S P R I N G E R B R I E F S I N L AWDan WeiÂngelo Patrício RafaelAlmeida Zacarias MachavaAna Cândida Muniz CiprianoDaniel Freire e AlmeidaFood Exports from Brazil to ChinaA Legal and Economic Analysis

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Dan Wei • Ângelo Patrício Rafael •Almeida Zacarias Machava •Ana Cândida Muniz Cipriano •Daniel Freire e AlmeidaFood Exports from Brazilto ChinaA Legal and Economic Analysis123

Dan WeiFaculty of LawUniversity of MacauMacau, MacaoInternational Academy of ComparativeLaw (IACL)Paris, FranceÂngelo Patrício RafaelUniversity of MacauMacau, MacaoAlmeida Zacarias MachavaFaculty of LawEduardo Mondlane UniversityMaputo, MozambiqueAna Cândida Muniz CiprianoFaculty of LawUniversity of Buenos Aires (UBA)Buenos Aires, ArgentinaUniversité de Genève UNIGEGeneva, SwitzerlandUNCTADGeneva, SwitzerlandDaniel Freire e AlmeidaInternational Law, Internet Law andInternational RelationsCatholic University of SantosSão Paulo, BrazilISSN 2192-855X ISSN 2192-8568 (electronic)SpringerBriefs in LawISBN 978-3-030-19644-8 ISBN 978-3-030-19645-5 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-19645-5© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whetherthe whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse ofillustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, andtransmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similaror dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in thispublication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt fromthe relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in thisbook are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor theauthors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material containedherein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regardto jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AGThe registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

About the BookIn an increasingly interdependent scenery, Brazil and China, as emerging econo-mies and members of BRICS countries, present themselves to the world with highprominence in international trade in general, and in the food trade context, inparticular. In fact, Brazil is one of the biggest highlights in global agribusiness andhas increasingly conquered this segment of international trade. In view of the recenttrade war between the USA and China, Brazil can accelerate even more its foodexports to China and can be an alternative and good destination for Chinese exports.The book aims to examine the trade evolution between Brazil and China, theregulation of foodstuff exportation of Brazil, and the regulation of foodstuffimportation of China, analyzes the importance of food safety and consumer healthboth in the international level and in Brazil, and identifies the interesting role ofMacao as a platform. These research questions are answered by using empiricalresearch methods from law and economics.Professor Dan Wei designs the topics and the book’s structure. The authors andchapters to which each author has contributed are as follows:Chapter 1: Ângelo Patrício Rafael (Doctor in Law student at the Faculty of Lawof the University of Macau and former Lecturer at the Faculty of Law of Universityof Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique); Daniel Freire e Almeida (Professor atCatholic University of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil, and Postdoctoral Researcher andProfessor at Georgetown University, Washington, D.C., USA, during 2015–2017)Chapter 2: Dan Wei and Almeida Zacarias Machava (Assistant Professor andResearcher at the Center for Studies on SADC Regional Integration of the Facultyof Law of the University of Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique)Chapter 3: Dan Wei and Almeida Zacarias Machavav

Chapter 4: Ana Cândida Muniz Cipriano (Faculty of Law of University ofBuenos Aires and Université de Genève and Consultant at UNCTAD)Chapter 5: Dan Wei and Ângelo Patrício RafaelMacaoMay 2019Dan WeiFull Professor and Associate Dean of Facultyof Law of University of Macau,Vice-President of International Academyof Comparative Law (IACL)vi About the Book

Contents1 Overview on Trade Between Brazil and China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 The Evolution of Trade Between Brazil and China . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 The 2018 Scenario of International Trade BetweenBrazil and China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Brazil’s Foodstuff Exportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.1 Overview of Food Trading in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92.1.1 Regulatory Framework of Food Trading in Brazil . . . . . . . . 92.1.2 Main Food Products Exported by Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.1.3 Market Share of Brazilian Food Products in China . . . . . . . 172.1.4 Main Food Products Exported by Brazil to Chinain the Period 2006–2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.1.5 Notes on Brazil’s Food Exports to the Hong Kong SpecialAdministrative Region and the Macau SpecialAdministrative Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.2 Factors of Brazilian Food Products Competitivenessin the Chinese Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.2.1 Competitive Advantages of Brazilian Food Products . . . . . . 262.2.2 Current Difficulties or Barriers to Access the ChineseFood Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.2.3 Challenges to Guarantee the Competitiveness of FoodProducts in the Chinese Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.3 E-commerce in China and Brazil as Strategy for Bilateral FoodTrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.4 BRF, S.A.—A Success Story in the Exportation of BrazilianFood Products to China and to the World: Results of theResearch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.4.1 Overview of BRF, S.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.4.2 Facts and Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34vii

2.4.3 Global Milestones (Timeline Style) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342.4.4 BRF in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 China’s Foodstuff Importation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.1 General Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.1.1 Overview of Food Production and Consumptionin China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.1.2 Territorial Division, Transport System for DistributionLogistics in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413.1.3 Food Products Trade in China: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.2 Regulatory Framework of Food Products Imports in China . . . . . . . 443.2.1 Regulatory Institutional Framework for Food ProductsImport in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443.2.2 Regulatory Legal Framework of Food Importsof China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453.3 Evolution and Opportunities of Food Products Exportsfrom Brazil Do China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503.3.1 General Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503.3.2 Evolution and Opportunity by Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614 Consumer Health and Safety: The Importanceof Product Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634.2 Consumer Protection and the Issue of Health and Safety . . . . . . . . 644.3 The United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection . . . . . . . . 674.4 Consumer Health and Safety in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694.4.1 Legislation and Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694.4.2 The Improvement of Consumer Health and Safetyin Brazil and Its Impact in the International Field . . . . . . . . 704.4.3 The Development of Food Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744.5 The Impact of International Product Safety and the Importanceof International Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805 The Role of Macau as a Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835.1 Macau Strategic Role . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835.1.1 Political Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 835.1.2 Macau as an Economic Platform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845.1.3 Strategic Geographic Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865.1.4 The Importance of Macau’s Legal System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875.1.5 The Importance of Portuguese Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87viii Contents

5.2 The Importance of the Macau Platform in the Exportationof Foodstuff from Brazil to China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885.3 Considerations for the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Supplementary Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Contents ix