António M. Pacheco Jorge da SilvaTHE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAUAntónio M. Pacheco Jorge da SilvaTHE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAUA Pictorial HistoryA Pictorial HistoryAntónio Manuel Pacheco Jorge da Silva was born on July 4, 1938 at 20 Rua da Penha in Macau. He gained his degree in architecture at the Portsmouth School of Architecture, now Portsmouth University, in Hampshire, England. He practiced his profession in the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the United States of America, Hong Kong, and Macau. He is a member of the American Institute of Architects.His interest in the history of the Macaense people and their genealogy led to the publication of several articles on the subject in 1996, then six published books on the history of the Macaense people:The Portuguese Community in Hong Kong – A Pictorial History, 2007.Diaspora Macaense to California, 2009.The Portuguese Community in Hong Kong – A Pictorial History, Volume II, 2010.The Portuguese Community in Shanghai – A Pictorial History, 2012.Macaenses – the Portuguese in China, 2015.Macaense Cuisine – Origins and Evolution, 2016.

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAUThis book is dedicated to the Portuguese community of Macau and their descendants.A Pictorial History

António M. Pacheco Jorge da SilvaTHE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAUA Pictorial HistoryTitleThe Portuguese Community in Macau – A Pictorial HistoryAuthorAntónio M. Pacheco Jorge da SilvaPublisherInstituto Internacional de MacauEditorial CoordinationRufino RamosHugo Dias GasparGraphic ProductionFernando Chan - MacauLinkEditing and RevisionRebecca ChanName Identity CollaborationFernando de Menezes RibeiroPrintingTipografia WelfarePrint run500 copiesSponsorMacao FoundationCopyrightInstituto Internacional de MacauAntónio M. Pacheco Jorge da Silva“All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, graphic, electronic, mechanical including photocopying, without the express permission of the author and the publisher.”ISBN 978-99965-59-29-7First Edition March 2019

07Contents09Acknowledgements11Preface15Chapter IThe Early Settlement of Macau31Chapter IIEthnic Integration of the Settlers 45Chapter IIICity of the Holy Name of God79Chapter IVThe British in Macau93Chapter VA Portuguese City in China 117Chapter VIMacau in the Twentieth Century133Chapter VIIO-Mun Yan — People of Macau143Chapter VIIIMemories of One Macau Family149Photographs185Weddings and Couples205Families243Festivities and Sports273Bibliography

09AcknowledgementsFr. Teixeira and the author, 1985António M. Jorge da Silva collectionFirst and foremost, I must thank the Instituto Internacional de Macau (IIM) for publishing this book, Dr. Jorge Rangel for his encouragement, and Rufino Ramos for his support and assistance throughout the research and publishing process.I would also like to thank Jorge Forjaz for the permission to use the many photographs from his six-volume Famílias Macaenses. His research that dates back to the early 1700s and even earlier has facilitated the identification of the people in the photographs in this book.Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro has been a great source of information. I must thank him for being one of the few who were born in Macau to respond to my request for photographs and information. Most important of all, I would like to thank him and his wife Maria Fernanda for taking the time to write a chapter in this book entitled “Memories of One Macau Family”.I am indebted to Pedro and Graça Pacheco Jorge Barreiros for permitting me to use photographs from their books, particularly José Vicente Jorge: Macaense Ilustre, and for helping in the identification of names in those and other photographs in the book.Stuart Braga, who also assisted me in the first three volumes of this series, has kindly helped in the research of paintings and sketches to illustrate how the Chinese lived.The courage and determination of a people, some of whom have never seen their Mãe Pátria (mother country), enduring the test of time and trepidation for over four centuries, must be recognized. Proud of being Portuguese, they have always remained loyal with great esteem for their country, even after the diaspora that led them to depart from their place of birth to settle in other countries of the world after the Second World War.

11Preface 1. Boxer, Charles Ralph, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire — 1415 – 1825, 52. 2. Jorge da Silva, António M., Macaenses — The Portuguese in China, 15.This book focuses on the evolution of the Portuguese community and the environment in which they lived in Macau. It is an abbreviated pictorial history of the Portuguese and their descendants who ventured out to trade and settle among the Chinese in the then unchartered waters of the South China Sea. Initially a base for the once forbidden trade between China and Japan, the Portuguese settlement of Macau remained as the only European colony permitted by China on Chinese soil between 1557 and 1842 when Hong Kong was ceded to the British by the Treaty of Nanjing following the Opium War. The continuous Portuguese governance of the settlement in Macau subsisted for almost 450 years until its handover to China in December 1999. Many of the books I researched are written in Portuguese. The English quotations from these references used in this book are my translation. The words and phraseology in the older books sometimes made it necessary for me to research the subject further and then use my interpretation. Besides revealing the quaint atmosphere of a sequestered Portuguese environment in an isolated and tiny peninsula on Chinese land, the photographs are also testimony of the Portuguese community that lived there over the centuries. A companion to this book, Jorge Forjaz’s six-volume Famílias Macaenses records in detail their ancestry and the names of the continental Portuguese male progenitors, their spouses, and their descendants, providing an informative picture of the Portuguese community of Macau.The Portuguese of Macau are the descendants of Portuguese adventurers, merchants, a few officials of the Portuguese crown, and military personnel. They are miscegenation of southern European fathers and Asian mothers who then intermarried within their own community for over four centuries. Arriving at Macau via Africa, India, Malaysia, and other Portuguese colonial outposts at the time, these men were originally from cities such as Lisbon and Porto, with the majority of the seamen from the fishing towns and villages of the countryside. The following extract gives a more elaborate description of these Portuguese settlers:By the mid-sixteenth century the population of Portugal was little over a million. Of those, about twenty-four hundred able-bodied men left Portugal every year to venture overseas — the majority to Goa and further east.1 Most were from the northern provinces of Minho and Douro, Lisbon, and the islands of Madeira and Azores. The rest of Portugal was very much under-populated with insufficient labor to cultivate its land. Farmers, shepherds, fishermen, and prisoners from the jails of Portugal, men of little education and often illiterate, filled the galleys of the ships on their journeys out to inhabit the newly discovered lands from Africa to India and beyond.2The history of Macau is the final chapter of the Portuguese Voyages of Discovery. The evolution of this Portuguese city in China and particularly its settlers, their faces, and names need to be documented just as its history has been. The persona and image of a Portuguese city in China cannot be portrayed in words alone. This book is a pictorial history of the Portuguese community in Macau with many photographs and illustrations showing the character and charm of this place. It is the story of the Macaense people in its historical setting. The charisma and peaceful setting of houses among the hills and undulating terrain crowned with the Guia Fort and its lighthouse on one hill and the Penha Church on the other beckons one’s imagination when approaching the Macau Peninsula. Watercolors by famous Macau artists, photographs and maps illustrate visually the written account of the descendants of the Portuguese settlers on Chinese soil, residing side by side with the Chinese majority, yet each retaining its customs and traditions. It is a history of the peaceful coexistence of two races, the greater majority Chinese living peacefully in its homeland under the rule of the Portuguese. As a Portuguese city in China, Macau was endowed with plentiful unique architecture that flowed like a stream along the red-roofed houses on the hillsides, the multitude of churches, and forts to defend this tiny peninsula from predators and avaricious Europeans. Along the southeastern

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter I The Early Settlement of Macau12 13Early settlement of Macau, circa 1620Background map by Vicente Pacia Notes by António M. Jorge da Silva António M. Jorge da Silva collectionshore and hillsides, imposing forts defied threats from the sea in the past. Once there to fend off those who coveted her longstanding monopoly as the gateway of trade to China, they now stand as monuments to the Portuguese who ventured halfway around the world to settle in this faraway minute promontory on the South China coast. The very image of the city was uniquely Portuguese in character; yet its Chinese personality elicited a sense of Europe in China. Temples and joss-sticks in cans at many doorways of Chinese residences along the interior streets and the majority of the residents being Chinese all reminded one that this was China. Living in harmony and mutual respect, the people of Macau, O-Mun Yan, will always remember their unique environment and culture in this peaceful city.The book briefly discusses the ethnic integration of the settlers with illustrations showing how the Chinese population lived and congregated in their own groups amidst the background of Portuguese architecture. The pictures tell the story of Macau and its people, it characterizes how over the past centuries the city slowly evolved. One must bear in mind that these aspects relate to a historical timeframe and the people living in Macau at that time. The Chinese in Macau from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries, for example, were mostly farmers, fisherfolk, and vendors who sold their goods to the Portuguese residents, some of whom were unsophisticated and foreign to the environment. A class structure did exist among the Portuguese and it would be historically incorrect not to relate this fact in the book, though some might be offended by its inclusion.Through good times and bad, with courage and resolve, the Portuguese settlers and their descendants have lived in Macau for over four centuries. As its people and their history fade with the passage of time, their memory will remain in the words and pictures in this and other books written by Macau’s Filhos da Terra.Being born in Macau, I have many memories of its people and their way of life in the years of change following the Second World War. The customs, the outlook, the etiquette, and particularly the lifestyle have forever changed as the Macaense families emigrated to other parts of the world. That era has gone, its raison d’etre elapsed, and it was time for their birthplace to be returned to China. The architectural character of Macau, very Portuguese until the mid-twentieth century, changed, modernizing rapidly, supplanting the romantic with pecuniary interests — Macau was to change forever. High-rise buildings and casinos now dominate the skyline obscuring what remains of its historical past. The charm and image of its evolution over the centuries remain only in what history has recorded. Macau is still there, but with a new environment and a new government. Its now vibrant and flourishing economy looks to the future. However, its historical past will endure in the minds of those from the diaspora, a memory that this book attempts to preserve for future generations and those interested in the coexistence of the Portuguese and Chinese in China.António M. Jorge da Silva

15The Early Settlement of MacauChapter I 3. Padrão: A large stone cross with Portuguese coat of arms placed as a land claim by explorers during the Portuguese Voyages of Discovery. 4. Braga, José Maria, China Landfall 1513 — Jorge Alvares Voyage to China, 24.The Portuguese Voyages of Discovery to sequester and secure the spice trade from Arab control was realized with the establishment of Goa as the Vice-Kingdom of Asia Portuguesa on the Malabar Coast of western India, followed by the capture of Malacca in 1511. Their mission to control trade was completed after the battle for Malacca. It was by fortuitous curiosity that they then ventured beyond to discover the land of a people they heard of in their earlier voyages to the Malabar Coast and whom they called “Chins.” Under the guidance of Chinese mariners and in the company of five other junks, Jorge Alvares, accompanied by his son and another Portuguese scrivener, sailed along the China Coast in high hopes of a new discovery.They landed on the southeast coast of China in 1513, at the anchorage of T’uen Mên (later named Tamão by the Portuguese) at the mouth of the Pearl River. They anchored near Lin-tin Island some sixty miles southeast of Canton (Guangzhou), the capital of the Kwangtung (Guangdong) province. When permitted to set foot on the island, Jorge Alvares planted a padrão3 for the king and the country there. The Chinese had never seen a westerner before and were suspicious of his motives. They forbade him to proceed further into the mainland. Jorge Álvares remained there for almost a year.4 There he observed that the Chinese were peaceful and intelligent, leading a life full of customs and rituals. The cooking and eating utensils, together with other artifacts they possessed and celebrated with, their porcelain, and the silk garments worn at festivals further convinced him that they were a people that the Portuguese could trade with. On his return journey in 1515, followed by several ambassadorial missions, the Portuguese tried in vain to negotiate a trade agreement with the Chinese. The complex system of the Portuguese government and the Chinese capital being far away further complicated the issue. The Chinese were wary of the foreigners; their gun salutes startled the populace and their arrogance in attempting to erect a fort on Chinese soil followed by several altercations resulted in the Portuguese being ordered to leave the Chinese shores never to return. Undaunted, the Portuguese traded illegally along the China coast as far north as the mouth of the Yangtze River. Encountering reprisals along the way, their attempted settlement on an island off the Chekiang (Zhejiang) coast was overrun and completely destroyed in 1542; the same year the Portuguese inadvertently discovered Japan. Undeterred, the Portuguese returned to the south coast near where they first landed. Trading illicitly along the coastline on their return, they eventually based their ships on the sheltered side of Sanchuan (São João) near the mouth of the Pearl River. Not long after the discovery of Japan the Portuguese found that the Chinese were forbidden to trade with the Japanese, an edict by the Chinese Ming Emperor Hongwu (1368–1398) that dated back to 1371. Though lifted by Emperor Yongle (1402–1424), it was reenacted again by Emperor Jiajing (1521–1567) in 1550. Chinese silk smuggled into Japan was most desirous with the Japanese paying in silver, a precious metal that the Chinese held in high value. It did not take long for the Portuguese to realize that they could act as an intermediary brokering trade between the two countries. Permitted to use Nagasaki as their base of exchange in Japan and to facilitate the Sino-Japanese trade of silk and silver, the Portuguese based their operation as close to Canton, the port of supply, as possible. They first anchored their ships at the island of Sanchuan, also known as Langbai, then Lampacao, and finally Haojing with the protected bay of A-Ma-O, sixty miles to the northeast of Sanchuan. The tiny peninsula of Haojing, later named Macau, is located at the mouth of the Pearl River and was as close to Canton as the Chinese would allow the Europeans to trade from. The bay of A-Ma-O, having a protected natural harbor, was used more and more by the Portuguese with some moving there as early as between 1553 and 1555.

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter I The Early Settlement of Macau16 17According to historian J. M. Braga, Chinese district annals show that Fu-lan-kis5 (Franks, later taken to mean “foreign devils”) visited the bay of A-Ma-O in 1534 and 1535.6 However, historian Fei Chengkang provided a different timeframe, stating that [i]n recent years some Chinese scholars have argued that Haojing was opened in 1553 instead of 1535. Their argument is based on The Chronicles of Guangdong Province printed in 1602 which says: “In Jiajing 32 (1553), some foreigners came to Haojing by ships, saying they wanted to borrow some land to sun their goods, which were tribute and had got wet when the ships cracked in a storm. The Deputy Surveillance Commissioner Wang Bai approved it because he was bribed. But at that time there were only a dozen sheds set up.”7This quotation from the Guandong chronicles refers to bribery as the way the Portuguese were initially permitted to land in Haojing but J. M. Braga put it slightly differently: Closer study of the annals of the various coastal districts will probably reveal that in spite of the prohibitions against the Fu-lan-kis, the Chinese traders and the humbler mandarins, if not the higher ranking officials as well, welcomed the trade which the Portuguese ships brought....We find, therefore, that after 1549 some sort of understanding seems to have been made with the Chinese officials whereby Portuguese ships visited Sheung Chuen To (上村島), popularly known as “St. John’s Island” but also called Shanchuan, or Sanchuang, and Long-Pak-Kong, the “Lam-pac-kao” of the Portuguese [italics added].8Other historical accounts argue that the Portuguese were granted imperial sanction to settle in Macau as a gesture of gratitude and for the protection from pirates that swarmed the coast from Chekiang to Kwangtung.9 A more likely and realistic account was put forward by Austin Coates:The Chinese accepted the situation as an expedience at once practical and astute, setting barbarians at the very mouth of the great river to defend it... The Chinese conceded nothing of importance. In their view, the peninsula was a fractional part of their country in which non-tribute-paying foreigners, on payment of normal taxes, were allowed to settle.”10Be it considered payment of “ground rent” or a bribe, it is predominantly recognized that in 1557, the Kwangtung authorities permitted the Portuguese to permanently settle in Macau and build permanent structures. To continue honoring the Chinese tribute to the Goddess of the Sea, A-Ma, the Portuguese named that tiny peninsula “Macau,” which was once an island before the silt of the Xijiang River (a tributary of the Pearl River). By this time a narrow sandbar had been formed, linking the originally 2.78-square-kilometer (1.07 sq. mile) island to the Chinese mainland.The Portuguese moved from their mat-shed11 dwellings in Lampacao to a place where they could build sturdy structures to shelter themselves from violent storms and typhoons, which they often had to face more than once a year. The few farmers and fishermen of A-Ma-O saw an influx of foreigners with unfamiliar facial features occupy their tiny peninsula, people unlike any they had seen before. The encounters with these narrow-faced, fair- or olive-skinned strangers, some with light-colored big eyes, large noses, hairy faces, and brown or blonde hair, must have bewildered them. Soon more arrived and with them were people with very dark skin and tight curly hair, and others, mostly women and children of Asian origin but still unlike the Chinese faces they were familiar with.The newcomers then built permanent structures, giving the Portuguese a firm base to trade with nearby Canton. The population quickly increased to approximately nine hundred within eight years, which included “merchants, Malays of both sexes, Indians and black men, and Chinese in 5. Fu-lan-kis: Franks, a group of Germanic peoples between the lower and middle Rhine in the third century; in the Middle Ages, Franks became a synonym for Western Europeans as they ruled most of Europe. Turkish, Arabian, and other oriental nations referred to western Europeans as “Franks.” 6. Braga, José Maria, The Western Pioneers and their Discovery of Macao, 106–7. 7. Fei, Chengkang, Macao 400 Years, 17 and 21, quoting Guangdong Tongzhi (The Chronicles of Guangdong Province) by Guo Fei, Wanli 30 (1602) block-printed edition, vol. 69, 72. 8. Braga, José Maria, The Western Pioneers, 80–81. 9. Montalto de Jesus, C. A., Historic Macao, 23. 10. Coates, Austin, A Macao Narrative, 23. 11. Mat-shed: Temporary structure of overlapping matted straw walls and roof stretched over a framework of poles. 12. Silva, Beatriz Basto da, Cronologia da História de Macau, vol. 1, 40–49. 13. Montalto de Jesus, Historic Macao, 52. 14. Ibid., 202–3.great numbers.”12 Macau was beginning to grow with new buildings, changing the peaceful ambience of the hills, the valleys between, and the surrounding shores. Whether it was out of concern for such growth within a short time, to define a boundary, or due to reported robberies by black slaves of the Portuguese, the Chinese built a barrier gate (Porta do Cerco) in 1573 on the isthmus that linked Macau to the mainland. This gate controlled the passage of Chinese supplying food and other daily necessities to the settlers, which essentially defined the boundaries of the settlement. The passage across the barrier was forbidden and “unless so permitted by the procurator, who issued passes for those whom the mandarins recommended... Those admitted were generally artisans, who, after their daily work, retired beyond the barrier for the night...”13 In the decades that followed, this restriction was relaxed and the Chinese began to live in Macau, though the barrier gate would continue be closed at sunset and reopened in the morning that followed to control the flow of people and goods.The district of Mongha, situated at the south of the barrier gate, was then farmland, but it was insufficient to supply the Portuguese settlement. It is also known that, for some time, priests from Macau farmed on Lappa Island opposite the interior harbor. In 1645, an Imperial Grant provided a large piece of land to the Jesuits on which they built a small chapel. Known then as Ilhas dos Padres, it was later abandoned due to “constant vexations on the part of the petty mandarins and their underlings” in 1764.14 Throughout the Portuguese occupancy, Macau was completely dependent on the Chinese for its sustenance and the barrier gate remained a blockade that would many times in the future be used by the Chinese to realize their demands.Porta do Cerco, circa 1900Photograph by Carlos CabralPedro and Graça Pacheco Jorge Barreiros collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter I The Early Settlement of Macau18 19The discovery of Japan by the Portuguese and the subsequent effort in promoting trade between Japan and China had jointly paved the way for them to be granted the right to establish a base and settle in Nagasaki near where they first landed. With the Portuguese as intermediaries and using Macau as its entrepôt, a booming trade blossomed. With the Jesuits as intermediaries, the Portuguese traded with the rich merchant families, Japanese diamyos (feudal lords), and even the shoguns (military dictators). Both settlements grew expeditiously, resulting from the large profits yielded from the China-Japan trade. Conscious of their successful integration with the people of Goa, Malacca and recently in Macau, they now confidently settled and raised their families in Japan. Unlike their non-cognate relationship with the Chinese in Macau in the same period, miscegenation of the Portuguese and Japanese women over the years produced a small Luso-Japanese community in Nagasaki. Some Portuguese married Japanese Christians, learned their customs, and settled there with their families. A new cradle from which Portuguese interracial progeny would extend was to root. The offspring of Portuguese-Japanese unions would soon join the descendants of Indo-Portuguese from Goa and Luso-Malaccans (but not Chinese at this time) families in Macau as would more fidalgos arrive from the Portuguese continent. Not only were these new arrivals merchants but in later years included those who saw opportunities to enrich themselves from substantial dowries by marrying Eurasian daughters of the rich merchants who had settled there.15 15. Jorge da Silva, António M., Macaenses, 41Praia Grande, circa 1856Thomas Allom WatercolorCourtesy: Arquivos de Macau (Macau Archives)Temple of A-Ma, circa 1830Courtesy: Macau Museum of Art

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter I The Early Settlement of Macau20 21Entrance to the Temple of A-Ma, 1996António M. Jorge da Silva collectionRock dedicated to the mariner, 1986António M. Jorge da Silva collectionTemple bellAntónio M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter I The Early Settlement of Macau22 23Kun-Iam Temple, 1986António M. Jorge da Silva collectionLin Fong Temple at Mongha, 1967António M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter I The Early Settlement of Macau24 25The Sino-Japanese trade brought much prosperity to the merchants of Macau and the very existence of Macau depended on its success. The Portuguese with their Asian wives lived a luxurious life. They adorned themselves with jewelry and to show off their wealth, they even dressed and bejeweled their domestic slaves on Sundays when they could get the most exposure. Slavery in Macau was not as we know it in the Western world. Slaves were not forced into hard labor such as was done in the plantations of Brazil and the cotton fields of North America. Owning slaves was a sign of prosperity as well as having help in households or in businesses where some heavy work such as loading or unloading was a necessity. Families with large mansions would use slaves to load and unload boxes of food and wine to their storage rooms under the living quarters, and maintain their property and large gardens, which many had.... Female slaves were mainly seen as household and domestic servants; some were kept as concubines. 16The success of the Japan trade brought in more speculators and along with the merchants came the Jesuits and other missionaries. Christianity soon began to take root in Japan. The spread of Christianity was in fact one of the main objectives of the Portuguese Voyages of Discovery. In fact, the Papal Bull Romanus Pontifax (1455) had the vision of converting all heathens into Christians. This was the driving force behind the Portuguese’s attempt to bring Christianity to Africa, India, Malacca, and then to Japan and Macau, which later became the center of Christianity in the Far East. The citizens of the burgeoning Portuguese colony strongly supported the Church, which had a strong impact on the government. Missionaries, dominated by the Jesuits but also included others such as the Dominicans, Franciscans, and Augustinians, moved to Macau. After studying the Japanese language and their customs for some time at the seminaries in Macau, they were sent to Japan to preach the faith. Encouraged by Papal decrees and protected by the Portuguese Crown, these zealous missionaries were found all over Japan and they were at first respected and welcomed by the Japanese feudal lords. However, the Japanese eventually developed fear of subversive activities of the Roman Catholic missionaries. Their success in converting the Japanese and even those in high positions caused great concern to the ruling daimyos and shoguns to come. They could see Christianity taking root in Japan as more and more missionaries went in to spread the faith across the land. As this problem was developing, the Portuguese had further concerns at sea. Portugal coming under the rule of Spain’s Philip II in 1581 brought the Dutch and soon after the English to challenge Portuguese trade in Southeast Asia. The Dutch first arrived in Japan in 1600 and by 1609 obtained trading rights at Hirado as the English also did in 1613, but this proved to be less successful compared to the Portuguese trade in Nagasaki. With help from the English, the Dutch attacked Portuguese ships but ultimately failed in preventing shipping between Macau and Nagasaki. Traders and Christian missionaries flocked both to Macau and Japan. However, with the interference of the Dutch and complications brought about by the Christian missionaries and their new religion, trade relations with the Japanese were eventually severed. Fearing the spread of Christianity, the Japanese expelled the Jesuits from Japan in 1587; however, the majority escaped and went into hiding. In 1614 the expulsion order for all missionaries to leave was re-enacted though again a fair number went into hiding. By 1596 the Portuguese-Japan trade saw a steep decline. The menacing threat of the Dutch at sea from Japan to Malacca and their intervention on land hastened the downfall of the lucrative Japan trade which lasted until 1639, a year before the Portuguese were permanently expelled from Japan.17Though the British and the Dutch were ultimately unsuccessful in the blockade of Portuguese ships between Macau and Nagasaki, they remained a constant threat to the Portuguese. From Goa to Malacca and across the waters between Macau and Nagasaki, the Dutch attacked Portuguese ships and blockaded them wherever possible. The desire of the Dutch to invade and occupy Macau and to control the Nagasaki trade began as early as the opening years of the 1600s before fortifications were constructed. The building of forts along the southeastern shoreline of the peninsula and on high ground was essential to protect the peninsula from pirates and their European predators. Orders from the Portuguese Crown to fortify the city came in 1615 when many religious buildings were added and converted to forts, such as the hermitage of Nossa Senhora 16. Ibid., 79–80. 17. Jorge da Silva, António M., Lecture and paper presented to the University of Toronto, 19 March, 2012.de Guia, Nossa Senhora da Penha de França, and the Jesuit monastery at Nossa Senhora do Monte. The forts of Bom Parto, São Tiago da Barra, etc., were also among the fortifications, but only completed in 1626, four years after the Dutch attack.In 1622, the Dutch attacked and attempted to invade Macau, but their attempt to take the city failed disastrously. Defeated by the local militia and a handful of black slaves, the Dutch never invaded Macau again. Charles Boxer’s Fidalgos in the Far East gives a detailed account of the Dutch attack.18 In 1623, the year following the Dutch attack, the first Governor of Macau, Francisco Mascarenhas, “fenced off the city with a wall perfecting the fortifications in general,”19 separating the district of Mongha from the city of Macau. While forts were built on the peninsula to fend off the Dutch and other threats, there were still islands near Macau that were frequented by pirates that swarmed the mouth of the Pearl River. Trading vessels to and from Canton were the prey of pirates who launched their attacks from the multitude of islands in the vicinity. Islands such as the Ladrones, which literally means “thieves,” Coloane, and others, were lairs from which the scourge of the South China Sea launched their attacks. The shallow waters surrounding the islands provided a barrier for their shallow-keeled junks, frustrating the deeper-keeled European crafts in pursuit. The advent of lorchas from Macau, with European hulls and shallow keels like the Chinese craft, took away that advantage. Undaunted, the pirates continued to menace the traders, including the Chinese Imperial fleet. The shores of the island Taipa facing the entrance to the inner harbor of Macau was perceived as a possible threat from the pirates that occupied both Taipa and the island of Coloane just beyond. The Portuguese first occupied the northern tip of Taipa in 1843 with a fort built during the administration of Governor João Maria Ferreira do Amaral. It was not until 1864 that a Portuguese commander was nominated to set up a military post on the pirate-infested island of Coloane. However, that did little to oust the pirates as they continued to come and go as they pleased. As time went by, the Portuguese tried many times to drive them out. Possibly the last battle to drive out the pirates from Coloane was recorded in 1910 with the capture of a few and many escaping in the dark of night.20 Piracy in the waters near Macau continued into the twentieth century during which Hong Kong-Macau ferryboats were constantly attacked and even air piracy took place. 18. Boxer, Charles Ralph, Fidalgos in the Far East 1550–1770, 72–91. 19. Silva, Cronologia da História de Macau, vol. 1, 88. 20. Silva, Cronologia da História de Macau, vol. 4, 60–61.Fort of São Paulo do Monte, 1973Courtesy: Karsten Petersen (1973-17-012)Cannons of Monte fort, 1986António M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter I The Early Settlement of Macau26 27Captain General’s residence at Monte fort, 1965António M. Jorge da Silva collectionFort of São Tiago da Barra, circa 1850Drawing by Marciano BaptistaCourtesy: Braga Collection, National Library of Australia

Chapter II Ethnic Integration of the Settlers 29THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History28Macau in the late seventeenth centuryAntónio M. Jorge da SilvaFort at Taipa, circa 1850sIllustration from Pereira, J. F. Marques, TA-SSI-YANG-KUO, vol. I–II, series II, 429

31Ethnic Integration of the SettlersChapter II 21. Boxer, Charles Ralph, The Great Ship from Amacon, 113. 22 Ibid., 148. 23. Montalto de Jesus, Historic Macao, 423.The prosperous Macau-Nagasaki trade took a downturn by the end of the sixteenth century. The rapid spread of Christianity led to anti-Christian sentiments; yet, the persecution of Christians and the expulsion of the Jesuits by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1587 did little to deter the crusading Portuguese merchants from smuggling priests in disguise among merchants arriving from Macau. Distrust of the Portuguese led to successive decrees wherein “a number of Japanese Christians and half-castes” of Portuguese descent, including women this time, were banished in 1626.21 Expulsion came again ten years later when “some 287 men, women and children, who were relatives or dependents of Portuguese formerly domiciled in the port”22 were exiled to Macau. The end of the prosperous Macau-Japan trade in 1640, Dutch blockades of the straits of Malacca, and the capture of Malacca itself in 1641 sent Macau into an economic decline. The Macau population assimilated the newly arrived Japanese wives and children who were expelled along with the priests and the merchants who lived there. Forming nearly a third of its population, the new arrivals from Nagasaki were to augment the racial mix of the residents of that city. They melded into the local population, adding to their early ancestral mix. The customs and traits of the Japanese blended in with those of the patient and low-key Indo-Malayan descendants of the Portuguese already there. These new Japanese settlers’ ethnic footprints gradually integrated with those already there — European Portuguese and their descendants, some Africans, Indians, and Malaysians. The facial features of the Japanese resembling those of the local Chinese may have given the impression to some writers that the early matrilineal ancestors of the Macaense included the Chinese. The intricacies of the racial origins of the Macaense may well have influenced how some viewed them, and in some cases continue to confuse the time-sequence of their ancestral makeup. However, up to this point, miscegenation with the local Chinese was not a factor. The intermarriage of the local Chinese and Portuguese commenced at about the beginning of the eighteenth century. This is not to say that there was no intermingling of the two races at all before that time. The Chinese at first ostracized the Portuguese, looking upon them as barbarians. Their customs were different as were their religious beliefs. With more and more Chinese arriving to trade and live in Macau and the Christianization of some, they then began to be part of the Asian mix in the gene pool of the Eurasian population, eventually becoming the primary Asian gene of the Macaense. By the beginning of the seventeenth century, more and more Chinese came to trade with the growing population of Macau. They segregated themselves from the Portuguese and their families and were satisfied with just earning their living in this way. Their houses and isolated way of life are clearly shown in the watercolors and drawings of the past. They and the Portuguese community they lived among were the people of Macau — O-Mun Yan. The name “boat people” referred to the fishermen and their families who worked and resided entirely in their wooden junks, anchored in protected areas of the shores of Porto Interior where they could shelter themselves from the storms and typhoons that beleaguered Macau every year between May and the end of October. When the strong typhoons hit Macau, the boat people, mainly in Taipa and Coloane, suffered tremendous losses. One example was the ferocious 1874 typhoon that destroyed much of Macau. “The loss was estimated at five thousand lives, two thousand fishing and trading craft, and houses, goods, and ships...”23 The customs and festivities celebrated by the Chinese were and still are a part of Macau and its people. Longevity, wealth in the form of good luck brought upon by good fortune, and superstition are very much part of the Chinese belief. Their superstitions of good and bad luck, which are often based on a play of words and numbers, also find a place in the minds of the local-born Portuguese. The impressive Chinese firecrackers

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter II Ethnic Integration of the Settlers32 33and dragon dances in the streets during the Lunar New Year was a spectacle everyone looked forward to in winter. Fung-shui24 (wind and water) is perhaps the most widely believed aspect of reading future manifestations. It is used to determine the location, orientation, and relation of many features to the surroundings. The physical shape of the land as visible to the human eye, hills, trees, water features such as lakes, and even the shape of the shoreline, are elements to be scrutinized in the sphere of this practice. The layout of a building or parts of a building, for example, are often studied to determine its fung-shui before construction or purchase. Colors and shapes are also of prime consideration. It would not be incorrect to say that their creeds and customs are very much an integral part of the lives of the Chinese. The Chinese Lunar Calendar, their festivals, measure of time, the five elements of wood, fire, earth, gold, and water, and other factors all add to form their beliefs and superstitions that influence their judgment and everyday lives. Many of the local-born Portuguese also believe in the play of words with numbers. Many would hesitate to occupy a floor numbered four or fourteen in a building, which can be interpreted as “die” and “must die” in Cantonese and would be delighted if they have floor number eight (wealth) or eighteen (must acquire wealth). Another example is that they would avoid purchasing a house with the front door facing an open-ended street as that is perceived as bad fung-shui, meaning that money would be flushed out of the door into an open-ended drain (which the street symbolizes).Initially Malay (Malaccan) women and their offsprings were dominant among the racially mixed Portuguese community in the mid-seventeenth and eighteenth century. The subsequent intermarriage with and influence of the Chinese people contributed to the customs, cuisine, and the patuá spoken by the settlers in Macau. “The Chinese influence is relatively recent but considerable, it happened as it did with Malay, that it was the woman — the mother of the family or domestic servant who was the main vehicle of this influence.”25Primarily it was the mothers of preceding Euro-Asiatic unions who nurtured the children of the Portuguese and their descendants. There were more Malay women and their offspring in Macau then, particularly after the capture of Malacca by the Dutch in 1641 when many flocked to Macau. But it should not be surprising that the Macaense adapted easily to coexistence with other races as they were a product of different cultures. The children grew up with the influence of their customs, cuisine, and, in the case of the women, their dress.26Food, the manner of cooking, the ingredients used, and the availability of produce played an integral role in the lives of the settlers. As the women did all the cooking, it was they who controlled the diet of the men and children in their homes. Portuguese food was the basis of the fare but the cuisine itself was a mixture of ingredients and flavorings determined by the Asian women who prepared the food. With regard to their eating habits, there was a general preference for the sweet, using a lot of sugar, and the spicy hot, typical of Indo-Malay cuisine. The women who accompanied the Portuguese men to Macau were the initiators of a fusion cuisine in this settlement, but the fare itself were almost always based on Portuguese cookery, conveyed from their male Portuguese companions. The origins of Macaense cuisine evolved from foods and cooking methods “brought in by female slaves from Africa, women from Goa, the Nyonya27 of Malacca, the kimono-clad women of Japan, and the local Chinese women, some of whom were Muitsais.”28 With them came their cooking utensils, their food, and the pidgin Portuguese they spoke. The Goans brought their “Catholic”-influenced Hindu dishes whilst the Nhonhas, the Malay women from Malacca, brought with them the earlier versions of dishes like Porco Balichao Tamarindo com Arroz Carregado, Bredo raba-raba, Sopa de Lacassá, Bagi, and Ladu. Nhonhas or Peranakin Chinese (Straits-born Chinese) are descendants of early Chinese migrants who settled in Penang, Malacca, Indonesia, and Singapore who inter-married with local Malays. Their cuisine probably had the greatest influence on the food of early Macau. In Macau, they eventually added local ingredients and produce available to them. As local Chinese ingredients entered into the picture it was inevitable that their cooking style and utensils entered the Macaense kitchen and their cuisine followed suit.29The spoken language in those times was a pidgin that developed into a creole called patuá, based on archaic Portuguese that was used as a common means of verbal exchange, essential to those who interacted with the Portuguese as they colonized and paved the path to trade, sailing further and further to the east. The Macau-born Portuguese spoke a different language and dressed differently as referred to by historian Charles Boxer. According to Boxer, the Travels of Peter Mundy, with Mundy’s Macau Journal written during his short stay in Macau in 1637, describes in some detail the dress of the women, with the Goan/Malay custom of covering their heads when in public and changing into Japanese kimonos when inside their houses. This place affoards very Many ritche Men, cladde after the Portugall Manner. Their women like to those at Goa in Sherazees or lunghees, one over their head and the other aboutt their Middle downe to the Feette, on which they ware low chapines. This is the ordinary habitt of the women of Macao. Only the better sort are carried in hand chaires like the Sidens att London, all close covered, off which there are very Costly and ritche brought from Japan. Butt when they goe without itt, the Mistris is hardly knowne from the Maide or slave wench by outtward appearance, all close covered over, butt their Sherazzees are finer. The said women when they are within doores wear over all a Certaine large wide sleeved vest called Japan kamaones or kerimaones (i.e. kirimono) because it is the ordinary garment worne by Japaneses, there being Many Dainty ones brought From thence off Died silke and of others are Costly Made here by the Chinois off Ritche embroidery off colloured silk and golde. I say they wear one of the said kamaones for their upper garment and their haire all made uppe on the Crowne of their heads, adorned with Jewells according to their abbillities. These kinde of Dressing, soe quickly to bee done, Doe become them soe well as others thatt bestow halffe a day about themselves.30The two images drawn by Peter Mundy illustrate what he had written, showing “A“as a woman with the saraça covering her head and body, revealing only part of her face but obscuring the mantilla and her jewelry, and “B” as a woman wearing a kimono.31Saraças — A type of head cover or mantilla used twenty years ago worn by Macau women of the inferior class... a unique head wrap or cover, used only in Macau. It is a large cloth or rectangular covering of knitted cotton thread painted with branches of leaves or stripes of bright and flaming colors showcasing the trim with certain designs of peaks and points ... Even the most pompous Macaense women, after dressing, sometimes richly, cover [themselves] with the unflattering saraças that completely envelop the head and body and they hide their face when they want to.32 The head-covering garment was initially the saraça, similar to a Malay batik, which was stamped and printed in several colors. The baju, on the other hand, was a type of loose collarless short-sleeved jacket, made of very fine white cloth, worn at home for freshness and comfort.33 The saraça is said to have two components, “the condê that is worn over the head and the other [part] from the middle of the body [waist] to the feet and walk wearing flat slippers.”34 A black hooded gown known in Macau as the dó,35 used by women of prestige for going to church, was fashioned after the saraça. The drawings also show how the saraça was adapted and refined for the Macau women to wear. The other drawing on the side of the saraça and kimono is from Charles Boxer’s Fidalgos of the Far East,36 which illustrates the way Portuguese fidalgos and Macau women were dressed circa 1750.Ou-Mun Kei Leok, a Chinese publication in 1751, detailed the way the fan-quai (foreign devil) men, fidalgos from continental Portugal, were dressed in the mid-1700s,37 stating that they wore three-pointed black felt hats decorated with gold plaques in the form of entwined flowers, waist-length upper vestments, and knee-length pants. Jackets were fully fastened with gold or silver buttons. Shirts were made of white cotton with cuffs folded back at the sleeves in the form of lotus blossoms while their pants and stockings of striped woven fabric were tightly fastened at the knees. Their black leather shoes were fastened with silver or gold buckled clasps. They carried a sword that hung from their belt and men of the upper class also carried a small cane attached to the front of their belts. The local Portuguese men must have dressed as those in mainland Portugal, without carrying the cane or the sword like the fidalgos. By the late nineteenth century, most Macaenses were dressed in the European fashion. In the case of the ladies, their kimonos were abandoned at home and dó was fading out, almost never seen anymore at church. The photograph taken at the end of the nineteenth century shows that the local-born Portuguese in Macau were dressed in the European fashion of the time. 24. Fung-shui: A form of geomancy, the art of foretelling potential future happenings by means of orientation and other earth signs. 25. Batalha, Graciete Nogueira, Glossário do Dialecto Macaense, 7–11. 26. Jorge da Silva, António M., Macaenses, 74–75. 27. Nyonya or Nhonha (plural is Nhonhonha) in Maquista patuá (the patois of Macau): Young woman, single or married. The term is also used in Malacca to mean young Malay women of Chinese ethnicity, with Nyonya food meaning food of Chinese origin. Jorge da Silva, António M., Macaenses, 20. 28. Muitsai: Young Chinese bondservant, usually female, hired or enslaved from childhood for domestic service usually for an indefinite term. Jorge da Silva, António M., Macaenses, 20. 29. Jorge da Silva, António M., Macaense Cuisine — Origins and Evolution, 18–19. 30. Boxer, Fidalgos in the Far East, 128, quoting Peter Mundy. In the mid-seventeenth century, “old English” spelling was still used. Based on the sound of words, the spellings were later simplified, evolving into what is used today. Mundy’s “...haire all made uppe on the Crowne of their heads...” would today be spelled “... hair all made up on the crown of their heads ...”. 31. Boxer, Charles Ralph, Seventeenth Century Macau in Contemporary Documents and Illustrations, 64–65. 32. Pereira, J. F. Marques, TA-SSI-YANG-KUO, , vols I–II, series I, 63. 33. Ibid., 64–65. 34. Teixeira, Fr. Manuel, Macau Através dos Séculos, 19. 35. Dó: A black hooded gown usually worn by women going to church. In Portuguese, dó means piety, compassion, mourning, etc. 36. Boxer, Fidalgos in the Far East, 242, plate XIV,. 37. Teixeira, Fr. Manuel, Macau no Séc. XVIII, 456–57.

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter II Ethnic Integration of the Settlers34 35Women leaving church cloaked with the dó, circa 1895Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter II Ethnic Integration of the Settlers36 37Chinese houses in the city, circa 1836Church of São José in the backgroundIllustration from Moss, Peter, Chinnery in ChinaCourtersy: Toyo-Bunko (The Oriental Library)Chinese houses in Macau, circa 1835Illustration from Moss, Peter, Chinnery in ChinaImage courtesy of HSBC Archives

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter II Ethnic Integration of the Settlers38 39Chinese food stalls outside São Domingos Church, 1836Illustration from Conner, Patrick, George Chinnery 1774–1852: Artist of India and the China CoastCourtesy: Woodbridge: Antique Collectors’ ClubChinese outside São Domingos Church, circa 1838Courtesy: Macau Museum of Art

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter II Ethnic Integration of the Settlers40 41Chinese eating at food stallIllustration from Conner, Patrick, George Chinnery 1774–1852: Artist of India and the China CoastCourtesy: Woodbridge: Antique Collectors’ ClubChinese street vendors, circa 1840Turbaned Indian resident paying street vendors as basket was raised to himImage courtesy of HSBC Archives

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter II Ethnic Integration of the Settlers42 43Boat people, 1973Courtesy: Karsten Petersen (1973-18-024)Chinese boat peopleWatercolor by Marciano BaptistaImage courtesy of HSBC Archives

45City of the Holy Name of GodChapter III 38. Boxer, The Great Ship from Amacon, 9 39. Montalto de Jesus, Historic Macao, 45–46. 40. Silva, Cronológia da História de Macau, vol. 1, 84. 41. Ibid., 88. 42. Ibid., vol. 2, 58–59. 43. Ibid., 47.Macau was initially governed by a Captain-major (Capitão Mor), a title conferred annually by the King of Portugal, or the Viceroy of India in the name of the King, to fidalgos given the title of “Captain-major of the Japan Voyage.” He had virtual command of all ships and Portuguese settlements between Malacca and Japan. “From the foundation of Macao down to 1623, except for a few brief and unimportant interludes, the Captain-major of the Japan voyage acted as interim Governor of Macao during his stay in that port while awaiting the monsoon to begin his voyage.”38 As trade flourished and more merchants arrived to settle and partake in this lucrative enterprise, a couple of generations, descendants of the first settlers, came of age to participate in one form or another. Being under almost complete control of a single person imposed upon them, who was also the person who had the most to gain, this had engendered much dissatisfaction among the Macau merchants. Shipping foreign goods to Europe, dealing with the Chinese over domestic problems, and facing the threat at sea from foreign intervention competing for trade added to the complexity of the situation. Arguably it was more than one person could handle, given the rapid growth of the Japan trade, but in reality, the issue was about the greed of the merchants whose interests were threatened by the power of the Captain-major. Thus, the local merchants of Macau appealed more and more for self-representation and governance in local affairs and its economy.In 1583, the Viceroy of India sanctioned the establishment of a senate elected triennially by the citizens of Macau, consisting of two judges, three aldermen, and a procurator, with the presidency rotating alternately among the aldermen. Appeals over the judges’ decisions in summary cases were brought to the Ouvidor (a Crown-appointed judge, a chief-justice, from Portugal) “or to the supreme court of Goa presided by the viceroy, whose decision was invariably final.”39 Only citizens born in Macau or otherwise married and settled in Macau were eligible to vote. Given the power to govern the economy of Macau, the aldermen of the senate, still feeling restricted and supervised, often had altercations with the Captain-major. This resulted in a petition to the Crown to appoint a governor instead to solely control the military matters, leaving the senate to govern without interference. In 1623, the Crown relegated the Captain-major’s jurisdiction onshore and appointed a governor in his stead. Francisco Lopes Carrasco was the first Governor of Macau taking up his post on 31 August, 1616, however, “having done nothing toward the construction of fortifications of the city and by having many complaints against him...the vice-regal [viceroy] of India ordered that he returned imprisoned to Goa.”40 In 1623, Francisco Mascarenhas was nominated “Captain-General and the first Governor of the City of Macau... This Governor barricaded the city with a wall and completed the system of fortifications, in general.”41The ambassador Alexandre Metelo de Sousa sent by King D. João V to the courts of Peking (Beijing) who first landed in Praia Grande, Macau in June 1726 was “lodged in the residence of Francisco Leite which later came to be the Palace of the Government (Palácio do Governo) and afterwards the Palace of Administration [of the government].”42 The Governor’s Palace in Praia Grande, on the other hand, was designed by Macaense architect José Agostinho Tomás de Aquino and built by Barão do Cercal, António Alexandrino de Melo in 1849. In 1881 the building was purchased by the government with the departments of Justice, the Treasury and Business Procuration installed in 1884. For just over a hundred years this building remained and was known as the Governor’s Palace. After the handover in 1999 the building became the government headquarters of the Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the People’s Republic of China.There was a social hierarchy among the locals where the elite nominally controlled the senate and moved in their own circles. Elected members among them dealt directly with the governor and the officials from Portugal or those sent by the Viceroy at Goa, though on the surface it may have seemed otherwise. The procurator was the most important member of the senate as it was he who represented the city in negotiations with the Chinese on the government’s behalf.43

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God46 47An engraving shown in the Chinese publication Ou-Mun Kei Leok in 1746 shows that the original building where the senate held its meeting might have been Chinese in architectural style.44 According to Fr. Teixeira, the building was probably constructed in 1584 and then reconstructed after the great typhoon of 1874. The change to a neo-classical European architecture was then apparent after the complete reconstruction of the building. The building was completely renovated in 1940 for the occasion of the Bicentenary of the Independence of Portugal.45 44. Gomes, Luis Gonzaga, Macau Factos e Lendas, 9–12. 45. Teixeira, Toponímia de Macau, vol. I, 62.Possible original buildingIllustration from Ou-Mun Kei Leok 1746Leal Senado, 1890Manuel F. Read Leitão collectionLeal Senado, 2018Courtesy: Hugo Gaspar

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God48 49Leal Senado entrance stairs, 1988António M. Jorge da Silva collectionMeeting room of the senate, 1988António M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God50 51Governor’s Palace with sedans, circa 1887Postcard published by Graça & Co., Hong KongGovernment Headquarters of the Macau SAR, 2018Formally the Macau Governor’s PalaceCourtesy: Hugo Gaspar

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God52 53View of Macau looking southwest, circa 1950Sé Cathedral on the left, Leal Senado at the center, Kok-Chai hotel tall building on the right, Penha church on the top of the hillUnknown photographerAntónio M. Jorge da Silva collectionChristianity in Macau was dominated by the Jesuits. Almost from the beginning of settlement in Macau, the Jesuits already built the chapel of Santo António and in 1565 constructed a small residence next to it. In 1594, the residence was converted to become the “grandiose” College of São Paulo. Here the missionaries were taught the culture and language of other countries before they were sent to preach the Christian faith.In 1601 there were 59 Jesuits lodging there. This year a fire engulfed the church of the college... The construction of the church was started in 1602 and completed in 1603... having worked there Japanese Christians who fled their country due to persecutions against the religion.The façade took many years to complete. Peter Mundy said that the work of the sculptured façade was completed in 1637... On 26 January 1835, a fire completely destroyed the church and the College of São Paulo, leaving to stand only the façade of the Church. 46The façade of São Paulo withstood the Great Typhoon of 1874, but the Church of Santo António, which was built in 1638 and reconstructed in 1819, was also burnt as a result of that typhoon. 46. Ibid., 148.College and Church of São Paulo before the fire of 1835This drawing shows the Church of São Paulo before it was burned. The building at the back attached to the church was where the priests lived. There was a courtyard in between and the building attached to the front was the college.Courtesy: Francisco Vizeu PinheiroThe Church of São Paulo before the fire of 1835Courtesy: Rogério P. D. Luz, cronicasmacaenses.com/2012/06/22/ Primórdios tempos de Macau, em poucas palavras

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God54 55Façade of the Church of São Paulo, 1997António M. Jorge da Silva collectionChurch of São Paulo, 1997Detailed carvings at the top of the façade by Japanese refugees of the seventeenth centuryAntónio M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God56 57Church of Santo António, 1874After the typhoon and fire of 1874The original chapel reconstructed in 1608 was burnt in 1609 and reconstructed again in 1610.The church was destroyed by fire again in 1809 and reconstructed the same year.Courtesy: cronicasmacaenses.com/2011/10/20/igreja-de-santo-antonio-macau-1874Church of Santo António, 2007Courtesy: cronicasmacaenses.com/2011/10/20/igreja-de-santo-antonio-macau-1874 e 2007Soon after its establishment as a Portuguese settlement, Macau became the center of the Catholic Church in the Far East. In 1575, Pope Gregory XIII, by Papal Bull super specula militantes ecclesiae, established the episcopal See of Macau with jurisdiction over China, Korea, and Japan. The Bishopric of Macau was the nucleus of Christianity from China to Japan where intense missionary endeavor led to persecution and devastation of its followers, though in 1588, Pope Sixtus V created a separate diocese for Japan. This did little to pacify the already tense and aggravated situation looming over the Christianization of the Japanese by the persistent missionaries.The Diocese of Macau and the Church of Our Lady, elevated to the status of Sé47 Cathedral, was established in 1576, the year following the Papal Bull of Pope Gregory XIII. “The primitive Cathedral was a small church [constructed] of wood. Probably substituted for another in 1622 or 1623. ... From 1845 to 1850 this Cathedral was reconstructed by Bishop D. Jeronimo José da Mata, who consecrated it on 19 February of 1850.”48The Church of São Lourenço was built between 1558 and 1560. It was reconstructed three times between 1801 and 1954. Together with the Church of Santo António and the Cathedral of Sé, they formed the first three parishes in Macau.The Church of São Lazaro, founded in 1568 as a chapel part of the hospital for lepers outside the city walls was demolished in 1885, rebuilt the following year and converted into a parish church. Prior to that the inhabitants of that area were part of the parish of Sé.49 By that time, the city had four parishes, São Lourenço, Santo António, Sé, and São Lazaro.In 1965, the Bishop of Macau, Dom Paulo Tavares, commissioned a new church and a school to be built on the site of an existing small church adjacent to open fields. The fields, once the site for the school and part of the Bishop’s project were no longer available when the church was commissioned. The architect, António M. Jorge da Silva (author of this book), presented an idea that could solve the dilemma, suggesting that the school could be built under the church, the compromise being the many steps necessary to access the church. The Bishop, stressing that the church was in a “poor district” of Macau, mandated the criteria that the project had to be of low cost, simple in design, including the architect’s suggestions that the main church be set above a lower level of classrooms for the children of the district’s parish. To simplify the interior and maintain a reasonable ceiling height, the beams were inverted and constructed as part of the roof. The church, named Church of Our Lady of Fatima, was completed and inaugurated on 7 December, 1968. 47. Sé means cathedral, the principal church in a diocese; in this case the Diocese of Macau. 48. Teixeira, Galeria de Macaenses Ilustres do Século XIX, 107–9. 49. Ibid., 125.

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God58 59Sé Cathedral, 2017Courtesy: Maria Ferreira Sin (Instituto Internacional de Macau, O Legado Cultural de Macau, 62)Bishop’s chancellery building at Sé, 2018Courtesy: Hugo Gaspar

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God60 61Church of São Lourenço, 1997António M. Jorge da Silva collectionChurch interior, 1997António M. Jorge da Silva collectionChurch of Santo Agostinho, 2016Courtesy: Instituto Internacional de Macau, O Legado Cultural de Macau, 51

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God62 63Church of São Lazaro, 2018Courtesy: Hugo GasparThe project design for the Church of Our Lady of Fatima, 1968António M. Jorge da Silva collectionChurch of Our Lady of Fatima, 2018Courtesy: Hugo Gaspar

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God64 65Before its destruction the College of São Paulo was the center of education for missionaries going into China, Japan, Korea, and what is today Vietnam. It was a place where they could learn languages like Chinese or Japanese to communicate with the people they were about to preach the Christian faith and those who hoped to convert. Following the expulsion of the Portuguese and their missionaries from Japan in 1640, the attendance of students at the College of São Paulo began to decline, never to regain its original intended capacity. The Seminário, also known as Colégio de São José (College of São José), was built on land known since the mid-1600s as Mato Mufino. Between 1730 and 1746, the Jesuits demolished houses donated to and purchased by them, cleared the trees and shrubbery, and then began to construct the church and college of São José. The church was inaugurated in 1758.50 Though built a century after São Paulo, the College of São José did not reach its intended capacity either, with its attendance fluctuating for over a century. The learned Jesuits taught at both colleges before São Paulo was destroyed by fire in 1835. In concert with the suppression of the Jesuits in the Portuguese Empire, their counterparts were expelled from Macau in 1762 with all their properties confiscated by the government. With the departure of the learned educators from the College of São Paulo and the College of São José, compounded by the dwindling number of students, the two religious institutes entered a phase of further decline.In 1862, College of São José began to accept local Portuguese students in lieu of only missionaries. Pedro Nolasco da Silva, António Joaquim Bastos, and Leôncio Alfredo Ferreira were all students of College of São José under the Jesuits. Tomaz de Aquino also studied there, but only after it reopened in 1874 under the Lazarists. In June that year, the bulletin Echo do Povo flaunted:The year 1862 will always be remembered in the chronicles of Macaense history as a time of happy memories for our dear country. The inauguration of two new schools (Nova Escola Macaense inaugurated on 5 January, 1862, and Colégio de S. José, on 8 June, 1862) that we had the pleasure to be present at this year, which will naturally create a new era for Macau, “the era of rebirth of education for the Macaense youth,” a vital necessity of our country which has been totally forgotten for so many years.51The leaders of the Portuguese community of Macau, seeing the decline of the college and the seminary, the necessity of commercial education for its jobless young men in Macau, and the prospect of growing opportunities in British companies in Hong Kong, Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports in China, set about to form an organization to amend the situation. The initiative was the founding of an association that would, as stated in Article 2 of the Statutes, approved by the governor of Macau on 22 September 1871, “found and maintain, under the designation of ‘Collégio commercial’ a place of education and of training that offered guarantees of stability and to satisfy the aspirations of the Macaenses.”52 This association, Assoçiacão Promotora da Instrução dos Macaenses (APIM), was founded on 17 September 1871. Escola Comercial began to operate in January 1878 with “practical” English grammar as part of its curriculum taught to the students. Besides catering for the needs of those who sought “practical” education for employment in British and other European companies outside Macau, APIM also provided a curriculum to those who sought a general education.Liceu Nacional de Macau was inaugurated in August 1894. Liceu Nacional was looked upon as a secondary school “principally for the children of high level employees and of the affluent that had the funds to pursue higher education in the realm [Portugal].”53 The directors of APIM was of the opinion that Liceu Nacional failed to offer a program in its curricular that would address the needs of the youth of Macau who wanted to pursue a business career and learn practical rather than theoretical English language in the school. Supported by its benefactor Pedro Nolasco and monetary contributions from the public, Escola Comercial and Liceu Nacional were established. In memory and gratitude to its benefactor, advocate, and one of the founders, the directors of APIM unanimously declared the name be modified to Escola Comercial “Pedro Nolasco” in December 1919. In 1966, a new building that shared the same name was completed and inaugurated in the landfill at Praia Grande. 50. Ibid., 96–97. 51. Ibid., 283. 52. Teixeira, Fr. Manuel, Galeria de Macaenses Ilustres do Século XIX, 331. 53. Ibid., 341. 54. Ibid., 320.The lay brotherhood of the Holy House of Mercy (Santa Casa de Misericórdia) was founded in Lisbon by Portuguese Queen Leonor de Viseu in 1498. In 1569, Bishop D. Belchoir Carneiro formed the Santa Casa de Misericórdia (Holy House of Mercy) in Macau to “shelter the orphans and widows” as was done in other Portuguese colonies. A hospital, part of Santa Casa, was opened the same year to care for the sick and abandoned orphans. Renovated four times between 1640 and 1939, it was renamed Hospital de S. Rafael. In 1898, Santa Casa housed its first orphans. The first ordinance for an orphanage was only approved in 1900 “located in the first two buildings on the right side of Hospital de S. Rafael, which were demolished during the reconstruction of the same hospital in 1938–39. In 1903, the orphanage was relocated to a new building constructed for its specific purpose at Tap-Seac, which was later converted to become Liceu National Infante D. Henrique.”54 In 1941, the orphanage was handed over to the Mission of the Church. On accepting the charge of the orphanage, Bishop D. José da Costa Nunes indicated that there was an “existing deficiency in the treatise of social assistance maintained in Macau by its Diocese”:In fact, the Mission, since the [time] the Seminary of S. José stopped receiving orphans and students to only engage in the preparation of cleric missionaries, [it] did not pursue a place [of education] designated to the Portuguese youth of the poor class. Such neglect would now have been filled with the conveyance of the orphanage. The orphans having completed primary schooling and part of high school, specializing in electricity, mechanics and radio in the workshops that would be affixed in its own orphanage.55 55. Ibid., 322.Seminary College of São José, circa 1960sCourtesy: Gabinete de Comunicação Social do Governo da RAEM

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God66 67Classroom at the College of S. José, circa early 1900sNote: Original photo from Eudoro de Colomban (pseudonym of Padre Regis Gervaix),Hommes et Choses d’Extreme OrientPedro and Graça Pacheco Jorge Barreiros collectionMembers of Instituto de Macau, circa 1920Eugénio Dias de Amorim (Engineer), Camilo Passanha, D. José da Costa Nunes (Bishop), Com. Correia da Silva (Paço d’Arcos), Dr. Humberto de Avelar, Admiral Hugo de Larceda Castel Branco, Dr. Morais Palha, Fr. Regis Gervaix, José Vicente Jorge, Dr. Silva Mendes, Dr. Telo de Azevedio Gomes, Lt. Francisco Peixoto ChedasNote: Instituto de Macau was an association of the most learned and intellectual men in Macau, many of them belonging to the Free Masons of Macau. The statutes of the association were published in 1920 in the Boletim Oficial de Macau.Pedro and Graça Pacheco Jorge Barreiros collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God68 69Orphanage converted to Liceu Nacional de Macau, 1900Courtesy: Macau Museum of Art Liceu Nacional de Macau, 2007Restored to accommodate the Macau ArchivesFernando Menezes de Ribeiro collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God70 71 L iceu M acau School Y ear 1925-26 T eachers and S tudents T eacher s: 1. Camilo Passanha (History and Philosophy) 2. Manuel da Silva Mendes (Portuguese and L atin) 3. Humberto Severino de Avelar dos Santos Monteiro (Portuguese and L atin) 4. Amália Alda Pacheco Jorge (Portuguese and F rench) 5. ?Telo de Azevedo Gomes (Natural Sciences) 6. Carlos Borges Delgado (Math also Principal of L iceu) 7. Fernando Lara Reis (Art) 8. José Vicente Jorge (English) 9. ?Pedro de Guimarães Lobato (English) 10. Artur Borges 11. Pires de Castro 12. Henrique Martins 13. Remígo Bañares (later Principal of Luso Chinese School) Students: 14. Luiz Gonzaga Gomes 15. Alfredo Pacheco Jorge 16. Henriqueta Pacheco Jorge 17. Ludovico Pacheco Jorge 18. Maria Leonor Rodrigues da Silva 19. Fernando Batalha da Silva 20. António Pedro Nolasco da Silva 21. Arnaldo Carlos Rodrigues da Silva Note: Amalia Pacheco Jorge was the first women teacher of Liceu. Liceu Macau School Year 192-26Teacher and studentsTeachers: 1. Camilo Passanha (History and Philosophy). 2. Manuel da Silva Mendes (Portuguese and Latin). 3. Humberto Severino de Avelar dos Santos Monteiro (Portuguese and Latin). 4. Amália Alda Pacheco Jorge (Portuguese and French). 5. ?Telo de Azevedo Gomes (Natural Sciences). 6. Carlos Borges Delgado (Math also Principal of Liceu). 7. Fernando Lara Reis (Art). 8. José Vicente Jorge (English). 9.?Pedro de Guimarães Lobato (English). 10. Artur Borges. 11. Pires de Castro. 12. Henrique Martins. 13. Remigo Bañares (later Principal of Luso Chinese School). Students: 14. Luiz Gonzaga Gomes. 15. Alfredo Pacheco Jorge. 16. Henriqueta Pacheco Jorge. 17. Ludovico Pacheco Jorge. 18. Maria Leonor Rodrigues da Silva. 19. Fernando Batalha da Silva. 20. António Pedro Nolasco da Silva. 21. Arnaldo Carlos Rodrigues da Silva.Note: Amalia Pacheco Jorge was the first women teacher of Liceu.Pedro and Graça Pacheco Jorge Barreiros collectionCourtesy: António Conceição Jr.Escola Portuguesa de Macau Previously named Escola ComercialCourtesy: Hugo Gaspar

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God72 73Santa Rosa de Lima, circa 1955Santa Rosa in the 1950s was a convent of the order of Sisters of the Immaculate Conception and a primary school, which admitted boys and girls. The girls were also boarders at the school living in tight quarters as the photograph shows.Virginia Collaço McDougall collectionGirls DormitoryVirginia Collaço McDougall collectionSenado Square, circa 1950sStatue of Mesquita centered foreground, Santa Casa de Misericórdia on the rightAntónio M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God74 75Santa Casa da Misericórdia, circa 2018Courtesy: Hugo GasparTeatro D. Pedro V, circa 1900Courtesy: Photo by Man Fookhttps://nenotavaiconta.wordpress.com/2013/03/07/noticias-de-7-de-marco-de-1857-teatro-d-pedro-v-i/Teatro D. Pedro V, 2018Courtesy: Hugo Gaspar

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter III City of the Holy Name of God76 77Teatro D. Pedro V interior, 2018Courtesy: António MonteiroThe Portuguese community in Macau needed a place to gather, socialize, and for entertainment. The idea of a place for such purposes began in 1857. This necessity came to fruition the following year when a few residents proposed an organization to procure subscribers to contribute for the construction of a theater and a place to socialize. With subscribers from Macau and Hong Kong, the proposal was realized the following year with the formation of the Associação dos Proprietários do Teatro D. Pedro V (Association of Proprietors of the Theater D. Pedro V), together with an association for a social club named Associação do Club União. The latter changed its name to Clube Macau, after Club União dissolved with its “statutes approved by Provincial Decree No. 40 of the 5th of May of 1903.”56 The theater, located in the square of Santo Agostinho, was adjacent to the Church of Santo Agostinho on one side and College São José on the other. Designed by Macaense Pedro Marques, the theater was built in 1860. The neo-classical façade, designed by Barão do Cercal, António Alexandrino de Melo, was part of a complete renovation in 1873. José Francisco da Silva renovated the building again in 1918.57 Teatro D. Pedro V featured concerts and operas by internationally acclaimed musicians and singers, and is still functioning up to the present day. The major functions of Clube Macau took place in the large ballroom, which was part of the theater building. The community gathered there to enjoy events such as the annual carnivals, large wedding banquets, and other social events of the community. The annual carnivals were the celebrations that the community looked forward to every year before Lent. The carnival was a theme-based fancy-dress event, but as the photographs show, while the children were dressed in costumes following the theme, few adults were dressed in theme-related outfits. The children had their own celebration in the afternoon and the adults in the evening. The day before, partygoers with musicians would often surprise each other with what was called assaltos de carnaval, a surprise ingression on the homes of their friends before the carnival event. Photographs from personal collections show large gatherings of Macau people in these functions. Fortunately many of the adults in these festivities have been identified. As many of the Portuguese families had left Macau by the 1970s, one has to look back to the first half of the twentieth century for photographs of the many celebrations enjoyed by the community. They are included in the photograph section of this book. 56. Ibid., 298–300. 57 Teixeira, Toponímia de Macau, vol. I, 345–47.

79The British in MacauChapter IV 58. Coates, Austin, Macao and the British, 36–37. 59. Jorge da Silva, António M., Macaenses, 86. 60. Silva, Cronologia da História de Macau, vol. 2, 111.Macau was founded as a trading base for the Portuguese and it served as the first European settlement in China that opened the door to trade between the Far East and the western world. Brokering a lucrative trade between China and Japan, it was coveted by other European traders, particularly the English and the Dutch. While the settlement was growing and permanent structures built, the English who were assisting the Dutch in the blockades during the Japan trade anchored their ship, the London, off the shores of Macau in 1635, making their first attempt to contact and investigate the potential of encroaching upon the Portuguese trade with China. Without success at first and convinced that they could succeed, the English returned in July 1637, sailing upriver toward Kwangtung, only to be outsmarted and forced to withdraw by the Chinese. Determined, the English tried again in 1673, 1689, and finally in 1699 when the English East India Company sent the Macclesfield to try once more. By now the situation had somewhat eased as the Portuguese-brokered Japan trade had been severed; the mandarins and Chinese merchants, who were used to large profits, were now more inclined to consider other opportunities, making it possible for the trading officers (Supercargos) of the Macclesfield to approach Canton and deal directly with the Chinese.58 The Portuguese no longer enjoyed the monopoly of trade with China. European and later American ships flooded into China. The Chinese were not prepared for the behavior of the newcomers and found their unruly acts intolerable and difficult to manage. “Realizing this, and in hopes of restoring order, the Chinese Emperor Kangxi (K’ang Hsi) offered in 1719 to proclaim that all foreign trade should be conducted through Macau. Without foresight, the senate of Macau, fearing eventual competition from European countries and worrying that Macau would turn into a port controlled by the Mandarins, declined the offer.”59 Trade with China became permanently beyond Portuguese control. The Chinese in Canton then set up Co-Hongs and the English East India Company established the Select Committee of Supercargoes. Together they controlled and operated the China Trade, joined later by other Europeans and the Americans. However, trade managed by the Co-Hongs and Supercargoes soon got out of control. Once again, disorderly conduct among the sailors of the different nations in Canton and Whampoa rendered the situation almost impossible for the Chinese to control, leading to changes in their trading regulations. An edict by the Emperor Qianlong (Ch’ien Lung) led to the revision of their trading system in 1760. New regulations were imposed, one of which forbade foreigners to enter Canton. They were to remain in their warehouses and had to pay for their merchandise without incurring any debt or arranging for credit. Forbidden to reside permanently, they had to leave after the business transaction. In the off-season they left their representatives in Macau. As a result, the foreigners looked to Macau as their port of refuge. The French, Dutch, followed by the Danes and Swedes established themselves here; the English only came in 1770. Though the government of [Portuguese] India prohibited the permanent stay of foreigners in this city, Macau had to submit to the orders of the Viceroy of Canton who was speaking for the Emperor.60

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter IV The British in Macau80 81Foreign factories in Canton, circa 1789Courtesy: Martyn Gregory Gallery, LondonPorto Interior before the departure of the British and foreign merchants, circa 1840Courtesy: Macau Museum of Art

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter IV The British in Macau82 83Under the protection of the Portuguese government of Macau, the British61 and other foreign companies headquartered their operations in Macau. “By allowing visitors to reside in Portuguese homes as lodgers and to do business using the names of Portuguese firms quite a number of Macao people improved themselves financially.”62 These British and European firms were merely operating under Portuguese names. The Portuguese had no vested interest in the companies and did not even have a presence beyond the doors of the businesses bearing their names. They were in fact landlords, as by law, none other than Portuguese citizens could own property or land in Macau.A newcomer taking a cursory look round Macao, would be impressed by the well-maintained offices sporting Portuguese company names, suggesting that Portuguese were prominent in Far Eastern commerce. But on going inside one of them he would find all the important people were Europeans, with only a Macao Portuguese or two as clerks. The gentleman whose grandiose name was displayed outside, and who had originally allowed a European to trade through his firm, had long since been supplanted, his former modest business extinguished and himself seldom seen in the office, of which he was merely the landlord.63Playing a subordinate role to the British and Europeans would soon be the norm for the average Macau-Portuguese in the years to come. It provided employment and it might even have seemed a privilege to work for the new masters of the emerging China Trade. In time, the British attitude toward the servile Portuguese would come to light, however, their dependence on the Portuguese government in Macau for shelter and protection surmounted their veiled arrogance. Tensions began to ferment following restrictions and new regulations to the trade agreement imposed on the foreigners. Provocation and demands from both sides were not resolved by negotiations in Canton between the two sides. Once again Macau was held to ransom by the Chinese. Macau’s usefulness to the Chinese was evident. In essence, their resort to any displeasure with foreigners was to threaten Macau and its citizens with the suspension of trade and the shutdown of its lifeline of food supply at the barrier gate. As this Portuguese city was the only refuge for the British and the European merchants, its surety was critical and the Chinese knew how to strangulate for effect.The trading of opium added to the growing problem between the Chinese and the foreigners, particularly the British, eventually leading to the First Opium War of 1839. Following the burning of over twenty thousand chests of opium in Canton ordered by Chinese Imperial High Commissioner Lin Tse-hsu, the British evacuated to Macau. Threatened by the closure of commerce and destruction of the city by the Chinese, the British who took refuge in Macau were forced to leave. With provocations and demands by both sides unresolved, the Opium War erupted. By the end of the following year, the British gained the upper hand, seizing the island of Hong Kong in January 1841, which was ceded to them following the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. With this treaty came the establishment of the Treaty Ports of Shanghai, Shameen (or Amoy, present day Xiamen), Canton, Foochow (Fuzhou), and Ningpo (Ningbo), opening them to international trade. Swatow (Shantou), an additional coastal Treaty Port, was added in 1858 after the Second Opium War (1856–1860).With the declaration of Hong Kong as a British Colony, the British and the Europeans in Macau were no longer dependent on the Portuguese for sanctuary and domicile. Almost immediately, a few British businesses moved to Hong Kong, taking their Portuguese staff with them, but others, fearing disease and the slow establishment of trade, waited a year or so before making the move. As the Hong merchants and the remainder of the British businesses moved to Hong Kong, unemployment forced other young Macau families to follow, then to Shanghai, and other Treaty Ports to seek employment. For many, it was not difficult to leave the economically stagnant and isolated environment in Macau to an opportunity for employment, a chance for future advancement, and a change in their way of life. This exodus from Macau was, in essence, the first step in the diaspora of the Macaenses, which would see its fruition over a century later. The center of trade shifted from the shallow waters of Macau to the deep harbor of Hong Kong where deep-keeled ships could easily access and drop their anchors. The economy of Macau reached its lowest point. As in the past when the Japan trade was severed, the traders and citizens of 61. England and Scotland merged as the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. In 1801, Ireland joined the already united England and Scotland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Acts of Union. It would seem appropriate then to use the adjective British from that point on as it became more representative of the nation of Great Britain. 62. Coates, Macao and the British, 42. 63. Ibid., 56.Macau hung on to survive and looked for other means to support themselves. Not that Macau would see the lucrative days of their Golden Era again, but it managed to survive.Five years after the colonization of Hong Kong, the Portuguese Crown declared Macau a free port. The new governor Ferreira do Amaral, who arrived in Macau in April 1846, was instructed to take absolute control of the Portuguese territory. Being a battle-hardened Portuguese hero, he brashly imposed his authority and was determined to take a tough stance to assert new rules by force as necessary. By imposing taxes on the local Chinese population, duties on Chinese “passage-boats” causing the boat-people to riot and to the wrath of the Chinese, the desecration and removal a great number of Chinese tombs in the path of a road he ordered built between the city and the barrier gate. It is not surprising that he infuriated the local Chinese who quickly came to despise him...Governor Amaral went as far as to impose a fine on street gambling, which the Chinese laborers enjoyed. It is interesting to note that this act inadvertently led to the licensing of lotteries such as Pacapio64 and the game of Fantan,65 which became “a business and financial stabilizer of great importance to Macau due to the economic debilitation caused by the English establishment of Hong Kong.”66 This led to the concession of gambling in Macau during the government of Isidoro Francisco de Guimarães between 1851 and 1863.67Resentment and hatred of the Chinese led to his assassination in August 1849. Tension on both sides of the barrier gate soon resulted in the first and only military confrontation on land between the Chinese and the Portuguese. As the Portuguese brought artillery toward the barrier gate, the Chinese in the fort of Pak Shan Lan (Passaleão) uphill and about a mile away opened fire at the Portuguese. While a decision to retreat would almost certainly have brought about the invasion of Macau by the Chinese troops, their only option then was to attack the fort and silence the guns. Led by a local Portuguese second lieutenant, Vicente Nicolau de Mesquita, and despite being greatly outnumbered and under ceaseless fire, they stormed the fort, sending the panic-stricken defenders to abandon the fort and flee toward the hills beyond. With no reason for further anxiety between the two sides and with both realizing that the survival of Macau’s economy was more important, peace was restored.The Portuguese maintained a military presence that can be dated back to the end of the seventeenth century when a Portuguese garrison replaced mercenary sailors from warships to defend the settlement in 1691. The troops were drafted mainly from the home country supported by African troops from Mozambique with some locally recruited soldiers. In August 1914, Governor Carlos de Maia created a Volunteer Corps in which Portuguese residents in Macau above the age of seventeen and under forty-five could enroll. Obligatory military service in Macau was introduced in 1936 with the first recruits enlisting in January 1937. By April 1974 when a military coup called the Carnation Revolution ended the Portuguese colonial war in Africa, mandatory military service was over. 64. Pacapio: Chinese lottery whereby a pigeon picks the winning numbers with his beak. 65. Fantan: Chinese gambling game in which players guess the last remaining number of beans piled on a plate as they get removed in groups of four. 66. Silva, Cronologia da História de Macau, vol. 3, 129–30. 67. Jorge da Silva, António M., Macaenses, 101–2.

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter IV The British in Macau84 85Battle of Passaleão, 25 August, 1849Illustration from Pereira, J. F. Marques, TA-SSI-YANG-KUO, vol. I–II, series I, 177Military parade at the hockey field, circa 1920s (1)Between Avenida Ferreira de Amaral and Rua da VitóriaJoão António Carion collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter IV The British in Macau86 87Military parade at the hockey field, circa 1920s (2)João António Carion collectionVolunteer march-past at Praia Grande, 1927Courtesy: Beatriz Basto da Silva

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter IV The British in Macau88 89Chá Gordo at Clube Militar, circa 1930António M. Jorge da Silva collectionGrémio Militar, 1890Note: The dining room of Clube Militar was at the right side of this building.Manuel F. Read Leitão collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter IV The British in Macau90 91As the Portuguese left to find work in Hong Kong after the British colonization of the city, the Chinese population purchased more and more of Macau’s real estate. They already owned and operated the few shops in the city before the middle of the nineteenth century. The citizens of Portuguese descent lived on fresh food bought daily from the Chinese. Bulk merchandise imported from Portugal and other countries that were stored in the lower floor of their houses diminished with the economic decline as many in Macau could no longer afford to buy in bulk, making way for the Chinese to grasp the opportunity to open more shops. It was not long before the Chinese dominated the businesses and owned almost all the stores in Macau. The manufacturing of clothes, paper products, incense, firecrackers, and more were all in the hands of the Chinese. Products from Macau sent to the 1900 Universal Exposition in Paris were all from Chinese companies, the same being true of the exhibition in Seville, Spain in 1929, where the Macau Fair was predominantly showcasing Chinese manufactured goods. The less affluent Chinese managed to rely on fishing, the manufacturing of firecrackers, incense, and other products, as well as boat-building as their economic backbone. The Chinese were unassuming and went about their businesses, living in harmony with the minority local Portuguese. The average Macau-Portuguese families worked for the government, the post office, the police, and local schools. Their dress was simple, as were their daily lives; the more affluent, on the contrary, lived differently and led a busier social life. Unlike neighboring Hong Kong, Macau was quiet and serene, but the British and other Europeans in Hong Kong brought a breath of fresh air into Macau. Aspects of the late English Victorian era found its way into the dress and lifestyle of the privileged families of Macau. Elaborate social gatherings, opera and music recitals, and fancy-dress balls at the annual carnival became part of the social life of the privileged families. Some of the affluent from the Portuguese community in Hong Kong would make a trip to Macau to attend these functions and celebrations. Members of the wealthier families were fashionably dressed and adorned with jewelry to frequent the theater (not cinema), live concerts, and formal balls, leading a very different lifestyle from the average Macau-born Portuguese. In the closing decades of the nineteenth century,Governor of Macau, Visconde de S. Januário used his governmental halls to foster bi-weekly soirées, to which the highest level of Macaense society rushed to partake forgetting their partisan and commercial rivalries, with the intent to socially promote and cultivate friendly relationships. With identical purpose and to the same end, copying the Governor or perhaps encouraged by him, was organized the following times [program] of weekly gatherings: on Sundays at the palace of Viscount Cercal, on Mondays at the residence of Henrique de Castro, Secretary General of the government, on Tuesdays at [the residence] of Comendador Bernardino de Sena Fernandes, consul of Siam, on Wednesdays at the Grémio Militar [Military Club], on Thursdays at the Governor’s Palace, being however, one week dedicated to the gentlemen and the following [week] only for the ladies, on Fridays at their residence of Spanish citizen Tanco Amero, agent of emigration; and on Saturdays in the house of lawyer Albino António Pacheco.68These grandiose banquets, attended by well over a hundred people, served the finest wines, and the main dinner was often an elegant buffet of magnificently prepared courses with French delicacies, such as Bêcassine (snipe) à la Broche, Croquettes de veau truffées (croquettes in veal truffles), and Dínde truffée garnie de cailles (turkey truffle garnished with quail), which were served into the late hours of two in the morning.69 This was how the Macaense high-society entertained then and into the first quarter of the twentieth century. Chá Gordo eventually replaced the lavish formal ball and buffet-dinner, but it was still a grand affair.The Portuguese soon awoke from this dream of a fantasy world of lavish parties, grand formal balls, and display of spectacular jewelry. For some of the affluent who speculated in the stock market, the Great Depression of the 1930s (1929 to about 1939) was devastating. A few of the elite Macaense families lost their entire family fortunes, stripping them of their large villas and lavish lifestyle.In the interim, nepotism, resonant of the practice centuries ago, was prevalent within the Portuguese community in Macau. There was an unspoken class structure among the local Portuguese population in Macau and also in Hong Kong. In Macau, the European-born Portuguese were customarily recognized to be superior to the local-born Portuguese of the privileged class, the middle class, and the lower class, who were 68. Gomes, Macau Factos e Lendas, 27. 69. Ibid., 30. 70. Freitas, José de Aquino Guimarães e, Memória sobre Macau, 14. 71. Jorge da Silva, António M., Diaspora Macaense to California, 7. 72. Barreiros, Leopoldo Danilo, Dialecto de Macau, 27.in turn above the local Chinese, the exception being that the wealthy Chinese were a separate group among themselves as in effect they were the clients of the local Portuguese. Portuguese author José de Aquino e Freitas looked from a racial and ethnic perspective at the Portuguese in Macau as being divided into three classes, Europeans, Mestiço-Europeans, and Mestiço-Asiaticos,70 not including the Chinese of the city. In Hong Kong, however, the British also maintained their own tiered discriminatory structure, particularly in the workplace, with the British above the Portuguese, who in turn were superior to the local Chinese. A Portuguese, for example, could never rise above the position of Chief Clerk and a British employee of the government or a British bank would be reassigned out of Hong Kong if he married a Portuguese or a Chinese. “The thought of marriage between a British expatriate who worked in these institutions and a Portuguese girl often resulted in the man being sent home to Britain. This form of humiliation lay dormant in the minds of the Portuguese and caused many of them to [silently] resent their British employers.”71 This continued for about a decade after the end of World War II. In Macau, it is also noteworthy that within the Portuguese society itself, the continental Portuguese were seen as a separate group superior to the local Portuguese, but the European-born Portuguese soldiers and non-commissioned officers below the rank of sergeants were looked down upon both by the elite and the upper social group of the Macau-born Portuguese. Several of them remained in Macau working for the government or the police force; some married the local Portuguese women, while others married Chinese. The elite in Macau generally referred to the wealthy, the families “of position” socially recognized as such, those who served in high government positions, or professionals such as doctors, lawyers, architects, engineers, etc., most of whom obtained their degrees in Portugal. Until the mid-twentieth century, few were educated in the United States of America or other European countries. The middle class formed the majority of the local Portuguese population and spoke the Portuguese language that was officially taught in the schools in Macau at that time. The almost unspoken-of lower class was seen as those who lived in closer association with the local Chinese. They were rarely seen in traditional festivities of the local Portuguese, were less educated, and spoke more Chinese than Portuguese. After the end of the nineteenth century, the privileged families spoke only continental Portuguese with the other local-borns. Under the existing class system, people were discriminated by the positions they held or the wealth they possessed. As if that was not enough, they were further discriminated by the way they spoke. Those speaking patuá in Macau were looked down upon except for the elderly who were never schooled in the national Portuguese language. Leopoldo Danilo Barreiros commented in his unpublished book on the patuá spoken by the Portuguese community in Hong Kong and, to some extent, Shanghai: “Only the Portuguese communities of Hong Kong and Shanghai still retain, relatively modified, the old ‘patois’ of Macau, showing in their persistent resistance to the influence of the English [language], an admirable patriotic sentiment.”72 He reiterated that the Hong Kong patois is more representative of the old Macau patuá than that used after the late nineteenth century.

93A Portuguese City in ChinaChapter V 73. Teixeira, Macau Através dos Séculos, 64–65.Macau was visibly and almost literally a piece of Portugal set on Chinese soil. Over the centuries, many from continental Portugal have marveled at their first sight of Macau. Fr. Teixeira, who was born in continental Portugal, fantasized that a Portuguese who fell asleep in Lisbon and would magically wake up in Hong Kong might not know in what country he was, but would certainly know that he was not on Portuguese soil...The same Portuguese, if he were to wake up near the Ninepin Islands and advances beyond... seeing from a boat [from Hong Kong] the Chapel of Nossa Senhora da Guia, afterwards the hospital of S. Januário and following that the [military] barracks of S. Francisco and further ahead the extensive row of houses of Praia Grande... and above the chapel of Nossa Senhora da Penha, in his own [mind] would say right away: which it is I don’t know, but I am seeing [looking at] a Portuguese city at the seaside.73The red-roofed houses among the trees on the hillside above the bay of Praia Grande was, as Fr. Teixeira wrote, so much like a scene of a city along the Portuguese coast. Macau had its own special personality. There was no other city in China where one could experience a dominance of Chinese pedestrians among predominantly European architecture. The confined space along Avenida Almeida Ribeiro and narrow streets leading to the façade of the church of São Paulo kept one mindful that Macau was in China. The fragrance of incense and unprocessed paper, merged with the slight salinity of the sea, augmented the distinctive quality of this city. On the eastern side, the picture composed of the shores of Porto Exterior and the tree-lined Praia Grande is one that most remember — peaceful and tranquil, with beautiful villas on the slopes of the hillside. The occasional Chinese fisherman squatting on top of the low meandering seawall in the shadow of wide banyan trees, waiting patiently for his catch from the silted water below — all these vivid images bring to mind the peaceful atmosphere that Macau had. Projecting from the seawall, one would occasionally see mat-sheds with bamboo-supported planking leading to a large fishing net, another vision of days gone by.Before the declaration of Hong Kong as a British colony, Macau was the only European settlement in China with a European government. The new British colony brought a global society to trade and reside in China. Soon after the portal to a once concealed commercial domain was opened, the Europeans scurried to secure a place in a fast-growing Hong Kong. New buildings, steamships, and British rules emerged. Macau, once the bustling cradle of Europe-China trade, was left a backwater, a quiet and somber place. With resilience and persistent courage, the people of Macau continued to live as best they could, hoping for better days to come and business to improve. The historical city continued to survive, slowly emerging into a tourist attraction. Macau retained its historical character as Hong Kong began to modernize. Its old world charm and southern European character attracted many visitors. As Fr. Teixeira implied, approaching Macau, any visitor on the ferry would be amazed to see an aura of a Portuguese image floating on silted water. The white lighthouse and the church that crowned the two prominent hills of Guia and Penha with red-roofed houses on the hillsides between was like no other sight in Asia. Only the large sails of Chinese fishing junks gliding by contrasted with the unmitigated vision of a coastal Portuguese city.

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter V A Portuguese City in China94 95Praia Grande, circa early 1800sMonte Fort and Guia Fort in the backgroundCourtesy: Macau Museum of ArtPraia Grande looking northeast, circa 1940Landfill completed with no permanent structures on itAntónio Roliz collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter V A Portuguese City in China96 97Macau looking northwest toward Porto Interior and Ilha Verde, circa 1900Courtesy: https://nenotavaiconta.wordpress.com/2015/03/15/noticia-de-15-de-marco-de-1828-compra-da-ilha-verde/Praia Grande, 1860Watercolor by Michael McDougallDawnna McDougall collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter V A Portuguese City in China98 99Rua da Praia Grande with Penha Hill in the background, 1951Unknown photographerAntónio M. Jorge da Silva collectionPraia Grande seawall looking southwest, circa 1955António Roliz collectionFishing net at the end of the mat-shed at Praia Grande, 1965António M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter V A Portuguese City in China100 101Nossa Senhora de Penha, 1967António M. Jorge da Silva collectionFaçade and tower of Nossa Senhora de Penha, 2010António M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter V A Portuguese City in China102 103In 1927, Macau had a population of 157,175, the greater majority (over 95 percent) being Chinese.74 Cobbled streets still dominated almost all but the main roads with the many stores that lined the main thoroughfares of Avenida Almeida Ribeiro and Avenida do Conselheiro Ferreira de Almeida in central Macau. Those beyond Largo do Senado and the side streets between were still paved with cobblestones. The two and three-story structures on those streets were mostly European Portuguese in character, some with arched windows, moldings, and even balconies on the side streets. The houses along the many streets of the city were plastered, most with exterior walls between 18 to 24 inches thick.75 Wood front doors and wood shuttered windows on the upper floors, very much like those in the older parts of Portugal, added to the architectural character of these houses. Thick red clay tiles on the floor of the lower level provided some coolness to the house while the wood plank floors on the upper level offered some coziness to the local Portuguese residents who lived in them. The exterior of the average house was described in some detail by a quotation from Ou-Mun Kei Leok, inserted in the book on Macau of the eighteenth century by Fr. Manuel Texeira:Some of the houses have three floors leaning on the hillsides or built on the top or base of the hills, some being square, others circular, triangular, hexagonal or octagonal, similar to the form of flowers and fruits. The covering is like the shell of snails. The houses rival each other in beauty. The walls are made of bricks or of [compacted] soil with a thickness of four to five côvados [ancient measure of length, 1 côvado = approximately 45 cm.], with open windows around them that are coated with whitewash. The windows are as large as the doors. In the interior there are doors with a pair of doorknockers. In the exterior the small windows are closed with Mica [a glittering silicate]. The doors of the floors [levels] are all open on the sides with stairs of more than a dozen steps and [that] go in directly into the interior of the houses. The masters of the house live on the upper floors and the slaves on the lower floor.76The lower level was not only used as a living area for the servants but also for storage. The second level housed the kitchen, and the dining and living areas, while the top level was used as sleeping quarters of the family. The two-story houses did not have an entire lower level dedicated to storage and sleeping quarters for the helpers. The lower floor in that case comprised of the kitchen, and the dining and living rooms, with the bedrooms on the top level. In contrast, the buildings in the commercial areas, as in Avenida Almeida Ribeiro and some of the side streets, were dwellings with businesses combined. They had shops on the lower level and the upper level, if not rented as office space, was where the shopkeepers and their families lived. Wood shutters in all those buildings were not only to give privacy and shade from the hot sun but also to protect the windows from the lashing strong winds of the typhoons that lurked over the South China Sea from May to October. Those typhoons could be devastating, bringing high winds and torrential rain. Buildings had been badly damaged several times in the past and the poor Chinese boat people suffered great losses. Despite these natural disasters and economic turmoil, the resilient people of Macau endured.Macau’s climate was humid in spring and hot in summer. Winter was generally mild, except for a week or two, usually near the Chinese New Year, when the cold could penetrate to the bones. The pleasant weeks in March would then phase into the humid weeks in April, when the humidity could reach 98 percent. Summers, corresponding to the typhoon season between May and October, were hot with temperatures between 80°F and 90°F. 74. Lessa, Almerindo, A História e os Homens da Primeira República Democrática do Oriente, 155. 75. Measured by the author in the mid-1960s. 76. Teixeira, Macau no Séc. XVIII, 456–57.Residential streets of Macau, 1964Watercolor by Herculano EstorninhoAntonio M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter V A Portuguese City in China104 105Shuttered houses and cobbled street in residential area, 1973Courtesy: Karsten Petersen (1973-17-051)Houses in backstreet of commercial area, 1985Typical of residences with thick walls, wood shutters, and balconiesAntónio M. Jorge da Silva collectionHouses at Avenida do Conselheiro Ferreira de Amaral, 1973Courtesy: Karsten Petersen (1973-17-071)

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter V A Portuguese City in China106 107Not all of Macau was romantic and tidy, radiating peace and tranquility. Along the western shore of this peninsula, Porto Interior, where the boats docked, were Chinese fishing junks, cargo boats, and cluttered storefronts cramming the arcaded fronts of moldy walls. Centuries before, Portuguese merchants had these arcaded warehouses built to house their merchandise with living quarters above. After the decline of the China trade, this area retained its use but without the exchange of fine silks, china, and other sought after goods in exchange for silver. The arcaded warehouses deteriorated but in time transformed to store and sell utilitarian merchandise in the centuries that followed, with boats loading and unloading cargo, ferries, and passengers departing and arriving from Hong Kong. The upper part of the buildings and the areas behind them housed dockworkers, laborers, and shopkeepers. That area then became very crowded with small shops, their merchandise almost spilling over into the streets, a part of Macau many sightseers have never seen.Porto Interior, circa 1850sIllustration from Pereira, J. F. Marques, TA-SSI-YANG-KUO, vol. I–II, 512Porto Interior, 1973The cluttered buildings and moldy walls of Porto InteriorCourtesy: Karsten Petersen (1973-17-0310)

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter V A Portuguese City in China108 109Chinese district at Porto Interior, circa 1870Largo da Caldeirahttp://macauantigo.blogspot.com/2009/04/porto-interior-ao-longo-dos-tempos.htmlDistribution of residential areas — Early twentieth centuryResidential distribution by António M. Jorge da Silva

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter V A Portuguese City in China110 111Macau, as mentioned earlier, was a place in time where two ethnic groups lived together in close harmony. The majority of the Portuguese community resided and frequented the sector of Macau from the square of Leal Senado to the cemetery of São Miguel, and also from Guia Hill to the barracks of São Francisco, including the slopes of Guia overlooking the water and then along the hillside of Praia Grande to the fort of São Tiago da Barra. Though there was no imposed segregation, the Chinese, except for the very rich, lived in the inner part of the colony away from the shoreline and the adjoining hillsides. Large villas where the affluent Europeans and a few rich Chinese lived were located near the center of the city and on the hillsides overlooking the rocky southeastern shores of the outer harbor from Praia Grande, all the way to the tip of the peninsula at the old fortress of São Tiago da Barra. This isolation was not absolute; many streets in central Macau housed both local Portuguese and Chinese side by side. Such was the street of Rua Central up to and beyond Rua de S. Lourenço, with its historical church once attended by many of the elite families, including the Governor of Macau, as his residence too was in this parish. Past the church, the cobbled street Rua de Padre António gently sloped upward, ending at a level paved area with the fountain of Bica do Lilau, with a popular folklore widely told by the elderly in the community:Who drinks the water of Lilau Will nevermore forget Macau: Or will marry here in Macau, Or then will return to Macau.77 This distinctive fountain (bica) provided more than a beautiful legend; it was also the source of water supply for the residents in the vicinity and will always remain in the minds of those who lived in Macau in the magical years of days gone by. Edith “Didi” Jorge articulated her childhood memories of that legendary fountain:The narrow lane is called Beco do Lilau, its name, it seems, derived from the well in the middle of the square, where residents get their fresh water. Everyday there is a large gathering around the well, and often I came down to watch the Chinese women throwing a bucket attached to a strong rope down the hole. The rope just slides and slides [in their hands], and the metal bucket makes all kinds of noises, banging on the sides of the well. [After filling, the heavy bucket now scraping on the sides of the stone well is retrieved by strenuous pulling on the rope].78Uphill from Beco do Lilau was Rua da Penha where José Vincente Jorge’s residence, one of the villas with a tennis court and where the author was born, was located. Just below the Church of Penha, the same road continued downhill toward the famous Bela Vista Hotel, overlooking Praia Grande, the islands of Taipa, and beyond. On the hillsides along the southeastern coast were other large mansions such as Vila Alegre, Casa Branca, and Chácara Leitão. 77. Teixeira, Toponímia de Macau, vol. I, 263 78. De Martini, Edith Jorge, The Wind amongst the Ruins, 32.Site plan of José Vicente Jorge residenceDrawn by António M. Jorge da Silva in 2015António M. Jorge da Silva collectionResidence of José Vicente Jorge, 193620 Rua da PenhaAntónio M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter V A Portuguese City in China112 113Vila Alegre, residence of Francisco Xavier da Silva, 1921Casa Branca, residence of Luiz Nolasco da Silva, 1917Bay of Praia Grande and Penha Hill in the background Fernando Menezes Ribeiro collectionChácara Leitão, residence of Francisco Leitão, circa 1905Manuel F. Read Leitão collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter V A Portuguese City in China114 115Residence of Maria Celeste de Menezes Ribeiro, circa 1930sWatercolor by George SmirnoffFernando de Menezes Ribeiro collectionMacaenses, the local-born Portuguese, led a European way of life. They attended Portuguese schools, had close family ties, were religious and patriotic, and enjoyed a good social life among their friends and families. It is hard to imagine that for centuries this small Portuguese community went about their way of life and customs and practiced their religion almost isolated from the Chinese majority. Yet this is how it was. The sight of local Portuguese enjoying their morning coffee and light lunches alfresco at cafes reminds one of the homeland. The sipping of coffee and talking with their friends in sidewalk cafes is very much a part of the Portuguese way of life. This became more so in the 1960s when many Portuguese from Portugal arrived in Macau to find work in a city that was beginning to grow commercially and more and more tourists who had quick and easy access by hydrofoils and later jetfoils from Hong Kong came to visit the place. Macau was then the only place in Southeast Asia where classic Portuguese food was available in the many restaurants of the city. Portuguese delicacies and wines made a trip from Hong Kong to Macau worthwhile to many. Visitors even came with the sole purpose of savoring Bacalhau, Feijoada, Caldo Verde, Natas, Farófias, and many other delicious food from Portugal. Not to be underestimated was the Chinese version of Camarões Grelhados, grilled stuffed prawns that were over an inch in diameter and about eight to ten inches from head to tail.

117Macau in the Twentieth CenturyChapter VI 79. Silva, Cronologia da História de Macau, vol. 4, 68. 80. Cartography and Cadastre Bureau, Macau. 81. Teixeira, Toponímia de Macau, vol. I, 434. 82. Ibid., 442.Everyday life in the first half of the twentieth century was slowly beginning to change. The Chinese who lived in that crowded city accounted for over 95 percent of the population, not including those Chinese boat people. In 1910, the Macau population comprised of 3,526 Portuguese, 62,723 Chinese on land, and 17,120 Chinese on boats.79 This once small 2.1-square-mile (5.5 sq. km)80 peninsula went through many changes in its infrastructure, trying to attract commerce, or at least glean some surplus businesses from nearby Hong Kong. Reclamation of the outer harbor, Porto Exterior, and widening of the narrow land strip at Porta do Cerco and Areia Preta, to the east of Mongha, all began after the last decades of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. The project took over forty years to complete with the studies beginning in 1885 and the construction only completed in 1926.81 However, Hugo de Larceda abandoned all previous plans and opted for a project at the area southwest of the peninsula.82 A horseracing course in the vicinity of Areia Preta was completed a year later in 1927 and more homes were built in the city in anticipation of better days to come. The completed project is shown in the aerial photograph of Macau in 1941.Plan of Macau harbor works, circa 1922Courtesy: Montalto de Jesus, C. A., Historic Macao, 480

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter VI Macau in the Twentieth Century118 119Aerial map of completed project, 1941Courtesy: Direcção dos Serviços de Cartografia e CadastroBy the beginning of this century, Macau’s real estate was dominated by Chinese ownership. With their business acumen and industrious nature, it is no wonder that their population had grown steadily. The Chinese had been slowly gaining economic dominance in Macau since the late nineteenth century. Except for a very few businessmen who spoke a little Portuguese, the Chinese spoke only their own language (usually the Cantonese dialect) and did not socialize with the local Portuguese. Walking along the main road of Avenida Almeida Ribeiro and its vicinity, which was the main shopping area in those days, the Chinese populace was dominant in the streets with few Portuguese among them. The names on the shop signs were in Chinese and sometimes accompanied by Portuguese, but their style and design was unquestionably Chinese. The open shop fronts on the ground floor of the buildings, with glass-top and glass display counters and shelves behind was an international concept, but whatever sales items they contained were vivid in color and crammed together, as such was the Chinese way of presenting them. The sales persons were all Chinese and very few, particularly in food product shops, spoke much if any Portuguese; it was up to the local Portuguese to speak to them in their local Cantonese dialect. Rickshaw coolies, vendors in the fish and vegetable markets, and even school children only spoke Chinese. The local Portuguese — Macaenses — were almost all bilingual and some tri-lingual, as some also spoke English. So this is how it was in Macau until the end of the first quarter of the century.Avenida Almeida Ribeiro, circa 1910

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter VI Macau in the Twentieth Century120 121Avenida Almeida Ribeiro from Senado Square, 1940Carlos A. Pacheco Jorge collectionAvenida Almeida Ribeiro, circa 1960sCourtesy: Karsten Petersen (1973-17-099)Within their small community, when compared to the Chinese before the 1930s, the Portuguese residents lived well and the affluent led a life that even the visiting mainland Portuguese would envy. Few had businesses of their own and yet they prospered, it seemed, with little effort. The cost of living was lower than that of Hong Kong, but the incredible factor was still there — they lived in a world of their own. The prominent Macau families lived in style and grandeur. They resided in huge houses, were awaited upon by servants, and were well respected by the government and the Church alike. They had great respect for each other, partied together at least once a year, and yet led separate and private lives. However, as mentioned previously, the Macaense families who invested in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange took a severe blow in the disastrous collapse of the world stock market in 1929. In the decade that followed, the affluent Chinese began to supersede the influential local-born Portuguese.Powerful Macanese families such as the Remédios (from the parish of São Lourenço), the Nolascos, the Mellos (of Cercal), the Pancrácio da Silva and the Jorges lost their economic power. Indeed, in the Fifties, Kou Ho Neng and Fu Tak Iam were already exclusive players in Macao. A decade later, Ho-Yin was undeniably the figurehead of a very strong group of nouveaux riches, in the same tradition as end-of-the-century millionaires such as Lou Kao and Chan Chi. Pedro José Lobo was probably the honourable exception to the rule. Stanley Ho and many others followed.83Just over a decade later, World War II and the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong resulted in a catastrophic economic crisis and overcrowded conditions due to the influx of thousands of refugees to Macau. “The population of Macau (increased since 1937 with the refugees of Shanghai and Canton) rose from 150 thousand people, in December of this year, to 450 thousand, immediately after the first months of the war (February and March of 1942) and reached 500 thousand.”84 The first ferry left Hong Kong in February 1941: with no more than two suitcases a person, we left our homes and our belongings and stood in line on the wooden pier to be herded [onto] the ferry. As many as one thousand Portuguese men, women and children were packed [onto] the small ferryboat. ... Hungry and feeling seasick as the ferry rolled in the silty swells, we endured the tedious journey. The four and a half hour journey seemed to take forever. The emergence of the familiar hills in the distance, crowned with the even more familiar white lighthouse of Guia on one crest and the gray spire of Nossa Senhora de Penha on the other, [brought] tears gushing [from] my eyes. Embracing my husband I knew our children would be safe. As I looked around at the many other familiar faces I could see that their tears of anxiety had also been replaced [by] the warm tears of relief. The slow boat moved even more slowly, peace [had] returned to our hearts.85The second ferry bringing the last group of refugees arrived in February of the following year. There were no more ferries with large groups of refugees after that.The Governor of Macau, Gabriel Teixeira, welcomed the refugees from Hong Kong to the cramped quarters of Macau. The government made room wherever it could to accommodate the returning patriots. Families were allocated to different centers: Teatro Dom Pedro V, Escola “Luso Chinesa,“ Grémio Militar, Hospital São Rafael, Armaçao, Canidromo, Ilha Verde, Bairro Tamagnini Barbosa, and other places were converted to house the Portuguese refugees. Several families were sent to Hotel Bela Vista, overlooking the water beyond Praia Grande where they all stayed throughout the years of the war. The refugiados (refugees), as the locals in Macau knew of them, were well received by the community there, but they were still strangers in this familiar place. The small amount of clothing they brought with them meant that they had to go to church in clothings such as short sleeves and dresses that were contrary to acceptable guidelines of the parishes. Yet, in their plight they still managed to bring music and laughter to the more solemn residents; dances at the Clube Melco (Club of Macau Electric) facility and Hotel Riviera brought popular music to enliven the depressing circumstances. They withstood the war years in the safety of Macau that offered all the support it could give. In November 1945, they returned just as they came almost five years before to reestablish their lives in Hong Kong. The photograph of Hotel Riviera in the 1930s shows how quiet and peaceful Macau was before the War. This scene of emptiness and tranquility at the crossroads of the Macau’s main thoroughfare changed a couple of decades after the Pacific War was over. 83. Marreiros, Carlos, “Alliances for the Future,” Review of Culture, 164. 84. Teixeira, Fr. Manuel, Macau Durante a Guerra, 33–49. 85. Jorge da Silva, António M., “Refugiados da Segunda Guerra,” Lusitano Bulletin, 1993.

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter VI Macau in the Twentieth Century122 123Hotel Boa Vista, circa 1930sThis hotel was renamed Bela Vista in the late 1930sCourtesy: Postcard by Graça & Co. Hong KongHotel Riviera, circa 1930António Roliz collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter VI Macau in the Twentieth Century124 125Political unrest continued in China after the war, culminating with the defeat of the Nationalist Party and the establishment of the Communist Party’s People’s Republic of China (PRC) in October 1949. The takeover of Shanghai that preceded the declaration of the PRC resulted in the exodus of Macaense families from Macau and other parts of China. Between 1949 and the end of 1999, Macau saw many social and physical changes. A few Macaense families began to leave to settle in Portugal, then Brazil, in the first few years after the war. Macau languished and slowly gained some progress as the years went by. A few schools and public buildings were planned for construction and some apartments for low-income residents were built. In 1961, gambling rights were transferred from the Tai Hing Company, which had been holding the monopoly since 1934, to the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (STDM), formed the year after. Soon plans for the construction of the first “modern” casino (Hotel Lisboa) in Southeast Asia was to change the “slumbering” Macau forever. The Cultural Revolution that followed had little effect on Macau except for the growth of the Chinese population, the inflow of refugees from Shanghai, and the “1-2-3 Riots” in December 1966 that spread to Hong Kong soon afterward. The Macau riots developed with the permit process related to the building of a school and the poor handling of an unfortunate situation by the Macau authorities that led to a conflict with the local Chinese, resulting in injuries and a few deaths.86 When the incident subsided, more Macau families followed those who had left to reside in Brazil and their mother country Portugal after World War II, a repatriation to a Mãe Pátria most had never seen. Meanwhile, Macau’s growth continued. In 1968, the causeway linking Taipa and Coloane was completed and in 1974, the Macau-Taipa Bridge was inaugurated to completely link Macau to both her adjacent islands. In the following year, the Macau International Airport was inaugurated to welcome flights from across the world to land, bypassing Hong Kong. By the mid-1970s, discussions on the return of Macau to China began. Negotiations from 1986 to 1987 resulted in a Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration, leading to the transfer of sovereignty to China in December 1999. Upon the confirmation of the Joint Declaration, Macau was flooded by continental Portuguese seeking employment and opportunities before the change of government. Macau financed many projects, such as the renovation of façades of historic buildings, repaving of streets with tile patterns resembling those at the Padrão de Descobrimentos in Lisbon, and the publication of handsome books in Portuguese. The establishment of the Fundação Oriente by the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau, as part of the conditions imposed by the Macau Administration for the concession of exclusive gambling rights in Macau until 31 December 2001, was a brilliant effort on the part of those who profited by this, but payments to the Fundação ceased in 1997 by a separate agreement. Macau continued to grow in the last decades before the handover. More spoken Portuguese accentuated the air in the streets; Portuguese restaurants as well as coffee and pastry shops to serve the surge of continental Portuguese delighted the locals. The increasing integration of the Chinese added to the congenial atmosphere of the city. Realizing that Macau would soon be returned to China, the Macau government, with the assistance of local Portuguese associations, invited Macaense associations throughout the world, called Casas de Macau, to gather in Macau for the Premeiro Encontro dos Macaenses (First Reunion of the Macaenses) in November 1993. The Encontro was organized and funded primarily by the government of Macau and the Fundação Oriente, with financial and organizational support from the Sociedade de Turismo e Diversões de Macau (STDM), Sr. Comendador Ng Fok, Sr. Comendador Alberto Dias Fereira, and António Fereira-Wu’s Group. This first Encontro was attended by the President of Portugal, Dr. Mário Soares, and presided by the then governor of Macau, General Vasco da Rocha Vieira. 86. Cheung, Gary Ka-wai, Hong Kong’s Watershed: The 1967 Riots, 16.Second Encontro of the Macaense communities, Macau, November 1996Left to right: Unknown, Lei Pou Man (Macau Club, Toronto), Fernanda Pina Hó (Casa de Macau,Vancouver, Canada), Lourenço Conceição (Casa de Macau, Toronto, Canada), Luís de Sousa (Macau Cultural Association, Vancouver, Canada), José Manuel Lollo Ribeiro de Almeida (Secretary from Portugal of the Macaense communities), José Maneiras, Jorge Fernando Sampaio (President of Portugal — 1996–2006), General Vasco Joaquim Rocha Vieira (Governor of Macau — 1991–1999) Arnaldo de Oliveira Sales (Clube Lusitano, Hong Kong), Gabriela César (Fundação para Cooperação e Desenvolvimento de Macau), Roberto Collaço (Casa de Macau, São Paulo, Brazil), Francisco Rodrigues (Casa de Macau, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), Roberto “Robbie” da Costa (UMA, San Francisco, California, USA), António M. Jorge da Silva (Lusitano Club of California, USA), Henrique Manhão (Casa de Macau, California, USA), António Conceição, Casa de Macau, Australia)Courtesy: Courtesy: Gabinete de Comunicação Social da R.A.E.M.

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter VI Macau in the Twentieth Century126 127For the Portuguese of Macau the Second Encontro was held in November 1966, three years before the handover of Macau to China. With much nostalgia the author wrote:As the curtains draw to a close the final chapter of the proud history of this little slip of Portugal in eastern shores, the orphaned have only their “saudades“ [yearning, nostalgia] to hold in comfort. They wait in anguish knowing that soon church bells will peel the last goodbye to their ancestral home.For the Macaenses, whether they be from Shanghai, Hong Kong, Macau or other enclave in the East, fond memories of yesteryear will forever live with us. Our children, unless we make them aware, will never know the legacy left to them...Through four hundred and forty two years since the establishment of Macau to the final lowering of the Portuguese flag, the descendants of the Portuguese from this outpost in China, most of who are now scattered throughout the world, remain proud of their heritage.37For the Portuguese of Macau, there was no apprehension of a Chinese “takeover” as the people were confident the change of government would not resemble that of Shanghai in 1949. There were tears and sadness in the minds of the local-born Portuguese as the Portuguese flag was lowered for the last time on 20 December, 1999. For many of those present, especially Macaenses who were born in Macau, it was an emotional day.The complete transformation of Macau after the handover is almost beyond belief. More and more imposing casinos towering over the city and the islands of Taipa and Coloane, high-rise buildings, and crowds of tourists and people in the streets have become regular features of the new Macau. After 450 years of evolution, Macau is changed in a flash of time, a distinction recognizable only to those who have been there before the end of the twentieth century. Very much a modern city by the time of the handover of Macau to China and the introduction of the “one country, two systems” policy by the Chinese for the Macau Special Administrative Region (MSAR), the life and the economy have completely changed. A city with high-rise buildings and the most profitable casinos in the world, Macau has returned to its golden past. Its historical architecture are overshadowed and receded into the background; these are now but tourist attractions. However, many of the old historical buildings in Macau have been restored and the adjacent roads repaved, some with interesting patterns reminiscent of those at the monument of the Portuguese discoveries in Lisbon. Crowded as Macau is today, the streets are clean and the shops enjoying more profits than in the past. Bright lights, tall modern buildings, and a piece of Las Vegas in China have now become the major attractions of Macau in the twenty-first century. 87. Jorge da Silva, António M., “Macau – As the fateful day approaches,” Lusitano Bulletin, 1992.Macau looking west from Guia, 1988Sporadic high-rises beginning to tower over central Macau In the center of the photograph, S. Miguel Cemetery is shown above the college of Liceu and the hockey field.António M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter VI Macau in the Twentieth Century128 129Lisboa Casino-Hotel, 1965The first modern casino in MacauDrawing by Lawrence Wright.Architectural Project by Eric Cumine AssociatesAntónio M. Jorge da Silva collectionLisboa Casino-Hotel, 2015With some remodeling and reconstructed hotel building at the back Courtesy: Wing, Creative Commons Attribute 3.0 Unported LicenseView of Macau at Praia Grande, 2015Towering over the Lisboa Casino-Hotel was its big brother the Grand LisboaCourtesy: Macaulink, Macau — Festas e Festividades

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter VI Macau in the Twentieth Century130 131The city of Macau at night, circa 2016Courtesy: Lei Heong leong (Instituto Internacional de Macau, O Legado Cultural de Macau, 88)Aerial view of Macau, 2015Bridges from Taipa stretched into the landfill and two artificial lakes that embraced the seafront of Praia Grande and the hill of PenhaCourtesy: Gabinete de Comunicação Social da R.A.E.M, Revista Macau 2015

133O-Mun Yan — People of MacauChapter VII 88. França, Bento da, Macau e os seus Habitantes, 197.The people of Macau, both Portuguese and Chinese, are generally known in the Cantonese dialect as O-Mun Yan, translated into Portuguese as “Gente de Macau,” also known as filhos da terra (children of the land). “T’ou-Sang Po-Yan,” meaning “local-born Portuguese” translates more specifically as “those of Portuguese descent, born in Macau or whose ancestors were born in Macau,” hence “Macaenses.” The descendants of the Portuguese settlers, their wives, children, and others who intermarried or otherwise entered into their community have evolved through the centuries to become the predecessors of the Macaenses of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. By this time, the Chinese have become an established part of their gene, just as the Indians, Malays, and Japanese have. Without the Euro-Portuguese patrilineal constant component, the Macaense would not have their perceptible European features that have been passed down through the generations. Recent intermarriages with the Chinese have resulted in the acquisition of some of their distinctive qualities and facial features. Group photographs from the early to late twentieth century clearly show this variation.Historians have not always described the people of Macau as those with European features. In his book Macau e os seus Habitantes, published in 1897, Portuguese writer Bento da França related his view of life in Macau during the four years he spent there. He described the Macaenses as “being very unique... not good looking... having generally Mongoloid features, but also facial similarities of Europeans, Malays,... products of a great mixture of races and sub-races resulting from repeated cross-breeding made from the worth [social standard] of the occasion.” He went further to say that “we would be nice to say of those here that some filhas de Macau [daughters of Macau] we have seen have some definitive Portuguese features but if we were to look separately at the ladies the truth would be that few are of appreciable good looks.”88 His affirmed principle was to document the truth as he saw it, without malice, and should not be censured as discrimination. However, that was his point of view and not that of others who married into the local Portuguese community. One would find it hard to believe that having oriental features mixed with some European, or vice-versa, could be construed as “not good looking.”The tiered society in Macau is a fact that should be recognized and that was how the people have lived their lives. Today’s liberal outlook in the western world is less prejudiced but tiered societies still exist in another guise. The affluent, the more cultured, and the celebrity, cultured or otherwise, still maintain their perceived status, yet divisions by race and customs insensitively append. Influenced by other motivations, the society of Macau followed its own agenda for change. The socially tiered people of Macau began to transform slowly, especially after the 1960s, and integration was soon to be embraced. The language barrier eroded and was gone, so were the antiquated communal prejudices that divided them. Religious predispositions were still a factor that stood between them but the anti-intermarriage attitude by the highborn Chinese and some Macaense families was beginning to wane. As Macau began to enter the contemporary world, the English language became a necessity for business and communication. Most Macaenses already spoke English and the local form of the Cantonese dialect by the beginning of the century; it was the Chinese who had to learn to speak at least some English, the internationally common language. Portuguese was only essential in the government administration then or needed when the Chinese had to communicate with members of the government; however, a lawyer or an agent was almost always entrusted to handle that.Most Chinese in Macau were naturally “People of Macau,” or O-Mun Yan, without the necessity of any clarification or appendage. They were the greater majority in the population, did all the manual work in the city, and owned and operated almost all the stores. Communicating with

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter VII O-Mun Yan — People of Macau134 135the Portuguese only in their own Chinese dialect, they were congenial and amiable; photographs show their friendly and peaceful character. The women who looked after the children of the Portuguese became part of their family lives and still remain in the memories of those who left Macau generations ago to live in western countries. The shopkeepers, rickshaw pullers, and pedicab peddlers are also people the descendants of the local Portuguese will never forget. Rickshaws in Macau, circa 1910Alberto Pickard Ribeiro and friends in rickshawsFernando Menezes de Ribeiro collection Four women and pedicab peddler, 1986António M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter VII O-Mun Yan — People of Macau136 137Rice merchant, 1986António M. Jorge da Silva collectionGirls of Macau, circa 19131. Marie Senna Fernandes, 2. Paulinha Augusta Pacheco, 3. Maria Augusta Pacheco, 4. Judite Beça, 5. Marie Menezes, 6. Celeste Menezes, 7. Natércia Cabral, 8. Celeste Cabral, 9. Marie Cabral, 10. Manuela Silva Mendes, 11. Laura MesquitelaPedro and Graça Pacheco Jorge Barreiros collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter VII O-Mun Yan — People of Macau138 139Macaense children, 16 November, 1937Back Row: Mariana Maher, Maria Fernanda Nolasco, ? Cajigal, ? “Lele” Silva, Gustavo “Guta” da Silva, Fernando Ribeiro, José “Zéca” Trigo da Silva, Fernando Rosa2nd Row: ? Cijigal, ? Cijigal, Maria Armanda Piano Martins, Maria Lourdes Trigo da Silva, Albertinho Rosa, Maria Teresa Maher, Mariazinha Carmona3rd Row: ? Cijigal, Edith Noloasco, Rui Lopo de Menezes, João António Piano Martins, José “Zézé” da Silva, Hermes RosaFront Row: Luisa Trigo da Silva, Maria Augusta Piano Martins, Terezinha Catela, Lourdes de Menezes, Pedro Zanati, Mário Zanati, Artur RosaFernando de Menezes Ribeiro collectionMacau Boy Scouts, 1933Back Row (Standing): António Leitão (in foreground), António Jacinto, Fernando Rodrigues, Mário Laborde Basto, Humberto Rodrigues, Fernando Miguel, António Marques da Costa, Unknown, José “Átoc” Ferreira, Eugénio Miguel, Artur Borges, Meinardo Pedruco, Patrício Bom Filho da LuzMiddle Row (Kneeling): Duarte Rocha, José “Adé” dos Santos FerrieraFront Row: Gonçalo “Lalo” Mesquitela, José “Zéca” Trigo da Silva, Gustavo “Guta” da Silva, Fernando Ribeiro, Fernando “Naninho” Jorge, Augusto MartinsFernando de Menezes Ribeiro collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter VII O-Mun Yan — People of Macau140 141Group of friends, circa 1890Pedro and Graça Pacheco Jorge Barreiros collectionName identity for group of friends, circa 18901. Dr. Lourenço Pereira Marques. 2. José Vicente Jorge. 3. Constânçio José da Silva. 4. Aureliano Guterres Jorge ?. 5. Delfim Ribeiro. 6. Francisco Pereira Marques. 7. José Ribeiro. 8. Dr. Evaristo Expectação d’Almeida. 9. António Joaquim Basto. 10. Luís Lopes dos Remedios. 11. Carlos Cabral. 12. Emílio Jorge. 13. Francisco Xavier da Silva. 14. Conde de Senna Fernandes. 15. Francis Filipe Leitão. 16. Carlos Augusto da Rocha d’Assumpção. 17. Joaquim Gil Pereira. 18. José Maria LopesNote: Name identity by Ana Maria Amaro from her book Filhos da Terra. Names for numbers 2, 12, and 13 have been changed by the author.Macau hunters in Chinese territory, April 1912José Vicente Jorge, José de Sales da Silva, Carlos da Rocha d’Assumpção, Francisco Pereira Marques, Joaquim Gil Pereira, José M. Guilherme PereiraPhotographed by Cheong-MoePedro and Graça Pacheco Jorge Barreiros collection

143Memories of One Macau FamilyChapter VIII 89. Grills, Peter, Família Ribeiro, 33. Fernando Ribeiro and his wife Maria Fernanda have their own personal story to tell, one that exemplifies the life of one of the well-known families in Macau. Fernando Ribeiro had been the Portuguese Vice-Consul in Hong Kong for many years and well known to both the communities of Macau and Hong Kong. This is their story:Maria Fernanda and I were very lucky — we were both born into wealthy and influential families in Macau. So we were brought up in the style of children of such families, living in grand houses and looked after by Amahs [live-in Chinese nursemaids]. Maria Fernanda’s parents had ten children with one Amah taking care of each. In their mansion, named Casa Branca, there were “seven servants needed to run the household as well as other servants that came in during the day. Fernanda recalls that, in its heyday, the family had one Amah for each of the children still at home, a cook, an assistant cook and a kitchen hand, a boy to serve the meals, a chauffeur, and a gardener.”89 My father, a naval officer, died when we were in Portugal and my mother returned to Macau when I was two. When we returned, we lived with my widowed great-grandmother, Countess Ana Teresa de Senna Fernandes, who was a successful and very influential businesswoman. Maria Fernanda’s father, Luiz Nolasco da Silva, was a renowned lawyer in Macau with many important clients, both Portuguese and Chinese, including the Jesuit order of missionaries. They were, indeed, wealthy and important households. As with all very young children, our day-to-day upbringing was left to our Amahs and while we were both part of loving families, we grew up independently.The Macau of our childhood and youth was genuinely multicultural. The Macanese maintained the Portuguese language and a European culture, and the Chinese maintained theirs. Neither culture tried to impose their values or traditions on the other. We, the Macanese and the Portuguese from Portugal, were very friendly with the Chinese. They accepted our friendship, our religion, our education, our laws, and our legal system. Macau Chinese were described as having three classes. The high-class Chinese were very rich and only mingled with high-class society. The middle class was made up of those employed in domestic work or shops, By Fernando and Maria Fernanda de Menezes RibeiroFernando and Maria Fernanda, 1956Fernando was wearing his decoration of Knight of the Military Order of ChristFernando de Menezes Ribeiro collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter VIII Memories of One Macau Family144 145and those belonging to the lower class were assisted by our charity missions. In my father’s house, we had seven servants (Amahs and house boys). As we all spoke fluent Cantonese, communication was not a problem; they were very much a part of our family and we were very much a part of theirs. The servants and their families (children included) lived in the servants’ quarters in several rooms in an adjoining building at the back of my father’s house.Due to our contacts with the Amahs and the needs of living in Macau, most Macanese could speak Cantonese but few Chinese spoke Portuguese. The Macanese went to schools that were taught in Portuguese, so, to a certain extent, the two cultures were separate, but they co-existed amicably. We were never conscious of any racial prejudice in either direction, and children of mixed race were not seen as different in any way. I recall the son of a Portuguese father and Chinese mother who only spoke Portuguese, and he was well accepted at our high school. In fact, he went on to have a very successful career as an engineer. It was the same in sports; in my teens and early adulthood, I played tennis and badminton with both Macanese and Chinese partners and opponents, as well as players from Hong Kong. In fact, Macau was too small for the Macanese to have developed any serious social-class divisions. At our high school, children of the wealthy and less well-off Macanese studied and played together without any social friction or distinction.Before World War II, it was a tradition for the children of the wealthy Macanese to be sent to Portugal for their university education, and, indeed, all of Maria Fernanda’s siblings followed that path. But for the intervention of the war, her family would have wanted her to follow the same path. Maria Fernanda recollects that when her older brothers and sister reached the age of eleven or twelve “they were packed off to Portugal to attend high school and university. On completion of these studies and after marrying they returned to Macau. My sister, Edith, and I were the youngest of ten children. We completed high school in Macau but we were not able to leave Macau as the war broke out. I wanted to become a nurse but my father wouldn’t allow it as he believed nursing was for the young Chinese girls, not for his daughter; in those times, we all obeyed our parents and we would never answer back.” Not everyone wanted to do this, and not everyone could afford it. So Maria Fernanda’s grandfather, Pedro Nolasco da Silva, established a commercial school in Macau — open to all Macanese — to give them the skills they would need to join large commercial organizations in Macau, Hong Kong, or the rest of the world.So let me tell you more about the formative years of Maria Fernanda and I. I was home-schooled until I went to high school in 1934 at the Liceu Infante Dom Henrique. Maria Fernanda attended a convent school run by the Franciscan nuns, Santa Rosa de Lima, and then went to the same high school as me. We lived very near each other and our friendship quickly evolved into something stronger. Growing up, I was very active in sports. We lived next door to tennis courts, so I took up tennis at the age of twelve, and also played badminton. When I was older, I became a member of the Macau skeet-shooting club. Both Maria Fernanda and I owned horses and we enjoyed riding. However, that ended with the advent of World War II.Before the war, the center for social activity for the Macanese was the Clube Macau. Membership of the club was open to all Macanese and both our parents were members. In fact, Maria Fernanda’s father was its president for some years. It was big and well facilitated, and like any prestigious clubs, it had a billiard room, a card room, a library, a very large ballroom, a theater, and a bar. Shows were held in the theater. It was particularly known as the center for Carnival time in Macau. On the Saturday night of the Carnival, there was a big ball, and on the Sunday afternoon, a children’s fancy-dress party. We still have photos of Maria Fernanda dressed in very elaborate fancy-dress costumes. The club was taken over by the Macau government during the war, and used as a dormitory and food canteen for refugees, all paid for by the government. After the war, it was reverted to be a social club, but it never regained its pre-war importance. You also asked about Clube Militar. As the name suggests, its membership was drawn from military officers, but it was open to everyone — especially at Carnival time. We would go there with our families for meals. It stayed open during the war but in a subdued way, and was much less frequented by the non-military Macanese. There was also a Clube de Sargentos, which provided a similar gathering place for military personnel who were not officers. Another club that is worth mentioning, particularly in the context of World War II, but one not mentioned by you, was the Melco Club. This was a social club sponsored by the Macau Electricity Company for its employees. It was built for sporting and social events, and not much frequented by the general Macanese population before the war. However it was not taken over by the government to accommodate wartime refugees, and it remained open throughout the war. During that time, it was a very popular spot for dances and parties, and Maria Fernanda and I often went there to dance. When other social venues reopened after the war, it suffered a big slump in popularity as the Macanese returned to the clubs they used to visit. You also asked about two hotels — Hotel Bela Vista and Hotel Riviera. While it had a magnificent location and was a lovely building in classical architectural style, Hotel Bela Vista was purely a hotel before World War II. While it was upmarket, it did not provide activities to cater for the local Macanese, and neither Maria Fernanda nor I went there in the pre-war times. During the war, Hotel Bela Vista was taken over by the government for refugee accommodation. After the war, it largely remained as an upmarket hotel. However, over time, it became much more popular with the locals because of its enduring elegance, and they loved to go there for afternoon tea. Hotel Bela Vista is today the official residence of the Consul-General of Portugal in Macau.Hotel Riviera was very different. It faced the sea and was the best hotel in Macau before the war. It was the venue where the elite of Macau would gather, and the official dinners as well as meetings of the Macau Rotary Club were hosted there. Many businessmen and lawyers held regular tables in the dining room and many business deals were negotiated over lunch. The place was also popular for social meetings where the Macanese would gather for afternoon tea. It remained open during World War II and became a thriving hub of social activity. It was particularly popular for its “tea dances” on Sunday afternoons, and Maria Fernanda and I would often go there with friends to dance. Art Carneiro, a very well-known bandleader at that time, made the hotel his base, further increasing the popularity of the hotel for dancing.Looking at the overall impact of World War II, there is no doubt that it had a huge impact on Macau. Portugal remained neutral during the war and that neutrality was carried over to Macau. However, in December 1941, immediately after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the Japanese advanced on Hong Kong, and after a few days, it defeated the small British-led garrison. Hong Kong surrendered on Christmas Day 1941. This immediately generated a flood of refugees of European background to Macau, a flood that almost overwhelmed the small Macanese community. More gradually but equally significantly, Macau also became a temporary shelter for mainland Chinese refugees fleeing the conflict with Japan in their homeland. Macau’s situation was precarious — although nominally neutral, it was surrounded by Japanese-occupied territory in both China and Hong Kong, and Japan could have taken it over at any time it wished. In the early 1940s, no one knew what the outcome of the war would be, so the population — Macanese and refugees alike — had no idea what the future held for them.Besides taking over the clubs and hotels mentioned above, the Macau government addressed the problems of accommodating and feeding the refugees by taking over some of the schools. Nevertheless, feeding such a big and unexpected increase in population created shortages of resources and burden on the Macau economy; so wartime life in Macau operated at two levels:• On the surface, people who could afford to do so set out to enjoy themselves in every way they could — constant parties, balls, and sporting events — some of which I have mentioned above. At that level, it was the liveliest time Macau had ever seen. • Yet, behind the glorious scenes were food shortages, black market, smuggling, and the like. Rice and fuel were rationed. The winter of 1942 was very severe and hundreds of homeless Chinese refugees died in the streets of Macau and were buried in common graves. Associated with this darker side of Macau at the time were assassinations and armed robberies. There were two assassinations that rocked Macau during the wartime period — the shootings of the Japanese Consul Fukui and of Fernando Rodrigues, a leading Macau citizen. The local belief about Consul Fukui was that he had been killed at the instigation of a Japanese Colonel commanding the Japanese garrison outside Macau, in retaliation for curtailing that Colonel’s criminal activities. On the other hand, it was believed that an aggrieved business associate hired a professional killer to kill Fernando Rodrigues.

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Chapter VIII Memories of One Macau Family146 147Despite its neutrality, toward the end of the war, in 1945, Macau suffered its only direct war damage. US fighter planes from an aircraft carrier stationed in the China Sea bombed a radio station as well as a hangar containing a very large quantity of fuel that would eventually be taken over by the Japanese in exchange for staple food. After the war, the US government paid a compensation of US$20,000,000 to the Macau government. After the war ended, the departure of refugees back to Hong Kong and to mainland China created an even bigger culture and economic shock for Macau than their arrival did four years before. Suddenly, Macau reverted to its previous quiet and dormant state.Fernanda and I were married on 15 September, 1945 at Sé Cathedral. The Macau newspaper A Voz de Macau described the ceremony as an “elegant wedding.” Our marriage was the first Macanese marriage celebrated after the end of the war. We stayed on in Macau until l947 when we moved to Hong Kong and I joined the Portuguese Consulate there. Although we often visited Maria Fernanda’s family in Macau while we were living in Hong Kong, our focus was on family matters, and we did not pay much attention to how Macau was changing. It was clear, however, that the place was even more of a backwater than it was before the war. Hong Kong was booming and the cosmopolitan atmosphere of the wartime period had made the young Macanese restless, so many Macanese young men moved to Hong Kong to work, for example, in the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.Looking back, when we were younger, we knew nothing about the rest of the world other than Macau, and although we knew we were well off, we did not see ourselves as any different to the rest of the world. We were simply Portuguese who lived in Macau. It was only as we grew older, and particularly when we had left Macau, that we realized what a wonderful, different, and exotic life we had led compared to our Portuguese homeland. It was really only then that the concept of a Macanese culture evolved that created a special bond among the Portuguese families based in Macau, and more particularly, among the families that had moved from Macau to countries such as Canada, England, America, Australia, and Brazil.Crossing the finish line at the Macau Guia circuitFernando de Menezes Ribeiro collectionMaria Fernanda de Menezes Ribeiro, winner of the Ladies Race in her Fiat 1100TV at the Macau Grand Prix, 1956The Macau Gran Prix began in 1954 as a sports car racing event. Eduardo Carvalho won that race in his TR2 that year. Maria Fernanda de Menezes Ribeiro won the very first ladies race in 1956 driving her Fiat 1100 TV. The Guia circuit, 3.8 miles in length, is one of the most challenging in the world. Maria Fernanda embraced by her husband, Fernando, “Bebé” RibeiroFernando de Menezes Ribeiro collection

149The Portuguese Community Of Macau – A Pictorial History Photographs

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs150 151José Tomas de AquinoBorn: Sé, 1804Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs152 153Bernardino de Senna FernandesFirst Count of Senna FernandesBorn: S. António, 1815Ana Teresa Vieira Ribeiro de Senna FernandesCountess of Senna FernandesBorn: S. Lourenço, 1846Maria Tereza Cabral Senna collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Pedro Nolasco da SilvaBorn: Sé, 1803Edith Angier Nolasco da SilvaBorn: Hong Kong, 1850Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs154 155Vicente Nicolau MesquitaBorn: S. Lourenço, 1818Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Marciano António BaptistaBorn: S. Lourenço, 1826Filomeno “Meno” Baptista collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs156 157António Alexandrino de MeloBorn: S. Lourenço, 1837Guilhermina Pamela Gonzaga de MeloBorn: 1841Leonor Osório de Castro collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017António Alexandrino Gonzaga de MeloBorn: S. Lourenço, 1870Maria Estelka de Senna de MeloBorn: Sé, 1878Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs158 159Manuel Maria da Silva MaherBorn: Sé, 1872Bábara Filomena Cordeiro MaherBorn: Sé, 1874Connie Pedruco Gavan collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017João de Sousa Carneiro Canavarro, circa 1875 Saturina Isabel da Costa Canavarro, circa 1872Priscilla Remedios Canavarro collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs160 161Leôncilo Alfredo FerreiraBorn: Sé, 1849J. M. Braga collection, National Library of AustraliaCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017José Bernardo GoulartBorn: Sé, 1841and his brother Eduardo FranciscoBorn: Sé, 1845Maria Cristina Teles Nolasco collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs162 163José Onofre RibeiroBorn: S. António, 1846Kenneth Harper collectionCâncio José JorgeBorn: Sé, 1849António M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs164 165Carlos Augusto Rocha d’Assumpção and grandsonBorn: S. Lourenço, 1862Henrique d’Assumpção collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Delfino José RibeiroBorn: S. Lourenço, 1873and Joaquim da Costa PereiraBorn: Sé, 1869Photo published in Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs166 167Emílio Ernesto RodriguesBorn: S. Lourenço, 1858Dr. Albert and Dr. Mary Rodrigues collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017José Maria Nolasco da SilvaBorn: Sé, 1878Helena Nolasco Lüthi collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs168 169Eusébio Francisco PlacéBorn: Sé, 1870Mário Jorge Placé collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Carlos Augusto Ribeiro CabralBorn: S. Lourenço, 1879Ana Maria Cabral collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs170 171José Vicente JorgeBorn: S. Lourenço, 1872Matilde Augusta Pacheco JorgeBorn: S. Lourenço, 1875António M. Jorge da Silva collectionDelfino José RibeiroBorn: S. Lourenço, 1873Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs172 173Aureliano Guterres JorgeBorn: S. Lourenço, 1875Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Maximiano António dos Remédios Jr.Born: S. Lourenço, 1878Maria Augusta Ribiero de Matos dos RemediosBorn: S. Lourenço, 1878Francisco Remedios collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs174 175José FranciscoBorn: Sé, 1881Francisco XavierBorn: Sé, 1883Júlio AntónioBorn: Sé, 1886António MariaBorn: Sé, 1887Four Silva brothers António M. Jorge da Silva collectionJosé Maria de Jesus dos SantosBorn: Sé, 1891Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs176 177Fernando de Senna Fernandes RodriguesBorn: S. Lourenço, 1895João Bosco Basto da Silva collectionDelfino José Rodrigues RemediosBorn: Sé, 1899Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs178 179Luís Gonzaga GomesBorn: Sé 1907Courtesy: Instituto Cultural de MacauJaime RobartsBorn: Sé, 1908Albertina Manhão RobartsBorn: S. António, 1910Filisberta Robarts Bandeira collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs180 181Stanley Ho Hung SanBorn: Hong Kong, 1921Clementina Ângela de Melo Leitão HoBorn: S. Lázaro, 1923 Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaense 2017Júlio António Eugenio da Silva, circa 1925Born: Sé, 1886Olga Augusta Pacheco Jorge da Silva, circa 1927Born: S. Lourenço, 1901António M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Photographs182 183Carlos Augusto Corrêa Paes d’AssumpçãoBorn: Sé, 1929Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Jorge Alberto da Conceição Hagedorn RangelBorn: Sto. António, 1943

185The Portuguese Community Of Macau – A Pictorial History Weddings and Couples

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Weddings and Couples186 187Albino António da SilvaBorn: S. Lourenço, 1812 and daughter Belisa ClaraBorn: Sé, 1871Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Weddings and Couples188 189Abílio Maria da Silva BastoBorn: Sé, 1899and wife Genoveva Sequeira Basto Born: Sé, 1889João Bosco Basto da Silva collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017José Maria de Jesus Nogueira Mendes Born: S. António, 1861and wife Amália Francisca da Silva Sequeira MendesBorn: 1863Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Francisco Filipe Leitão familyMaria Salomé Marques ReadBorn: S. Lourenço, 1868Francisco Filipe LeitãoBorn: Sé, 1855With sons Eduardo, Fernando, and ManuelManuel F. Read Leitão collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Weddings and Couples190 191Wedding of João Frederico Nolasco da Silva and Fábia Carolina da Costa e Andrade,1902Back Row: Branca Maria, Zuleima Maria, Laura Antónia, Palmira Eugenia. Middle Row: Francisco Maria, Antónia Maria Georgina de Arriaga, Cirílio Leopoldo da Costa e Andrade, Fábia Carolina da Costa e Andrade (bride), João Frederico Nolasco da Silva (groom). Front Row: Zoraide Maria, Alda Ana, Maria Amália.Helena Nolasco Lüthi collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Wedding of António Geraldo da Silva Vidigal and Glafira Maria Eça da Silva Macau, 24 November, 1907Back Row: Francisco Filomeno Eça da Silva, Berta Silva-Netto Eça da Silva, Âurea Eça da Silva, Melentina dos Santos Oliveira Eça da Silva, Unknown Officer (best man), João Maria Eça da Silva, Cristina Eça da Silva do Rosário, Fortina? Eça da Silva, Augusta Montalto de Jesus, José Filomeno Eça da Silva. Middle Row (sitting): Glafira Maria Eça da Silva Vidigal (bride), Captain António Geraldo de Silva Vidigal (groom). Front Row (sitting on floor): Elfrida Eça da Silva, Âlvaro Eça da Silva.Filomeno “Meno” Baptista collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Weddings and Couples192 193Wedding of António Maria da Silva and Lília Maria de Carvalho Rodrigues, 1915Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Wedding of Eduardo Álvares de Garcia and Margarida Alves de Figueiredo, 1916Margarida Garcia Rocha Pinto collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Weddings and Couples194 195Wedding of Simão Amarante and Henriqueta Maria Rodrigues, 1916Yvonne Amarante collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Wedding of Fernando de Senna Fernandes Rodrigues and Ângela Edmée Jorge, 1918António M. Jorge da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Weddings and Couples196 1971. Porfirio Maria Nolasco da Silva (Eldest son of Pedro Nolasco da Silva). 2. Cecília Guilhermina Machado (Wife of Porfirio). 3. José Maria Machado Nolasco da Silva (Groom — Eldest son of Porfirio Nolasco). 4. Pedro Nolasco da Silva (Porfirio’s 2nd child). 5. Porfirio Nolasco da Silva Jr (Porfirio’s 5th child). 6. Alberto Carlos Nolasco da Silva (Porfirio’s 6th child). 7.Artur Leonel Nolasco da Silva (Porfirio’s 7th child). 8.Edith Maria Celeste Nolasco da Silva (Porfirio’s 9th child, who became the wife of “Sonny” Sales). 9.Laura Maria Nolasco da Silva (Porfirio’s 10th child). 10. Maria Celeste de Menezes Ribeiro (Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro’s mother). 11. Maria Alice de Menezes Ribeiro (Bride — Maria Celeste’s 1st child). 12. Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro (Maria Celeste’s 3rd child). 13. Beatriz Emília Bontein da Rosa Nolasco da Silva (Luís Gonzaga Nolasco da Silva’s wife). 14. Rui Nolasco da Silva (Beatriz’s 7th child). 15. Pedro Nolasco da Silva (Beatriz’s 8th child). 16. Rui Guilherme Vieira de Menezes (Married his cousin Maria Amélia de Menezes). 17. Maria Amélia de Menezes (Rui Guilherme’s wife and sister of Maria Celeste). 18. Rui Lopo Menezes (Rui Guilherme’s 1st child). 19. Fernando Celle de Menezes (Maria Celeste’s brother). 20.Maria Luisa Vieira Garin (Fernando Celle’s wife). 21.Alice Maria da Silva (Francisco “Chico Pancrácio” da Silva’s 3rd child). 22. Olga Maria de Castro Basto. 23. Mercedes Xavier. 24. Berta Angelina da Silva (Francisco “Chico Pancrácio” da Silva’s 1st child). 25. Unknown.Note: Maria Fernanda Nolasco da Silva (Beatriz’s 9th child and future wife of Fernando) is not in the photograph.Beatriz Emília Nolasco da Silva (Beatriz’s 4th child) is not in the photograph.Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro collectionWedding of José M. Nolasco da Silva and Maria A. Ribeiro Menezes Macau, 29 December, 1929Wedding of José da Cruz Ribeiro and Berta Angelina da Silva, 21 October, 1933Back Row: Governor Antonio José Bernardes de Miranda, Wife of Governor Miranda, José da Cruz Ribeiro, Berta Angelina da Silva Ribeiro, Alice Maria da Silva, Leolinda Carolina Trigo da Silva, Francisco Xavier Anacleto da Silva. Front Row: Maria de Lourdes Trigo da Silva, Maria Luiza Trigo da Silva.Courtesy: João Bosco and Beatriz Basto da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Weddings and Couples198 199Going to a wedding, 1933Júlio Antonio da Silva, Leopoldo Danilo Barreiros and Dr. Correia NunesLeaving José Vicente Jorge’s house to go to the wedding of Danilo Barreiros and Henriqueta Pacheco Jorge.António M. Jorge da Silva collectionWedding of Alfredo José da Silva and Albertina Maria de Sequeira Basto, 1937João Bosco Basto da Silva collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Weddings and Couples200 201Wedding of Carlos Augusto de Sena e Melo and Zoila Esperanza Corona, 1941António Alexandrino Gonzaga de Melo (groom’s father), Maria Estelka de Sena e Melo (groom’s mother), Pedro José Lobo, Cristina Maria de Sena e Melo, Zoila Esperanza Corona de Melo (bride), Carlos Augusto de Sena e Melo (groom), Letícia Maria de Sena e Melo, Unknown, Olga Maria Melo Gonçalves, José Lourenço de Sena e Melo, Alberto António Conceição de Melo (page boy), Aninhas ... ?... (flower girl), Maria de Lourdes Gonçalves (little girl).Courtesy: John and Olga Gonçalves collectionWedding of Fernando Alberto de Menezes Ribeiro and Maria Fernanda Nolasco da Silva, 1945Gustavo Nolasco da Silva, Carlos Humberto da Silva, Beatgriz Emília “Betty” Nolasco da Silva, Pedro de Guimaraēs Lobato (behind “Betty”), Fernanda Leal de Carvalho Nolasco da Silva, Edith Maria Nolasco da Silva, Beatriz Emília Bontein da Rosa Nolasco da Silva, Luiz Gonzaga Nolasco da Silva, Maria Fernanda Nolasco da Silva de Menezes Ribeiro (bride), Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro (groom), Maria Celeste de Senna Fernandes de Menezes Ribeiro, Maria Helena Ribeiro Lobato, João Villa Franca, Maria Alice Ribeiro Nolasco da Silva, José Maria Nolasco da Silva.Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Weddings and Couples202 203Wedding of Alberto de Almeida Botelho and Maria Alice Rodrigues da Silva, 19461. Alberto Maria Rodrigues. 2. António Maria da Silva. 3. Maria Alice Rodrigues da Silva Botelho. 4. Alberto Augusto de Almeida Botelho. 5. (Júlia Augusta Hyndman d’Almeida Botelho). 6. Leonardo Horácio d’Almada e Castro. 7. Maria Manuela Rodrigues da Silva. 8. Olívia Almeida Botelho. Manuel de Melo e Silva collectionWedding of Arnaldo Carlos da Silva and Natércia Hyndman Lobo, 19491. Renée Adrian Canters. 2. Branca Elena Lobo. 3. Margareth Choi Lobo. 4. Maria Helena Viana da Costa Rodrigues da Silva. 5. Rogério Hyndman Lobo. 6. Armando de Lourdes Rodrigues da Silva. 7. Marieta Lobo Araújo. 8. Letícia Maria de Senna e Mello da Silva. 9. António Emílio Maria Rodrigues da Silva. 10. Constâncio Araújo. 11. Pedro Araújo. 12. Unknown. 13. Maria Leonor Rodrigues da Silva Canters. 14. Lília Maria de Carvalho Rodrigues da Silva. 15. António Maria da Silva. 16. Arnaldo Carlos Maria Rodrigues da Silva. 17. Netércia Hyndman Lobo da Silva. 18. Pedro José Lobo. 19. Unknown. 20. Manuel António de Mello e Silva. 21. Maria Teresa Viana da Costa Rodrigues da Silva. 22. Unknown.António Emílio Rodrigues da Silva collection

205The Portuguese Community Of Macau – A Pictorial History Families

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families206 207Father and son, circa 1836Bento José Labre Baptista de Miranda e Lima (1786 to 1837) and his eldest son Filipe Miguel de Miranda e Lima (1823 to 1901).Isabella “Bella” Palmer collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families208 209Antonio Silvéro dos Santos family, circa 1866Cristina Goulart, Emília Maria Perreira dos Santos (wife), António Goulart, António Silvéro dos Santos.Helena Nolasco Lüthi collection Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Outeiro family, circa 1866Barbara Maria de Arriaga Brum da Silveira, José Antonio do Outeiro (twin), Maria Antónia Joaquina de Abreu e Silva, Manuel Joaquim Outeiro, Maria Delfina do Outeiro da Silva, Alfredo Maria do Outeiro (twin), Sofia Ricardina do Outeiro.Maria Antónia de Abreu e Silva was first married to José d’Arriaga Brum da Silveira who died in 1840; it is very possible that the lady on the extreme left was their only daughter, Barbara Maria de Arriaga Brum da Silveira. Her second marriage was to José Maria do Outeiro who died in 1864, two years before this photograph was taken.The identity of the twins is certain but which is which in this photograph is not.Courtesy: National Library of Australia, J. M. Braga Photographs, Box 2Photo Information: António M. Pacheco Jorge da Silva

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families210 211Câncio José Jorge family, 1880Back Row: Cristina Maher, Augusta Maher, Francisca Guterres, Câncio José Jorge, Leonel Guterres, Miro Guterres, Josefina Guterres da Luz. Middle Row: Pamela Maher, Daniel Guterres, Aureliana Maria Guterres Jorge, Daniel Guterres, Raquel Guterres Rangel. Front Row: Milvina Gutierrez, António Rangel, Saturniba Osório, Constâncio José da Silva, Ana Rangel.Graça and Pedro Barreiros collectionPedro Nolasco da Silva family, 1896Back Row: Luis Gonzaga, José Maria, João Frederico, Porfirio Maria, Pedro, Henrique Maria. Front Row: Maria da Natividade, Pedro Nolasco da Silva, Edith Maria Angier (wife), Laura Maria, Angelina Maria.Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families212 213Aureliano Guterres Jorge family, 1908Back Row: Aureliano Guterres Jorge, Adolfo Adroaldo, Armantina Giomar, Ângela Edmée, Augusto. Front Row: Álvaro Pereira, Alice Ernistina, Áurea Melvina Pereira (wife), Albertina Elvira, Aida Alda.Graça and Pedro Barreiros collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Canavarro family, circa 1910Back Row Standing: Pedro Nolasco da Siva Jr. (husband of Saturnina Águeda Canavarro), Túlia Amarante da Costa Canavarro, Maria Albina da Costa Canavarro (Albuquerque), Carlos Augusto da Costa Canavarro and Raúl Dionísio da Costa Canavarro. Front Row Standing: Alfredo Carmo da Costa Carneiro Canavarro and João Alberto Canavarro Nolasco da Silva (son of Pedro Jr. and Saturnina). Seated: Saturnina Isabel da Costa Canavarro, Captain João de Sousa Carneiro Canavarro, Saturnina (Águeda) Canavarro Nolasco da Silva.Catarina Rita Canavarro collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families214 215Alberto Teófilio Picard Ribeiro family, 1912Alberto Teófilio Picard Ribeiro, Maria Helena, Maria Celeste de Senna Fernandes de Menezes (wife), Fernando Alberto (baby), Maria Alice.Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro collectionPacheco Jorge family, summer 1916Matilde Augusta Pacheco Jorge (wife), Câncio José, Olga Augusta, José Vicente Jorge, Amália Alda, Américo Augusto, Alberto Ângelo, Aureliana Guterres Jorge, Maria José, Alfredo Gusmão, Sara Elisa, Ludovico Augusto Henriqueta Clarisse.Graça and Pedro Barreiros collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families216 217António Gonçalves Pereira family, circa 1917Edith Nolasco da Silva (wife), Alice, Edith, António Gonçalves Pereira.Helena Nolasco Lüthi collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017António Júlio Guimarães Lobato family, 1917Maria Adelaide, Laura Maria Nolasco da Silva (wife), Pedro António, António Júlio Guimarães Lobato, Laura Maria.Helena Nolasco Lüthi collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families218 219Tito da Silva family circa 1920Ismael, Tito da Silva, Júlio, Florinda.Note: Edith Evangelica Jacinta de Sousa (wife) is not in the photographEdith Maneiras da Rosa collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Arnaldo Ferreira de Lemos family, 1921Arnaldo Ferreira de Lemos, Victor Hugo, Ângela Regina de Almeida (wife), Alfredo Augusto.Carlos Lemos collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families220 221Leocádio Justino da Conceição family, circa 1921Adelino Barbosa, Ana Dolores, Edwiges Maria, António Maria, Leocádio Justino da Conceição, Alberto Maria, Ana Bernardina Maher (2nd wife), Carlos António.António Conceição Jr. collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017António Manuel Salvado family, 1922Back Row: Olga da Conceição, Esbelta Maria. Middle Row: Unknown priest, António Manuel Salvado. Front Row: Deolinda do Carmo, Manuel Artur, Dolores Maria, Alice da Conceição, Maria Salvado, Áurea Maria.Published in Fotobiografia de Deolinda Salvado da ConceiçãoCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families222 223António Justino Fernandes family, circa 1923Back Row: Maria Augusta Barreira (wife), Madalena de Jesus, Inês de Jesus, Laura Maria Soares Ribeiro (wife of Davíd), Davíd José. Front Row: Francisco de Jesus, Beatriz de Natividade, António Justino Fernandes, Beatriz Esperança and Eduardo Alberto (both children of Davíd), José de Jesus.Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Henrique Nolasco da Silva family, 19281. Amália Maria José (daughter of 1st marriage), 2. Henrique Maria Nolasco da Silva, 3. Henrique José, 4. Guida João Teles de Menezes Nolasco da Silva, 5. Guida Gertrudes, 6. António Pedro, 7. Frederico João, 8. João António.Courtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families224 225Abílio Maria da Silva Basto family, 1934Back Row: Armando Maria, Albertina Maria, Alberto Manuel, Alda Maria, Arnaldo Luís. Front Row: Arminda Maria, Genoveva Antónia de Sequeira (wife), Abílio Maria, Abílio Maria da Silva Basto, Áurea Teresa.João Bosco Basto da Silva collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Delfino Ribeiro and friends, circa 1936Possibly taken after the First Communion of Ida Teresa Rodrigues Correia. Back Row: Delfino José Ribeiro, Cristina Ana Rodrigues Ribeiro, Maria Amélia de Menezes, Ilda Pacheco Jorge, Olga Rodrigues Correia, Ana “Anita”d’Assumpção, Maria Helena “Lena” Ribeiro, Vera de Senna Fernanddes. Front Row (children): Ivone Maria Rodrigues Ribeiro, Lia Noémia Rodrigues Correia, Iva Manuela Rodrigues Correia, Ida Teresa Rodrigues Correia, Delfino José Rodrigues Ribeiro.Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2107

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families226 227Party at Júlio’s house Vila Rosa, Tap Siec, Macau, 1931António M. Jorge da Silva collection1. Unknown. 2. Unknown. 3. Maria José Pacheco Jorge. 4. Unknown. 5. Unknown. 6. Unknown. 7. Armando Maria “Biching” Rodrigues da Silva. 8. Unknown. 9. Unknown. 10. Unknown. 11. Unknown. 12. Unknown. 13. Unknown. 14. Augusto José “Gusing” Rodrigues da Silva. 15. Carolina Maria de Sales Remedios da Silva. 16. Unknown. 17. Unknown. 18. Unknown. 19. Unknown. 20. Unknown. 21. Danilo Barreiros. 22. Henriqueta Clairsse Jorge Barreiros. 23. Alda Maria Remedios da Silva. 24. Beatriz Emília “Betty” Nolasco da Silva. 25. Carlos Humberto Remédios da Silva. 26. Unknown. 27. Álvaro Alberto Remédios da Silva. 28. Lilía Maria Rodrigues da Silva. 29. Unknown. 30. Unknown. 31. Unknown. 32. Unknown. 33. Unknown. 34. Albertina Maria “Atí” Basto da Silva. 35. Alice Maria Remédios da Silva. 36. Unknown. 37. Unknown. 38. Carmen Eugénia Ribeiro da Silva. 39. José Francisco da Sales da Silva. 40. Ilda Marçal Correia Nunes Jorge. 41. Américo Augusto Pacheco Jorge. 42. Ko Ho Ning 43. Unknown. 44. Unknown. 45. Unknown. 46. Unknown. 47. Leolinda Carolina Trigo da Silva. 48. Unknown. 49. Unknown 50. Unknown 51. Unknown 52. António Maria da Silva 53. Amália Alda Pacheco Jorge 54. José Vicente (Guterres) Jorge 55. Olga augusta Pacheco Jorge 56. Nuno Maria do Carmo Jorge da Silva. 57. Júlio António Eugenio da Silva. 58. Francixco Xavier Anacleto da Silva. 59. Unknown. 60. Americo “Méca” Maria Jorge da Silva. 61. José Pancrácio “Zinho” da Silva. 62. Maria Amália Jorge da Silva. 63. Francisco Xavier “Chico” Jorge da Silva.

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History228 229Four Silva brothers and their families at Vila Rosa, Tap Siec, 1934António M. Jorge da Silva collection1. Alberto Eduardo da Silva (21). 2. Julio António Eugenio da Silva (48). 3. José Pancrácio “Zinho” Batalha da Silva (24). 4. António Maria da Silva (47). 5. Manuel Henriques “Manecas” da Silva (19). 6. Carlos Humberto da Silva (26). 7. José da Cruz Ribeiro (40). 8. Olga Augusta Pacheco Jorge da Silva (33). 9. Augusto José “Gusing” Rodrigues da Silva (18). 10. Lília Maria Rodrigues da Silva (40). 11. António Emílio “Toning” Rodrigues da Silva (17). 12. Álvaro Alberto Sales da Silva (21). 13. Alfredo José da Silva (22). 14. Alice Maria da Silva (24). 15. Francisco Xavier Anacleto da Silva (51). 16. Berta Angelina da Silva (27). 17. Maria José da Silva Ribeiro (1). 18. Eduardo José Batalha da Silva (20). 19. Fernando Augusto Batalha da Silva (22). 20. Maria Alice “Filinha” Rodrigues da Silva (13). 21. Armando Maria “Biching” Rodrigues da Silva (15). 22. Carolina Maria Sales da Silva (19). 23. Leolinda Carolina Trigo da Silva (43). 24. Beatriz Emilia “Betty” Nolasco da Silva (22). 25. José Francisco de Sales da Silva (43). 26. Carmen Eugénia Ribeiro da Silva (32). 27. Maria Angélica “Marie” Sales da Silva. 28. Alda Maria da Silva (17). 29. Gustavo José “Gúta” Sales da Silva (14). 30. José Adriano “Zéca” Trigo da Silva (12). 31. Maria de Lourdes “Bébé” Trigo da Silva (11). 32. Américo Maria “Méca” Pacheco Jorge da Silva (12). 33. Maria Amália Pacheco Jorge da Silva (11). 34. Francisco Xavier “Chico” Pacheco Jorge da Silva (9). 35. Maria Leonor “Mariazinha” Rodrigues da Silva (11). 36. José Francisco Sales da Silva (12). 37. Humberto Francisco Sales da Silva (7). 38. Hugo José Sales da Silva (5). 39. Maria Terezinha Trigo da Silva (3). 40. Maria Luíza Trigo da Silva (7). 41. João Vasco Pacheco Jorge da Silva (7). 42. Nuno Maria do Carmo Pacheco Jorge da Silva (6). 43. Maria Manuela “Bonéca” Rodrigues da Silva (7). 44. Alberto Fernando Rodrigues da Silva (5). 45. Arnaldo Carlos “Guigi” Rodrigues da Silva (10).Note: The number in parenthesis is the age of the person at the time the photograph was taken.Name identification in collaboration with José Eduardo Q. Pereira da Costa

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families230 231Maria Alice “Filinha” Rodrigues da Silva’s 21st birthday, Macau, 15 June, 19421. Eduardo Batalha da Silva. 2. Rogério Lobo. 3. ..?.. Choi. 4. Henrique Braga. 5. Unknown. 6. Maria de Lourdes “Lolly” Borges. 7. Maria Amélia Pinheiro. 8. Socorro Rodrigues. 9. Fernanda Rodrigues. 10. Wanda Rodrigues. 11. Alberto “Betita” Rodrigues da Silva. 12. Lília Rodrigues da Silva. 13. Maria Alice Rodrigues da Silva. 14. António Maria da Silva. 15. Maria Manuela “Boneca” Rodrigues da Silva. 16. Sheila Rodrigues. 17. Natércia Amorim,18. Unknown. 19. Mariazinha Rodrigues da Silva. 20. Noémia Batalha. 21. João Leitão. 22. João Vasco Jorge da Silva. 23. José Mello. 24. Dennis Rodrigues. 25. Nuno Jorge da Silva. 26. José “Zé-Zé” Sales da Silva. 27. Maria Lourdes “Bébé” Trigo da Silva. 28. Maria Amália Jorge da Silva. 29. Margaret Choi. 30. Micas Gonçalves. 31. Argentina Gonçalves. 32. Unknown. 33. Unknown. 34. Margarida “Margie” Botelho. 35. Therese Lopes. 36. Natércia Hagatong. 37. ?. Olga de Mello?. 38. ..?.. Remédios. 39. Celeste Cortiço Paz. 40. Maria Tereza da Luz. 41. Laurinha Nolasco. 42. João Nolasco. 43. Gustavo “Guta” Sales da Silva. 44. Tommy Rodrigues. 45. Unknown. 46. Armando Basto. 47. Maria de Lourdes de Eça. 48. Deolinda Quintas. 49. Elfrida Pereira. 50. Verna Rodrigues. 51. Elisa Amaral. 52. Amália de Oliveira Sales. 53. Elfrida de Oliveira Sales. 54. Telma de Oliveira Sales. 55. Edith Nolasco da Silva. 56. Arnaldo “Sonny” de Oliveira Sales. 57. Alda Basto 58. Edith Nolasco. 59. Maria Fernanda Nolasco. 60. Fernando Ribeiro. 61. António Botelho. 62. Rui Lopo de Menezes. 63. António “Toneco” Eça. 64. Rigoberto do Rosário. 65. Armando Hagatong. 66. Natércia “Netty” Lobo. 67. ..?.. Carlos. 68. Unknown. 69. Jaime Amaral. 70. Unknown. 71. Henrique Pereira. 72. Unknown. 73. Sara “Sarin” dos Remédios. 74. Letícia “Letty” Mello. 75. Olga Borges. 76. António Pereira. 77. Cristina Mello. 78. ..?.. Choi. 79. Unknown. 80. Unknown. 81. Mariazinha Sousa Afonso. 82. Armando “Biching” Rodrigues da Silva. 83. Artemisa Lacerda. 84. Maria do Carmo de Senna Fernandes. 85. Armanda Borges. 86. Unknown. 87. Olívia Lobo. 88. Unknown. 89. Levínia Gomes. 90. ? Carlos. 91. Alberto Botelho. 92. ?Américo “Méca” Jorge da Silva?. 93. Arnaldo “Gigui” Rodrigues da Silva. 94. Francisco “Chico” Jorge da Silva.Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families232 233The Pacheco Jorge cousins, 1945Back Row: Maria da Graça Pacheco Jorge da Silva Ramos, Alexandre Pacheco Jorge da Silva Ramos, Ana Maria Pinto Pacheco Jorge. Middle Row: António Manuel “Tonéco” Pacheco Jorge da Silva, José António “Zéca” Fernandes Pacheco Jorge. Front Row: Luíz Alberto Pacheco Jorge da Silva, Carlos Alberto Pinto Pacheco Jorge, Pedro Manuel Pacheco Jorge Barreiros, Manuel António Pacheco Jorge Barreiros.António M. Jorge da Silva collectionEdmundo José do Couto de Senna Fernandes family, 1946Back Row: Maria Cecília, Maria Luísa, Maria Amália, Maria Fernanda, Henrique Rodrigues,Edmundo José, Gustavo Augusto, Maria Leonor, Maria Cristina. Front Row: Maria de Lourdes, Maria Luísa de Oliveira Rodrigues (wife), Maria Gabriela, Edmundo José de Senna Fernandes, João Manuel.Miguel de Senna Fernandes collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families234 235António Maria da Silva family, 1949Back Row: António Maria da Silva and Lilia Maria de Carvalho Rodrigues. Middle Row: Armando Maria, António Emílio, Augusto José. Front Row: Maria Alice, Maria Leonor, Arnaldo Carlos.Isabel Maria Pereira da Costa collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Luís Gonzaga Nolasco da Silva family, 1949Left to Right: Carlos Humberto da Silva, Beatriz Nolasco da Silva, Fernanda Nolasco da Silva, Mário Nolasco da Silva, Maria Fernanda Nolasco da Silva Ribeiro, Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro, Luís Gonzaga Nolasco da Silva (sitting in chair), Beatriz Bontein da Rosa holding Margarida Nolasco de Menezes Ribeiro, Gustavo Nolasco da Silva, Marilla Strecht de Aguiar.Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families236 237Henrique José Manhão family, 1950Back Row: António Manuel, Lurdes ?, Rogério José, Maximiana Cordova Manhão, Henrique José Manhão, Laura Gabriela, Henrique José Jr., Agustinho Guilherme. Front Row: Lindamira Eulália, Fernanda José, Maria José, Marcelina de Fátima, Francisco José, José do Rosário.Courtesy: Henrique Manhão collection Macau families at Camões Garden, circa 19501. António dos Santos, 2. Alváro Santos, 3. Joaquim dos Santos, 4. Manuel Sapage, 5. Reinaldo Rosario, 6. Irene Capitulé, 7. Berta dos Santos, 8. Olga Collaço, 9. Luís Collaço, 10. Maria Capitulé, 11. Ivone Capitulé, 12. Brazilda Capitulé, 13. César Capitulé, 14. Daniel Rosario, 15. Teresa Lopes, 16. Fáusto Lopes, 17. Rogério Lopes, 18. Lília Sapage, 19. Ríta Rosario, 20. Choi Lee Rosario, 21. Timóteo Rosario (grandson), 22. Unknown, 23. Maria Rosario, 24. José Capitulé, 25. Judith Collaço, 26. António Capitulé, 27. Unknown, 28. Joaquim Lopes, 29. Maria Rosario, 30. Títo Lopes, 31. Fernando Rosario, 32, 33, 34, 35. Unknown, 36. Edith Lopes, 37. Virginia Rosario, 38. Unknown, 39. Vicéncia Rosario, 40. Unknown, 41. Joāo Capitulé, 42. Fernanda Rosario.Henrique Manhão collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families238 239Silva families, 1958Top Row: Hugo José Sales da Silva (28), António Maria “Toning” Rodrigues da Silva (40), Alfredo José da Silva (45), Álvaro Alberto Sales da Silva (44), Alberto Eduardo da Silva (44), Armando Maria “Biching” Rodrigues da Silva (38), Joas José Monteiro Lopes (48), Eduardo Batalha da Silva (43), Fernando Batalha da Silva (45), Humberto Francisco Sales da Silva (30). Second Row: Arnaldo Carlos “Gigue” Rodrigues da Silva (33), João Bosco Basto da Silva (19), Maria Eugénia “Jenny” Ribeiro da Silva (19), Teresa Rodrigues da Silva (12), Maria Angélica “Geca” Sales da Silva (14), Ernesto Carlos Basto da Silva (13), Ana Maria Gomes da Silva (15), Jorge Alberto Basto da Silva (17), Maria Cecília da Silva Lopes (16), Maria Gabriela “Gaby” Ribeiro da Silva (20), Vasco José Sales da Silva (22). Third Row sitting: Letícia Maria “Letty” Mello e Silva (36), Maria de Lourdes Batalha da Silva (43) with son Luís Filipe (1), Maria de Lourdes “Milú” Lobo da Silva (4), Netércia “Netty” Lobo da Silva (32) with son António Pedro “Tó Pedro” (2), Albertina Maria “Atí” de Siqueira Basto da Silva (42), Cecília Sales da Silva (19) with son Hugo José (3), Alda Maria da Silva (40), Alice Maria da Silva (47), Carolina Maria da Silva Lopes (42), Maria Luísa Gomes da Silva (40), Maria Eduarda Batalha da Silva (34) with niece Teresa Batalha da Silva (2), Maria Júlia Raimundo da Silva (43), Maria Helena “Lena”da Costa Rodrigues da Silva (31) with daughter Isabel Maria (4). Front Row sitting: Manuel Maria Batalha da Silva (8), José Manuel “Zé Manel” Gomes da Silva (8), Alberto Manuel Mello e Silva (6), Carlos Alberto Gomes da Silva (10), Manuel António Mello e Silva (11), António Pedro “Toní” Batalha da Silva (11), Maria Manuela Sales da Silva (4), Helena Maria“Lena”Batalha da Silva (4), Maria Manuela Mello e Silva (4), Fernando Manuel“Náno”Batalha da Silva (10), José Júlio“Zé”Batalha da Silva (13).José and Isabel Pereira da Costa collectionSilva families at Clube Macau, Christmas 1964Back Row: Humberto Francisco Sales da Silva, Armando “Biching” Rodrigues da Silva, Fernando Manuel “Nano” Soares Batalha da Silva, Maria Gabriella “Gaby” Ribeiro da Silva, José Manuel “Ze Manel” Gomes da Silva, Maria Eugenia “Jenny” Ribeiro da Silva, Álvaro Alberto Sales da Silva, Ana Maria Gomes da Silva, Joas José Monteiro Lopes, Maria Angélica “Géca” Sales da Silva, Eduardo António Batalha da Silva, António Manuel “Toneco” Jorge da Silva, Arnaldo Carlos “Gigue” Rodrigues da Silva, Fernando Augusto Batalha da Silva. Middle Row: Gloria Nana Soo Sales da Silva, Letícia Maria “Letty” de Mello Rodrigues da Silva, Cecília Chan Sales da Silva, Hugo José Sales da Silva, Beatriz Emília “Betty” da Silva, Albertina Maria “Atí” Basto da Silva, Carlos Humberto da Silva, Maria Luisa Gomes da Silva, Alberto Eduardo da Silva, Maria Júlia Raimundo Sales da Silva, Carolina Maria Sales da Silva Lopes, Maria Eduarda “Eddie” Tchiang Batalha da Silva, Penelope Jane “Penny” Officer Yexley Jorge da Silva, Alice Maria da Silva, Natércia “Netty” Lobo Rodrigues da Silva. Front Row: Unknown, Unknown, Unknown, Maria Teresa Soares Batalha da Silva, Elena Maria Soares Batalha da Silva, Maria de Lourdes “Milu” Lobo da Silva, Unknown, Alberto Manuel Mello e Silva, Unknown.Courtesy: Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Families240 241Mercia Boyol’s birthday Macau, 11 April, 1959Achiam, Roberto Badaraco, Ritchie, Eduardo (Palito), Rogério Mendes, Rui Ramalho, Álvaro Andrade, Vitor Manhão, António Lam, Aurea Collaço, Luís Baptista, Ivone Fernandes, Anita Barros, Paulina Silva, Cintia Badaraco, Irene Manhão, Micaela Airosa, Maria Fonseca, Judite Boyol, Rafael Boyol, Susana Airosa.Aurea Collaço collectionHenrique de Senna Fernandes family, 1967Cristina Maria, Henrique Miguel, Maria Teresa Ho (wife), Henrique de Senna Fernandes, Maria Luisa, Vasco Nuno.Miguel de Senna Fernandes collectionCourtesy: Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017Jorge Rangel family Jorge Alberto “Jimmy”, Alexandra Sofia, Maria João de Senna Fernandes (wife).Courtesy: Jorge Alberto Rangel collection

243The Portuguese Community Of Macau – A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports244 245Children’s Carnival, 1923Philippe Yvanovich collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports246 247New Year’s Eve at Clube Macau, circa 19321–5. Unknown, 6. José “Zinho” Batalha da Silva, 7. Beatriz “Betty” Nolasco da Silva, 8. Carlos Humberto da Silva, 9. Unknown, 10. Unknown, 11. Alice Maria da Silva, 12. Unknown, 13. Unknown, 14. Américo Pacheco Jorge, 15–20. Unknown, 21. Leolinda Carolina Trigo da Silva, 22–25. Unknown, 26. Henriqueta Clarisse Pacheco Jorge, 27–28. Unknown, 29. Ilda Marçal Nunes Pacheco Jorge, 30–34. Unknown, 35. Álvaro Alberto de Sales da Silva, 36. Adelino Barbosa da Conceição, 37–38. Unknown, 39. Maria José Pacheco Jorge, 40. ? Silva, 41. Francisco “Zéca” Marçal, 42–44. Unknown, 45. António Emílio “Toning” Rodrigues da Silva, 46–50. Unknown, 51. Mercedes Maria Fonseca Pacheco Jorge, 52. Fernando Lara Reis, 53. Unknown, 54. Fernando Batalha da Silva, 55. Unknown, 56. Joas José Monteiro Lopes, 57. Alda Maria de Sales da Silva, 58. Unknown, 59. Alberto Eduardo da Silva, 60–63. Unknown.António “Toning” Rodrigues da Silva collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports248 249Carnival at Clube Macau, 1934 John and Olga Gonsalves collectionCarnival at Clube Macau, 19341. Unknown. 2. Unknown. 3. Unknown. 4. Olga de Senna e Mello. 5. Unknown. 6. Unknown. 7. Unknown. 8. Unknown. 9. Fernando Lara Reis. 10. Unknown. 11. Mário José Ribeiro. 12. Unknown. 13. Álvaro Sales da Silva. 14. Unknown. 15. Adelino Barbosa da Conceição. 16. Fernando José Rodrigues. 17. Maria José “Zézinha” do Amaral. 18. Unknown. 19. Unknown. 20. Alice Cardoso. 21. Lo Veng Sek. 22. Ilda Pacheco Jorge. 23. Unknown. 24. Unknown. 25. Pedro “Pedrico” Nolasco da Silva. 26. Ricardina Eduarda “Eduardinha” do Amaral. 27. Unknown. 28. João Canavarro Nolasco da Silva. 29. Unknown. 30. Fernando de Senna Fernandes Rodrigues. 31. Unknown. 32. Alexandre dos Santos Majer. 33. Remigio Banares. 34. Unknown. 35. Maria Guilhermina de Senna e Mello. 36. Cláudio Vaz. 37. Unknown. 38. Helena Maria “Nena” Rafael da Silva Ribeiro. 39. Luciano Martins. 40. Unknown. 41. Unknown. 42. Amália Nolasco da Silva. 43. Unknown. 44. Unknown. 45. Maria de Sousa Afonso. 46. Unknown. 47. Unknown. 48. Unknown. 49. Unknown. 50. Beatriz “Betty” Nolasco da Silva. 51. Laura Maria de Guimarães Lobato. 52. Unknown. 53. Unknown. 54. Unknown. 55. Gustavo “Guta” Sales da Silva. 56. Unknown. 57. ?.Vargas Moniz. 58. Unknown. 59. OlgaMaria Alves Borges. 60. Unknown. 61. Unknown. 62. José “Adé” dos Santos Ferreira. 63. Maria José Pacheco Jorge. 64. José de Sena e Mello. 65. Armando “Biching” Rodrigues da Silva. 66. Letícia Maria “Letty” de Sena e Mello. 67. Maria Helena “Marili” da Silva Ribeiro. 68. Alberto Pacheco Jorge. 69. Gaby Cardoso. 70. Unknown. 71. Fernando “Bébé” de Menezes Ribeiro. 72. Unknown. 73. ?. Vargas Moniz. 74. Unknown. 75. Unknown. 76. João Nolasco da Silva. 77. Unknown. 78. Joas José Lopes. 79. Américo Pacheco Jorge. 80. Frederico Nolasco da Silva. 81. Virgílio Correia. 82. Eduardo Batalha da Silva. 83. Carlos Humberto da Silva. 84. Marie Sales da Silva. 85. José “Zéca” Trigo da Silva. 86. Fernando “Naninho” Jorge. 87. Unknown. 88. Vera de Senna Fernandes. 89. Unknown. 90. ..?. Silva. 91. Humberto José Bordalo Borges. 92. Henriqueta Pacheco Jorge Barreiros. 93. Danilo Barreiros. 94. Armando Maria de Sequeira e Basto.Name identification: Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports250 251Carnival surprise party with Macau musical group, 23 February, 1935Assalto de Carnaval com Tuna Macaense“Assaltos” or surprise visits (before the Carnival fancy-dress event at Clube Macau) to private homes were customary during Carnival time in MacauJohn and Olga Gonsalves collection1. Unknown. 2. João Nolasco da Silva. 3. João Siu. 4. Unknown. 5. Humberto Bordalo Borges. 6. Unknown. 7. Joas José Lopes. 8. Unknown. 9. Unknown. 10. Unknown. 11. Unknown. 12. José “Adé” dos Santos Ferreira. 13. Unknown. 14. Unknown. 15. Leonel de Oliveira Rodrigues. 16. Frederico Nolasco da Silva. 17. Unknown. 18. Patrício Bom Filho da Luz. 19. Unknown. 20. Unknown. 21. Unknown. 22. Cláudio Alexandre Vaz. 23 ..?... “Chanito” Gonçalves. 24. Unknown. 25. Unknown. 26. António Pereira. 27. Unknown. 28. Adalrico António Viana. 29. Unknown. 30. Unknown. 31. Unknown. 32. Unknown. 33. Unknown. 34. Unknown. 35. Unknown. 36. Unknown. 37. Meinardo da Silva Pedruco. 38. Edmundo de Senna Fernandes. 39. Carlos António da Conceição. 40. Unknown. 41. Alberto Maria da Conceição. 42. Eduardo Batalha da Silva. 43. Unknown. 44. Unknown. 45. Maria Georgina Fernandes Marçal. 46. Unknown. 47. José “Zécas” do Couto Marçal. 48. António “Toning” Rodrigues da Silva. 49. Fernando Lara Reis. 50. João dos Santos Ferreira. 51. Amadeu Marques Borges. 52. José “Atóc” Ferreira. 53. Unknown. 54. Unknown. 55. Constancio Lemos de Araújo. 56. Unknown. 57. Unknown. 58. Jofre do Rosário Manhão. 59. Unknown. 60. Demétrio “Bébé” Hyndman do Rosário. 61. Rigoberto Rogério “Beto” do Rozário. 62. Unknown. 63. Américo “Méca” Jorge da Silva. 64. Unknown. 65. Unknown. 66. Unknown. 67. Unknown. 68. Unknown. 69. Francisco “Chiquito” Freire Garcia. 70. Unknown. 71. Unknown. 72. Adelino Barbosa da Conceição. 73. Unknown.Name identification: Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports252 253Carnival surprise party 2, 23 February, 1935Assalto de Carnaval John and Olga Gonsalves collectionCarnival surprise party 2, 23 February, 1935Assalto de Carnaval 1. Unknown. 2. Armando “Biching” Rodrigues da Silva. 3. Micas Gonçalves. 4. Fernanda da Rocha Xavier. 5. Unknown. 6. Unknown. 7. Unknown. 8. Unknown. 9. Renée de Senna Fernandes. 10. Maria José “Zézinha” do Amaral. 11. Unknown. 12. Unknown. 13. Unknown. 14. Unknown. 15 Unknown. 16. Unknown. 17. Unknown. 18. Unknown. 19. Maria Adelaide Braga. 20. ..?.. Batalha. 21. Unknown. 22. Unknown. 23. Maria do Carmo “Zinha” de Senna Fernandes. 24. Unknown. 25. Unknown. 26. Unknown. 27. Luisa Eusébio. 28. Armanda Júlia Borges. 29. Edmundo de Senna Fernandes. 30. Unknown. 31. Maria Georgina Fernandes Marçal. 32. Maria “Conchita” da Conceição Borges. 33. José “Zécas”do Couto Marçal. 35. Maria Júlia Raimundo. 36. Unknown. 37. Unknown. 38. Adelino Barbosa da Conceição. 39. Ricardina Eduarda “Eduardinha” do Amaral. 40. Maria Guilhermina “Elmy” de Sena e Mello. 41. Unknown. 42. Gaby de Senna Fernandes. 43. Olga de Sena e Mello. 44. Maria de Lourdes “Lolly” Borges. 45. Unknown. 46. Letícia “Letty” de Sena e Mello. 48. Celsa Rodrigues. 49. Celeste Maria da Silva Vidigal. 50. Unknown. 51. Unknown. 52. Unknown. 53. Unknown. 54. Unknown.Name identification: Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports254 255Carnival at Clube Macau, 5 March, 1935John and Olga Gonsalves collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports256 257Carnival at Clube Macau, 5 March, 1935Left hand side of photograph1. Unknown. 2. Unknown. 3. Unknown. 4. Unknown. 5. Unknown. 6. Unknown. 7. Unknown. 8. Unknown. 9. Unknown. 10. Aureliano Guterres Jorge. 11. José Augusto Osório do Amaral. 12. Maria Georgina Fernandes Marçal. 13. Unknown. 14. José “Zécas” do Couto Marçal. 15. António “Tonim” Rodrigues da Silva. 16. António Maria da Silva. 17. Unknown. 18. Laura Maria de Guimarães Lobato Majer. 19. Celsa Rodrigues. 20. Alexandre dos Santos Majer. 21. Fernando Lara Reis. 22. Mário José Ribeiro. 23. Unknown. 24. Olga de Sena e Mello. 25. Delfino José Ribeiro. 26. Ilda Pacheco Jorge. 27. Américo Pacheco Jorge. 28. Beatriz “Betty” Nolasco da Silva. 29. José da Cruz Ribeiro. 30. Unknown. 31. Berta da Silva Cruz Ribeiro. 32. Lu Veng Sek. 33. Unknown. 34. Cristina Rodrigues Ribeiro. 35. Helena Maria “Nena” Rafael da Silva Ribeiro. 36. Melina Aires “Míli” da Silva Catela. 37. Unknown. 38. Unknown. 39. Unknown. 67. Unknown. 68. Unknown. 69. Unknown. 70. Renée de Senna Fernandes. 71. Maria José Pacheco Jorge. 72. Maria José “Zézinha” do Amaral. 73. Alice Maria da Silva. 74. Unknown. 75. Ricardina Eduarda “Eduardinha” do Amaral. 76. Unknown. 77. Fernando José Rodrigues. 78. Unknown. 95. Unknown. 96. Jofre do Rosário Manhão. 97. Unknown. 98. Henriqueta Pacheco Jorge Barreiros. 99. Celeste Maria da Silva Vidigal. 100. Amália Nolasco da Silva. 101. Unknown. 102. Alda Maria da Silva. 103 ..?. “Béca” Silva. 104. Joas José Lopes. 112. Unknown. 113. Unknown. 114. Unknown. 115. Leopoldo Danilo Barreiros. 116. Eduardo Batalha da Silva. 117. Unknown. 18. José “Zinho” Batalha da Silva. 119. Unknown. 120. Carlos Humberto da Silva. 121. Unknown. 122. Frederico Nolasco da Silva. 123. Maria Helena “Lena” de Menezes Ribeiro. 124. Unknown.Name Identification: Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports258 259Carnival at Clube Macau, 5 March, 1935Right hand side of photograph40. Unknown. 41. Leolinda Trigo da Silva. 42.Remígio Banares. 43. Unknown. 43. Unknown. 45. Maria Guilhermina “Elmy” de Sena e Mello. 46. Beatriz da Rosa Nolasco da Silva. 47. Gaby de Senna Fernandes. 48. ?..Silva. 49. Henrique Viseu Pinheiro. 50. Albertina Maria “Ati” de Sequeira e Basto. 51. Alfredo José da Silva. 52. Maria Amália de Senna Fernandes Rego. 53. Maria Alica Ribeiro Nolasco da Silva. 54. Unknown. 55. Alda Maria de Sequeira e Basto. 56. Neeltjie “Nelly” van Woerkom Rodrigues. 57. Fernando de Senna Fernandes Rodrigues. 58. Olga Pacheco Jorge da Silva. 59. Júlio António Eugénio da Silva. 60. Fernanda da Rocha Xavier. 61. Unknown. 62. ..?. Vargas Moniz. 63. ..?. Vargas Moniz. 64. Unknown. 65. Emílio Bontein da Rosa. 66. Unknown. 79. João Siu. 80. Adelino Barbosa da Conceição. 81. Humberto Fernando Rodrigues. 82. Armando “Biching” Rodrigues da Silva. 83. Letícia Maria “Letty” de Sena e Mello. 84. Alina Angela Rodrigues. 85. José Fernando Rodrigues. 86. José de Sena e Mello. 87. Unknown. 88. Alberto Maria da Conceição. 89. Unknown. 90. Unknown. 91. Unknown. 92. Unknown. 93. Unknown. 94. Unknown. 05. João Nolasco da Silva. 106. Unknown. 107. Fernando José Ramalho. 108. Unknown. 109. Unknown. 110. Armando Maria de Sequeira e Basto. 111. Bernardino de Senna Fernandes. 125. Leonel de Oliveira Rodrigues. 126. Luisa Eusébio. 127. Unknown. 128. Unknown. 129. José Maria Nolasco da Silva. 130. Maria Adelaide Braga. 131. Francisco Xavier “Chiquito” Freire Garcia. 132. Carlos António da Conceição. 133. Unknown.Name identification: Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports260 261Show at Clube Macau, 1952..?.. Delgado, José António “Zécas” Vidigal, António Nolasco, Freitas Ribeiro, Josing Nolasco, Julian?Manuela “Bebé” Vidigal Pacheco Jorge collectionFolklore group at Clube de Sargentos, 1959John and Olga Gonsalves collection1. Henriqueta “Queta” Xavier. 2. Yolanda Freire. 3. Amadeu “Béca” Borges. 4. Euricles Brito de Lima. 5. António Maneiras. 6. Eunice Freire. 7. Edna Brito de Lima. 8. Francisco “Chiquito” Freire Garcia. 9. José “Jó” de Assis Pinto. 10. Nini Aires. 11. Mário Barata Cruz. 12. Pilar Freire. 13. ..?.. Pessanha. 14. Mariazinha Marçal. 15. Didi Aires. 16. Maria Manuela “Manecas” Vaz. 17. Edite Maneiras. 18. José Rodrigues. 19. Edite Marçal. 20. Albertino Almeida. 21. Nuno de Senna Fernandes. 22. Cristina Marques Mano. 23. Alfredo Cabral.

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports262 263Sports in MacauTennis and field hockey were the two popular sports that the people of Macau enjoyed. Tennis at the club Tenis Civil was popular among the elite families while hockey was the sport of the youth. They often competed with the teams from Hong Kong. Hockey “Interports,” as they were called, was an annual event where the Macau team would play against the team representing Hong Kong. These teams played once a year on the only field in the city located opposite the Liceu high school between Avenida do Conselheiro Ferreira de Almeida and Rua do Amaral. British, Dutch, and other club teams from Hong Kong, including ladies and schoolboys teams, would also visit Macau to play against local teams.Group photo taken at Tenis Civil Macau, circa mid-1940sBack Row: Alexandrino “Alex” Boyol, John Reeves (British Consul), Alberto Pacheco Jorge, Maria Amélia de Menezes, Unknown, Phyllis Nolasco, Unknown, Unknown, Unknown, José “Zécas” Vidigal, José de Senna Fernandes, Pedro Correia de Barros, Pedro José Lobo, Pedro Lobato, Alfredo Silva, Henrique Nolasco Jr., ..?.. Leal. Front Row: Henrique Nolasco, Lizel Wagner, Antoninho Mello, ..?.. Bradley, Manuel Nolasco da Silva (boy on floor), Maria Antonieta Pacheco Jorge, Maria Helena “Lena” Ribeiro Lobato, ..?.. Bradley (Commissioner of Chinese Customs), Beatriz “Betty” Nolasco da Silva, Maria Alice Ribeiro Nolasco da Silva, João Villa Franca, Olga Mello Bragança, Cassiano Fonseca, Unknown, Adelino da Conceição (on floor), Carlos Humberto da Silva.Historical notes by Fernando Ribeiro: Pedro Correia de Barros was President of Leal Senado in Macau 1945 and 1946, returned to Portugal then returned to Macau as Governor 1957–1958 and in 1958 was nominated as Governor-General of Mozambique 1958–1961. Dr. Alberto Pacheco Jorge was a lawyer and Macau’s representative to the Portuguese National Assembly. Dr. Pedro José Lobo was one of the wealthiest men in Macau in his time. In 1950, he founded a new radio station in Macau — Rádio Vila Verde. A patron of the Arts and Macaense Culture, he was awarded several decorations by the Portuguese Government.Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports264 265Tennis Interport – Club de Recreio vs Tenis Civil, February 1948Photo taken at Tenis Civil, MacauBack Row (Standing): Carlos Humberto da Silva, Unknown, Unknown, Maria Teresa “Marie” Figueiredo, Olga Maria Vieira Ribeiro da Silva, Mylthie Maria da Silva, Lídia Maria “Bobby” da Silva e Sousa Leitão, Marie Ribeiro Ramchand, Maria Helena ”Lena” Lobato, Henrique Alberto “Henry” Barros, Unknown. Front Row: António “Mimi” dos Remedios, João Villa Franca, José Boyol, Adelino “Lino” Gosano, Marcus de Oliveira, Alexandrino “Alex” Boyol.Courtesy: Fernando Ribeiro collectionTennis Interport — Club de Recreio vs Tenis Civil, circa 1950Photo taken at Tenis Civil, MacauBack Row: José Boyol, Alfredo Silva, Raúl Canavarro, Horácio da Conceição, Alberto Correa, José “Josing” Remedios, Fernando Ribeiro, Unknown, Alberto Silva, Unknown, José “Joe” Marques, Dennis Rodrigues, Unknown, Unknown, Fernando Canavarro, Mâncio Sousa. Front Row: Sotero “Sotie” Collaço, Júlio “Tótó” Branco, António “Mimi” Remedios, Antoninho Mello, Albertino Almeida, Euricles Brito de Lima, Humberto Rodrigues, Alexandrino “Alex” Boyol.Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports266 267Hong Kong-Macau Hockey Interport, circa 1953Back Row: George Palmer, Alfredo Nery, Frederico Nolasco, Baghat Singh, Lourenço Ritchie, Lionel Guterres, Unknown, Unknown, Armando Basto, Junior Remedios, Amadeo Cordeiro, David Coffey, Albertino Almeida, João dos Santos Ferreira. Front Row: João Nolasco, Unknown, Herculano “Josico” da Rocha, Bertie Gosano, José Rosario, Armando Marques, Fernando Marques, Ronnie Collaço, Augusto Jorge, Hermes Roza.Isabella “Bella” Palmer collectionHong Kong-Macau Schoolboys Hockey Interport, 1955Photo taken in MacauBack Row: Terry Chamberlain (Umpire Hong Kong), Michel Mottu, Frederico Cordeiro, Unknown, José Capitulé, Unknown, Vitor Serra de Almeida, Unknown, Rui Aires da Silva, Alberto “Tito” Rodrigues, Manuel Valoma, Kuldip Singh, João Bosco Basto da Silva, António M. Jorge da Silva, João dos Santos Ferreira (Umpire Macau). Front Row: Jorge Basto da Silva, Unknown, Sá Silva, Ted Belote, Armando Almeida, John Bechtel, Francisco Rodrigues, Unknown, António Capitulé.Vitor Serra de Almeida collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports268 269Team Badmington at Gymnasuim of Liceu Nacional Infante D. Henrique, circa mid-1940Back Row: Alfredo Silva, Marcus Gaan, Unknown, Leonardo “Rios” Remedios, Fernando Ribeiro, António Xavier, Armando “Biching” Rodrigues da Silva, Eduardo Batalha da Silva. Front Row: Fernando Rodrigues, Damaso d’Aquino, Gustavo “Guta” Silva, Humberto Rodrigues, António Guterres, José “Zéca” Trigo da Silva.Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro collectionClay-Pigeon Shooting Competition at the Macau Hippodrome, 21 October, 1939Torneio de Tiro aos Pratos no Hipódromo de MacauLeft to Right: Frederico “Dico” Jorge Batalha, Unknown, Emílio Bontein da Rosa, Unknown, Unknown, Capt. ..?.. Proença, Carlos António da Conceição, Edmundo de Senna Fernandes (white suit and hat), Unknown (hidden behind Senna Fernandes), Fernando “Bébé” de Menezes Ribeiro, Luís “I-Chi” de Senna e Mello, António de Jesus Placé, Delfino José Ribeiro, Mário José Ribeiro, António Ferreira Batalha, João “Joãosino” Corrêa Paes d’Assumpção, António Alexandre de Mello, Adolfo Adroaldo Jorge, Fernando de Senna Fernandes Rodrigues.Historical notes by Fernando Ribeiro: António Mello was the representative of the titles of Barão e Visconde do Cercal.João d’Assumpção was the father of noted Macaense lawyer Dr. Carlos d’Assumpção.Edmundo de Senna Fernandes was the father of lawyer and author Dr. Henrique de Senna Fernandes.Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro collection

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Festivities and Sports270 271Gathering of young men in Macau, late 1950s1. Mário Cordeiro. 2. Filisberto Bañares (Kai-kai). 3. José Cunha (Zéca). 4. Generoso João Leal da Silva (Bébé). 5. Ismael da Silva. 6. José Capitulé. 7. Ludgero Siqueira (Checa). 8. Manuel Valoma. 9. António Capitulé (Capí-chai). 10. José da Silva (Inho). 11. Zoé Siqueira. 12. Arnaldo Ribes da Silva (Bicho). 13. Leonel da Costa (Lenny). 14. Severino Silva (A-Mong). 15. João Nolasco. 16. Vasco Rodrigues. 17. Mário Horácio Britto. 18. Fernando de Menezes Ribeiro (Portuguese Vice-Consul. Hong Kong). 19. António da Cunha (Mocho). 20. Carlos Lopes (Portuguese Consul). 21. Arnaldo Couto (Chocolate). 22. José Conde. 23. Manuel Guerreiro (Ló-Pák). 24. Artur Rosa. 25. Sonny Gomes. 26. Armindo Manhão Robarts. 27. Francisco Xavier (Chico). 28. José Salvado da Silva (Boi). 29. João Couto. 30. José Maria Ináciio. 31. Luís Xavier (Nháto). 32. Luís Baptista. 33. João Almeida (João Zoi). 34. Fernando Zeferino de Sousa (Hám-Pao). 35. Leonel Gomes. 36. Sebastião José. 37. Euclides Viana. 38. Alfredo Amorim. 39. Fernando Siqueira (Ká-Tchat). 40. Lopes. 41. Felísberto da Rosa (Padre). 42. Demée. 43. Vasco Sales da Silva (Kéu-Kéu). 44. Daniel Oliveira. 45. Moisés Bernardo. 46. Alfredo Almeida. 47. Renato Rodrigues. 48. Lourenço Fong Assis. 49. Unknown. 50. Artur da Rocha (Tutu). 51 Rui Ramalho. 52. Antunes (Mango). 53. Victor S. da Silva. 54. Ramiro da rocha. 55. Francisco Marques (Chico). 56. António Manuel dos Santos. 57. Sérgio Ruide Pina (Bobby). 58. Amilcar Vaz Placé (Mickey). 59. Eduardo Bontein da Roza (Eddie). 60. Adrião Pinto Marques Jr. (Junior). 61. Viriato do Rosário (Só-Pi). 62. André Bañares. 63. Manuel Sequeira. 64. Rui Ayres da Silva. 65. Domingos José de Almeida (Kai-Pou). 66. Francisco Mendes (Mincee). 67. Alberto Fernandes (Chi-Chi). 68. Leonel Sequeira (Napoleão). 69. Johnny Fernandes. 70. Alberto F. Rodrigues (Tou-Chai). 71. Dias (brother of Miss Dias). 72. Gregório da Silva (Góio). 73. Henrique da Luz (Jap).Eduardo Francisco collection

273BibliographyAmaro, Ana Maria. Filhos da Terra, Instituto Cultural de Macau, 1988.Barreiros, Leopoldo Danilo. Dialecto de Macau, Unpublished, Macau, 1943.Batalha, Graciete Nogueira. Glossário do Dialecto Macaense, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, Instituto de Estudos Românticos, Coimbra, Portugal, 1977. Lingua de Macau, Imprensa Nacional, Macau 1979, (2nd reprint) as printed in Review of Culture – The Macanese No. 20 (2nd Series), English Edition, the Instituto Cultural of Macau, 1994. Macanese Reflections – The Origins of the Macanese, Instituto Nacional de Macau, Macau, 1994.Boxer, Charles Ralph. Fidalgos in the Far East 1550-1770, Oxford University Press, reprint Hong Kong, 1968. Seventeenth Century Macau in Contemporary Documents and Illustrations, Heinemann, Educational Books (Asia), Hong Kong, 1984. The Great Ship from Amacon, Instituto Cultural de Macau et al., Macau, 1988. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire – 1415–1825, Carcanet Press Limited, Great Britain, 1991. Braga, José Maria. The Western Pioneers and their Discovery of Macao, Imprensa Nacional, Macau, 1949. China Landfall 1513 — Jorge Alvares Voyage to China, Instituto Português de Hongkong (secção de história), Imprensa Nacional, Macau, 1955.

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Bibliography274 275Braga, Stuart. Five Hundred Years of Macau, Instituto Internacional de Macau, Macau, 2016.Cheung, Gary Ka-wa. Hong Kong’s Watershed: The 1967 Riots, Hong Kong University Press, 2009. Coates, Austin. A Macao Narrative, Heinemann Educational Books (Asia) Ltd., Hong Kong, 1978. Macao and the British, 1637-1842 — Prelude to Hong Kong, Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, 1988.Coelho, R. Beltrão. Album Macau 1844–1974, Fundação Oriente, 1989.De Martini, Edith Jorge. The Wind amongst the Ruins, Vantage Press, New York, 1993.Fei, Chengkang. Macao 400 Years, The Publishing House of Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, 1996.Forjaz, Jorge. Famílias Macaenses, 6 vols, Alberge SCM e Bambu- Sociedade e Artes Limitada, Macau, 2017.França, Bento da. Macau e os seus Habitantes, Imprensa Nacional, Lisboa, Portugal, 1897.Freitas, José de Aquino Guimarães e. Memória sobre Macau, Real Imprensa da Universidade, Coimbra, 1828.Gomes, Luis Gonzaga. Macau Factos e Lendas, Edição da Quinzena de Macau, Lisboa, Portugal, 1979.Grills, Peter. Família Ribeiro, Self-published, Canberra, Australia, 2008.Jorge da Silva, António M. “I Remember…a nostalgic visit to Macau in the mid-1950s,” Lusitano Bulletin, vol. 1, bk. 2, 1992. “Macau – As the fateful day approaches,” Lusitano Bulletin, vol. 1, bk 3, 1992. “Refugiados da Segunda Guerra,“ Lusitano Bulletin, vol. 2, bk. 2, 1993. Diaspora Macaense to California, Associação Promotora da Instrução dos Macaenses, Macau, 2009. The Portuguese Community in Hong Kong — A Pictorial History, vol. 2, Instituto Internacional de Macau et al., Macau, 2010. Macaenses —The Portuguese in China, Instituto Internacional de Macau, Macau, 2015. Macaense Cuisine — Origins and Evolution, International Institute of Macau, Macau, 2016.Lessa, Almerindo. A História e os Homens da Primeira República Democrática do Oriente, Imprensa Nacional, Macau, 1974.Ljungstedt, Anders. An Historical Sketch of the Portuguese Settlements in China and of the Roman Catholic Church and Mission in China. Reprint of the 1836 Edition, Viking Hong Kong Publications, Hong Kong, 1992.Loureiro, João. Postais Antigos Macau, 3° Edição, Fundação Jorge Álvares, Lisboa, Portugal, 2005.Marreiros, Carlos. “Alliances for the Future,” Review of Culture, No. 20 July/September, Instituto Cultural, Macau, 1994, 162–72.Montalto de Jesus, C. A. Historic Macao, 2nd ed., 1926, reprinted by Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, 1984.

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History Bibliography276 277Monteiro, José Joaquim. Meio Século em Macau, vol. II, Instituto Internacional de Macau, Macau, 2010.Pereira, J. F. Marques. TA-SSI-YANG-KUO, Serie I, vols I–II and III–IV, Antiga Casa Betrand, Lisboa, 1899–1900.Silva, Beatriz Basto da. Cronologia da História de Macau, 5 vols, Direcção dos Serviços de Educação e Juventude, Macau, 1998.Silva, Renelde Bernardo da. A Identidade Macaense – The Macanese Identity, Instituto Internacional de Macau, Macau, 2001.Teixeira, Fr. Manuel. Galeria de Macaenses Ilustres do Século XIX, Imprensa Nacional de Macau, 1942. Macau Através dos Séculos, Imprensa Nacional de Macau, 1977. Toponímia de Macau, vols I and II, Imprensa Nacional de Macau, 1979. A Voz das Pedras, Imprensa Nacional de Macau, 1980. Macau Durante a Guerra, B.I.L.C. Nº 1 and 2, Boletim do Instituto Luís de Camões, Macau, 1981. Macau no Séc. XVIII, Imprensa Nacional de Macau, 1984.Other SourcesArquivos de Macau. Boletim do Arquivo Histórico de Macau, Tomos I e II, Direcção dos Serviços de Educação e Cultura, Imprensa Oficial de Macau, 1984.Cartography and Cadastre Bureau MacauSources of Photographs and IllustrationsArquivo Histórico de Macau.Botas, João, Macau Antigo, a blog about old Macau, http://macauantigo.blogspot.com/.Braga Collection, National Library of Australia.Eudore de Colomban (pseudonym of Padre Regis Gervaix), Hommes et Choses d’Extreme Orient, Macau, 1919.Forjaz, Jorge, Famílias Macaenses 2017, Alberge SCM e Bambu- Sociedade e Artes Limitada, Macau, 2017.Graça & Co. Hong Kong (the company no longer exists).Instituto Internacional de Macau, O Legado Cultural de Macau, Instituto Internacional de Macau, Macau, 2017.Macau Museum of Art, Macau.Montalto de Jesus, C. A. Historic Macao, Oxford University Press, Hong Kong, 1984.Moss, Peter, Chinnery in China, HSBC Archives, The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, Hong Kong Limited.Pacia, Vicente, Macau em 1667, J. M. Braga Collection, National Library of Australia.Pereira, J. F. Marques, TA-SSI-YANG-KUO (vol. I–II), Arquivo Histórico de Macau, 1984.Petersen, Karsten (Internet images).Toyo-Bunko (The Oriental Library).Woodbridge: Antique Collectors’ Club.Yin Guangren and Zhang Rulin, Ou-Mun Kei Leok, 1746 (out of print).

Bibliography 279

THE PORTUGUESE COMMUNITY IN MACAU A Pictorial History280