Macau 20 Years after the HandoverThis book outlines the major social and political changes in the city of Macau during its first 20 years under the “One Country, Two Systems” arrangement with Mainland China.Despite the long-standing image of Macau as Asia’s Las Vegas, it is a city that has changed a great deal since its return to China. Equally, despite this return, it retains a unique social, economic and political character, distinct both from the Mainland of China and from its larger neighbour, Hong Kong. The chapters in this book examine the detail of this uniqueness from a range of perspectives, including the gambling industry, police-society relations, media usage patterns and protest movements. Analysing the state of affairs 20 years after the city’s return to China, they also attempt to anticipate its future trajectory.This is a valuable guide for scholars of Asian, and particularly Chinese, urban politics that will be of interest to academics and students looking to better un-derstand the particularities of Macau.Meng U Ieong is Assistant Professor in the Department of Government and Public Administration at the University of Macau.

Routledge Contemporary China Series209 Civilian Participants in the Cultural RevolutionBeing Vulnerable and Being ResponsibleFrancis K.T. Mok210 Hong Kong’s New Identity PoliticsLonging for the Local in the Shadow of ChinaIam-chong Ip211 Youth Economy, Crisis, and Reinvention in Twenty-First-Century ChinaMorning Sun in the Tiny TimesHui Faye Xiao212 The Chinese Economy and its ChallengesTransformation of a Rising Economic PowerCharles C.L. Kwong213 Keywords in Queer Sinophone StudiesEdited by Howard Chiang and Alvin K. Wong214 Macau 20 Years after the HandoverChanges and Challenges under “One Country, Two Systems”Edited by Meng U Ieong215 Doing Labor Activism in South ChinaThe Complicity of UncertaintyDarcy PanFor more information about this series, please visit: https://www.routledge.com/ Routledge-Contemporary-China-Series/book-series/SE0768

Macau 20 Years after the HandoverChanges and Challenges under “One Country, Two Systems”Edited by Meng U Ieong

First published 2020by Routledge2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RNand by Routledge52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business© 2020 selection and editorial matter, Meng U Ieong; individual chapters, the contributorsThe right of Meng U Ieong to be identified as the author of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA catalog record for this book has been requestedISBN: 978-0-367-33970-8 (hbk)ISBN: 978-0-429-32315-7 (ebk)Typeset in Galliardby codeMantra

List of figures viiList of tables ixList of contributors xi Introduction 1PART 1An overview of Macau’s socio-economic changes since 1999 91 A tale of two casino cities: Macau and Singapore 11EDMU N D LOI HOI NG A N2 Spatial politics in an eastern casinopolis: urban space, power and resistance in Macau 20LEI CH I N PA NG3 Macau and China–Portuguese-speaking countries relations: from nation (place) branding to Soft Power 36JOSÉ C A R LOS M AT I A S DOS SA N TOSPART 2Social protest and social control in Macau 554 Contextualized emotional mobilization: playful protests and resentful protests in Macau in the Internet age 57LI N ZHONGX UA NContents

vi Contents5 Labor protests in Macau (2000–2017) 75LIO CH I FA I A N D M ENG U I EONG6 Policing in the Macau special administrative region: issues and challenges 90L AW R ENCE HO K A-K I A N D AGN E S L A M LOK-FONGPART 3Macau’s political culture and civil society development in a comparative perspective 1057 Media usage pattern and media effects on attitudes toward the Umbrella Movement: a comparative study between college students from Macau and Mainland China 107M ENG U I EONG A N D WA NG HONG Y U8 State-society relations in Hong Kong and Macau: a historical institutionalist analysis 121CH A N WA I-Y I N A N D EDMU N D CH ENG WA I Conclusion 135Index 139

I.1 Macau’s GDP (1992–1999) 1I.2 Macau’s GDP (2000–2017) 33.1 The Dynamics of Soft Power and NGCs 393.2 Macau’s External Autonomy 423.3 Macau–PSC relations, BRI and GBA 475.1 The Number of Labor Protests and Participants in Macau (2000–2017) 785.2 The Distribution of Protest Issues (2000–2017) 805.3 Number of Labor Associations and the Trend of Protest Events 81Figures

I.1 Local GDP vs Contribution from the Gambling Sector (2003–2018) 4I.2 Tourists from China (2003–2018) 43.1 Official Overseas Visits by Macau Chief Executives 495.1 Frequency Distribution in Protest Repertoires (2000–2017) 795.2 Frequency Distribution of the Participants in Events (2000–2017) 795.3 Annual Funding from the Labor Affairs Bureau and Macau Foundation 837.1 Media Political Spectrum in Macau 1107.2 Descriptive Statistics on Attitudes Toward the Umbrella Movement and Media Usage Patterns 1157.3 The Effect of Media Exposure on College Students’ Attitudes Toward the Umbrella Movement 1168.1 Soifer’s Conception of Permissive and Productive Conditions 1228.2 Divergent Colonial Responses to 1966/1967 Riots as Critical Junctures 123Tables