地区又征集到大量华侨移民书信。这些华南移民书信特点突出，内容丰富，具 有极高的研究价值。一 、 华南国际移民家族书信概况最近二十年来，在中国传统国际移民大省的广东省、福建省发现、征集了数量 可观的历史时期的家族移民书信。这些书信的时间跨度大约在清朝末年到19 7 0年1 潮汕历史文化硏究中心编：《潮汕侨批集成》（第一辑）（1 ) ，广西师范大学出版社，2 0 0 7，“序言”。
6 . 关于世界、国家和家乡社会时局和现状看法在移民书信中，较少对世界、居住国和祖籍国政治的谈论。但当时局与移民 的个人、家人的生存有关之时，也会谈到这方面的问题。四、全球视野中的移民书信与国际移民问题研究近代以来，学术研究开始眼光向下，关注下层民众的社会生活，民间书信逐渐 为一些学者所重视。1 9 1 8 -1 9 2 0年间，两位社会学家威廉• I . 托马斯 （W illiam I. T hom as)和弗洛里安• 兹纳涅茨基(F lo r ia n Z nanieck i)合撰的最早研究移民文 化及其社会组织的经典之作《身处欧美的波兰农民》 (The P o lish Peasant in Europe and A m e r ic a )就大量使用了移民书信文献, 试图从移民自己的角度去理 解他们的文化和生活。 1 二战以来，陆续有数部以移民书信为主要史料的学术成果 问世，如塞缪尔• 贝利(Samuel B a ily )和弗兰科 •拉美拉(Franco R am ella) 于 1988 年合编的《一个家庭，两个世界：一个意大利家族横跨大西洋的通信（1901 - 1922)》 （One Family, Two WorldsrAn I t a l ia n Fam ily, s Correspondece a cro ss the A t la n t ic，1901-1922) 2, 该著与广东移民有一定的比较价值。此外，还有几 本移民书信的著作值得关注。 3中国自古就重视名人书札的收藏与研究，然对于下层普罗大众的民间往来函 件却很漠视。以近代华人移民书信为主要史料的研究成果并不多见，国内学者有 一些初步的研究成果问世，最值得称道的是美国华裔学者刘海铭所著的《一个华 人家族的跨国历史：移民书信、家族事业和逆向迁移》（The T ransnational H istory o f A Chinese Family: Immigrant L e tte r s , Family B u sin ess, And Reverse M ig ra tio n )。该著以3 0 0 0余件广东开平张氏家族的书信等一手文献，描述和剖析 了美国华人生活经历中鲜为人知的层面。 4中国国内学者对征集的移民书信有一定的初步研究，但与国外学者已有的研 究相比，在研究理论、方法、深度上还有明显的差距。1. 华南移民书信与国际移民问题研究随着信息技术的飞速发展，纸质媒介的书信已经退出历史舞台，因此，这些1 William I. Thomas, and Florian Znaniecki, The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, Boston: Knopf and Company, 1927.2 Samuel Baily and Franco Ramella, eds. One Family, Two Worlds: An Italian Family's Correspondence across the Atlantic, 1901-1922 ，New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1988.3 这些著作是：(1 )Alan Conway, ed. The Welsh in America: Letters from the Immigrants (Minneapolis: University o f Minnesota Press, 1961) ; ( 2 ) Charlotte Erickson, ed. Invisible Immigrants: The Adaptation o f English and Scottish Immigrants in Nineteenth-Century America (Coral Gables, Florida: University o f Miami Press, 1972) ； (3 ) Arnold Barton, ed. Letters from the Promised Land: Swedes in America, 1840-1912 (Minneapolis: University o f Minnesota Press, 1975) ； ( 4 ) Walter Kamphoeftier, Wolfgang Helbich, and Ulrike Sommer, ed. News from the Land o f Freedom: German Immigrants Write Home (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991) ; ( 5 )Josephine Wtulich, ed. Writing Home: Immigrants in Brazil and the United States, 1890-1891 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1986).感谢刘海铭教授 在移民书信硏究上的指点。4 Haiming L iu ，The Transnational History o f A Chinese Family: Immigrant Letters, Family Business, And Reverse Migration，Rutgers University Press, 2005.
保留至今的移民书信成为弥足珍贵的先辈移民的历史记忆，也是研究历史时期华 南国际移民的重要第一手文献。历史是过去的现实，现实是历史的延续。虽然有关国际移民的理论已经演绎 得很深入、很全面，具有强大的解释力。然而，深入了解和理解历史上国际移民， 仍有助于更好地理解现实中的国际移问题，也一定会对已有的各种移民理论的完 善有所助益。个人从阅读书信中体会到：任何一种理论都不能单独解释一个较长 时段的移民过程中的各种现象。例如在下面几个领域，利用华南国际移民书信， 可能会有新的学术创新和发现：( 1 ) 华南与北美之间的侨汇（书信）网络、贸易网络、移民网络的关系问题。 大量的侨乡文献表明，侨汇与书信的流通，与贸易网络紧密相关，很多书信与侨 汇在递送过程中都是由商家所接续完成。日本学者滨下武志（Takeshi Hamashita) 在多本著作中阐释了中国、东亚的贸易圈，其中阐释了 1 9 世纪后半叶至2 0 世纪 3 0 年代中国国际劳动力流动前提下的侨汇网络。 1但是，这些商家尤其是香港的金山庄还扮演着突破美国等国家移民法律，将 华人送进美国等国家。因此，这里就有很多问题需要研究：亚洲贸易网是如何与 美洲贸易网络进行对接的？侨 汇 （书信）网络与贸易网络、移民网络的关系的历 史事实是怎样的？( 2 ) 与其他文献相结合，可以解读华人国际移民的社会心理、移民与侨乡经 济社会和文化的关系。( 3 ) 发挥华南移民书信的功用，就要更好的开展国际合作。现在华南地区保 存的移民书信，是华人从居住国写回祖籍国的书信。若能将家人写给海外亲属的 书信、不同地域海外华人移民在不同地域、乃至不同国家之间的书信，结合起来 关照，将会更全面地透视移民群体。也可以与其他国家的移民书信进行比较研究。2. 移民书信与中国侨乡研究以往的侨乡研究注重使用统计数据和田野调查，研究者很难洞悉移民的动机、 心理、情感和移民生活的细节。任何历史活动都是在人的思想指导下的行动，因 此，书信对于中国侨乡研究的重要性是不言而喻的。笔者以为，以书信来研究侨 乡，应该关照以下几个视角。( 1 ) 跨国视野下的国际移民研究。2 0 世纪 9 0 年代，海外学者在研究改革开 放以来华侨华人对华南地区经济迅速发展的贡献时，从文化资本的角度使用了“侨 乡纽带” (Q iaoxiang T ie s ) 一词，现在 “ Q iaoxiang” （侨乡）已逐渐为国际学术 界所接纳和认可。2以往中国学者与海外学者之间较少交流碰撞，侨乡研究存在两 种偏颇：中国学者重视侨乡研究，但过多地强调侨乡和华侨华人的特殊性;海外学 者则多着眼于移民接受地移民群体和社会的研究，较少关注移民迁出地的研究， 使用的文献资料也主要源于移民接受地社会，尽管近些年日益流行的“跨国主义”1 滨下武志先生关于亚洲贸易圈的主要著作涉及到了侨汇与移民网络，但对移民书信鲜有关注。 这些著作有: 《香港大视野：亚洲网络中心》 ，香港：商务印书馆(香港)公司，1997 ； 《近代中 国的国际契机：朝贡贸易体系与近代亚洲经济圈》，北京：中国社会科学出版社，1999 ；《中国 近代经济史硏究：清末海关财政与通商口岸市场圈》，南京：江苏人民出版社，2008 ; 《中国、 东亚与全球经济：区域和历史的视角》，北京：社会科学文献出版社，2 0 0 9 。2 海外学者以Qiaoxiang为题编辑的硏究论文集可以视为一个标志，参见：Leo Douw, Cen Huang and Michael R. Godley ed.Qiaoxiang ties : interdisciplinary approaches to cultural capitalism in South China, Leiden : International Institute for Asian Studies, 1999.
略談《中國世界文化遺產預備名單》所列古蹟的歷史意義何偉傑（澳門大學歷史系助理教授）摘要: 從世界文化遺產的數目來看，中國是僅次於意大利及西班牙的世遺大國， 名次在英國、法國及德國之上。五千多年中國文明，遺下眾多美好的成果，讓後 人欣賞玩味，成爲世界文明不可或決的重要部分。中國國家文物局在本年(2 0 1 0年） 一月二十九日提出最新修訂的《中國世界遺產預備名單》，反映中國在世界文化遺 產事業上的最新觀點。本文嘗試評論名單中的各類主要文化遺產的特色，並從中 再分析中國文物保護上的成就。從最新公報的《中國世界遺產預備名單》來看， 大部分中國有文化價値而尙未申報世界遺產的歷史遺產，例如古都城牆、民居建 築 、佛寺道觀、江南水鄕等，都包括在這最新版本的名單上。此外對一些古文明 遺址的考古新發現，亦大爲加強重視。跨越省分的建設和通道、對現有文化遺產 的進一步擴展以及從傳統產業的古蹟中重新爲中國物質文明定位等方向，也是與 國外申遺的方式同步並進。屬於少數民族的邊疆史地範圍的申報項目也爲數不少， 這與大量的自然風光景區的加入一樣，都是反映中國對不同民族、人文與自然遺 產同樣重視的平衡觀點。The Historical Significance o f the Monuments Listed in^Reserved List o f World Cultural Heritage in China59Vincent Wai-kit Ho Assistant Professor, History Department, University o f MacauAbstract: In terms o f the number o f the world cultural heritage sites，China is the third greatest nation after Italy and Spain and have a higher ranking than United Kingdom, France and Germany. The five thousand years o f Chinese civilization provided many good heritage for the appreciation for future generations and essential part o f world civilization. The State Cultural Relic Bureau o f China proposed a new revisited edition o f “Reserved List o f World Cultural Heritage in China” in 29th January, 2010 which reflected the current point o f view on Chinese heritage. The paper aimed at the assessment o f difference types o f heritage according to the list with the appreciation o f the achievement o f heritage preservation o f China. Most o f the valuable Chinese heritage sites，like city walls, vernacular architecture, Buddhist temples，towns on waters， are all enlisted. In addition, some archaeological discoveries on ancient civilization is greatly emphasizes. Across-provinces infrastructures and channel, the extension o f existing cultural heritage and monuments from the traditional Chinese industry are all highlighted as the one in other countries. There are many new proposed sites which related to the ethnical minorities in the l i s t，just like the greatly emphasis on the natural heritage，that reflected the Chinese authority hold a balance point o f view on different nationals, cultural and natural heritage.
z 大学图书馆在地方文化建设中的重要作用 — 以海南大学图书馆为个案詹长智1 张红霞2 ( 海南大学图书馆）摘要：大学图书馆的一个重要优势是可以依托大学的丰富学术资源和人才资 源开展地方历史文化遗产的发掘、整理、保护，并且积极参与和引导地方文化建 设。近年来，海南大学图书馆通过建设海南历史文化研究基地、建设 8 个特色专 题文献库（海南地方文献库、古籍善本书库、宋氏家族文献库、中国海疆文献库、 华侨与东南亚文献库、少数民族文献库、旅游文献库、海南大学学者文库)、周伟 民唐玲玲教授工作室、海南记忆网以及筹建海南移民与华侨博物馆（海南大学文 化人类学实验室）等一系列工作，对海南的历史文化开展系统的发掘和整理，产 生了多项重要的学术与文化成果，提高了海南文化研究的学术地位，推进了地方 历史文化研究的系统化和国际化，而且在地方文化发展和国际旅游岛的建设中担 当起不可替代的重要角色。大学图书馆不再是图书文献的“仓库”，更是地方文 化建设的“发动机” 和 “领航员”。关键词：大学；图书馆；地方文化建设The im portant r o le o f th e u n iv e r s ity l ib r a r y in th e lo c a l c u ltu r ec o n str u c tio n — — a ca se study o f Hainan U n iv e r s ity lib r a r yZhan Changzhi and Zhang Hongxia(Hainan University Library)Abstract: An important advantage of the university library is able to utilize the rich academic resources and human resources in the university to excavate, sort out, and preserve the local historical and cultural heritage, and play a active role to take part in and guide the local culture construction. In the recent years, the Hainan University library has done a series work to systematically excavate and sort out Hainan local history and culture, through establishing the Hainan Local History & Culture Research Base, developing 8 main topics of local documents, creating Prof. Zhou and Tang workshop, constructing the Hainan Memory Net, and establishing the museum of Hainan overseas Chinese and immigrants, and has produced several important outcomes, which improved the academic position on Hainan culture research and facilitated the systematization and internationalization of local historical and cultural research, especially the library has played an irreplaceable role in the developing local culture and constructing Hainan international tourism island. All this means that1詹长智，海南大学图书馆馆长，教授。2张红霞，海南大学图书馆硏究馆员，国际图联统计与评价专业组常务委员。
the university library is not only a depository of documents, but also the engine and navigator for developing local culture.面对信息化和数字化的机遇和挑战，传统图书馆正在通过服务内容和服务模 式的不断创新和转型，重新确立自己的地位和赢得人们的尊重。当电脑+互联网+ 搜索引擎为人们提供的信息和知识几乎可以达到无穷无尽的时候，图书馆作为知 识殿堂的身份早已黯然失色。但是，图书馆作为一个文化学术机构却可以基业长 青，具有持久的魅力。当今的图书馆不再仅仅局限于储存文献和传播知识，还要 致力于发掘和整理文化遗产，发现新知识，创造新成果。从封闭的藏书楼到开放 的图书馆是第一次转型；从开放存取的知识仓库到文化遗产的聚合平台是图书馆 的第二次转型。现代图书馆要成为知识与文化的汇集之地，仍然有赖于图书馆员不懈的追求 和艰苦的努力。要成为一座有文化影响力的图书馆，不是仅仅买进书刊和数据库 就够了，而是要对某些特定领域的文化遗产展开全面、系统的发掘、整理，形成 系统的文献资料，供相关专家开展深入的研究，产生有影响的研究成果。高等学 校图书馆的一个重要优势是可以依托大学内丰富的学术资源和人才资源，在面向 教学科研和学科建设开展服务的同时，吸引相关领域的专家学者参与特色文献和 其它文献载体的搜集整理工作，把图书馆自身打造成文化传播和学术研究的重要 基地和交流平台。近年来，海南大学图书馆致力发掘和整理地方文化遗产，推进地域文化研究， 已经取得初步成绩，在此作一介绍，以求得方家的指导。一、创办历史文化研究基地，建立地方历史文化交流的学术平台为了加强海南大学的人文历史学科建设，推进海南文化的发展，2 0 0 5年底， 海南大学决定依托图书馆创办海南历史文化研究基地，并经有关机构的批准，同 时成立海南省历史文化研究基地（同一个机构承担两种功能）。海南历史文化研究 基地不仅作为海南大学内部的一个科研机构，同时也是全省人文学科的一个开放 研究平台。研究基地成立后，海南大学图书馆集中一批人文历史学科背景的专业馆员， 在校内外专业教学科研人员的配合下，开展了一系列人文历史课题研究。目前已 经完成的科研项目和出版著作有：《海南地方文献书目提要》、《海南族谱总目提 要》、《海南当代社会问题研究》、《华侨与海南建设》、《海南历史文化研究集刊》， 并参与《黎族藏书》及 “海南历史文化大系” 等大型丛书的编写工作。海南历史文化研究基地举办以海南籍著名历史文化学者陈序经先生命名的系 列学术讲座，至今已有1 0 多位国同内外知名历史文化学者应邀发表学术演讲，陈 序经学术讲座已经成为海南大学重要的学术交流平台。在海南历史文化研究基地的推动下，海南历史与黎族文化研究已经成为海南 大学 2 1 1 建设重点项目。目前正在开展的研究课题还有：海南人口史研究、海南 社会史研究、海南地方文艺与戏剧史研究、海南方言研究，以及海南历史文化辞 典的编纂。二、建设八个专题特藏书库（文献室）为进一步强化海南大学图书馆的馆藏文献特色，更好地为本校的教学科研服
南和在此繁衍发展的过程。第四展区：华侨文化。重点展示海南向海外移民及琼 籍华侨在海外的发展状况，华侨支援海南建设和发展的情况。第五展区：新中国 海南移民潮。重点展示新中国成立以来，在海南出现的几次大移民高潮及其所产 生的重要影响。华侨与移民博物馆建成之后不仅是一项重要的文化设施，它将成为国内外文 化交流的重要窗口，琼籍华侨与祖居地精神与文化联系的一条纽带。因此，它是 一个海南发展软环境的重要标志。多年来，省内众多有识之士一再呼吁我省重视华侨与移民文化博物馆建设， 并得到全国侨联领导同志的肯定。在著名历史文化学者周伟民、唐玲玲教授等倡 议下，海南大学成立了海南华侨与移民文化博物馆筹备处。他们还身体力行，向 筹备处捐献了数十件珍贵藏品。目前，博物馆的场地已经落实，博物馆建设方案 和布展方案文本已经制作完毕，已征集到2 0 0 多件展品。但是，苦于建设资金的 缺乏，博物馆建设工作进展缓慢。各方人士渴望博物馆建设得到省委、政府的高 度重视和有关方面的大力支持。力争在2 0 1 1年内建成开馆，成为海南旅游岛建设 中文化事业发展的一个亮点。七、结语信息化和数字化对于图书馆既是挑战又是一次重要的机遇。图书馆通过自身 的转型，可以在地方文化建设中发挥更加重要的作用。海南大学图书馆近年来通 过对海南历史文化开展系统的发掘和整理，产生了多项重要的学术与文化成果， 提高了海南文化研究的学术地位，推进了地方历史文化研究的系统化和黎族研究 的国际化，而且在地方文化发展和国际旅游岛的建设中担当起不可替代的重要角 色。大学图书馆不再是图书文献的“ 仓库” ，更是地方文化建设的“ 发动机”和 “领航员”。参考文献[ 1 ] 周伟民，唐玲玲. 海南旧谱牒的功能和新谱牒纂修中的民间立场[M]//海 南历史文化研究集刊第1 卷。海口：海南出版社，2009: 94[ 2 ] 邓玲. 2 0 世纪以来的家谱研究综述一一以海南为中心. [M]//海南历史文 化研究集刊第 1 卷。海口：海南出版社，2009: 84[ 3 ] 邓玲. 《海南碑碣匾铭额图志》编辑工作简报第1、2、3 期[ 4 ] 万颖萍. 《海南碑碣匾铭额图志》编撰的几点感想. [M]//海南历史文化研 究集刊第 1 卷。海口：海南出版社，2009: 120[5]Zhang Hongxia, Zhan Changzhi. A l ib r a r y ’ s e f f o r t s en rou te to sa lv a g in g a van ish in g cu ltu re . [0L]. [2010 -10 -18 ]. h t t p : / /a r c h iv e . i f l a . o r g /IV /if la 7 3 /p a p e r s /1 0 8 - l . Zhang—Z h a n n pdf
臺灣文獻資產的保護工作現況與反思薛理桂（國立政治大學圖書資訊與檔案學硏究所教授） 林柏伶（國立政治大學圖書資訊與檔案學硏究所硏究生)摘要：本文主要探討臺灣的文獻資產保護工作現況，首先定義文獻資產的涵意 與其範圍，其次探究文獻資產遺佚的原因，分爲：人爲因素、物理因素與生物因 素三種。其次，探討臺灣文獻資產保護現況、文獻資產保護工作的反思，最後提 出具體的建議。關鍵詞：文獻資產 保 護 臺 灣The Current Status and Rethinking of Conservation the Documentation Heritage in TaiwanLi-Kuei HsuehProfessor, Graduate Institute o f Library, Information and Archival Studies, National Chengchi University Po-Lin LinGraduate Student, Graduate Institute o f Library, Information and Archival Studies,National Chengchi UniversityAbstract: This paper mainly discusses the current status o f documentary heritage preservation situation in Taiwan. The definition and scope o f documentary heritage are defined. The factors o f lost the documentary heritage were analyzed and divided into 3 kinds. Both the current status o f documentary heritage preservation situation in Taiwan and encounter problems were discussed. Finally，5 suggestions were proposed points to the problems.Key words: Documentary Heritage; Conservation; Taiwan一、前言目前世界各國大都重視各國的文化資產的保護工作，文獻遺產只是爲數眾多 的文化資產的一部分。由於文獻資產係歷經時間的洗禮而存留下來，有些文獻已 歷經近千年的歷史，時間較短的也有數十年至百年以上的歷史，因而彌足珍貴。 這些文獻資產大都代表一個國家的歷史與文化的結晶，也因而受到各國政府的重 視與保護。臺灣於2 0 0 5年 2 月 5 日修正通過「文化資產保存法」，在該法的第3 條提到， 所稱的文化資產指：「具有歷史、文化、藝術、科學等價値，並經指定或登錄的下 列資產。」在該法中將古物涵蓋在內，而古物是：「指各時代、各族群經人爲加工 具有文化意義之藝術作品、生活及儀禮器物及圖書文獻等。」可知「圖書文獻」是 包含於古物中，也是屬於廣義文化資產的範疇。
作者主体的信息化存在：对中国古代 “ 文献”的另类解读傅荣贤（黑龙江大学信息资源管理研究中心）摘要：作为作者的主体性创造，中国古代文献虚拟了作者的信息化在场。文 献不是客观的知识信息和物理结构，而是主体人精神心性的写照。文献 “突破” 了人的肉身境遇性存在而过渡到了意义性存在，积淀在文献中的文化本质上是以 人为中心的，由此凸显了文化的能动性和精神旨趣。但是，经由文献而实现的人 的信息化存在并不完全等价于活生生的作者本体，这也为文献的造假或曲解提供 了必要性和可能性。它意味着文献及其背后的文化在丧失客观性后，面临着失控 和失真的代价。关键词：文献、信息化、作者、读者Authors entity Informationization Existence : A Unorthodox Interpretation ofChinese Ancient LiteratureFu Rongxian(the Center o f Information Resource Management Research o f HeilongjiangUniversity, Harbin, 150080 )Abstract: As the creation o f authors entity that Chinese ancient literature virtualized the authors’ informationization presence. Literature is not objective knowledge information or physical structure but the reflection o f subject-human^ spiritual nature o f mind. The literature breaks through human’s flesh circumstances and transits to the sense o f presence, the culture accumulation in literature is human-oriented essentially. Thus highlights the initiative o f culture and the spiritual purport ,however， the realization o f human’s informationization existence via literature is not incomplete equivalent to the living authors en tity ，it provides necessity and possibility o f frauds and misinterpretation in literature,This means literature and the culture that behind it was lost the objectivity and facing the cost o f literature and the culture out o f control and the distortion.Key words: Literature; Informationization; Authors; Readers1 文献是作者主体的信息化在场作为人工制品，所有的文献都是某个（某些）作者的主体创造，文献因而成 为记录有人工信息的载体性存在。在文献甚至文字产生之前，主体人的唯一存在 方式是自我肉身的显现，受到特定时空条件的限制。肉身意义上的“真实” 存在, 决定了人与人之间的交际也要通过交际双方的肉身在场才能完成，时间当下性和 空间境遇性是无法突破的宿命。所谓 “独恃口耳之传，殊不足以行远或垂后”[1]。 不仅如此，口耳交际在复制过程中还易于失真，《吕氏春秋• 察传》所谓：“数传 而白为黑，黑为白。”[1]鲁迅•鲁迅全集:第 9 卷.北京:人民文学出版社,1981:343-344
而文献能够突破时空限制，虚拟人的在场，并以信息化的方式实现人与人之 间的交际。从这一意义上说，文献甚至就是为了突破“ 活生生”的人的现实存在 局限性而刻意创造的结果。《史记 • 老子韩非列传》曰：“ 其人与骨皆已朽矣，独 其言在耳。” “言”超越了 “人与骨” 的存在局限性。曹丕《典论 • 论文》则曰：“年 寿有时而尽，荣乐止乎其身，二者必至之常期，未若文章之无穷。是以古之作者， 寄身于翰墨，见意于篇籍，不假良史之辞，不托飞驰之势，而声名自传于后。”活 生生的人，能够通过文献而将自我个体的在场疆域通过信息化的方式获得扩充。 同时，文献还是“今之所以知古，后之所以知今” （《隋书 • 经籍志》）的信息中介。 牛弘《请开献书之路表》曰：“（经籍）圣人所以弘宣教导，博通古今，扬于王庭， 肆于时夏。故尧称至圣，犹考古道而言；舜其大智，尚观古人之象。” “古道”与 “古人之象” 都可以通过文献而存现。明唐顺之《荆川稗编 • 叙学》也指出：“今 之去古远矣，众人之去圣人也下矣。幸而不亡者，大圣大贤惠世之书也。”文献作 为作者的信息化在场，能够重现昨日、复制今天，并能够虚拟未来。中国古代的“文献” 正是在 “人” 的信息化存在的意义上被生产、传播、识 读和接受的。没有人即没有文献，人与作为人工制品的文献相比更具本原性和前 提性，反映了记录在文献上的中国传统文化的深刻的人文性。众所周知，今天的 文献被定义为“记录有知识的一切载体” （《文献著录总则》（G B3792-1.83)、《文 献类型与文献载体代码》（GB3469—8 3 ) )。尽管，现代文献无疑也是主体人的创造， 但文献以知识为对象，而知识是客观的。基于西方传统哲学的主客二分思维，英 国学者布兰尼把知识区别为隐性知识（t a c i t k n o w le d g e )和显性知识（e x p l i c i t knowledge) ,两者的基本指涉与另一位英国学者波普尔提出的主观知识和客观知 识这两个概念大致相当。波普尔认为，科学知识是典型的客观知识，“储存在我们 的图书馆而不是我们的头脑中的正是这种知识” [2]。所谓客观知识，是 “对事实或 思想的一套有系统的阐述提出合理的判断或者经验性的结果，它通过某种交流手 段，以某种系统的方式传播给其他人” [3]。显见，客观知识重视事实与经验，即必 须经过观察或实验的验证；同时要合乎“合理的判断” 和 “系统的阐述”，即必须 能整合为一个严密的逻辑体系。由此，重视纯粹理智性的算计和操作的科学技术 成为知识的主要内涵。具体而言，知识在自然科学领域主要表现为“那些当下获 得普遍承认的重大理论成果”，在人文社会科学领域主要表现为“历史上曾经有过 的那些伟大的理论创造”，在文学艺术领域主要表现为“训练和创作的方法、技巧、 技术等通过人们长期实践总结出来的那些重要的带有规律性的东西” w ，它们被认 为是文献记录的全部内容。综上，现代文献观认为，主体人（作者）是在“价值 中立” 的规范下完成对客观知识的建构的，“客观性”要求作者努力获得关于客观 对象的不以人的意志为转移的规律性认识，并将这一认识落实为一种与人的能动 性和主观性相异在的文本之上。换言之，现代文献是在崇尚研究者和研究对象的 主客二分、并消除研究者的主体价值前见而构建的，仿佛 “知识”可以脱离主体 人的自觉自为的认识活动而独立生产出来，从而否认了文献内容的个体创见，也 消解了作者之于文献的能动性。这样，所谓 “ 文献”只是独立于作者的客观的知 识信息和物理结构。与此同时，读者之读书也主要是学习书中的客观知识，既与 对作者主体的认识无关，也与提升读者个人的涵养无关。由此，围绕文献而展开[2]卡尔•波普尔.范景中，等译.通过知识获得解放.杭州沖国美术学院出版社,1996:419[3]丹尼尔•贝尔.高铦，等译.后工业社会的来临.北京:商务印书馆，1987:195-196[4]孟建伟•从知识教育到文化教育一一论教育观的转变.教育硏究，2007(1):14-19
中國文獻遺產重要性評估探析王新才（武漢大學資訊管理學院教授） 李 雯 （武漢大學資訊管理學院博士研究生)摘要：本文依據歷史意義、審美意義、和社群或精神意義三大文獻遺產重要性 評估標準，以及時間、地區、主題内容、民族與人物、形式和風格、系統完整性 和稀有性七個相對評判指標，重點分析了《中國檔案文獻遺產名錄》1 1 3項入選文 獻遺產的重要性，總結出我國文獻遺產的評選特點和規律，以期為今後評估實踐 提供參考和為完善國家文獻遺產重要性評估體系服務。關鍵字：世界記憶文獻遺產文獻遺產名錄重要性評估Research on Significance Assessment of Documentary Heritage in ChinaXincai WANG (Professor, School o f Information Management, Wuhan University) Wen LI (Doctoral Candidate, School o f Information Management, Wuhan University)Abstract: Based on three primary criteria (historic, aesthetic，community or spiritual significance) and seven comparative criteria (time, place, subject and theme, people, form and style，integrity and rarity), this paper analyzes the significance o f 113 items in “Archival Documentary Heritage Register o f C hina”，and summarizes the characteristics and regular patterns o f the assessment o f documentary heritage in China. The research aims to provide a reference for future assessment practice and to improve significance evaluation system o f the documentary heritage.Key words: Memory o f the World, documentary heritage, Documentary Heritage Register， significance assessment一引言1992年聯合國教科文組織發起了世界記憶工程項目（the Memory o f the World P rogram m e),其目的在於利用最適當的手段保護世界各地文獻遺產，促進文獻遺 產的廣泛利用和提高人們對文獻遺產重要性和保管必要性的認識、該專案所關注 的兩大問題是：確立重點保護對象和實施保護措施，其中，通過評估確立重點保 護對象是實施保護的前提和依據。重要性，英語為S ig n if ic a n c e，或譯為意義，是衡量和評估世界遺產價值的 國際通用概念。 “重要性評估” （S ig n if ic a n c e A ssessm ent) 是指判斷評選物件 對過去、現在和將來所具有的歷史、審美、和社群或精神等方面的價值，是確立 重點保護對象和劃分世界級、地區級或國家級遺產保護等級的依據。通過文獻遺產重要性的評估，劃分文獻遺產保護等級，是聯合國教科文組織 和各國政府廣泛開展的活動，最終結果就表現為世界級、地區級和國家級2文獻遺 產名錄的建設。1 UNESCO • Memory o f the World: General Guidelines (Revised edition 2002) / prepared by Ray Edmondson[M]. Paris: U N ESC O ，20022 有的国家级下还有细分，例如中国还分别设有省和市级的文献遗产名录
中國相對應的國家級文獻遺產目錄稱為《中國檔案文獻遺產名錄》，2 0 0 0年由 國家擋案局牽頭組織， “ 中國檔案文獻遺產工程” 國家諮詢委員會實施評選。2002 年評定出第一批《中國檔案文獻遺產名錄》共 4 8 件、組，是世界上最早建立世界 記憶工程國家名錄的國家之一（另一個國家是澳大利亞）。發展至今，我國已有三 批 《中國檔案文獻遺產名錄》1，共計 1 1 3項文獻遺產。本文將分析這些入選文獻 遺產的重要性，提取重要性的影響因數，總結出我國文獻遺產的評選特點和規律， 為今後評估實踐提供參考，為完善我國文獻遺產重要性評估指標體系服務。二 從重要性評估標準看《中國檔案文獻遺產名錄》入選文獻1 重要性評估標準聯合國教科文組織頒佈的《保護文獻遺產通用指南》 （General G u id elin es to Safeguard Documentary H eritage , 2 0 0 2 )是實施世界記憶工程的基本綱要，其 中制訂了一個基本的文獻遺產重要性評估標準，其主要内容如下：評選通常是具有比較性質和相對的。但入選的文獻首先必須具有真實性，其 來源和認定必須可靠。其次必須是獨一無二和不可替代的。其三要在時間、地點、 人物、主題、形式和風格等5 個方面具有一個或多個方面的意義。此外，如下因 素也應當考慮，即稀有性、整體性、受到威脅與管理計畫。在這個標準影響下，世界各地在開展文獻遺產評估和名錄建設時，分別成立 了各級評審委員會，並制定有各級文獻遺產名錄評選標準。地區級的如世界記憶工程亞太地區委員會、世界記憶工程拉丁美洲和加勒比 委員會等，也分別規定了本地區文獻遺產重要性評選標準；此外，澳大利亞、中 國、英國等國家也制定了各自的評選細則。澳大利亞世界記憶國家委員會（N ation al Committee o f A u str a lia Memory o f the W orld)成立於2 0 0 0年 1 2月，曾就文獻遺產評估標準廣泛徵求意見並從2005 年以來多次召開會議商討2。該委員會最終制訂的標準為，沒有絕對的文化重要性 評測標準。但還是要盡可能地收集相關文獻遺產專案的資訊以確定其來源和它所 產生的歷史背景，並要確定其在實體形式與歷史主題等方面稀有與獨特與否。具 體來說可以分基本標準（primary c r i t e r i a )與相對標準（com parative c r i t e r ia ) 兩類。基本標準包含三個方面，即歷史意義（H isto r ic S ig n if ic a n c e)、審美意 義 (A esth e tic S ig n i f i c a n c e )和 社 群 或 精 神 意 義 (Community or S p ir itu a l S ig n if ic a n c e)3。這三個方面的規定相對聯合國教科文組織的工作而言提供了一種 從宏覲上把握文獻價值的標準，是澳大利亞世界記憶國家委員會對文獻遺產評估 的重要貢獻。該委員會還制訂了 7 條相對標準。這 7 條標準涉及唯一性、不可替 代性、時間與地域影響、歷史影響、典型代表性、稀有性與完整度、與其他文獻 相比而顯現重要等，基本上與聯合國教科文組織有關標準相似。我國在2 0 0 0年啟動 “ 中國檔案文獻遺產工程” 後也制訂了一份《“中國檔案1 2002年第一批（中国档案文献遗产名录〉入选项目共4 8项 ；2003年第二批《中国档案文献遗产 名录》入选项目共3 5项 ；2010年第三批（中国档案文献遗产名录》入选项目共3 0项 。2 National Committee o f Australia Memory o f the World . Submission Manual. http://www.amw.org.au/content/background3 National Committee o f Australia Memory o f the World. Significance: Assessment against selection criteria[EB/OL] http://www.amw.org.au/content/significance
系統完整性 稀有性而新型的載體與技術又在不斷湧現。因 此，檔案文獻的形式與風格獨異，在美 學、考古學、文獻學方面具有典型意義， 反映了某種歷史上出現過的檔案文獻面 貌的檔案，具有重要意義。如刻在龜殼 獸骨上的甲骨檔案，寫在木板竹簡上的 簡牘檔案等，都具有這方面的價值。 如果該檔案文獻遺產顯示出高度的系統 性，它的價值也會加倍。如果該檔案文獻遺產是獨一無二的，特 別稀有，則顯然具有很高的價值。記錄時間具有連續性 具有成套性 擁有卷帙浩繁的數量 形制稀有 功能獨特 孤本2 入選的檔案類文獻遺產多，非檔案類文獻遺產較少在已入選的1 1 3 項文獻遺產中，接近九成的文獻遺產都屬於檔案類，來自於 圖書館、博物館等機構裏的非檔案類文獻極為有限，且在 “文獻遺產名錄”前加 “檔案” 一詞，很大程度上會讓人誤解，限定了申報者的申報範圍，成為我國文 獻遺產名錄進一步發展的障礙。作為對應於世界記憶工程的國家級文獻遺產目 錄，我國《中國檔案文獻遺產名錄》的甄選重點顯然脫離了世界記憶工程建設名 錄的標準、聯合國教科文組織《保護文獻遺產通用指南》定義的文獻遺產大多存在於圖 書館、檔案館、博物館或其他地方，很多入選《世界記憶名錄》的文獻都是來自 圖書館或者博物館的非檔案類文獻，例如：《古登堡四十二行聖經》（“ 4 2 - l in e Gutenberg B ib le ” ) 是歐洲第一本铅活字版印刷品；《白雲和尚抄錄佛祖直指心 體要節（第二卷）》 ( “ Baegun hwasang chorok b u ljo j i k j i simche y o je o l (v o l. II) ” ）是現存世界上最古老的金屬活字印刷本；登嘉樓博物館保管的《馬來西 亞的登嘉樓史跡石碑》 ( “ Batu B ersurat Terengganu” )； 保存于法國諾曼第貝 葉市圖書館裏的貝葉掛後CBayeux T a p estry )；多米尼亞共和國保存的《奴隸洗 禮書（1636-1670)》 ( “ Book fo r the Baptism o f S la v e s ” ) ；雅科布•格林和 威廉 • 格林編纂的格林童話原版— 《兒童與家庭童話集》等。我國圖書館、博物館等地也保存有大量沒有列入《名錄》的古籍善本或早期 經典刻本、抄本，這類珍貴文獻主要有：①宗教典藏：中國國家圖書館藏的《趙 城金藏》、《摩尼教經唐寫本》、四體合璧《二十一救度佛母贊》、《金光明最勝王經 十卷》、9 5 6 年吳越王錢俶刻《一切如來必秘全身舍利寳篋印陀羅尼經》二卷等； ②科學類典藏：明刊原本《天工開物》，中國人第一部近代物理學著作《遠西奇器 圖說錄最》，《夢溪筆談》元代大德九年（1305)陳仁子東山書院刻本；③此外，還' 从2007年 8 月起，文化部成立专家委员会开始组织评审国家珍贵古籍，国务院并于2008年 3 月 1 日批准颁布了首批（国家珍贵古籍名录》2392种及 “全国古籍重点保护单位” 5 1家 。这 2392种 《国家珍贲古籍名录》，有汉文古籍2282部 ，包括简帛117种 、敦煌文书72件 、古籍2020部 、 碑帖73部 ；少数民族文字古籍110部 ，包括焉暑一龟兹文、于阗文、藏文、回鹘文、西夏文、白 文 、蒙古文、察合台文、彝文、满文、东巴文、傣文、水文、古壮字等14种文字。现已进行了第 三批的评审。
文溯阁《四库全书》在甘肃的保护研究郭向东(甘肃省图书馆研究员 Gansu Provincial Library Professor)陈 军(甘肃省图书馆副研究员 Gansu P ro v in c ia l Library A sso c ia te P r o fe sso r )【论文摘要】文溯阁《四库全书》是七部《四库全书》中的第二部告成之书， 其成书两百余年，保护与传承可谓历尽波折。拨交甘肃保存四十余年来，甘肃省 以对中华民族文化遗产高度负责的精神，克尽职守，确保了图书的完好无损。文 章就文溯阁《四库全书》在甘肃保存期间的自然条件、人文环境进行了分析，认 为甘肃具有保存珍贵古籍的良好条件， 《四库全书》在甘肃的保存是有成效的。Si Ku Quan Shu of Wen shuo ge in Gansu ProtectionA b str a c t: Wenshuoge i s the second part o f the, I t was f in is h e d above 200 years ago, P ro te c tio n and in h er ita n c e i s c r e a t iv e tw is t s . D ia l pay Gansu kept fo r over 40 years, Gansu province to C hinese c u ltu r a l h e r ita g e h ig h ly r e sp o n s ib le s p i r i t , do my job s a t i s f a c t o r i ly , ensure the books o f the in ta c t . This a r t i c l e r e tr a c in g p a v ilio n 〈s i ku quan shu> in Gansu province during th e p reserv a tio n o f natu ra l co n d itio n s and human environm ent, t h i s paper argues th a t the a n cien t has preserved p rec io u s in Gansu, good c o n d itio n s 〈s i ku quan shu> in Gansu p reserv a tio n i s e f f e c t iv e .文溯阁《四库全书》现藏甘肃省图书馆，并得到甘肃省的高度重视和有效保 护。对于文溯阁《四库全书》的保护，甘肃省各级管理部门经过四十多年的实践, 探索出了一套科学、可行的保护方法，并取得了显著成效。本文重点就该书在甘 肃的保护工作做一论述，以就教于方家。一、 文溯阁《四库全书》入甘溯源文溯阁《四库全书》是七部《四库全书》中的第二部告成之书，原藏沈阳故 宫，其成书两百余年，保护与传承可谓历尽波折。乾隆四十八年(1 7 8 3 )，四库馆总校官陆费墀、将军永玮奉命专程赴盛京（今沈 阳）文溯阁陈设《四库全书》等书籍，并于文溯阁东侧立《御制文溯阁记》碑， 此为文溯阁正式藏书之始。文溯阁藏《四库全书》等书分五批运抵：乾隆四十七年十一月十三日运到第 一批，系 《古今图书集成》5 7 6 函和《四库全书》1 0 0 0 函；一月之后，运抵第二 批 《四库全书》1 4 1 9 函；翌年正月二十五日，运抵第三批，计 《四库全书》 260
