THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SENBEFORE THE FIRST GUANGZHOU UPRISING IN 1895(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary) Fok Kai Cheong

TITLETHE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN - BEFORE THE FIRST GUANGZHOU UPRISING IN 1895AUTHOR FOK KAI CHEONGEDITORSINTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MACAU,CHINESE ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCESand MILLENIUM INSTITUTE OF MACAUTRANSLATIONREBECCA CHANCOORDENATIONRUFINO RAMOSCOLECTIONSUMA ORIENTALVOLUME19COVER DESIGNLAM LAI MAN, CRISTINAPRINTED BYTIPOGRAFIA WELFARECIRCULATION500 COPIESWITH THE SUPPORT FROMFUNDAÇÃO MACAUISBN: 978-99965-59-04-4

IIM - Instituto Internacional de MacauRua de Berlim, no.204, Edf. Magnificient Court, Venus Court, 2 andarTel: +853 2875-1727 / Fax: +853 2875-1797 / Email: iim@iimacau.org.mowebsite: http://www.iimacau.org.mo/

INDEXPREFACE1. Introduction2. Debate on the exact time when Dr. Sun arrived in Macau3. Newly discovered information about where Dr. Sun resided when he practiced medicine in Macau4. New line of research on the accurate date that Dr. Sun left Macau5. Why did Dr. Sun Yat-sen choose Macau as the base to engage in revolutionary activities through medical practice?6. The impact of Dr. Sun’s experience in Macau on the achievement of his revolutionary cause 7. Conclusion7111725397711547

FOREWORDThe life, thought and political activity of Dr. Sun Yat Sen have been studied by some of the best researchers who work with the International Institute of Macau (IIM), whose studies about this highly respected public figure in modern China have been published by us in recent years. As part of IIM’s editorial collection, the following titles are worth mentioning: “Sun Yet Sen e a fundação da República Chinesa vista de Portugal – Uma aproximação política e diplomática”, by António Vasconcelos de Saldanha, professor at the University of Macau and the Institute of Social and Political Sciences (University of Lisbon); “The Luso-Macau Connections in Sun Yat Sen’s Modern Chinese Revolution” by Ming K. Chan, professor and senior researcher at Stanford University; “Dr. Sun’s practice of medicine in Macau” (in English, Chinese and Portuguese) and “Commemorating Francisco Hermenegildo Fernandes” (also in three languages) by Fok Kai Cheong, professor, historian and president of the Millennium Institute of Macau. Several of these books were published in 2011, on the occasion of the centenary of the Republic’s establishment in China, and IIM was the only entity to produce quality literature in several languages (both of the official languages of Macau and in English) on its first President, who was also the main and decisive promoter of the drastic change of the Middle Kingdom’s political regime.Remembering Dr. Sun Yat Sen in Macau on the 150th anniversary of his birthTHE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN7

This undertaking was praised in academic circles and during international seminars and conferences convened to commemorate that very meaningful event which – despite the ensuing internal convulsions, later aggravated by the Japanese occupation – offered to the world’s most populous nation new perspectives and other options of self-affirmation which opened the way for a completely different future for the country and its people. To mark the 150th anniversary of Dr. Sun Yat Sen’s birth, the IIM, in partnership with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Millennium Institute of Macau, is now publishing another of Prof. Fok Kai Cheong’s studies, in both Portuguese and English, shortly after the original (in Chinese) was launched in China. For many years the author has chosen the political and intellectual career of this eminent and venerable personality as one of his areas of academic research, and now offers us some reflections and comments about Dr. Sun’s connection to Macau and about his revolutionary ideals. The Portuguese translation was done by Alberto Botelho dos Santos and Rufino Ramos and the English text was by Rebecca Chan, while the cover was designed by IIM’s Cristina Lam Lai Man. Rufino Ramos, former administrator of the University of Macau and executive director of the Macau Monetary Authority, and current Secretary General of IIM, has already cooperated with Prof. Fok Kai Cheong before in researching and producing previous works about the same subject. (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)8

The various chapters deal with the arrival and stay of Dr. Sun Yat Sen in Macau and explain the reasons for the choice of this city for his revolutionary activities and the valuable influence he received here conducive to the success of his cause. In the final part, the author recalls the words of Dr. Sun on the role of Macau in the consolidation of his patriotic objectives, emphasizing that “it was here that I began my revolutionary career; it was in this land that I began to fight for the national cause.” This book has also highlighted the excellent and very useful relationship that Dr. Sun maintained with some influential local personalities, such as António Joaquim Bastos and Francisco Hermenegildo Fernandes, owner of a local printing press and of the newspapers Echo Macaense and Ching Hai Tsung Pao, through which he spread the ideas and purposes of Dr. Sun’s political endeavours, as a new leader of China. Born in a small Chinese village located a short distance from Macau, it was here that that majestic figure of the modern and contemporary History of China came to seek inspiration and decisive support for the realization of some of his most ambitious goals. For these reasons alone, it will be worth reading this book.Macau, December 2016THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN9

(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)10

INTRODUCTIONMy involvement in research on Dr. Sun Yat-Sen and Macau goes back to 1983. After the Cultural Revolution, the Association of Chinese Historians organized the first national history conference in Beijing and I was invited to participate in the event. I had the honor to meet with the organizer of the conference, the respected Mr. Hu Sheng, in Jingxi Hotel, where the conference was held. Mr. Hu was then the President of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and Chairman of the Research Society of Sun Yat-sen of China. I can still remember what happened that day and what Mr. Hu Sheng said still lingers in my mind. Mr. Hu remarked on the lack of first-hand historical materials on the early revolutionary thoughts of Dr. Sun Yat-sen. As I was one of the few historians specializing in the history of Hong Kong and Macau, he hoped that when I was researching on the historical records and archives related to Hong Kong and Macau, I could pay special attention to see if there were still existing materials related to the planning and the launching of the 1911 Revolution while Dr. Sun was in Hong Kong and Macau. I delightfully accepted this request from the honorable Mr. Hu.With this in mind, I immediately formed a working group with my good friend Mr. Rufino Ramos when I moved from the University of Hong Kong to work in the University of Macau in the 1980s to look for and study first-hand materials on Dr. Sun when he was in Macau. The members of the group were all young colleagues with Portuguese reading proficiency. I started by giving them a general training of historical research knowledge and basic skills on historical data collection, and then each of the members was given a part of the historical materials to THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN111

systematically search for any information related to Dr. Sun Yat-sen in Macau. These materials include government documents and Portuguese newspapers published in Macau before and after the 1911 Revolution that were collected in the archives in Macau. Our efforts were not in vain. We successfully found some very precious materials in the archives concerning the first Guangzhou Uprising in 1895 and other materials related to Dr. Sun.Since my interest in researching into Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s life in Macau is, to a certain extent, a personal hobby rather than an academic commitment, I could only work on the materials I have found when I have spare time. However, due to the frequent moving of homes and changing of workplace, all these materials were all scattered in different locations. For a long time, I had not been able to organize and compile the information systematically into a complete and handy file; nor was I able to complete a structured and organized manuscript or maintain regular publication on the topic. I only managed to organize part of the materials into an article, “Qianshi gangao dangan suocang youguan Sun Zhongshan yu Aomen guanxi yanjiu de yixie ziliao [Dr. Sun Yat-Sen and Macau — An Interpretation Based on Historical Documents from Hong Kong and Macau]” in Xueshu Yanjiu [Academic Reseach] published by Guangdong Social Sciences Academy in 1997 and later published some other materials in the chapter “Renshi gangaoshi yu xinhai geming yanjiao yixie xin fangxiang chuyi [New Directions in the importance of understanding the History of Hong Kong and Macau (Research on the 1911 Revolution]” in the book Xinhai geming yu ershi shiji de Zhongguo [Xinhai Revolution and China in the Twentieth Century] in 2002. It was not until 2011 when it was the 100th Anniversary of the 1911 Revolution that I finally determined to put my utmost effort in organizing the materials I had collected throughout these years and used them as the (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)121

main references in the sections on Dr. Sun Yat-sen and Macau in two new books.1 However, there was still not enough time to engage in discussion on important topics such as the exact period that Dr. Sun stayed in Macau, the place where he had resided, his deeds and thoughts while he was in Macau, and whether he could successfully embark on his revolutionary cause while he was in Macau.This year marks the 150th anniversary of Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s birth and thanks to the invitation by Professor Huang Ping, Director of the Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau Research Center, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, I have the honor to write this book, to let the younger generation have an accurate understanding of how Dr. Sun proceeded with his revolutionary cause in Macau, and to show our highest respect to our great revolutionary forerunner. Before the first Guangzhou Uprising in 1895, although Dr. Sun Yat-sen had only lived in Macau for a little more than one year, he has mentioned in his two important works, Jianguo fanglue [The Fundamentals of National Reconstruction] and Kidnapped in London, that this period had significant influence on his revolutionary cause. In The Fundamentals of National Reconstruction, he says, “After my graduation, I practiced as a doctor in Macau and Guangzhou. This was actually the beginning of my revolutionary activities.” This is similar to what he says in Kidnapped in London. “When in 1892 I settled in Macao [Macau], a small island near the mouth of the Canton river … It was in that year … that my first acquaintance was made with political life; and there began the part of my career which has engaged me in state affairs.” It is thus Dr. Sun’s view that the beginning of his revolutionary cause through medical practice started when he practiced at Kiang Wu Hospital and Tung Sin Tong Charitable Society in Macau.THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN131

Since first-hand information on Dr. Sun’s early revolutionary thoughts and his attempts then to plan and carry out revolutionary activities was scarce, what happened exactly in this period was not widely known. This paper attempts to analyze and discuss first-hand information related to this period, including archives of the Macau Government, newspapers, journals, and other materials in Chinese and Portuguese published at that time in Macau, so as to find out and understand further why Dr. Sun chose to practice medicine in Macau, whether the reason was really to instigate revolution through practicing medicine, when the actual times he arrived and left Macau were, whom he actually met and got along with while he stayed in Macau, and whether these people had significant influence on his attempts to start his revolutionary movement.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)141

(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)16

DEBATE ON THE EXACT TIME WHEN DR. SUN ARRIVED IN MACAUMost scholars believe that Dr. Sun came to Macau in autumn, 1892 to begin his revolutionary activities while practicing medicine. According to Lu Danlin’s Geming shitan [The History of the Revolution], the first graduation ceremony of the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese (hereinafter College of Medicine) was held on July 22, 1892, while according to the Zongli kaishi xueyi yu geming yundong wushi zhounian jinian shilue [A Brief History to Commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of How the President Started His Medical Studies and the Revolutionary Movement, hereinafter A Brief History to Commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Revolutionary Movement] published in 1935 by the Organizing Committee of the Dr. Sun Yat-sen Medical College of Lingnan University in Guangzhou, Dr. Sun was “the first graduate, whose certificate was signed by the president, thirteen teaching staff, eight examiners, and one priest. The certificate was presented to him by Hong Kong Governor Sir Robinson, granting him the qualification to medical practice in internal and external medicine, and gynecology. This was the first medical license in Hong Kong, issued on July 23, 1892.” From these two accounts, we know that Dr. Sun was still in Hong Kong at the end of July. Thus, to say that he went to Macau in autumn, 1892 the earliest cannot be wrong. However, when was the exact date that he went to Macau?THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN172

Worth mentioning is that the research group and I fortunately found the tenancy contract of the property that Dr. Sun rented from the Macau Holy House of Mercy [Santa Casa de Misericórdia], signed on August 26, 1893. The tenant was signed “Sun Yat-Sen,” and the address of the rental property was 14A Senado Square [Largo do Senado]. This precious document is very important as it proves without doubt that Dr. Sun had lived at this address. However, in the minutes of a meeting of the Executive Board of the Macau Holy House of Mercy on August 3, 1893, it is recorded that “the secretary of the Macau Holy House of Mercy office reported a Chinese doctor Sun Yat-sen, who lived in one of the properties of the Macau Holy House of Mercy, planned to rent the property at 16 Senado Square but requested cleaning [of the property] because a Chinese died in that place. The Executive Board decided to let the tenant [Dr. Sun Yat-sen] carry out the cleaning work himself.” Based on this newly discovered document, we can postulate that Dr. Sun might, wanting to avoid extra work and trouble, decide not to rent Nº. 16 and on August 26 decided to rent Nº. 14A instead. From this document, we can also see that before Dr. Sun rented the property at 14A Senado Square, he had temporarily lived in another property of the Macau Holy House of Mercy. Since this report was dated August 3, we reckon that Dr. Sun arrived in Macau before August 3. However, further definitive information on the address that Dr. Sun had lived in at the Macau Holy House of Mercy when he arrived in Macau could not be found, and thus a dead end is reached in finding the tenancy agreement of the first place where Dr. Sun had resided in Macau.Dr. Sun had once borrowed 1,440 taels of silver from Kiang Wu Hospital for opening the Zhongxi [Chinese-Western] Apothecary. The loan receipt still survives today. The date on the receipt is, in Chinese calendar, the thirtieth day of the tenth month of the eighteenth year of Emperor Guangxu, which is December 18, 1892 in Gregorian calendar.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)182

The reason why Dr. Sun came to Macau to realize his revolutionary goals while practicing medicine was probably related to Lou Kau [Lou Zhouzhi] and his son Lou Lim Ieoc. This is revealed in what Lou I Ioc recalled in 1964.2 Lou I Ioc was then an eighty-four-year-old man traveling from Macau to Taiwan to attend the Commemoration of the Centenary Birthday of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, and interviewed by the Taiwan’s Xinsheng Bao [Shin Sheng Daily News] on the relationship between the Lou family and Dr. Sun.Seventy years ago, the mother of Zhang Xinhu, a celebrity in Macau, was ill, and could not be cured after treatment by numerous doctors. Lou Zhuozhi, the father of Lou I Ioc, thus introduced the “Father of the Nation [hereinafter Dr. Sun or Sun Yat-sen]” to Macau. Under the careful treatment by Dr. Sun, Zhang’s mother swiftly recovered. Everyone marveled at Dr. Sun’s outstanding medical skills and earnestly requested him to stay in Macau to practice medicine. On the one hand, Dr. Sun found it hard to turn down the sincerity expressed; on the other hand, he thought Macau might not be a bad choice as a base to develop revolutionary forces. Through the arrangement of Lou Zhuozhi, Dr. Sun joined the Kiang Wu Hospital to become the first Chinese doctor to practice Western medicine there.3A Brief History to Commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Revolutionary Movement also has a rather detailed description of how Dr. Sun came to practice medicine at Kiang Wu Hospital. When Dr. Sun studied medicine in Hong Kong, he once passed through Macau when he returned to his native hometown. The family members of Cao Ziji and He Suitian, gentry of Macau, suffered from prolonged illnesses. After Dr. Sun’s treatment, they were swiftly cured, to the great THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN192

amazement of everyone. When Dr. Sun graduated, Cao, He, and Hong Kong gentry Chen Gengyu, sponsored Dr. Sun to set up the Zhongxi Apothecary in Macau and practice as a doctor there. Kiang Wu Hospital was founded by Chinese and used to provide Chinese medicine and treatment to poor people who were ill. With a history of several thousand years, Chinese medicine had without doubt its merits. However, it lacked the backup of modern scientific research. Dr. Sun had made numerous attempts to make related proposals [to introduce Western medical methods] to the Board of Directors of the Hospital before his suggestions were accepted.The above two accounts show that although most of the people at the management level of Kiang Wu Hospital agreed to invite Dr. Sun to practice in Macau, Kiang Wu Hospital was after all just a hospital for Chinese medicine. When Dr. Sun started working there, he realized that it was difficult to actualize his ideas there because those in charge had never officially advocated the introduction of Western medicine. In Kidnapped in London, Dr. Sun says, “Never before had the Board of Directors of any Chinese hospital throughout the length and breadth of the great empire given any direct official encouragement to Western medicine.” Thus according to him, introduction of Western medicine to China started in Macau. He had to spend some time before he could convince the governing board of Kiang Wu Hospital to change their attitude against Western medical traditions. He “made numerous attempts to make related proposals to the Board of Directors of the Hospital before his suggestions were accepted.” It was then that they, as described in Dr. Sun’s self-account, finally supported him to use Western medicine to treat patients. “I found the Chinese authorities of the native hospital willing to help me forward in the matter of affording me opportunities to practise [practice] European medicine and surgery. They placed (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)202

a ward at my disposal, supplied me with drugs and appliances from London, and granted me every privilege whereby to secure my introduction amongst them on a fair footing.” Thus, the time when Dr. Sun arrived in Macau was definitely as early as the period when he signed the loan agreement with Kiang Wu Hospital, that is, before December 1892. Another indirect evidence can be found in the local Portuguese newspaper.On July 25, 1893, the was a Chinese advertisement by the Qianshan Military Government in the Portuguese weekly newspaper Echo Macaense to thank Dr. Sun and praise him for his admirable medical ethics. I had been suffering from piles for more than twenty years, the more I had it treated, the worse it became. It would turn worse in spring and lead to serious bowel movements. Whenever this happened, I had to stay in bed for a few hours, causing pain and suffering, which accumulated and accelerated. My friend He Suitian heard this and visited me, with earnest praise of the personal character and extensive knowledge of Sun Yat-sen, and the merits of the medical methods he learned in Europe. He Suitian suggested that I should consult Dr. Sun about my illness. I had long heard of the name of Sun Yat-sen and his medical methods. I heard that he could treat internal or external malicious illnesses and bring speedy recovery. Moreover, he did not aim at profit making. The strong recommendation of He strengthened my trust in this man. Last year in the twelfth month after the official recess started, I consulted Sun Yat-sen’s medical advice. THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN212

According to this description, Dr. Sun started treating this patient after the official recess started in the twelfth month of the previous year, that is, late January or early February 1893. Since this patient had “long heard of the name of Sun Yat-sen” and we can logically infer that the patient could not have heard of Dr. Sun’s name before Dr. Sun started medical practice in Macau, thus we can confidently establish that Dr. Sun started medical practice in Macau as early as December 1892. Another related piece of historical information will be discussed here to try to arrive at a more accurate date of Dr. Sun’s arrival in Macau. In an interview of Dr. Jiang Yinghua, a classmate of Dr. Sun at the Hong Kong College of Medicine, by Cheng Ziyu in Huaqiao Ribao on January 26, 1930, Jiang recalled one incident when Dr. Sun graduated from the College of Medicine.After graduation, since there was no vacancy in Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Governor then, Sir Robinson, wrote to ask the British ambassador in Beijing to discuss the case of Jiang and Sun with Li Hongzhang, Minister of Beiyang, and relay to Li that Jiang and Sun both possessed excellent academic knowledge and were laborious, and hoped that Li could take them into service. Li replied to Sir Robinson that Jiang and Sun could go to Beijing to wait for suitable vacancies. Each of them would be temporarily granted fifty yuan as monthly salary and would be granted an Imperial Medal. In order to be able to stay in the capital to facilitate his revolutionary activities, Dr. Sun agreed to go to Beijing. The two of them thus went with James Cantlie to Guangzhou, waiting to obtain the medal from Viceroy Deshou through the British Ambassador before (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)222

going to Beijing, so as not to agitate the Qing Government. However, Viceroy Deshou posed numerous difficult requests before giving them the medal, such as asking them to fill out their family history for three generations. This angered Dr. Sun and he went back to Hong Kong.4 If what Jiang said is true, then the time when he and Dr. Sun went to meet Viceroy Deshou in Guangzhou should be between the times after Dr. Sun received his graduation certificate and before he arrived at Macau to practice medicine. According to Li Ao’s book Sun Yixian he Zhongguo xihua yixue [Sun Yat-sen and the Westernization of Medicine in China], this incident related to Jiang should have happened “during the three months between July 24, 1892, after Sun Yat-sen graduated from the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, and November before he set up the Zhongxi Apothecary.”5 Li has cited a lot of historical materials in his book, which were also analyzed and verified, to discuss the deeds and words of Dr. Sun before the first Guangzhou Uprising; the arguments are insightful and incisive. Unfortunately, he has not stated how he knew Dr. Sun started his apothecary in November. I believe he must have his grounds; maybe he just forgot to give a footnote on the matter because of the large amount of historical materials he has cited. It is believed that this incident raised by Jiang could not be made up, and Cheng Ziyu, who recorded this incident, has particularly pointed out that “this incident was particularly important to the crux of the revolution; it is hoped that historians dealing with history of the Party can be aware of this.” This proves that Dr. Sun did not go to Macau immediately after he graduated from the College of Medicine. Summarizing the analysis of the highly reliable information discussed above, we can conclude with confidence that Dr. Sun arrived in Macau between August and November 1892, and most likely in November.THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN232

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NEWLY DISCOVERED INFORMATION ABOUT WHERE DR. SUN RESIDED WHEN HE PRACTICED MEDICINE IN MACAUThere are already some discussions in existing literature on where Dr. Sun resided while he was practicing medicine in Macau. The earliest discussion should be an article by Chan Shuwing, published in Macau Daily News on November 9, 1987, in which the place where Dr. Sun resided when he came to Macau to practice medicine is mentioned. “According to the minutes of the Management Board of the Macau Holy House of Mercy on September 4, 1895, Dr. Sun Yat-sen stayed at 14 Senado Square at that time ... This minutes was published in Echo Macaense on November 9, 1895 ... This “minutes” of the Macau Holy House of Mercy records that ‘the property at 14 Senado Square has been rented out to a Chinese man Sun Yat-sen for a period of one year, the monthly rent being twelve yuan, the guarantor is Ye Laixin.’” However, in his recently published book Sanshisui qian de Sun Zhongshan [Sun Yat-sen Before the Age of Thirty], Professor John Y. Wong asserts that “first, the November 9, 1895 issue of the Portuguese Echo Macaense does not exist. There is only the seventeenth issue published on November 6, 1895. That issue has six pages, none of which contains information of Sun Yat-sen THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN253

renting the property of the Macau Holy House of Mercy. Second, the sixteenth issue (published on October 30, 1895) also does not contain the information. Third, neither does the eighteenth issue (published on February 2, 1896) have any information related to the matter. Thus, it can be accurately said that that newspaper had not printed the minutes of the Management Board of the Macau Holy House of Mercy, and the statement that ‘the property at 14 Senado Square has been rented out to a Chinese man Sun Yat-sen for a period of one year, the monthly rent being twelve yuan, the guarantor is Ye Laixin’ is a false statement.”6This conclusion of Professor Wong is totally inconsistent with historical facts. It is because he did not realize that the minutes of the Management Board of the Macau Holy House of Mercy (it should be Executive Board), which Chan Shuwing referred to as reported in Echo Macaense, was actually not published in the November 9, 1895 issue, but was in the September 11, 1895 issue (see Figure 7). As I have consulted this issue in the 1990s, I already have in possession a photocopy of this issue.As an established historian, Professor Wong is unfortunately too rash and careless in his conclusion. Without consulting any of the numerous experts on Macau study, he hastily accuses Mr. Chan Shuwing of making up the evidence. Any expert on the original historical information of Macau would have reminded him of the possibility that Mr. Chan might have made a mistake of the date. Or else some experts specializing in the research of Dr. Sun and Macau would have provided Professor Wong with the photocopy of this report, resolving the query of Professor Wong. Professor Wong most likely also does not know that his main source of information, the then acting director of Macao Archives, Marie I. MacLeod, is not a specialist in Macau research.7 (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)263

Yet, everyone knows that although Mr. Chan Shuwing is not a professional historian and does not know Portuguese, he has been column writer and editor of Macau Daily News, the biggest newspaper in Macau, for a long time. His articles and reports on anecdotes of Macau are also well known and popular. People who know him will also believe that a person with such social standing would not make up historical facts. The information he has written about Echo Macaense probably came from friends who knew Portuguese; yet with the passing of time, he could not recall the details accurately anymore.Yet, without thorough information collection and evidence finding, Professor Wong harshly and mercilessly attacks another person’s account. This is a violation of professional ethics of historians. There is more to the serious error of Professor Wong. Since he has presumptuously refuted the possibility that Dr. Sun had rented 14 Senado Square, he assumes with any proof and relies only on his instinct that Dr. Sun had definitely stayed at 16A: The author left the Macau Holy House of Mercy and walked north, passing through a path to the right and saw a building. The street number was 16A. It had a small marble square plate embedded on its outer wall, with the carving in both Chinese and Portuguese “Património da Santa Casa de Misericórdia仁慈堂物業 [Rencitang wuye (Property of the Macau Holy House of Mercy)]. The author realized immediately. This building situated next to the Macau Holy House of Mercy was a property of the House. Also, this building and the main building of the Macau Holy House of Mercy actually belonged to the same construction. Thus, the street number was 16A instead THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN273

of 18. It is also not surprising that the Chinese in Macau at that time used to call it the “office on the right of the Macau Holy House of Mercy”! The truth has finally been revealed: When Dr. Sun practiced medicine in Macau, his private clinic was situated at 16A Senado Square. The building is still intact and is now rented by a pharmacist, whose practice is called “Bianmin Dayaofang (Pharmacia Popular) [ Popular Pharmacy].”8We will now analyze the newly discovered rental agreement of the property rented by the Macau Holy House of Mercy to Dr. Sun and other related important documents to show that Dr. Sun actually lived at 14A Senado Square. My research group and I have found the rental agreement for the property that Dr. Sun rented from the Macau Holy House of Mercy, signed on August 26, 1893. The rentee is signed in English as “Sun Yat-Sen”and the property address is 14A Senado Square. However, the rental agreement for Nº. 14 in that year could not be found. There are two other rental agreements for Nº. 16, and 16A that were signed in roughly the same period. Nº. 16 was signed on August 18, 1892, the rentee was a Chinese person named Li Xianting, while Nº. 16A was rented to a Chinese person named Chen Mu. Both were one-year contracts, but according to rules of the Macau Holy House of Mercy, no new contracts had to be signed for contract renewal. A new contract would only be signed when there was a new tenant.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)283

As mentioned in section two, there is such record in the minutes of a meeting of the Executive Board of the Macau Holy House of Mercy on August 3, 1893: “The secretary of the Macau Holy House of Mercy office reported that a Chinese doctor Sun Yat-sen, who lived in one of the properties of the Holy House of Mercy, planned to rent the property at 16 Senado Square but requested cleaning [of the property] because a Chinese died in that place. The Executive Board decided to let the tenant [Dr. Sun Yat-sen] carry out the cleaning work himself.” Based on this newly discovered document, we can postulate that Dr. Sun might, due to his avoiding extra work and trouble, decide not to rent Nr. 16 and on August 26 decided to rent Nr. 14A instead.What kind of building was 14 Senado Square? There is very little information of the properties at Senado Square in the nineteenth century in the Property Registry in Macau. In general, the government would not collect information and keep record of properties unless the properties had to undergo massive changes, such as application for reconstruction or public auction. Fortunately, the Property Registry had issued a statement concerning the condition of the property at 14 Senado Square on April 2, 1874, with very detailed description of that property because that property had changed hands during an auction between 1872 and 1874. According to this record, this property was “a two-storey building with shops. It had three windows, all with ironbars installed, and a large door. The street number was 14: The north side faced the public road and the south side was connected to a property of a Chinese. The east was a property of the Macau Holy House of Mercy and the west was the Municipal Council of Macau [Leal Senado]. It was sold from the previous owner to the present owner, who was a Chinese called Wan-Chiong.” This statement also reveals that according to the market value, this building was worth 3,500 patacas in Macau currency, and the annual net return was 400 yuan in Macau currency. THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN293

Members of the Macau Tung Sin Tong Charitable Society Board of Directors (hereinafter Tung Sin Tong), led by Zhang Jingtang, Wang Linsheng, He Lianwang, Lu Jiu [Lou Kau or Lou Zhuozhi], Wang Airen, and Cai Hepeng, sent an application for the setting up of the charitable society in the eighteenth year of Emperor Guangxu (1892). This document mentions the proponents’ wish to purchase 14 Senado Square as the head-office of the society.The proponents, members of the Macau Tung Sin Tong Charitable Society Board of Directors, Zhang Jingtang, He Lianwang, Cai Hepeng, Wang Linsheng, Lu Jiu, Wang Airen, and other signed proponents, seek approval for the setting up of a charitable society and send herewith the proposal and terms of operation. Our group of directors has set up a public body to raise funds for the purchase of an old property at 14 Senado Square. We have now reconstructed and renamed the property as Macau Tung Sin Tong Charitable Society, with the aim of publicizing imperial decrees, giving out gratuitous medicine and books, collecting waste paper, etc. The reconstruction work is about to finish and the society will be in service soon. We would thus like to send in our service terms and regulations for the reference and approval of the Honorable Governor, so that we can proceed with our charitable work. There are now two existing documents in the archives in Macau that are relevant to this matter. Both are official letters from the Administrative Committee of the then Municipal Council [Leal Senado].The first was sent on October 15 1892, informing Zhang Jingtang and his partners that their application concerning the reconstruction of the front door of 14 Senado Square to a Chinese-style front door had been rejected. The (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)303

other letter was sent a few days later to the directors of Tung Sin Tong, with Zhang Jingtang as the head, informing them that “the application for ‘Reconstructing the front door of 14 Senado Square in accordance with the approved plans handed in” had been approved. This notice was sent after the regular meeting of the Administrative Committee of the Municipal Council.The Special Issue in Commemoration of the 110th Anniversary of the Macau Tung Sin Tong Charitable Society has published a copy of the application for the revision of the plans for the reconstruction of the front door of the Tung Sin Tong office. The application was officially approved by the Governor on November 19, 1892. The same special issue also printed the photo taken in 1915 of a row of buildings in Senado Square. In the photo, the appearance of the building at Nr. 14 matches the above-mentioned description of the Property Registry, except that the plate with the name of Macau Tung Sin Tong Charitable Society had already been hung up.The information with regard to 14 Senado Square in the nineteenth century appears a bit mysterious and confusing. The founders of Tung Sin Tong had wanted to purchase the property as headquarters and the application for reconstruction of the front door was already approved at the end of 1892, then why was the property still rented out in 1892 and 1895 by the Macau Holy House of Mercy to Sun Yat-sen and Lai-sio? The following discussion will attempt to explain this matter. It should be noted that even though the Portuguese-Macau Government might have approved the founding of Tung Sin Tong and its using 14 Senado Square as headquarters, it does not mean that Tung Sin Tong actually has the ability to purchase the property immediately. According to information of the Property Registry, this property was already worth 3,500 patacas in Macau currency in 1874, so we can imagine that the value of the property would have risen quite a lot after twenty years in the period around 1892.THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN313

There was no lack of prestigious wealthy people among the forty or more founders of Tung Sin Tong, but according to the third article of the founding terms of the society, “the donors of the society all donated at least five patacas to become Friends of our society.” We can thus see that the fund accumulated after the founding of the society could not be much. Also, the original purpose of the society was “to use the donation to give free medicine, free medical consultation, public lectures, free books, and to collect waste paper, etc.,” so even after collecting a few hundred to a thousand pataca, the amount would have been used up easily by the daily expenses. What was left for the purchase of property would not be much. According to The Special Issue in Commemoration of the 110th Anniversary of the Macau Tung Sin Tong Charitable Society, the original premise of Tung Sin Tong was at 27 Rue de São Domingos, which was temporarily rented. Later on, the Society purchased 14 Senado Square at the price of 4,019 yuan 4 cents. It is unfortunate that the editor of the issue has not mentioned the source of information or shown related documents as proof. Neither is the year of purchase mentioned. It is not even sure how many years does “later on” refer to. We can assume that the editor should have gone through all available documents of Tung Sing Tong when compiling the special issue. It might just be that the editor was not a professional historian and was not aware of the importance of citing the source of the document concerned. It is also possible that the information about which year Tung Sin Tong purchased the property can no longer be traced. If this is true, we can only rely on the information that has been confirmed to make a rational guess. I believe that the creditability of existing documents of the Macau Holy House of Mercy, that is, the rental agreements of 1892 and 1895 regarding renting the property to Dr. Sun and Lai-sio respectively, should not be doubted, because there is another piece of evidence to support the view that the property was rented to Dr. Sun. This is the aforementioned (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)323

report titled “Zhongyao de wenjian [Important Documents]” published in Echo Macaense on September 11, 1895. This is actually the report of the minutes of the Executive Committee of the Macau Holy House of Mercy. The content includes the report of renting a property to a Chinese man named Sun Yat-sen for a period of one year at a monthly rent of twelve pataca, with Ye Luxian as guarantor. This information is in total agreement with the information in the rental contract between the Macau Holy House of Mercy and Dr. Sun mentioned above. However, before the contract ended, the property was re-rented to someone called Sin-Cat without any rental agreement. Yet, on the day when the original rental contract expired (that is the contract renting the property to Dr. Sun), Ye Luxian went to the Notary Office to make a declaration that he terminated his guarantee starting on that day, August 25, 1894.The Executive Board of the Macau Holy House of Mercy had to discuss the matter in a meeting because, first of all, this Chinese person Sin-Cat had not paid the rent for five months since he moved into the property. Moreover, he/she had illegally sub-rented the lower floor of the building for the rent of six yuan per month. Under the third article in the rental agreement of the Macau Holy House of Mercy, the tenant was not allowed to sub-let the property without the permission of the House. Worse still, this person had already left Macau. Since the Macau Holy House of Mercy did not have an official rental contract with this person, there was no proper stipulation in their record on how to resolve the issue. It was against the law to rent out a property without a rental contract and without a guarantor, so the government would not accept a lawsuit by the Board to demand for the unpaid rent. Thus, the Executive Board had to call a meeting to discuss the matter and to find out whose fault it was and how to resolve the problems brought about by the case. The final conclusion of Board was: “14 Senado Square had THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN333

been rented out to Sin-Cat without a rental agreement and a guarantor. The Macau Holy House of Mercy has lost sixty patacas because this person had been living there without paying rent for five months, yet we have still received thirty patacas from the rent of sub-letting the lower floor — We thus recommend the secretary to send a letter to the Colonial Secretary, providing part of the truth so as to fulfill the responsibility of the Board. This is because the property at 14 Senado Square was rented out a long time ago. At that time, the matter was dealt with by a reliable committee (the former Executive Board); it was only later on that the matter was passed on to the present committee.”In the end, the secretary of the Executive Board who had to shoulder the responsibility of the whole matter requested the discussion during the meeting to be recorded as follows: “According to the order of the prosecutor of the China Affairs Bureau, the Macau Holy House of Mercy takes over some old furniture left behind in 14 Senado Square, and starting from this month onward, the property will be rented to a Chinese person named Lai-sio, and is guaranteed by the pharmacist Lat-heng-tong set up here.This document is very important because it proves that Dr. Sun indeed has rented the property at 14 Senado Square, and the information in the document agrees totally with what is recorded in the rental agreement of the Macau Holy House of Mercy. It also explains why the rental contract was issued and kept by the Macau Holy House of Mercy. It does not necessarily mean the property was owned by the Macau Holy House of Mercy. It is possible that the House was entrusted to manage the property. According to the existing record of 14 Senado Square in the Property Registry, the owner of the property in 1874 was a Chinese person named Wan-Chiong. There is no other record of ownership transfer found in the Registry. That means there is (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)343

no evidence found to show that the Macau Holy House of Mercy had bought the property. Thus, if Tung Sin Tong did buy the property in 1892 or later, it should be bought from Wan-Chiong or his/her descendants. This possibility is very high since if the buyer and the seller were both Chinese who knew each other well, they probably would not report to the Property Registry. If Tung Sin Tong had bought the property from the Macau Holy House of Mercy, the House would most likely register with the government, and the existing record of 14 Senado Square at the Property Registry would have shown this transaction record. It is of course also possible that the Macau Holy House of Mercy, for one reason or another, had not reported the purchase, or the Registry had lost the record of this transaction.In that case, to whom did the property belong when Dr. Sun rented it, that is, one year after August 1893? It has been mentioned above that it belonged to someone called Wan-Chiong in the 1870s. Since there is no record of purchase and sale transactions, one should assume that it should belong to Wan-Chiong or Wan-Chiong’s descendants in the 1890s. Although there is evidence that Tung Sin Tong had the wish to purchase the property in 1892, there is no solid proof of the actual year of the purchase. It is possible that the purchase was made in 1893 and the property was entrusted to the management of the Macau Holy House of Mercy. As to why the property was not used by the Society itself and was rented out, a logical speculation would be that the Society still had a rental contract for the property at Rue de São Domingos, and would want to wait until the contract ended before moving to 14 Senado Square. In that case, why was the property still rented out in 1895? Well, all these are just speculation. Before more evidence concerning Tung Sin Tong and the Macau Holy House of Mercy could be found, the only solid conclusion at present is that Tung Sin Tong moved into 14 Senado Square during the period between 1896 and 1915.THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN353

Finally, there is still a small doubt that needs to be clarified. In the rental agreement between the Macau Holy House of Mercy and Dr. Sun in 1893, the property number is clearly stated as 14A, while in the rental agreement of Lai-sio in 1895, it is recorded as 14. In addition, in the minutes of the Executive Board of the Macau Holy House of Mercy printed in Echo Macaense in the same year, it is also recorded that the property rented to Dr. Sun was Nr. 14. Was it just an error due to oversight, or was there another reason? It is worth pointing that in the two existing rental agreements of 16 Senado Square, it is also recorded as 16 in one contract and 16A in the other. In the four existing contracts, they all list the same conditions that the tenants had to follow. The third condition is that the tenant was not allowed to sub-let the property without prior approval from the Macau Holy House of Mercy. The sixth condition is that the authentic rental agreement had to be drafted by the Macau Holy House of Mercy. In the “Very Important Documents” section of Echo Macaense in 1895, it mentions that the tenant of Nº. 14 had sub-let the ground floor section of the building without prior approval, this can serve as a proof that Nº. 14A and16A should be part of Nº. 14 and 16. If they had to be rented out, they needed a proper rental agreement drafted by the Macau Holy House of Mercy. According to the photo of the row of buildings at Senado Square, the buildings to the left and to the right of Nº. 14 are Nr. 12 and 16 respectively, and there is no street number plate with an “A” in the whole row of buildings.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)363

THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN37In that case, was 14A the ground floor or the first floor of the building, or was it the front block or the back block? According to the government-issued map of Senado Square in 1903. Nº. 14 had no back door, thus it was not possible to have front and back blocks. On the other hand, according to the record of 14 Senado Square in the Property Registry on April 2, 1874, the property was “a two-storey building with shops.” Thus, it is very likely that 14A was the groung floor shop. The fact that Dr. Sun used this as his clinic is also a very plausible explanation.After careful analysis of some highly credible materials, we can conclude that one of Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s clinics in 1893-1894 was at the ground floor of 14 Senado Square. As to other unresolved doubts and questions, more research and information collection would be needed to arrive at a more accurate answer.3

NEW LINE OF RESEARCH ON THE ACCURATE DATE THAT DR. SUN LEFT MACAUEarly researchers on the 1911 Revolution mostly quoted Feng Ziyou’s Geming yishi [Anecdotal History of the Revolution], which states that Dr. Sun went to Macau to practice medicine shortly after he graduated from the Hong Kong College of Medicine, but only “stayed half a year,” and thus believed that Dr. Sun left Macau in spring 1893 to Guangzhou to organize revolutionary activities. This view is also based on what Feng has recorded about Dr. Sun’s activity in Guangzhou in 1893. “In the beginning of winter, a meeting was planned to be at Kangfeng Pavilion of the South Garden in Guangya Bookstore at the south of the city,” and it was for the first time that “to expel the Tartar barbarians and to revive China [Huaxia]” was suggested as the aim of the revolutionary organization. This view is also based on the belief that Dr. Sun was already practicing medicine in Guangzhou in early 1893, and is also according to the record of Feng Ziyou.9THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN394

This erroneous view is due to the fact that researchers on Sun Yat-sen and the 1911 Revolution at that time did not have the opportunity to read the original historical materials recorded in Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao [Jinghai Congbao] and its Portuguese version Echo Macaense. The first academic discussion and analysis of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao as having important information related to Dr. Sun when he was in Macau should be my article, published at Academic Research in 1997, entitled “Dr. Sun Yat-Sen and Macau — An Interpretation Based on Historical Documents from Hong Kong and Macau.” This article has already pointed out that the Chinese advertisement section in Echo Macaense had as early as July to October 1893 continuously published advertisements commending the sublime medical skills of Dr. Sun and described the medical practice of Dr. Sun in Macau, especially complimenting his lofty professional ethics. In fact, one year earlier, that is, in 1996, in the book Sun Yat-sen’s Gateway to the World and Stage to Society, coauthored by me with Zhang Lei and Sheng Yunhua, related photos of such advertisements and reports on Dr. Sun’s medical practice in Macau had already been published for the first time as evidence. Yet, at that time, I had not written specifically on the analysis and discussion of this matter. Later in 2000, the Macau Foundation and the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences jointly reprinted Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao. The preface by Jiang Yihua and the chapter “Sun Zhongshan he Jinghai Congbao [Sun Yat-sen and Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao]” by Fei Chengkang once again raise this question. Fei says, Not long after Sun Yat-sen graduated from the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese in late July 1892, he went to practice medicine in Macau. According to Feng Ziyou’s Anecdotal History of the Revolution, Sun Yat-sen “stayed for half a year.” Based on this information, most researchers believed that Sun Yat-sen’s activities in Macau lasted about half a year. He there left for Guangzhou to (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)404

practice medicine in spring 1893. However, the articles and advertisements published in Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao and its Portuguese version clearly show that the period of Sun Yat-sen’s activities in Macau lasted for more than one year. … The last advertisement of Zhongxi Apothecary was on January 31, 1894. Since placing advertisements incurred economic costs, it is highly unlikely that Sun Yat-sen would continue placing advertisements in the local newspaper if he had already terminated his practice in Macau. Thus, we can postulate that Sun Yat-sen left Macau around January 1894.Fei’s postulation is already very close to the exact date that Dr. Sun left Macau and no longer practiced medicine there. But unfortunately he had not made reference to the most direct and important primary source related to this matter to arrive at a more accurate date. What Mr. Fei neglected is that two Portuguese newspapers still published news reports in late February 1894 about Dr. Sun treating a woman with malicious disease. Although Dr. Sun’s medical skills were excellent, this patient was too seriously ill and in the end she could not be saved. Because the two newspapers published very different versions of the incident, it led to serious polemics between them. They mutually accused each other for inaccurate reporting. It is not the purpose of this author to discuss which newspaper was right or wrong. The discussion here is only concerned with the information in the series of reports published in the two newspapers relating to when Dr. Sun officially left Macau.10THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN414

On February 17, 1894, a Portuguese newspaper O Independente published an article entitled “Good Deeds of a Doctor.” The report is about the wife of a man named Chan Sai Peng. The woman passed away a few days before because of serious illness. According to this report, this woman had been ill for several weeks, eventually feeling life-threatening and decided to consult a doctor whom she knew. This doctor was Dr. Sun Yat-sen. Dr. Sun was consulted in the morning and he had prescribed medicine for her, but unfortunately the patient could not be cured and died in the afternoon. A few days later, Dr. Sun demanded the family to pay one hundred patacas as the fee for two consultations and medical expenses. However, the family found the fee unreasonable and refused to pay, requesting a reduction of fee.This report further mentions that the Portuguese newspaper Echo Macaense and a Chinese paper (should be referring to Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao)11 simultaneously printed a report of a deceased woman, the cause of death of which was opium-smoking, and that the lawyer Mr. Silva had issued a statement to the authority that the cause of death was suicide. O Independente had doubts about this report and started its own investigation the result of which led them to believe that Echo Macaense made up the story that was not reflecting the truth. Also, reporting that the woman died of suicide was a slander to the deceased. It also stated that after this news was printed, the family of the deceased received a message from Barrister António Joaquim Bastos in the morning through a staff member of Bastos that if the family did not pay 100 pataca to Dr. Sun and 25 pataca to Barrister Bastos before noon, there would be “adverse consequences to the family.” Finally, the stand of O Independente was that it had already clearly presented details of the case and strongly believed in its truth, and hoped that Dr. Sun and Barrister Bastos could explain the matter.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)424

On February 21, Echo Macaense printed two articles to retort the false allegations of O Independente. One article entitled “Let us tell O Independente” is believed to be written by Francisco H. Fernandes. The other was a letter signed by Bastos and addressed to the editor of Echo Macaense. The author of the first article stressed that the report in Echo Macaense was based on information provided by reliable and authoritative sources, thus the report about a woman who died of smoking opium was definitely not made up. In return he accused O Independente for defaming them. On the other hand, Bastos pointed out in his letter that Dr. Sun authorized him to demand the payment of the consultation fee he deserved from the family and it was the entire truth. In return heaccused O Independente for deliberately defaming him in threatening the family to pay. O Independente printed another article on February 24 to retort Bastos. Another article was again printed in the March 3 issue to attack Bastos fiercely. After these articles I have not found any further report on the issue. It needs to be pointed out that those writings in Portuguese newspapers were usually outspoken persons who were proud to be the epitome of demonstrating social justice. Since many of them stood firm on their own political views, when there were disagreements, they would insist on their own viewpoints, leading to arguments, name-calling, fierce verbal attacks, and even mutually accusing each other of defamation and slander. It was not uncommon that it eventually led to court litigations. They would not let go even if it was the government or the Governor who had made some minor negligence or errors, and would engage in a merciless attack on the authority.12 These two newspapers were exemplary representatives of such acts. Both had been sued by the Governor and had on one occasion even been banned to publish. Bastos and Fernandes were, I believe, the strongest supporters and comrades of Dr. Sun in his revolutionary cause.13 If someone intentionally wrote to THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN434

defame Dr. Sun, it is natural that they would relentlessly stand forward to defend Dr. Sun and for them to get involved in this kind of polemics is just expected. However, this author is mainly concerned with the discussion of Dr. Sun’s precise period of stay in Macau, and would only focus on the important information provided by the battles of words on this matter.First of all, both newspapers published the incident related to Dr. Sun’s patient, and both papers reported that the incident happened a few days before February 17, 1894. It can thus be definitely concluded that Dr. Sun was still practicing as a doctor in Macau in mid-February, and had not yet left Macau. This is in contrary to what is believed in other documents on the revolution that Dr. Sun had left Macau by that time and gone to Guangzhou to open a new clinic and to begin planning his revolutionary movement. To be more accurate, we can at most only say that until mid-February, Dr. Sun was traveling constantly to Guangzhou. Since O Independente still had articles talking about this incident on March 3, and both newspapers had people familiar with the law as backup, mutually threatening to bring the matter to the court, if the case was really brought to court, no matter which side was telling the truth, Dr. Sun was after all an important witness. Thus it is hard to believe that Dr. Sun would abandon his comrades and friends in Macau and leave before March 3. For this reason, the view that Dr. Sun did not leave Macau until after March 3 would be a logical and reasonable conjecture.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)444

(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)46

WHY DID DR. SUN YAT-SEN CHOOSE MACAU AS THE BASE TO ENGAGE IN REVOLUTIONARY ACTIVITIES THROUGH MEDICAL PRACTICE?First of all, let us analyze why Dr. Sun chose Macau as a base to begin his revolutionary cause. It has been mentioned above that although Dr. Sun graduated with outstanding results from the Hong Kong College of Medicine, he could not secure a suitable job right away. According to what Jiang Yinghua, Dr. Sun’s close friend and classmate, recalled, they had thought of joining Li Hongzhang’s camp, but because they could not stand the bureaucratic practice of the Viceroy of Liangguang Deshou, they finally gave up. At the same time, a group of board directors of Kiang Wu Hospital were waving hands at him, inviting him to be a medical doctor at the Hospital. As to why these wealthy merchants and gentry in Macau supported the idea of inviting Dr. Sun to Macau, the mere reason may just be that rich people all wanted a doctor with miraculous healing skills around them so that if they had any illness, they would have someone to rely on. Because Kiang Wu Hospital practiced Chinese medicine and all along had not officially promoted Western medicine, it was not until Dr. Sun came to Macau and made numerous earnest proposals that they changed their mind.THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN475

Did Dr. Sun know nothing about Macau and rashly make the decision to go to Kiang Wu Hospital to work as a doctor? That may not necessarily be the case. First of all, Yeung Hokling [Yang Heling], a classmate of Dr. Sun in the Hong Kong College of Medicine and one of the so-called Four Bandits, was a Macanese. During the Lunar New Year break, Dr. Sun would always pass through Macau en route to Cuiheng village to spend the New Year holidays at homek. During the time in Macau, he would stay at Yeung’s home, spending the whole night discussing revolutionary matters with Yeung. Thus, Dr. Sun would not be unfamiliar with Macau. Second, Dr. Sun already knew Francisco H. Fernandes when he was in Hong Kong. Some Portuguese documents show that Dr. Sun knew Fernandes while he was studying at the College of Medicine and had asked Fernandes to apply for the doctor license for Western medicine on his behalf. Fernandes came from an upper middle-class Portuguese family in Macau and was well educated. He thus had good understanding of the operation of the Macau Government. In a nutshell, the series of events described above, including Dr. Sun’s putting continual pressure on the Kiang Wu Board of Directors to set up the Western Medicine Clinic, his request on Fernandes to help him apply for a doctor license for Western medicine, and his loan from Kiang Wu Hospital to open the clinic, prove that it was a planned move for Dr. Sun to practice medicine in Macau. Otherwise, after joining Kiang Wu Hospital, it would have been hard for him, as reported in the Portuguese newspaper, “to use Western medical methods to practice, and even raise money to set up the ‘Western Outpatient Clinic.’ That clinic played a big role and many patients were cured there. Every day, more than a hundred patients queued up for the medical consultation. But because of the continuous lack of funds, it was the case that only (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)485

fifty patients could be given gratuitous drugs.” This shows that Dr. Sun was confident of his work in promoting Western medicine in Macau. He had chosen a very clever method to overcome the lack of promotion of Western medicine in Macau in the past and the long-established practice of free Chinese medical consultation and medicine: “voluntary gratuitous medical consultation” and “gratuitous Western medicine.”It is believed that during this period, Dr. Sun was thinking of pursuing a dual track of political and medical activity. In the chapter “Youzhi jingcheng [Where There Is a Will, There Is a Way]” in Sunwen xueshuo [Thoughts of Sun Yat-sen], Dr. Sun says himself that the period of his medical study was the “era of his revolutionary ideas.” Moreover, in The Fundamentals of National Reconstruction and Kidnapped in London, he has written that the period when he was in Macau was the beginning of his “political life.” In his memoirs, Lou I Ioc, son of Lou Zhuozhi and a close friend of Dr. Sun, has said that when Dr. Sun was invited to Kiang Wu Hospital, “on the one hand, Dr. Sun found it hard to turn down the sincerity expressed in the invitation; on the other hand, he thought Macau might not be a bad choice as a base to develop revolutionary forces.” Lou has even explicitly mentioned what means had Dr. Sun adopted to carry out revolutionary activities: “In 1892, Dr. Sun borrowed a sum of 1,440 taels of silver from Kiang Wu Hospital to set up the Zhongxi Apothecary in Macau as a place to give medical consultation and prescription on a large scale basis and as a cover-up for his revolutionary work.” What Lou said is not without a reason. Dr. Sun has once attributed the eventual success of the 1911 Revolution largely to the dissemination and promotion of revolutionary goals and ideas through revolutionary publications.14 From the fact that THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN495

Francisco Fernandes resigned from a promising job in Hong Kong around the time Dr. Sun went to Macau, and hurried back to Macau to start, within a very short period of time, two newspapers that supported the revolutionary cause of Dr. Sun, we can get a glimpse of the underlying story of how Dr. Sun started his revolutionary movement. In another book, I have described how Fernandes was a close friend and comrade of Dr. Sun in Macau. Ever since he knew Dr. Sun, he had already shown admiration of Dr. Sun as a great man, and continuously provided generous help to him, believing firmly that Dr. Sun would become a revolutionary hero. After the success of the the 1911 Revolution, Fernandes immediately wrote two letters to Dr. Sun in January 1912 to congratulate him as the Provisional President. The letters reflect the deep feelings Fernandes had for Dr. Sun, especially in the beginning paragraph of the first letter. “It is over 18 years since we have last shaked [sic] our hands when you departed from this place, with full courage and optimism for the great struggle of shaking off with the Manchu’s yoke … l am confident that you will continue to push forward with unrelenting vigour to the ultimate desirous end for the emancipation of the Great Han.”15 He also informed Dr. Sun that he was then serving as a senior councilor in the Macau Municipal Council [Leal Senado], and said, “I beg to offer myself to any service or information that may be of use to your great enterprise.”16 In the end, Fernandes said he was most concerned and eager to have Dr. Sun’s contact information so his letters could surely reach Dr. Sun.17 This letter reveals the heart-felt joy of Fernandes. This is because ever since his acquaintance with Dr. Sun, he had already discerned the distinguished quality Dr. Sun possessed to make him a future hero. He had been giving Sun full support unceasingly, and believed that Dr. Sun would one day become a great man. When the Republic of China was established, the (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)505

Municipal Council in Macau accepted the proposal by Fernandes to raise the Republic flag and convene a ceremony outside the council building to celebrate the birth of the Republic of China and Dr. Sun’s inauguration as the Provisional President.18 Another supplementary evidence is an article published in O Independente on February 24, 1894, pointing out that Fernandes was an intimate friend and a strong admirer of Dr. Sun.I have already discussed elsewhere on the importance of the two newspapers founded by Fernandes to Dr. Sun’s revolutionary cause,19 so there is no need for further discussion here. What needs to be pointed out is that what have been recognized by present-day scholars of Sun Yat-sen’s thoughts as two of the several earliest Chinese essays by Dr. Sun on his political thoughts, that is, “Shang Zheng Zaoru shu [A Letter to Zheng Zaoru]” and “Nongxuehui xu [A Preface to the Agricultural Study Association],” were both originally published in Fernandes’ newspapers. It was also through these two newspapers that Fernandes publicized and commended Dr. Sun on his prowess in medical skills. In addition, Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao and Echo Macaense could be considered as the first press to report on the first uprising. When Dr. Sun was hunted by the Chinese and the Hong Kong Government and was forced to flee overseas to continue co-ordinating and planning his revolutionary movement, Fernandes still continued to report on the whereabouts and revolutionary activities of Dr. Sun in his newspapers. For example, on October 25, 1896, Echo Macaense reported the setting up of a revolutionary society, Xinzhonghui [Revive China Society], in the United States by Dr. Sun.20 In the same year on November 15 and 29, there were also successive reports on the kidnap and eventual rescue of Dr. Sun in London.21 Besides, his newspapers also dared to highly praise the leadership talent and charisma of Dr. Sun. All THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN515

these prove without doubt the determination that Fernandes had in wholeheartedly supporting Dr. Sun in his revolutionary cause. Although these two newspapers were printed in Macau, their influence was spread much wider than Macau because the circulation of the newspapers reached Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shanghai, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Hankou, Japan, Honolulu, Singapore, the Philippines, Timor, and even Lisbon.Dr. Sun definitely knew the crucial role and function of the two newspapers of Fernandes toward the propaganda of his revolutionary ideas and criticism on the Qing Government. In fact, the Zhongxi Apothecary of Dr. Sun in Shiqi and the Shenjiao Bookstore at Shuangmendi in Guangzhou, where Dr. Sun often had his activities, were both distribution points of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao, showing how much Dr. Sun held dear the newspapers. As to the common description that Dr. Sun was launching revolution in the name of practicing medicine, this author believes that the statement should be slightly rephrased. When practicing medicine in Macau, Dr. Sun was not sailing under false colors. During this period, Dr. Sun sincerely hoped to save people with Western medicine; that is without any doubt. However, we cannot deny that he set his mind full heartedly on launching his revolutionary movement in Macau. Thus, we can describe Dr. Sun’s revolutionary activities while practicing medicine in Macau as a parallel development of both his “medical and political career.”There is general agreement within the mainstream literature on the 1911 revolution and Dr. Sun Yat-sen about why Dr. Sun left Macau. The ideas will be listed below and further discussed.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)525

The auto-biographical account by Dr. Sun in Kidnapped in London is the most detailed. Many patients, with surgical problems, came to my wards for treatment. On the other hand, I had difficulty from the first with the Portuguese authorities. In East Asia where western medical practice had never really been promoted, it was in fact not the obstructive ignorance of the East, but the jealousy of the West, which stepped in to thwart my progress. The law of Portugal forbids the practice of medicine within Portuguese territory by any one who does not possess a Portuguese diploma. The Portuguese doctors (in Macau) took advantage of this law and created all kinds of difficulty for me to practise. They first forbade me to treat Portuguese patients; then the dispensers in the pharmacies were not allowed to dispense prescriptions from any doctor of alien nationality. Consequently my practice was interrupted abruptly. After futile attempts to reestablish myself in Macau, and at considerable pecuniary loss, which was out of my expectation when I first came to Macau, I was induced to go to Canton [Guangzhou].On the story of Dr. Sun’s move from Macau to Guangzhou, Hu Qufei’s Zongli shilue [A Biographical Sketch of the President] also has a detailed description: At that time, the directors of the public hospital, Kiang Wu Hospital had admiration for the distinguished knowledge and extensive experience of Dr. Sun and invited him to head a new Western Medicine section. After Dr. Sun assumed the position, all patients who came for consultation recovered under his excellent care, and he THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN535

saved countless lives. As his reputation built up, more and more patients sought his consultation. This aroused the jealousy of Portuguese doctors. It was a Portuguese law then that any doctor without a license from Portugal was not allowed to practice medicine in Portuguese territories, and pharmacies were also not allowed to dispense medicine for prescriptions written by such doctors without license. The Portuguese doctors envied the prosperity of Dr. Sun’s medical practice to the extent that they enlisted the help of Portuguese officials in the Macau government to intervene and ban the practice of Dr. Sun. Dr. Sun was thus forced to move to Guangzhou and open the Dongxi Apothecary at Shaji.* The business of his practice there was just as prosperous as in Macau.Feng Ziyou’s Sun Zongli xingyi guanggao [Medical Advertisements of President Sun] also mentions similar reasons. After President Sun graduated from Alice Memorial Hospital in Hong Kong, he originally opened the Zhongxi Apothecary in Macau to provide medical services to the public, with his surgery expertise as the most acclaimed at that time. … As the business got more prosperous, envy was aroused among Portuguese doctors. According to the law in Macau, those who had not got a medical license from the Portuguese Government were not allowed to practice medicine in Macau. Because of the objection from Portuguese doctors, Dr. Sun could not practice in Macau, he thus swiftly re-established the Dongxi Apothecary at Shaji, Guangzhou.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)545*Shaji is the name of the place used in the original text of Hu Qufei, but according to Li Ao, it was published as “Xiji Dongxi Apothecary” in the apothecary’s advertisement in Chung Sai Yat Po [China West Daily]. See Li Ao, Sun Yixian he Zhongguo xihua yixue [Sun Yat-sen and the Westernization of Medicine in China], 101. The place is called Xianji in the present-day Guangzhou map.

A Brief History to Commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Revolutionary Movement, on the other hand, has a more concise description. Yet, the reasons stated are still the same. “[Dr. Sun] started his practice in Macau. Within a few months there were already a lot of patients seeking his medical consultation. Not only did Chinese approach him, but also a lot of Portuguese sought his medical advice. He was greatly envied by the Portuguese doctors. They used the excuse that Dr. Sun did not have a doctor license issued by Portugal and appealed to the Macau Government to order him to terminate his practice. Dr. Sun thus went to Guangzhou.”In a nutshell, these essential documents on the revolution all show that because of Dr. Sun’s outstanding medical skills, both Chinese and Portuguese sought his medical treatment, leading to the jealousy of Portuguese doctors. However, because Dr. Sun had not been able to acquire a legal medical license, thus after the Portuguese doctors exerted pressure on the Macau Government, the government finally issued an order to stop his practice. Was this what actually happened? According to an internationally renowned scholar on Macau research, in the eighteenth century and even later, not many Portuguese were able to obtain a license to practice as a doctor in Macau because they had to graduate from the Medical College in the University of Coimbra before they were qualified. Others who had medical qualifications from other countries had to apply for permission from the Portuguese Fisico-Mor (Imperial doctor) in Lisbon before they were allowed to practice in Macau. Dr. Sun also pointed out this fact. “The law of Portugal forbids the practice of medicine within Portuguese territory by any one who does not possess a Portuguese diploma. The Portuguese doctors (in Macau) took advantage of this law and created all kinds of difficulty for me to practise. They first forbade me to THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN555

treat Portuguese patients; then the dispensers in the pharmacies were not allowed to dispense prescriptions from any doctor of alien nationality.” This is without doubt the situation at that time. This also explains why Dr. Sun had to run his own apothecary to dispense Western medicine to his patients. In addition, he was very clever. He chose to give the medicine free to patients so as to avoid envy from other pharmacies.However this view is still too oversimplified explanation. What needs to be taken in consideration is that Dr. Sun had stayed in Macau for a period of one year and three months, during which time it is sure that he did not have a legal Western medical license. Then why did the Portuguese doctors or the local government wait that long to take actions to force him to leave? Also, the views’ point that “the Portuguese doctors envied the prosperity of Dr. Sun’s medical practice” had in fact occurred a long time before his departure. As early as July 18, 1893, the first issue of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao already had a report entitled “Jinghu yaocai [The Glory of Kiang Wu]” to commend on the prowess of Dr. Sun’s medical skills, with a report of Dr. Sun curing six patients.Chen Yu who came from Xiangshan, aged 61, had been sick with numbness for eight years and suffered a lot. He was treated by Dr. Sun in the hospital and swiftly recovered and regained energy in a few days. In another incident, a Portuguese woman had difficulty giving birth. After the treatment by Dr. Sun, both mother and child were sound and well. Another noodle peddler had an enlarged kidney. Dr. Sun treated him by piercing the kidney with a needle to let out the fluid inside and the patient could walk normally afterward. Two workers in the Dalong Paper Shop were spilled with poisonous liquid on the face and chest by accident and were in serious conditions. Dr. Sun (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)565

treated them with medical patches and they recovered in a few days. A guest in a hotel quarreled with his wife and then his wife swallowed some opium at midnight in an attempted suicide. It was only until eight o’clock the next day that someone referred her to see Dr. Sun but Dr. Sun still managed to save her life, and she was glad she could regain her life. Another person named You Qidong, a registry clerk of a Hong Kong government department, had been suffering from hematemesis for years. No Chinese doctor was able to cure him. He came to see Dr. Sun in person and was cured in one month.23A Brief History to Commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Revolutionary Movement also mentions the opening of Dr. Sun’s Macau practice. “Within a few months there were already a lot of patients seeking his medical consultation. Not only did Chinese approach him, but also a lot of Portuguese sought his medical advice.” This shows that the envy of the Portuguese should have started in the first half of Dr. Sun’s stay in Macau already. Thus, we need to explore why Dr. Sun was still able to stay and practice medicine after that period. For this purpose, we have to explore the real situation in Macau then and what had happened that led to the Portuguese-Macau authorities ceasing to tolerate Dr. Sun’s stay in Macau any longer.First, we need to point out that Dr. Sun was invited to Kiang Wu Hospital by a group of governing board members of the Hospital, who were all prestigious merchants and prominent gentry with high social status, especially He Suitian, Lou Zhuozhi, and his son Lou Lim Ieoc. The Lous had for years taken up key positions at the financial and commercial advisory committees of the Portuguese-Macau Government, and had substantial influence on commercial decisions, and on town planning and management affairs of the government. Lou Lim Ieoc was even THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN575

awarded a Medal of the First Honour of the Ordem Militar de Cristo [Military Order of Christ], by the Portuguese Government. Thus the Lous could exert great influence on the Portuguese-Macau Government. It is highly probable that they had acted behind the scene to gain the government’s acquiescence for Dr. Sun to practice Western medicine in Kiang Wu Hospital. In addition, Dr. Sun had intimate friends, especially António J. Bastos and Francisco H. Fernandes, who were prestigious and reputed members of the community. Bastos was a highly educated barrister, with distinguished political and social status in Macau. Not only was he awarded the Ordem Militar de Cristo by the King of Portugal, but was also awarded medals by the Japanese Government, the King of Siam, the Pope, and French government. On the other hand, Fernandes’ family was in the printing industry in Macau, and owned the Portuguese newspaper Echo Macaense, which was highly recognized by the Portuguese community. The newspaper constantly criticized the rich and the powerful in the Western world, and from time to time fiercely attacked the policies of the Macau Governor. It can be said that even the government feared them a bit, and would not want to agitate them. In addition, Bastos had an intimate friendship with the then-Macau-Governor Custodio Miguel de Borja. It would not be difficult for Bastos to have a few private words with the government to lobby them not to intervene in the matter.However, an article “Hospital China de Macau [Chinese Hospital in Macau]” published in Echo Macaense on December 19, 1893 shows that Dr. Sun was already having a difficult relationship with some governing directors of Kiang Wu Hospital. On the same day, an article titled “Zhaoyi xilun [A Translation of a Western View]”appeared in Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao. Upon comparison, it can be confirmed that this Chinese article was the translation of an excerpt of “Hospital China de Macau.” The (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)585

Chinese article discusses a lot of problems within Kiang Wu Hospital, and criticizes the Hospital for “not bringing any benefits to the poor and the sick, and just having undeserved reputation.” The article suggests “four measures” to reform and re-organize the Hospital. First, the doctors of Chinse medicine should have to pass an examination before they were “allowed to treat patients in the Hospital”; second, the original governing board should be completely replaced by “people with competence and compassion chosen by people with good intentions”; third, “the Hospital should allocate half of its expenses to Western medicine”; fourth, patients should not be admitted to the Hospital through personal connections, and should “only be judged by whether the patients need inpatient treatment.”24 This article written in both Portuguese and Chinese aimed not only at exposing the malpractices of Kiang Wu Hospital, but also showing support to Dr. Sun with regard to the injustices done to him. This article should be written originally in Portuguese, since, instead of the whole version, the Chinese version is only an excerpt of the Portuguese version.I believe this article should be written by a Portuguese good friend of Dr. Sun, most likely, either Fernandes or Bastos.25 As a highly educated barrister, Bastos’ mastery of the Portuguese language was definitely higher than Fernandes’. Bastos had high social and political status in Macau; in spite of that, he was famous for his poignant and critical opinions in his writings. Not only was he the publisher of O Macaense newspaper, but also constantly submitted articles to other Portuguese newspapers to speak out for the people oppressed by corrupt officials, local tyrants, and evil gentry. He was someone who was willing to challenge the authority with the aim of fighting for justice.26 And since Bastos has already written an article in Echo Macanese in 1894 to defend Dr. Sun, it is thus believed that the article discussed here was also written by him.THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN595

It is worth noting that this article about Kiang Wu Hospital, whether the Chinese or the Portuguese version, mentioned that doctors employed by Kiang Wu Hospital at that time were “not judged by whether they could heal people or not, but only took into consideration the recommendation they had from the Board of Directors.” Thus, although Dr. Sun did not have a doctor license issued by the Portuguese Government, he had the support and recommendation of influential merchants and gentry led by Lou Kau in Kiang Wu Hosptial. It was therefore highly probable that an arrangement could be made with the government by these influential and prestigious Chinese merchants and gentry and Portuguese celebrities, such as Bastos and Fernandes, for not intervening in the matter involving Dr. Sun’s practice.However, Kiang Wu was a hosptial for Chinese medicine, and all along, all doctors in Kiang Wu practiced Chinese medicine. Yet, Dr. Sun set up a Clinic for Western Medicine. According to the law, a doctor practicing Western medicine without a legal license was not allowed to prescribe medicine, thus Dr. Sun had to borrow money from the directors of Kiang Wu Hospital, such as Wu Jiewei, to open the Zhongxi Apothecary, so that patients could directly get medicine there. From this article about Kiang Wu Hospital, we can see that Dr. Sun’s work in this hospital was not satisfactory to him and not what he expected. He also constantly got into disagreement with other doctors and administrative staff in the hospital. This article has clearly stated what led to the conflicts and frictions between Dr. Sun and Kiang Wu Hospital. It mentioned that after Dr. Sun joined Kiang Wu Hospital, he used a Western medical approach and set up the self-financed Clinic for Western Medicine. The clinic made a great impact and cured a lot of patients. Every day, more than a hundred patients queued for consultation. Because there was a continual lack of funds, it happened on one occasion that he could only give fifty patients free medicine. However, the poor (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)605

who were seriously ill could still be admitted as inpatients in the hospital. Yet, those in charge in the hospital, various department heads, and other doctors started to get jealous. They closed the inpatient ward with the excuse of financial deficit, and did not allow Dr. Sun to get involved in the fund-raising matters of the hospital.However, it does not mean that Dr. Sun was at loggerhead with all the governing directors in Kiang Wu Hospital. According to Lou I Ioc ‘s interview in Taiwan, Kiang Wu Hospital had never asked Dr. Sun to pay back his loan. I have on other occasions written that when the first Guangzhou Uprising failed and Dr. Sun fled to Macau, according to reliable first-hand information, Dr. Sun was helped by Lou Zhuozhi, Lou Lim Ieoc, and Fernandes to escape from danger.27When the first Uprising in Guangzhou in 1895 failed and Dr. Sun was hunted by the Qing Government. He fled to Macau. According to information in Portuguese, it was Fernandes who took the risk of hiding him in his own residence, which was also the head-office of Echo Macaense. A few days later, Fernandes was able to arrange for Dr. Sun to go to Hong Kong secretly and boarded a steamer to go to Japan. According to Lou I Ioc, “The Father of the Nation [hereinafter Dr. Sun] enjoyed increasing popularity [in Macau]. This led to the attention and jealousy of the Qing Government, which decided to get rid of him. Luckily Mr. Lou Zhuozhi had a wide social network. When he heard about this, he hired a wooden boat and entrusted Fernandes to escort Dr. Sun to Hong Kong where he made way to another country, thus preserving the seed of the revolution.”28THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN615

Lugong Yiruo chuanji [The Biography of Lou I Ioc], on the other hand, has a slightly different account of the incident: “Dr. Sun stayed in Macau and opened the Zhongxi Apothecary as a cover-up for his revolutionary activities. Not soon afterward, the Qing Government learned about this and issued a warrant for his arrest. This happened quite suddenly. Mr. Lou Zhuozhi discussed the matter with a Portuguese friend Francisco Fernandes (Fernandes the second)29 and arranged a boat for Dr. Sun to go to Hong Kong where he went on to Kobe.”30 I have no doubt that the father and son of the Lou family were both involved in the rescue of Dr. Sun. It would not be surprising that the Lous helped, for example, with arranging the boat and providing necessary expenses for the boat trips and the boatmen. In addition, the Lous had great influence on the Macau Government. It is highly likely that they had lobbied the relevant Portuguese-Macau officials so that the government would not take action against Dr. Sun before he left Macau on the boat. More important still is that the Lous were very close to the senior officials of the Guangdong Government. Lou I Ioc has once disclosed that he had very close relationship with Commander Li Zhun31 and Li could be seen as one of the senior officials in Guangdong who were keen on capturing the revolutionaries. It would not be too difficult a task for the Lous if they wanted to protect Dr. Sun from falling into the hands of Li Zhun and the others. Thus, I would not doubt the truth of what was made public by Lou I Ioc several decades afterward, and that is, he and his father had participated in this rescue operation of Dr. Sun. I also believe that Fernandes and Bastos, who were close friends of both Dr. Sun and the Lou brothers, were probably also involved in this rescue. It is because Bastos had a close relationship with the then Governor Costa. It would not be difficult for Bastos to lobby the Portuguese-Macau Government (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)625

not to intervene in the matter. This would be one of the key factors leading to the success of the rescue. Yet, it cannot be denied that it was Fernandes who was actively involved personally in the whole operation, risking his reputation and even his life to accomplish this rescue mission.Also, when Dr. Sun became Provisional President and passed through Macau en route to Cuiheng village to pay respect to his ancestors, he still accepted the invitation to meet old friends at the Yu Garden (now the Lou Lim Ieoc Garden) like Lou Lim Ieoc and his brother, showing that Dr. Sun had a very intimate relationship with the Lou family. It is more difficult to say, however, about other board members, especially those who benefited the most from the administrative structure of Kiang Wu Hospital at that time. When they read this article on the proposed reform of Kiang Wu Hospital, they naturally would not agree with the ideas and deeds of Dr. Sun. From what happened not long afterward, we can see how strong the traditional force was in insisting to maintain the conventional operation of the Hospital. This incident happened in May 1895. Soon after the new Macau Governor José Maria de Sousa Horta e Costa assumed duty, a plague broke out in Macau. Governor Costa went to Kiang Wu Hospital to inspect the actual situation. He saw a lot of sick patients, and hoping to prevent mutual infection that would intensify the plague, he suggested moving some of the patients to Tang Guohuan area [Estrada de Cacilhas] for isolation. This was tactfully declined by the Chinese board members with the excuse of Chinese traditions. “The board members explained repeatedly that Chinese did not like changes and chaos, and accepted fate as it was. That was their norm.” In the end, the governor eventually had to reluctantly “agree” with the suggestions of the board members.32THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN635

Although it is clear that by the end of 1893 Dr. Sun had lost the support of some board members of Kiang Wu Hospital and some merchants and gentry, but with the support of the Lous, Bastos, and Fernandes, Dr. Sun could still keep a foothold in Macau. However, some significant changes occurred in 1894. Such changes should be the direct cause leading to the departure of Dr. Sun. In the beginning of 1894, there were rumors that the Macau Governor would step down and return to Portugal. It was confirmed at the end of January and on January 23 a farewell evening party was held.It has been clearly explained earlier that although Dr. Sun all along had not been able to acquire a doctor license for Western medicine, he could still practice in Macau as a doctor of Western medicine because the Lous, Bastos, and Fernandes, etc., were all influential people in the Portuguese-Macau Government. This was particularly true for Bastos, who not only owned a Portuguese newspaper in which he constantly wrote political essays with sharp and critical viewpoints and comments, but also wrote political articles in Echo Macaense. He was definitely someone whom any politician in Macau would not want as an enemy. In reality, Bastos and the Governor had good relationship. Not only had Bastos not written any articles to attack the policies of the Governor, he even defended him when the Governor was attacked and criticized by editors and writers of conservative groups, like the newspaper of the Church. That was why in the farewell speech of the Governor in Echo Macaense, he also mentioned Bastos and thanked him. Another piece of secondary evidence comes from the Portuguese scholar A. H. de Oliveira Marques, who believes that the then Macau Governor Custódio Miguel de Borja and Fernandes were both members of the Freemasonry in Macau. This means they belonged to the underground revolutionaries in Portugal and supported (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)645

Republicanism.33 Dr. Sun was an intellectual who had all along been planning to overthrow the Qing regime and establish a republic for China. Thus, it is absolutely possible that through the introduction of his revolutionary comrade Fernandes, he has made acquaintance with Governor Borja and gained his recognition and secret support. However, once this important political supporter of Dr. Sun left, there was slim hope that Dr. Sun could continue to stay in Macau.First of all, what kind of a person was Governor Costa who assumed duty in March? What was his political orientation? Was he politically conservative or was he a reformist? Which political party did he belong to in Portugal? In Bastos’ and Fernandes’ endeavor to fight for the Government’s acquiescence in Dr. Sun to continue practicing medicine in Macau they needed to humour this new Governor to win his support. The answers to all the above questions would affect whether they needed to violate their political beliefs, and whether they could uphold the independence of the press and continue their defiance to tyranny while criticizing the government. Yet, it happened at that very moment an incident that was very detrimental to Dr. Sun’s prospects of staying in Macau. That was the incident mentioned earlier about the seriously ill woman treated by Dr. Sun in mid-February. That woman eventually died. O Independente made a big mess out of this incident, deliberately damaging reputation of Dr. Sun. Although O Independente was well known for publishing polemical articles against the government, for being anti-Catholic Church, and for launching personal attacks at some public figures, and people who knew this newspaper would not totally believe in what was reported in it, Dr. Sun, nevertheless, was inadvertently a victim. The Chinese community in Macau consisted mainly of people from Guangdong. From their traditional and conservative point of view, these negative THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN655

reports in a foreign newspaper against Dr. Sun, irrespective of whether they were true of not, were definitely not something they would be proud of. Dr. Sun had just offended some merchants and gentry from Guangdong, which already caused him to lose a number of regular patients. With these additional reports that aimed at ruining his reputation intentionally, his clients would definitely further reduce. In this incident, the fee charged by Dr. Sun was exceptionally high; yet, this does not necessarily mean a violation of Dr. Sun’s original principle of charging his patients since Dr. Sun all the time upheld the principle of “taking from the rich and giving to the poor” so that gratuitous medicine and consultation would only be given to the poor and the needy. On September 26 and October 7, 1893, Echo Macaense twice published the advertisement “Chunman Jinghu [Spring in Kiang Wu],” stating that “for dystocia patients and those who have taken poisonous drugs, fees will be determined on discretion according to whether they are rich or poor,” and “all complicated and rare illnesses” would also be “charged on a discretionary basis.” However, there was a report in Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao on May 3, 1895 about a new doctor employed by Kiang Wu Hospital, “[Kiang Wu Hospital] has employed one more female doctor, with a generous salary of twenty patacas, so that poor female patients can be better cared for.” Thus, we can see that a doctor’s monthly salary at Kiang Wu Hospital at that time was around twenty patacas. In that case, the charge of Dr. Sun in this particular case does seem unusually high, and needs to be further investigated.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)665

I believe there could be two possible reasons. First, Dr. Sun had by then already decided to leave Macau for Guangzhou. He knew that Macau was not his permanent home anymore and did not need to care much about how people in Macau viewed his charge for services. In addition, this patient was probably a wealthy merchant, and yet not one with high social status and prestige and thus would not cause much attention and controversy. Second, considering his economic situation, he probably needed the money.As a matter of fact, from 1893 to the first Guangzhou Uprising in 1895, Dr. Sun did make up quite a bit of money from his apothecary and medical practice in Macau and Xiji (Xianji), Guangzhou. According to the Xingzhonghui geming shiyao [A Concise History of the Revolution of Xingzhonghui] by Chen Shaobai, a long-time comrade of Dr. Sun, “after Dr. Sun graduated … he practiced medicine in Macau and Guangzhou. Amazingly, in less than three months, his reputation started to build up. Hardly anyone had not heard of his name, and he was greatly admired. A lot of patients sought his consultation and he earned more than ten thousand patacas in a year.” Hu Qufei’s A Biographical Sketch of the President also has similar description: At that time, the directors of Kiang Wu, a public hospital, had admiration for the distinguished knowledge and extensive experience of Dr. Sun and invited him to head a new Western Medicine section. After Dr. Sun assumed the position, all patients who came for consultation recovered under his excellent care, and he saved countless lives. As his reputation built up, more and more patients sought his consultation, causing envy from Portuguese doctors. … They enlisted the help of government officials in Macau THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN675

to intervene and ban the practice of Dr. Sun. Dr. Sun was thus forced to move to Guangzhou and open the Dongxi Apothecary at Shaji. The business of his practice there was just as prosperous as in Macau. … The income from his medical consultation at that time often exceeded a thousand yuan per month.Dr. Sun also admitted this himself. In 1909, someone in the revolutionary party had raised the opinion that Dr. Sun “made use of the revolution for profiteering gains.” This made Dr. Sun very angry. He wrote to Wu Zhihui in London to explain. “People think that I get huge financial gains … and do not know that before the revolution I had a favorable economic status in society. If not for the revolution, my status would have still been kept, and I would not be short of any pleasure and comfort that any man on earth desires. Am I launching the revolution for profiteering gains? ... Just by medical consultation and running the apothecary, I could already earn more than ten thousand yuan per year.”34Yet, Feng Shaobo points out that Dr. Sun at that time "did not save up much money, always spending all his money in different ways. What had been earned was spent once he got the money in hand.” We can see that Dr. Sun had a financially well-off life when he practiced medicine, yet for the revolutionary cause, he spent all the money on finding comrades with common goals, and ended up being poor. It is also mentioned in A Brief History to Commemorate the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Revolutionary Movement that “all government officials, gentry, and the public at that time knew that all the money earned by Dr. Sun from his medical practice was used on making friends in the magistracy and in communicating with members of the revolutionary party.” The section “Jia xingyi yundong geming (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)685

[Revolution in the Disguise of Medical Practice]” in Hu’s book also has this description: “Although the medical business of Dr. Sun was very prosperous, he did not have any savings. Even his business capital and what he got from treating patients were spent on the revolution and related social activities.”35It needs to be pointed out as well that Dr. Sun was not a good financial controller. When Dr. Sun opened his pharmacy and practiced medicine in Macau and Guangzhou, Chen Shaobai was particularly concerned with this. In A Concise History of the Revolution of Xingzhonghui, he mentions that “Dr. Sun practiced as a doctor while running an apothecary. He started a clinic in Macau and one in Guangzhou, and later another one in Shiqi. I could not stop him, so I helped him. In the second year, he entrusted the running of the business in the shops to one or two staff, and only had a vague idea of how they operated the business. They eventually used up all the money earned from his medical consultation on buying medicine, and in the end, there was not even enough money for daily expenses.”36Chen’s view can be confirmed by other first-hand information in Macau. An advertisement on September 26, 1893 in Echo Macaense was actually a “statement,” the content of which was: “I had to take care of some matter in the province. All matters related to the Zhongxi Apothecary will be entrusted to Mr. Chen Kongping. In all documents related to income and expenses, loans and payments, etc., the signature of Chen would be official and definite.” From this day to January 16 1894, there was the following advertisement in every issue of Echo Macaense: THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN695

Our apothecary uses Chinese and Western medicine of high quality, each following Chinese and Western standards. We have all forms of Chinese medicine, including paste, ointment, capsules, pills, and powder, and use ingredients of the highest quality. The medical herbal tea was prepared daily and could be seen by their fresh and transparent color. As for other herbal medicine, we have invested heavily in a stock of exquisite quality for any interested customers. We hope this information can be widely circulated.From the information of the advertisement, we can see that a lot of money was spent on running the apothecary. At the same time, in this period Dr. Sun had already started to travel frequently between Macau and Guangzhou. The time spent on his medical practice would definitely be less, meaning a reduction in income. On the other hand, expenditure increased greatly because of the opening of the apothecary in Xiji [Xianji]. In addition, starting from December 1893, that was when the open attack on Kiang Wu Hospital appeared in the newspaper, Dr. Sun would definitely have lost some patients. Summarizing the analysis of the information above, by the end of January and mid-February of 1894, Dr. Sun should have known that he could no longer stay in Macau and had to move to Guangzhou to continue his revolutionary cause.In Kidnapped in London, Dr. Sun recalls the period when he could no longer stay in Macau to practice as a doctor as follows: “… Consequently my practice was interrupted abruptly. After futile attempts to reestablish myself in Macao [Macau], and at considerable pecuniary loss, which was out of my expectation when I first came to Macau, I was induced to go to Canton [Guangzhou].” What he meant by “at considerable pecuniary loss” should refer to the loss of capital for setting up the Zhongxi (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)705

Apothecary. If on the one hand there was a sharp decrease in the number of patients, while the apothecary still “invested heavily in a stock of exquisite quality for any interested customers,” and on the other hand some of the merchants, scholars, and friends of Kiang Wu, whom Dr. Sun had offended, stopped visiting the clinic, it naturally led to “a great loss of capital” for the apothecary. We can thus imagine that Dr. Sun was financially very uptight when he officially left Macau, and charging Chan Sai Peng an unusually high fee was probably because there was no other alternative under the circumstances.Concerning Dr. Sun’s charges for medical services, most scholars would make reference to the advertisements (in Echo Macaense) on September 26 and October 7, 1893, which were laid down by the Board of Directors of Kiang Wu Hospital:• For those treated at the Zhongxi Apothecary at Rua das Estalagens from 7 to 9 a.m., irrespective of the gender, the consultation fee is 10 cents.• For those who go to the office at the right of the Macau Holy House of Mercy for consultation, the consultation fee is 1 pataca.• For those who need home-visits, the fee is 2 patacas if it is in dontown Macau; if elsewhere, it will be considered case by case according to the distance.• For dystocia patients and those who have taken drugs, fees will be determined on discretion according to whether they are rich or poor.• For yearly service, the fee is 50 patacas per year; for a family of no more than five members, the medical fee is 100 patacas per year.THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN715

• At 10 a.m. to noon every Sunday, smallpox vaccination will be given at 1 pataca per person; vaccination at patient’s home would be charged 3 patacas per person.• For surgery related to the mouth, ear, retina, ulcers, sores, tumors, lymph nodes, etc., treatment fees would be determined case by case.• Complicated and rare illnesses would be charged on discretionary basis.• For consultation outside the clinic and for emergencies, treatment would be given as soon as possible and will not be delayed.• If the doctor has to travel elsewhere for house-visits, 30 patacas will be charged daily, counting from the day the travel starts.What needs to be pointed out is that when Dr. Sun worked in Kiang Wu Hospital, consultation and medicine were given free, and for those who went to the other two clinics, they were just charged two cents to one yuan. How was it possible that Dr. Sun could make a monthly income of a thousand yuan? That was of course largely from the fees for house-visits that were charged on “discretionary basis.” Those who could afford Dr. Sun’s house-visits were of course wealthy people and Dr. Sun upheld the principle of “taking from the rich and giving to the poor” to determine his charges. This is probably what Zhang Shizhao also means in Da gemingjia Sun Yixian [The Great Revolutionary Sun Yat-sen]37 where he relates that Dr. Sun “went to Macau to start a medical practice and gave gratuitous medical consultation to the poor while making profit out of the rich. He thus made both reputation and profits.” However, there is of now no record of the fees that Dr. Sun actually charged at that time.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)725

THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN73Another source of information is Hu Qufei’s “Revolution in the Disguise of Medical Practice,” revealing that after Dr. Sun moved from Macau to Xiji [Xianji], Guangzhou, patients came to his clinic like flocks of birds. It became a bit overwhelming, and messed up with the principal goal of promoting the revolutionary causes. Thus, “fees were raised to ten yuan with the hope of deterring some patients; yet, the number of patients remained the same.”38 Because of this, the income then “often exceeded a thousand patacas per month.” From this information, we can postulate that Dr. Sun also might not necessarily follow the price listed in “Spring in Kiang Wu” in Macau because Hu Qufei mentions in the same article that in the clinic at Shaji, “the business of his practice there was just as prosperous as in Macau.” Thus, even in Macau, if there were too many patients, and if many of them were wealthy people, even if they came to Dr. Sun’s clinic, they would probably not mind paying a bit more. For those who needed Dr. Sun’s home-visits, the fees would certainly be “determined on discretion according whether they were rich or poor.” And if they were emergencies or cases related to taking poisonous drugs, it would be unavoidable and understandable that patients had to pay more. From this point of view, if Dr. Sun charged Chan Sai Peng one hundred yuan through barrister Bastos, was it really that unreasonably high? According to the report of Echo Macaense, Chan’s wife was an opium-smoker, and according to O Independente, Dr. Sun paid house-visits twice and had given prescriptions. Opium-smoking is just like taking poisonous drugs. The prescribed medicine might be those “of exquisite quality” among the collections that the apothecary had “invested heavily” in. In any case, Dr. Sun had entrusted a barrister to demand the fee for him. A barrister is someone familiar with the law. If he was willing to accept the responsibility, of course he should have considered it a reasonable and legal matter, not to mention that Chan’s family, according to O Independente, had paid in the end to settle the matter. However, it was probably unexpected to 5

Dr. Sun that this incident was blown up for wanton publicity and excessively propagandized by those Portuguese who envied Dr. Sun and by those Chinese merchants whom Dr. Sun offended while he was promoting Western medicine. What is more significant is that it coincided with a transition of leadership in the Macau Government. Thus even Bastos and Fernandes could not resolve the situation, and as Dr. Sun said himself, “Consequently my practice was interrupted abruptly. After futile attempts to reestablish myself in Macao [Macau], and at considerable pecuniary loss, which was out of my expectation when I first came to Macau …”This is a conclusion drawn from careful and indepth analysis of various first-hand information in Macau and should reflect the nearest truth of why Dr. Sun had to leave Macau and go to Xiji [Xianji], Guangzhou.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)745

THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN75

THE IMPACT OF DR. SUN’S EXPERIENCE IN MACAU ON THE ACHIEVEMENT OF HIS REVOLUTIONARY CAUSE We have discussed above whether Dr. Sun was really realizing revolutionary goals through medical practice during his fifteen months in Macau, and concluded that the strategy Dr. Sun engaged in was a parallel trajectory of both medical and political career. In other words, he was really practicing medicine and was also seriously involved in revolutionary activities. It has been mentioned in both The Fundamentals of National Reconstruction and Kidnapped in London that this period in Macau was very important for his revolutionary cause. In The Fundamentals of National Reconstruction, he mentions, “After my graduation, I practiced as a doctor in Macau and Guangzhou. This was actually the beginning of my revolutionary activities.” In Kidnapped in London, he says, “When in 1892 I settled in Macao [Macau], a small island near the mouth of the Canton river … It was in that year … that my first acquaintance was made with political life; and there began the part of my career which has engaged me in state affairs.” This shows that Dr. Sun saw his whole revolutionary movement as starting from the period when he was realizing his revolutionary goals through medical practice in Macau. Yet according to the record of Feng Ziyou, during Dr. Sun’s stay in Macau, he “constantly wanted to recruit dedicated and enthusiastic comrades, but people like Zheng Shiliang and Chen Shaobai were hard to find.” In that case, what achievement did Dr. Sun attain in his revolutionary cause during his stay in Macau? We will focus the following discussion on this question.6THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN77

To look back at the whole 1911 Revolution from the first Guangzhou Uprising in 1895 to the Wuchang Uprising in 1911, it has taken sixteen years before the Qing regime was overthrown. It could thus be seen that if the Qing Government were to be successfully overthrown, several conditions were essential. First of all, there had to be a group of intellectuals with up-to-date knowledge and thoughts to formulate and propagate revolutionary ideas. Dr. Sun had once attributed the eventual success of 1911 Revolution largely to the dissemination and promotion of revolutionary goals and ideas through revolutionary publications that were sympathetic to the revolutionary cause. Second, the leader planning the revolution had to have substantial financial backup, or had the backup of a group of wealthy merchants who were sympathetic to the revolutionary cause and were willing to donate huge contributions to sponsor the various kinds of expenses needed to organize the movement. It was also essential to have a group of locals with high political status who could openly or secretly help to lobby foreign governments to understand, sympathize, and identify with the revolutionary cause, and would even secretly help to ensure the safety of the revolutionaries and to co-ordinate and support manpower mobilization when carrying out action plans. Finally, there had to be a fine and strong military group, whose members were willing to die for the cause and to stand in the forefront as the spearhead of the revolution, ready to devote their lives to overthrowing the Qing Government.First, let us discuss issues related to fund-raising for the revolution. Earlier on, it has been shown that both reliable revolutionary literature and what Dr. Sun himself has said reveal without doubt that Dr. Sun could make considerable earnings out of practicing as a doctor and running a apothecary in Macau. He might not have a lot of savings because he had to spend a lot on launching his revolutionary campaign, but the “model” (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)786

of operation he adopted in Macau worked well, that is, making money by means of his preeminent medical skills on the one hand, and making acquaintance with wealthy merchants and local gentry as potential targets for raising funds for his revolutionary movement on the other. Thus, when he realized that he could no longer develop his business further in Macau, he moved to Xiji (Xianji) in Guangzhou, adopted the same “model” to continue working as a doctor, running a apothecary, while recruiting and uniting revolutionary comrades. [Dr. Sun] opened the Dongxi Apothecary at Xiji [Xianji]. The business of his practice there was just as prosperous as that in Macau. Dr. Sun was skilled in medical treatment and also good at discussion on revolutionary matters. He had superb medical skills and admirable ethics. If he met poor people or people from the labor class, he would always treat them well and generously. ... Because of this, patients came to him like flocks of birds, and he could hardly meet with all demands. The business became a bit overwhelming to him and started to mess up with his revolutionary business. Fees were raised to ten yuan with the hope of deterring some patients; yet, the number of patients remained the same. Thus his monthly income from medical consultation often exceeded a thousand yuan per month. In addition, in order to facilitate the revolution, he opened another pharmacy in Shiqi (Xiangshan). He also started a silkworm paper firm in Shunde to serve as an organ for communication purposes. ... However, although the medical business of Dr. Sun was very prosperous, he did not have any savings. Even his capital for business and what he got from treating patients were spent on the revolution and related social activities. Because of his reputation, more and more people came to follow him. At that time the people in 6THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN79

the army and in the government in Guangzhou, whether officials from high up in the provincial level or down to the county level, all thought highly of Dr. Sun because of his academic excellence. He was thus able to talk freely about politics then, commenting on the merits and mistakes of the government. They would not take notice of any anti-Qing sentiments in his comments because to them he was just a medical doctor. What power did he have in overthrowing the regime?”39The first sum of money that Dr. Sun earned was crucial to the launching of his revolutionary campaigns. He was at that time only a fresh university graduate with little financial backup and had not yet found a job. Also, his brother Sun Mei, who later financed Dr. Sun’s revolutionary expenses, did not have a very harmonious relationship with Dr. Sun when he was studying in Hong Kong, mainly because Dr. Sun wanted to be converted to Christianity when he studied in Honolulu in 1883. When Dr. Sun sought his brother’s approval for the conversion, he was recalled home. He was even whipped by his father, and dragged to kneel down in front of the statue of a deity in Beidi Temple to repent. Dr. Sun was so upset and furi*ous that he returned to the temple later to throw stones at the statue and ruined it. This angered the local villagers who went to his home to reprehend his act. Dr. Sun thus had to leave his hometown sadly and went to Hong Kong.40According to what Dr. Sun later on recalled, it was extremely difficult to raise funds around the period of the first Guangzhou Uprising. “At that time, there were but a few people willing to financially support the uprising in Guangzhou. What had been raised was just a few thousand from one or two persons in Hong Kong and a few thousand from people in Honolulu, amounting only to something more than ten thousand. Yet, expenses for (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)806

the operation in those few years, the co-ordination work in the several provinces, and the aftermath of the failure of the Guangzhou Uprising, could not be covered by just ten thousand or more. Everyone knew that. Where did the rest of the fund come from? The money all came from my brother and me.”41Later in the 1900 Huizhou Uprising and other areas of operation, the expenses amounted to no less than a hundred thousand yuan. What we got were just twenty thousand yuan from a Mr. Li in Hong Kong and five thousand yuan from someone in Japan. I alone had taken care of raising the rest of the funding. After that, my financial reserves were also exhausted, and I had to rely on my brother for further financial support. My brother even took care of expenses of my wife. Most of the expenses during this revolution that lasted over ten years came from me and my brother. The support from other countrymen and Japanese amounted to no more than forty to fifty thousand. If people said that I used the name of revolution so as to make a profit of forty to fifty thousand, I can tell them I could actually earn more than ten thousand yuan per year by being a doctor and selling medicine. This was well known among people in Hong Kong and Guangdong area. One can actually earn even more in other businesses. If I aimed just at profit-making, why would I choose the path of revolution and lose the means for earning a living, spending what I have gained and using what my brother has saved up?”42As to Dr. Sun’s view that he could not really recruit dedicated comrades in Macau, he probably referred to “Chinese comrades,” and this is understandable as those supporting Dr. Sun to come to practice medicine in Macau were all well-established merchants and gentry. Lou Zhuozhi and He Suitian, 6THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN81

in particular, were Chinese community leaders highly regarded by the Portuguese-Macau Government, meaning that their business and income were closely related to the government. The Portuguese-Macau Government was highly sensitive to the patriotic, nationalist movements secretly organized by the Chinese, and closely monitored them, fearing that such movements had connotations of anti-imperialism. For this reason, those “good friends” who supported Dr. Sun to practice medicine in Macau did not dare to publicly support the idea of overthrowing the Qing Government, which might lead to an adverse relationship between the Portuguese-Macau and the Qing Government. For the same reason, the Portuguese-Macau Government also could not and would not openly support any movement to overthrow the Qing Government. This explains why the Chinese with high social status in Macau did not openly support the revolution, especially Chinese merchants, such as He Suitian and Lou Zhuozhi, most of whom had close relationship with government officials in Guangzhou, and some of whom were even spies for the Guangzhou Government officials in Macau. The second son of Lou Zhuozhi, Lou I Ioc, has revealed in his biography that the Commander in Guangzhou, Li Zhun, had close relationship with the Lou family, and yet Li was probably one of those in the Guangdong Government most eager to catch the revolutionaries. As to He Suitian, although he could be seen as the “most supportive good friend” of Dr. Sun in Macau who constantly rose in many occasion to help, his thoughts were more progressive than others and was concerned with national matters, yet he was against using radical means.43 Later on, when Kang Youwei set up a branch of the Royalist Society in Macau, He Suitian became its President and Financial Secretary. According to the description of Feng Ziyou, “Suitian was naturalized Portuguese since he was young and had a lot of businesses with the Portuguese. Kang hoped to use him as a talisman of the Society and that was the most prosperous (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)826

period of the Royalist Society in Macau.”44 Thus we can see that although He could be seen as patriotic and concerned with national affairs, his thoughts clung more toward the reformist ideas of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. The activities that he was willing to participate in all aimed at “enlightening the public.” For example, He actively helped the Royalist Society in Macau organize a series of activities like setting up the “Macau Foot-binding-free Society” and the Macau branch for “Quit Opium Society,” and that was about all that he did then. No wonder Dr. Sun did not really consider Lou and He as like-minded comrades. Yet, in reality, it is not true that Dr. Sun did not have zealous comrades in Macau to assist him in his revolutionary cause. Only that they were Portuguese. Among them, as mentioned in the above sections, Bastos and Fernandes were the ones giving the strongest support to Dr. Sun. To fully understand how they aided Dr. Sun’s revolution, first we need to analyze more deeply the ideological thoughts of Dr. Sun when he was in Macau, and what kind of a person were Bastos and Fernandes.It is recorded in most revolutionary literature that when Dr. Sun started studying in the Hong Kong College of Medicine, he already started discussing revolutionary matters with the other three members of the so-called Four Bandits. Chen Shaobai, the best friend of Dr. Sun at that time, recalls in A Concise History of the Revolution of Xingzhonghui that “after entering the College (Hong Kong College of Medicine), he was talking all day about revolution. There was of course no-one among the classmates to discuss with him. Some would consider it treacherous, others avoided him … calling him ‘Hong Xiuquan.’ It was because Dr. Sun talked frequently of Hong Xiuquan, calling him the first anti-Qing hero; only that Hong did not succeed in the end …”45 Also, Jiang Yinghua has also mentioned, “When the President was studying in the College, he was good at discussing matters of revolution 6THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN83

with other classmates.”46 I do not doubt that Dr. Sun had long before “waited for the opportunity to start a revolution,” but from actual “revolutionary” thoughts or waiting for opportunities to start a “revolution” to the actual implementation of a revolutionary movement to achieve revolutionary goals was a far and distant path. There was the need to create sufficient favorable conditions, to formulate suitable strategies, and to grasp any single available opportunity to move forward to the goal one step at a time, before the ultimate goal could be achieved. Lou I Ioc has once said that “on the one hand, Dr. Sun found it hard to turn down the sincerity expressed in our invitation; on the other hand, he thought Macau might not be a bad choice as a base to develop revolutionary forces.” If Dr. Sun really believed, as Lou I Ioc has said, that Macau was not a bad choice to be a base for developing revolutionary forces, then the reason should be related to the support he could enlist from Fernandes. Some facts that happened later can prove that this view is well founded.Fernandes was a Macanese, whose family had been in Macau for generations. To be precise, he was “a locally born person in Macau of Portuguese descent.” He was born on February 13, 1863 in Macau. His father was a Portuguese from a family who had for generations lived in Macau, and his mother was Chinese. Fernandes and Dr. Sun became friends when Dr. Sun was studying in Hong Kong. At that time, Fernandes had worked as a clerk, court usher, and interpreter in the Hong Kong High Court. After knowing each other, they became close friends.47 After graduation from the College of Medicine, Dr. Sun went to Macau to practice. By that time, Fernandes had already returned to Macau. Fernandes was well educated. He was intelligent and good at languages. This can be seen from the recommendation letters of several key officials of the then Hong Kong Government and from the documents that verified (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)846

his employment as an interpreter at the Hong Kong High Court. One of these key officials was James Dyer Ball, who was the head of the Hong Kong Government Translation Department at that time. Ball was considered in the linguistics field to be one of the foreigners who were most proficient in Chinese language. A review article of Ball’s book Yueyu yitong [Cantonese Made Easy] in Zhongguo Pinglunbao [China Review] has this to say: “We cordially recommend this book. … It is worthy of Mr. Ball’s reputation as a ‘Master of Colloquial Cantonese.’”48 On the other hand, the comments of Dechen Xibao [China Mail] on Mr. Ball is: “Mr. Ball has mastered the Cantonese dialect better than any foreigner has yet done. … We have no hesitation in saying that his two works Cantonese Made Easy and Zenyang jiang yueyu [How to Speak Cantonese] form as concise and complete a manual of the dialect as it is nigh possible to expect. There is really no other work on the subject worthy of comparison with them.”49 The comment of this master of Chinese on Fernandes was: “I believe his Cantonese and Mandarin levels were sufficient for him to be an interpreter anywhere. It is very rare that someone can master the fluency of these two dialects as he can.”50 Ball also confirmed that Fernandes not only could speak fluent Chinese, but could also read. Another key government official to comment on Fernandes was Rev. E.J. Eitel, an internationally renowned priest and sinologist. Eitel strongly recommended Fernandes to work as an interpreter in the Hong Kong High Court.51 He believed that his command of Portuguese, Cantonese, Mandarin, and other Chinese dialects made him more than capable to take up the position. On the other hand, the chief of staff in the Hong Kong High Court commended on the excellent level of his English as well as his good education and gifted talents.526THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN85

Because Fernandes was fluent in English, he could easily read the reports in English newspapers about the international status of China. The editors of these newspapers were all very concerned about the situation within China, and thus constantly gave commentaries on important matters in China according to their different political stands.The mother of Fernandes was Chinese. Judging from the fact that Fernandes was fluent in several Chinese dialects, he most likely had strong feelings of and identification with his motherland, China. From Hong Kong newspapers, he could easily have access to news about China’s plight in foreign affairs, and thus could draw the accurate conclusion that China was at a weak and vulnerable position in international affairs. Under such circumstances, it would not be difficult to foster strong feelings for reform in China and develop the willingness to assist revolutionaries to bring reform to China.53It is thus highly credible that either between 1883 and 1885 or between 1887 and 1892, Dr. Sun and Fernandes met and became intimate friends. According to some Portuguese sources, Dr. Sun and Fernandes became intimate friends after Dr. Sun had been summoned by court for some reasons and was released due to Fernandes’ help.54 However, no similar reports can be found in other historical sources related to Dr. Sun or in other revolutionary literature. Thus, the credibility of this information cannot be confirmed. During the period from June 1883 to 1892, two strikes were recorded in the history of Hong Kong. One was the strike by dock workers at the wharf to protest against the French invasion of China in 1884. Another was the strike by some four thousand boat people in 1888. Dr. Sun once said, “I became determined to overthrow the Qing Government and establish the Republic of China in 1885, when China was defeated by France.”55 The anti-French strike (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)866

that broke out in 1884 carried a distinctive theme of patriotism and anti-colonialism. Judging from Dr. Sun’s above-mentioned remark, we can see how enormous the impact of this strike had on this hot-headed young student with a strong sense of national consciousness. If we recall what sort of a teenager Dr. Sun used to be before he went to Hong Kong and what he had done to defy authoritarianism, it would not be hard to figure out what actions Dr. Sun might have taken. In fact, when Dr. Sun was studying in Honolulu, he was sent home in 1883 by his brother Sun Mei, who was becoming worried when Dr. Sun expressed the intention to become a Christian. Dr. Sun was whipped by his father when he was home and dragged to kneel in front of the statue of a deity in Pak Tai Temple to repent. Dr. Sun was so upset and furious that he returned later to throw stones at the statue and ruined it. This angered local villagers who went to his home to reprehend his act. Dr. Sun thus had to leave his hometown sadly and went to Hong Kong.56 This incident serves to demonstrate the strong and rebellious character of Dr. Sun against authoritarianism and tyranny. One would imagine within the free and unsupervised environment in Hong Kong, he could be greatly inspired by the national consciousness of the strikers. Thus, it is highly possible that Dr. Sun supported in some ways or even participated in the 1884 strike and was consequently detained by the authority and later released, thanks to the help of Fernandes.Fernandes came from a family that had been in the printing industry for generations. As early as 1855, his family had already set up a commercial printing house and was the printer for publications of the Macau Government. When Fernandes returned to Macau, he could immediately start on July 18, 1893 to run the Chinese and the Portuguese weekly newspapers (Echo Macaense and Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao) because he already possessed very facilitative conditions. One can say he had the advantage of being at the right place at the right time. 6THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN87

Worth pointing out is that the Portuguese Republic was established in 1910, one year earlier than the 1911 Revolution. However, the revolutionary activities in Portugal started at the end of the nineteenth century already and a lot of Portuguese magnates and powerful people in Macau supported republicanism. Fernandes, who used his self-founded newspaper to support Dr. Sun’s activities in Macau, was one of these progressive literati. Many editorials in Echo Macaense were discussions and proganda of revolutionary ideas. For example, the editorial of Echo Macaense on August 1, 1893 reads: “These are also the grievances and complaints we hear [in Macau] about the messy current situation. … It has already reached the point when the system has to be changed. … We have to use our own effort to fight for it, we all — residents in Macau, Portuguese, and Chinese, let’s unite together.”57 As the person-in-charge of two newspapers, Fernandes was even more defiant to authority, and dared to criticize the faulty and corrupt practices of the governments in China and Macau. He never hesitated to expose and condemn the wrongdoings of corrupt government officials, local tyrants, and evil gentry. His two papers constantly reported the revolutionary activities and ideas of Dr. Sun.An editorial by Weiwei Sheng (the pen-name of Wang Qinnan, the editor-in-chief of the paper) that was based on the wordings of Fernandes, says, Our paper has a longstanding reputation far and near. We are not deterred by the authority and power of rulers and ministers of the East and the West and constantly publish criticisms and comments on them. We would not be deterred by malicious accusations and threats. … We recently learn that there are villains who are not pleased (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)886

with our fierce criticisms or our unveiling of their secrets, and thus spread horrible threats of arson or assassination. This is just like fighting a losing battle against the healthy upright air in nature by the mortal beings.58The editorial of March 27, 1895 further says,Our newspaper upholds an upright stand and dares to reprehend the evil and wrongdoers. We have never deviated from our principles or changed our longstanding objectives. …We publish anything we know and to the full extent with no hesitation. To support the righteous people is our consistent will. Since the founding of the newspaper, whenever we see malpractices and corrupt policies of the West, we are sure to criticize them, to serve as an alert to them, so that they can rectify their wrongdoings.59This is repeated again in the editorial on August 21, 1895.“Since the founding of the newspaper, there are a lot of people who think highly of us, but complaints and anger are also not lacking. Irrespective of government officials, the rich and the powerful in the East or in the West, people high above or below, if they commit something evil and wrong, we will not hesitate to exert our utmost effort to condemn them with our pen.”60From these editorials of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao, we can see that Fernandes defied injustice and malpractices and would not hesitate to expose and condemn wrongful deeds of corrupt government officials, local tyrants, and evil gentry in China and Macau.Fernandes was just as daring in voicing out his opinions in the Portuguese Echo Macaense. He constantly wrote to condemn the rich and the powerful of the West, and fiercely criticized the views of the conservative political groups. For example, he was 6THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN89

often involved in debates and arguments with the newspaper of the Macau Catholic Church because the Church was the most conservative body of the Portuguese in Macau. If the Portuguese-Macau Government or the Governor refrained from advocating more open policies, he would not hold back his fierce attack. He had even been sued and got involved in a lawsuit, and the Echo Macaense was even once ordered to suspend publication. All these information can already give us a clear picture of the orientation of Fernandes’ thoughts. The commentary column of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao, the equivalent of the editorial nowadays, often discussed national affairs; the viewpoints were often very radical, constantly condemning the Qing Government, and advocating the idea of revitalizing the economy and saving the country, moving China toward modernization. As to Bastos, he was a barrister with high education; his mastery of Portuguese was higher than Fernandes’ and had high social and political status in Macau. Not only was he awarded the Ordem Militar de Cristo [Military Order of Christ] by the King of Portugal, but was also awarded medals by the Japanese Government, the King of Siam, the Pope, and France. He was famous for his poignant and critical writings. Not only was he the publisher of the newspaper O Macaense, but he also constantly wrote in other newspapers to speak out for those oppressed by corrupt officials, local tyrants, and evil gentry, and dared to confront those of high authority.61 He had similar political views as Fernandes. Whenever there were debates on the government policies by different Portuguese newspapers, Bastos and Fernandes were often along the same line. Some Portuguese scholars have confirmed that Fernandes was member of an underground revolutionary organization in Portugal, the Freemasonry, and both were supporters of Republicanism.62(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)906

When Dr. Sun arrived in Macau as a newcomer, we can imagine that he was only all thinking about nationalist ideas and concern for the plight of his country and his countrymen. Although he constantly talked with classmates that to reform China, the corrupt Qing Government had to be overthrown, all these were yet just empty words, pure talks. He might not have a single clue on how to actualize these concepts and ideas. It can be boldly assumed that he hardly had any plans or blueprints then on how to actually carry out the movement of overthrowing the Qing Government. To this beginner in the political arena, the stimulating personalities of Bastos and Fernandes helped Dr. Sun realize that by means of the newspapers, he could spread his political ideas and strongly criticize the incompetence of the Qing Government and corrupt practices of government officials. This could help consolidate the strength and power of like-minded people, and then further propagate and disseminate revolutionary ideas and goals.The discussion above has shown that the two weekly newspapers of Fernandes not only highly commended Dr. Sun on his distinguished medical skills, but also recognized his lofty medical ethics. The two newspapers were also the first to publish what have been recognized by present-day scholars of Sun Yat-sen’s thoughts as two of the several earliest Chinese essays of Dr. Sun on his political thoughts, namely, “A Preface to the Agricultural Study Association” and “A Letter to Zheng Zaoru.” There was an article in Echo Macaense in 1893 reporting an incident related to Dr. Sun that was seldom noticed and yet of great significance. This report was about Dr. Sun writing a letter to his fellow villager in Xiangshan, Zheng Zaoru.63 Zheng used to work as China’s Consul in the United States. In his letter, Dr. Sun proposed to Zheng to take three measures to reform Xiangshan County by leveraging on Zheng’s public influences: First, to grow 6THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN91

mulberry trees in the area for raising silkworms; second, to set up a county council to vehemently prohibit opium-smoking; and third, to establish learning associations and schools to make education available to all public with the final goal of having one school for every hundred households. He also suggested that if the Xiangshan model worked well, the model should be applied to other parts of China. The letter to Zheng Zaoru is what is widely believed by experts in studies on Dr. Sun Yat-sen as the first article written in Chinese by Dr. Sun on political reforms in 1890. It is the same article that was later published by Haotou Yuebao [Haotou Monthly Journal] in 1947 as “A Letter to Zheng Zaoru.” According to Haotou Monthly Journal this article was based on an article from a Macau newspaper in 1892.”64 Mr. Fei Chengkang has an insightful elucidation on this issue. Up to now, the earliest writing from Dr. Sun available is “A Letter to Zheng Zaoru” written in 1890. It is said that this writing was first published in a newspaper in Macau in 1892. However, as many articles in Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao have pointed out, Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao was the first Chinese newspaper in Macau for the past several hundred years. … Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao was run by Fernandes, a Macaense, whose family had been in the printing business in Macau for generations. There was no reason why Fernandes was not aware of other Chinese newspapers already in Macau in 1892, just one year before the founding of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao. Furthermore, the chief editor of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao was Wang Zhenqing, who had offended many people. If Wang wrongly claimed himself as the first to run a local Chinese newspaper, it would certainly become a subject of ridicule by his enemies. Therefore, it is credible that Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao was the first local Chinese newspaper in Macau. There should be no local Chinese newspaper in Macau in 1892. It is not possible that Dr. Sun’s “A Letter to (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)926

Zheng Zaoru” could be published at that time in a Macau local newspaper. We can find several letters in the form of reform proposals to officials in the existing copies of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao and Dr. Sun was closely related to this newspaper; if “A Letter to Zheng Zaoru” was indeed first published around 1892 in Macau, then it should be carried in one of the dozens of issues of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao that are missing today.65Mr. Fei probably did not have the chance to read the above-mentioned report in Echo Macaense and thus could not be absolutely certain of his conclusion. For those who have read Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao and Echo Macaense would know that Fernandes used to publish the same article in both papers run by him, sometimes on the same day, sometimes on a different day. Also, if the article was originally written in Portuguese, an excerpt would be translated into Chinese and published in Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao. Likewise, if the article was in Chinese, then a translated excerpt in Portuguese would be published in Echo Macaense. Therefore, the report on “A Letter to Zheng Zaoru” in Portuguese on August 1, 1893 in Echo Macaense should be an excerpt of the original article in Chinese published on the same day in Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao. It is a pity that this issue of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao could not be found today, so we still cannot verify Mr. Fei’s conclusion with certainty. However, the above evidences are sufficient to support Mr. Fei’s view as highly credible. The newspaper in Macau that first published “A Letter to Zheng Zaoru” should be Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao. Haotou Monthly Journal might have by mistake set the date of publication by one year earlier. As to “A Preface to the Agricultural Study Association,” it was published on the front page on November 6, 1895.THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN936

Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao and Echo Macaense could be seen as the first newspapers to report the first armed uprising in 1895. Only short reports on the uprising could be found in the so-called revolutionary literature available. The most relevant and important documentation are actually two documents that I found some years ago in the archives in Hong Kong and Macau. One of the documents was found in the Hong Kong Colonial Office as recorded in CO129/271. It contains information of over one thousand words in a report by Sir William Robinson, the then governor of Hong Kong, to the Secretary of State for the Colonies about the results of the investigation by the Hong Kong Government on the armed uprising in 1895. The report was actually based on a memorandum prepared by F.J. Badeley, the then Acting Assistant Colonial Secretary.66 The second document was found in Macau’s Administração Civil, with the file number AC/CX3011544. It was an official letter written by Crespo, the then Portuguese Consul-General in Guangzhou, to the then Macau Governor on October 28, 1895. In the letter, Crespo mentioned the first uprising in 1895. He pointed out that the actual situation of the riot then was not known. However, from the ammunition and weapons found, it could be speculated that if the Guangzhou Government had not known of the uprising beforehand, the consequences would have been disastrous. After the uprising, the government found that five hundred people had already bought ferry tickets to return to Hong Kong the next day. As to who paid for the tickets, there was no information. Ten people were arrested by the police and government officials, the rest had all fled. The source of the ammunition and weapons was also not known, but the whole operation was most likely planned in Hong Kong and Macau. For this reason, Crespo strongly urged the Macau Governor to be highly vigilant, and be alert of the activities of the Chinese in Macau, because this revolt was definitely related to Hong Kong and Macau.67(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)946

The two newspapers of Fernandes also contain precious information of the uprising.The Nº. 16 issue of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao on November 6, 1895 contains a news report about the uprising. The information came from a telegram from Guangzhou and was reported under the column “Yaodian huideng [Major Events in Telegrams].” This telegram consists of 702 Chinese characters in total. It is of course not as lengthy and detailed as the Hong Kong Government’s thousand-word report on the same uprising. However, the report of the Hong Kong Government only focuses on how Zhu Cuiquan recruited the revolutionary forces in Hong Kong, how he organized them to board the Pao On [Bao An] ferry to sail from Hong Kong to Guangzhou, and how they were arrested there. The report mentions nothing about how Dr. Sun and Lu Haodong plotted the whole uprising in Guangzhou. On the contrary, the report in Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao contains information of this missing part. “It was found that Sun Wen [Dr. Sun], that is, Sun Yixian, was hidden in the Yungang Villa of Wang Jiaci [temple of the Wang family] in Guangzhou. … So [we] led a team to arrest them on the ninth day but he had already fled. However, we nevertheless arrested two rebels on the spot, Chen Zhun and Lu Haodong. We also arrested another three rebels in Li’s residence in Xian Xialan, Nan Guan. Two big cooking pots and fifteen sharp axes with long handles were found. The building could accommodate a thousand people. We were informed that dozens of people gathered in the house a couple of days ago. Because our plan to crack down on them was leaked out, the group was able to flee. The five arrested rebels will be taken back for interrogation.”68THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN956

Though the report is just a few lines, it is in fact the most detailed first-hand information on what happened to the planned uprising of Dr. Sun and his comrades in Guangzhou and is worth serious attention. Most of the remaining parts of the telegram are the same as the Hong Kong Government report. However, one should notice that the concluding remarks in the news report by the Guangzhou Government are similar to the comments made by the Portuguese Consul-General Crespo about the uprising. “First, there were some gangsters who came to Guangzhou to rent twenty or more residential apartments for the purpose of gathering. The number of gangsters later grew to more than forty thousand. The original plan was to gather and instigate the uprising in front of the government building after meeting up in Guangzhou. If they were to succeed, the team would head for Qingyuan in Hua Xian county, and then all the way up north. The vicious plan of these gangsters was detected by his honorable Li Zhixiang, and was soon cracked down. Otherwise, after the rebels succeeded in Guangzhou, it would have spread as fast as the thunder struck and would have left no time for us to be prepared for the attack. In that case, we would have been in a precarious situation.”69Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao was founded by Fernandes. Although Fernandes himself was a supporter of Dr. Sun’s revolutionary movement, he was also a professional journalist who stuck to the principle of independent and unbiased reporting. It needs to be specifically pointed out that the above news report on the first uprising was a copy of the Guangzhou official news release. This conforms to the guidelines set up by Fernandes for the editors of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao: “The first page is for commentaries. The second page is news on China and overseas. News reports shall first cover the major happenings in Beijing and then followed by news on other provinces and counties. The third page is news clippings from Guangdong and Hong Kong. We selectively publish daily news clippings from newspapers in Guangdong and Hong Kong that are true happenings …”70(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)966

Yet Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao was also a newspaper that dared to openly and strongly support Dr. Sun’s revolutionary movement and his leadership talent. On November 27, 1895, there was a report “Shibi zaifa [Bound to Happen Again]”in the local news section of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao, which obviously shows support to Dr. Sun’s revolutionary cause, “Sun and Yeung have both fled overseas, the rest of the revolutionaries spread out all over the mainland to wait for another chance to revolt. Dr. Sun has the talent to bring upheavals to the world; his friends and comrades are mostly heroic and outstanding persons.” And three weeks earlier on November 6, Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao published “A Preface to the Agricultural Study Association” in the front page. Before the beginning of the article, a small paragraph was added to introduce Dr. Sun, showing extremely high regard for Dr. Sun.Sun Wen from Heungshan, also named Sun Yat-sen, studied in the United States when he was young, and learned about Western thoughts, ideas, and language. He was also a distinguished medical doctor and devoted Christian. When he returned home in adulthood, he knew very little Chinese. After working hard for a little more than a year, he could already read Chinese classics. He wrote about what he had learned and was extremely intelligent. Yet his ambition was far higher, just as historical figures like Xiang Yu of the Chu State, who pursued the learning of fencing and literature but had visions beyond the mere mastery of books and the sword. However, he concentrated more on lofty ideals and sometimes overlooked small details; thus, many of his endeavors went in vain. Sun once successfully sent a petition for reform to Admiral Zhang and Minister Li in the Imperial Court. He later went to travel around Europe and America and made acquaintance with talented and capable people. He returned this spring to Hong Kong, and traveled extensively in China, treading through mountains and over rivers, to learn about the THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN976

local situations and the livelihood of the general public, and founded the Agricultural Study Association. He also published books and called for support to aim at bringing far-reaching benefits to the society. Alas, it is said that we are now short of talented people, and yet there are frustrated capable people whose talents cannot be fully utilized. Such concerns are actually more worrying than the strong neighbors. In the past, Empress Wu Zetian exclaimed that it was a pity that Luo Bin Wang’s talents could not be fully utilized by the Court. Do those current incompetent ministers at high positions understand this? When they say they are looking for talents, talents are actually all around.71As to who wrote this article, there is still no definite view. If it was a transcription of what Fernandes had said and later refined and written by Weiwei Sheng, then there would usually be an explanatory note. Because of this, some believe it was written by Dr. Sun himself. Anyway, whoever the writer might be, what is important is that Fernandes, as the publisher of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao, dared to openly praise a political figure wanted by China and Hong Kong. This shows without doubt that Fernandes was determined to stand behind Dr. Sun in his revolutionary cause. I agree totally with an article by Deng Lilan published in Tuanjie Bao [Unity Newspaper]. According to Deng, the fact that this article could appear in Fernandes’ newspaper demonstrates that the relationship between Fernandes and Dr. Sun was no ordinary friendship.72 Also worth mentioning is that Echo Macaense already had, as early as October 30, reports of the uprising by the revolutionaries. According to an advertisement in Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao, the paper originally printed seven to eight hundred copies. “Westerners from Hong Kong, Macau, Guangzhou, and other commercial ports were the frequent readers.” It referred to the Portuguese version. As to the Chinese (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)986

version, it was “mainly read by merchants and magnates” and “with regard to those Chinese merchants living in Macau, the first print, all of Guangzhou and Hong Kong included, amounted to fewer than a hundred, and they were all distributed to those who had subscribed in advance, the rest could not be widely distributed because of a lack of time. The second print of the paper was mainly distributed to the public.” It was later added that the owners wanted to reduce the price of the Chinese version at the request of the readers, but those responsible for the Portuguese version refused to do so, thus the editor-in-chief decided to increase the printing of the free copies. “Every time when the paper was out, lots of people came to fetch a copy and asked for reprints and price reduction, yet the Westerners firmly refused. The editor-in-charge thus prepared paper and ink, and borrowed the machine to print free copies, amounting to several hundred to a thousand issues every time. They were sent for distribution in various places in the cities and the province.”73Although both papers of Fernandes were published in Macau, their influence went far beyond Macau because their circulation reached Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Beijing, Shanghai, Fuzhou, Xiamen, Hankou inside China, but also Japan, Honolulu, Singapore, the Philippines, Timor, and as far as Lisbon in the world.Dr. Sun definitely knew the function and impact of Fernandes’ newspapers with regard to the propaganda of his revolutionary ideas and attacks on the Qing Government. In addition, the Zhongxi Apothecary of Dr. Sun in Shiqi and the Shenjiao Bookstore at Shuangmendi in Guangzhou, where Dr. Sun often had his activities, were both distribution points of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao. In the “Chuangban Jinghai Congbao tiaoli liyi buqi [Notice on the Rules and Interests of the Founding of Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao]” in the inaugural issue of the newspaper, it also THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN996

says: “Please go to … the clinic of Dr. Sun at the street on the right handside of Macau Holy House of Mercy, or the Zhongxi Apothecary at Rua das Estalagens to read the paper.” This shows how highly Dr. Sun thought of the newspapers.Dr. Sun had once attributed the eventual success of the Xinhai Revolution largely to the dissemination and promotion of revolutionary goals and ideas through revolutionary newspapers. The revolutionary publications in Hong Kong no doubt contributed much to the effective propaganda and dissemination of revolutionary goals and thoughts. Zhongguo Ribao [China Daily], in particular, was the first revolutionary newspaper in China. Its crucial function in the Xinhai Revolution cannot be doubted. There are a lot of academic discussion on this topic and does not need to be repeated here. Just the words of Chen Shaobai, senior member of the revolutionary party, in complimenting China Daily is enough to illustrate the point. “The China Daily was the only newspaper founded to openly spread revolutionary ideas. It was also an important link between the past and the future. After the failure of the first Guangzhou Uprising, all comrades scattered to different places and the organization were nearly dismantled. The founding of the China Daily continued the revolutionary cause that was merely hanging by a thread at that time, and awakened the countless sleeping souls of countrymen … appealing to comrades from far and within, creating a climate for a great revolution.”74 Yet, China Daily was only founded on February 25, 1900 in Hong Kong. When Dr. Sun began his revolutionary cause in Macau, it was the two newspapers of Fernandes that shouldered the responsibilities of what China Daily later did. Thus, it would not be an overstatement to say that Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao and Echo Macaense were the earliest mouthpieces of the revolutionary movement in China.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)1006

Another important factor for the success of the revolution is that after knowing Bastos and Fernandes, Dr. Sun realized that if he was to launch his revolution in Hong Kong and Macau, he needed the help from people like Bastos and Fernandes. It is because these two places were both colonies under the rule of foreigners. The British and the Portuguese Governments were unwilling to openly support any movement to overthrow the Qing Government and to offend the Chinese authorities. Dr. Sun needed to have the support of celebrities and magnates like Bastos, who had prominent positons in the government, to openly or secretly support him and help him win over the support, understanding, and recognition of the Macau Government. It was precisely because of Bastos’ and Fernandes’ assistance that Dr. Sun could gain the tacit consent of the Macau Governor to allow him to have practiced as a doctor in Macau for as long as fifteen months even though he did not have a doctor license. More important was that after the first Guangzhou Uprising failed and Dr. Sun was wanted by the Qing Government, he fled to Macau on his own and was helped by Fernandes to hide in the head-office of the newspaper, which was Fernandes’ home. Fernandes also later arranged for Dr. Sun to go to Hong Kong secretly where he boarded a steamer to Japan and finally escaped from the claws of the Qing imperial officials. As elaborated earlier, I believe that Bastos, the Portuguese close friend of Fernandes, Dr. Sun, and the Lou brothers, was also involved in this operation. It is because Bastos had close relationship with Macau Governor Costa. It would not be difficult for him to personally lobby the officials within the Portuguese-Macau Government not to intervene, and this would be the crucial factor for the success of this rescue operation.THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN1016

Finally, this paper attempts to analyze more precisely the revolutionary ideology of Dr. Sun during this period in Macau through the detailed examination of highly reliable revolutionary literature and other related first-hand information in Macau.Prior to his arrival in and after leaving Macau, Dr. Sun had been seeking opportunities to meet with Li Hongzhang, hoping to persuade this heavy-weight government official at that time to help realize his ambitions of reforming China. As discussed earlier, according to Jiang Yinghua's recollection, because Dr. Sun could not secure a position in Hong Kong after his graduation in Hong Kong, "the Hong Kong Governor then, Sir Robinson, wrote to ask the British ambassador in Beijing to discuss the case of Jiang and Sun with Li Hongzhang, Minister of Beiyang." However, the arrangement did not work out because the Viceroy of Liangguang, Deshou, used various ways to make things difficult for Dr. Sun. Yet, soon after Dr. Sun left Macau, he had not forgotten this thought. This led him to write a letter to Li pleading for reform three to four months shortly after he left Macau. However, according to chapter eight, “Where There Is a Will, There Is a Way” in Thoughts of Sun Yat-sen, Dr. Sun recalls that the period when he was studying at the College of Medicine was the “era of his revolutionary ideas.” He explains, “I and the threesome Chen, Yau, and Yeung often went to Hong Kong, going early in the morning and returning in the evening. What we discussed were all revolutionary ideas; what we were concerned with were all revolutionary thoughts; what we investigated were all revolutionary issues. The four of us were very close and would not feel happy if revolutionary matters were not discussed. A few years passed as quickly as one day, thus acquaintances, friends, and relatives in Macau and Hong Kong all called us the Four Bandits.” In that case, how would historians interpret and explain this seemingly contradictory phenomenon?(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)1026

Let us explore here the situation Dr. Sun faced when he studied in the College of Medicine and when he was in Macau to understand more clearly his ideas and deeds at that period.When Dr. Sun was at the College of Medicine, he had certain knowledge of Li Hongzhang as a person. Every year, many graduates would be taken into service by the Qing Government leaders who advocated westernization, like Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong. Many of these students from Hong Kong would afterward even take up senior government positons in the central government or at different levels of the provincial government. Also, at almost every graduation ceremony, Li Hongzhang would all the time be thanked in the speech of the Hong Kong Governor or the president of the College. Thus Dr. Sun had for sure long heard of this person.When Dr. Sun entered the College of Medicine, Li Hong zhang was the honorary patron of the College. Dr. Sun’s mentor Ho Kai was the founder of the College and he would have known Li very well. In addition, Zheng Guanying, whom Dr. Sun was acquainted with in Hong Kong and in Macau, was someone Li thought highly of. Thus in 1883, Li named Zheng to be in charge of matters of commerce, and later appointed him to be the head of the China Merchants Steam Navigation Company. Registrar James Cantlie, another mentor of Dr. Sun, also expressed admiration and respect for Li in his speech at Dr. Sun’s graduation ceremony, “Please don’t say your country’s authorities do not believe in science. That extremely authoritative Mr. Li Hongzhang, in his letter to us with regard to College matter … requests us to first give him science. With science, all other things will follow.”75THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN1036

These historical facts give us an idea of why Dr. Sun wrote a letter of petition to Li Hongzhang. It was because his impression of Li was that Li was a powerful person, and was highly respected and someone well aware of current situations and who knew his way around. He would also be willing to take westernized Chinese like Dr. Sun into service. Even if he had to listen to Li’s orders, he could still rescue China under Li’s new policies. However, when Dr. Sun realized that even people like Li did not have the will and power to carry out reforms, maybe it was due to the spiritual blow and frustration, or it could be due to rational analysis, his will to revolt became more steadfast and he eventually was determined to actively plan for the setting up of Xingzhonghui to overthrow the Qing Government.If historians lay out the historical facts that happened in Hong Kong and Macau before and after the period when Dr. Sun practiced medicine in Macau alongside with a number of important people in Macau and Hong Kong during the period, a clear historical picture will emerge. And if we then put Dr. Sun in the picture, we can see that it is in accordance with historical facts and totally logical that Dr. Sun at this period tried to use less radical means to achieve revolutionary ends.The revolutionary ideology of Dr. Sun during the first Uprising in Guangzhou deserves even more detailed analysis. Mr. Li Ao, famous for his keen and insightful viewpoints, has years ago already pointed out that attention in the past was too focused on the “revolutionary” side and neglected the strong “reformist” nature of Dr. Sun’s views before the revolution.76 Li thinks that Dr. Sun experienced a crucial transformation in his revolutionary thoughts when he studied at the College of Medicine in Hong Kong. This transformation is consistent with his fundamental thoughts and beliefs, mainly to “reform” the Qing Government and to save the nation and its people; yet the means to convey (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)1046

the message and to put the beliefs into action show significant difference.77 The cause leading to such transformation needs to be looked into. One needs to understand the actual situation in Hong Kong and Macau at that time before one can find the clues to this question. Although the late Professor Lo Hsiang-lin was not a specialist in the research of 1911 Revolution, his familiarity with the history of Hong Kong has led him to have some insightful view on the revolutionary thoughts of Dr. Sun in this period. When he discussed the relationship of Dr. Sun with Zheng Guanying and Ho Kai in Hong Kong and Macau, he believed that the revolutionary ideas of Dr. Sun had similarity with Zheng Guanying’s new political thoughts generated from his westernization and self-strengthening inclinations. Although the contents of their thoughts are different, Dr. Sun “had during the course of the revolution a period when he also thought the methods used by the new political party, that is, petition to the Imperial Court, might be worth trying to appeal to some more open-minded ministers of the Qing Court. Thus he showed no opposition to the plans of Zheng Guanying and Ho Kai, and even participated in them.”78 Professor Lo’s view is very similar to Li Ao’s view; they are both aware of the “reformist” inclination of Dr. Sun’s thoughts when he was in Hong Kong and Macau.We have established earlier on that the merchants, gentry, and influential people with whom Dr. Sun got acquainted in Macau were not willing to openly support any movement to overthrow the Qing Government. Yet Dr. Sun knew that to actualize his ideas and save his country and fellow countrymen, he needed the support and assistance of these rich and powerful people. Indeed, Dr. Sun had all along relied on the help of his close friends Bastos and Fernandes to lay the foundation of his revolutionary cause.THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN1056

From the political acts and ideas of Bastos and the others, Dr. Sun had learned inspiring ideas and lessons, which were of lifelong benefits to him and which he used in his revolution. Dr. Sun certainly knew about the active political activities organized by the Macanese in Macau at that time because both Fernandes and Bastos were important participants. Dr. Sun also witnessed the most prosperous period of Portuguese newspapers in Macau. In the second half of the nineteenth century, the Portuguese Government had already formally endorsed freedom of the press through the constitution. Anyone of Portuguese descent could in principle freely express opinions toward the Portuguese-Macau Government and voice out his/her political views, although freedom of the press was still not fully carried out by the Portuguese-Macau Government. Put it this way, under a strong and firm Macau Governor, the intervention of the Macau Government on freedom of the press had never stopped. However, this had not reduced the influence of the Macanese on the Portuguese-Macau Government. The influential and powerful families all founded newspapers for dissemination of their political opinions and as a platform for political struggles. Although they would support the stands of certain political parties in Portugal in the newspapers, they would rather discuss in secret meetings about political matters with regard to how to reform the faulty practices of the Macau Government. Some more radical members would constantly and fiercely attack the conservative members of the community, with the Catholic Church as its representative. Yet, even for some Portuguese bodies that were recognized by historians as underground revolutionary organizations, such as the Freemasonry, their members would only use moderate methods to fight for a more democratic government and did not advocate radical means, such as the use of military force to overthrow the Macau Government. Bastos was in fact close to members of the Freemasonry, and yet he was a very influential person in the (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)1066

Macau Government, and had very high political and social status. He was once interim Attorney-General of the Office of Chinese Affairs of Macau and Chairman of the Municipal Government. He was also once elected as the secretary of Portuguese diplomatic missions, and attended meetings of the Japan Imperial Parliament with the Macau Governor and the Portuguese Envoy. In 1896, he was re-elected as the secretary of the Portuguese diplomatic missions and attended the Parliamentary Congress of Siam with the Macau Governor's counselor and subsequently was awarded the Order of the White Elephant by the King of Siam, as well as other honors. Because he was familiar with the law, was sharp and insightful in his writings, and was good at writing critical essays, even the Macau Governor sought his advice and they became close friends. Yet he had not forgotten his vision of using peaceful means to fight for a more democratic government, and that is Republicanism.Dr. Sun had actually already made acquaintance with characters like Bastos at the College of Medicine. That was his mentor Ho Kai. Ho Kai was the founder and mastermind of the College of Medicine. Dr. Sun had for long cultivated a solid friendship with him. It was not possible that Dr. Sun did not know Ho’s political stand and views. On the other hand, Ho should also not be ignorant of the outstanding academic achievements of Dr. Sun in the College and even Dr. Sun’s ambition to instigate revolution. Since both of them were very “westernized” Chinese it was natural that had mutually appreciation of each other. One respected his teacher while the other appreciated his student. This relationship and the huge difference of status between the two were the main reasons why Dr. Sun could not easily reconcile his acts and his thoughts. Ho Kai was a powerful man and a Chinese leader in the Hong Kong society. He was also a well-known “reformist” and had high status in the Hong Kong Government and in t society, not to mention being the founder THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN1076

of the College of Medicine. In addition, he was a long-standing appointed member of the Legislative Council by the British-Hong Kong Government. Not only did Chinese in Hong Kong look up to him, even the British-Hong Kong Government would seek his advice when faced with important policies related to the Chinese. He was not only a learned man with broad knowledge, with indepth and insightful understanding of Chinese and Western politics and religion, but also someone concerned with national matters and current problems. He willingly shoulders the responsibility of having to make the country prosperous and strong. He often publishes in English on his ideas regarding reforms and saving the country.It was during his experience in the College of Medicine and in Macau that Dr. Sun realized that if he wanted to put his revolutionary ideas into action to save the nation and its people, he needed the support and assistance of the rich and the powerful like Ho Kai, Bastos, and Fernandes. No wonder in Kidnapped in London, he admitted frankly that he had a very strong reformist stand when he was in Macau. It was in Macao [Macau] that I first learned of the existence of a political movement which I might best describe as the formation of a “Young China” party. Its objects were so wise, so modest, and so hopeful, that my sympathies were at once enlisted in its behalf, and I believed I was doing my best to further the interests of my country by joining it. The idea was to bring about a peaceful reformation (of China), and we hoped, by forwarding modest schemes of reform to the Throne, to initiate a form of government more consistent with modern requirements. The prime essence of the movement was the establishment of a form of constitutional government to supplement the old-fashioned, corrupt, and worn-out system under which China is groaning.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)1086

…With this incubus hanging over her, China has no chance of reform except it come from the Throne; and it was to induce the Throne to modify this pernicious state of things that the “Revive China” party was formed. Hoping that the Peking authorities, by their more extended contact during recent years with foreign diplomatists, might have learned something of constitutional rule, and might be willing to aid the people in throwing off their deplorable ignorance, I ventured, with others, to approach them, beseeching them, in all humility, to move in this direction for the welfare of China. These petitions only resulted in the infliction of many rigorous punishments. We had seized the moment when the Japanese were threatening Peking, and the Emperor, fearing that harsh dealings with the reformers might alienate many of his people, took no notice of them until peace was assured. Then an edict was issued denouncing the petitioners and commanding the immediate cessation of all suggestions of reform.In this passage, the gradual reformist nature of Dr. Sun’s ideological thoughts is very clear. “To bring about a peaceful reformation,” “by forwarding modest schemes of reform to the Throne,” “to induce the Throne to modify this pernicious state of things,” “hoping that the Peking authorities … might be willing to aid the people,” “I ventured, with others, to approach them, beseeching them, in all humility, to move in this direction,” etc., were all no doubt tones of the reformists, and were not revolutionary will and means to use military force to overthrow the government. It was until these will and means could not reach their goals that they “grew more concrete in [their] notions and demands, and gradually came to see that some degree of coercion would be necessary.”THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN1096

If Dr. Sun’s ideas during the period when he was at the College of Medicine and in Macau were both “reformist” and “revolutionary,” isn’t that contradictory? If we carefully analyze the actual situation in Macau and Hong Kong at that time, it would not be hard to find a reasonable answer. I do not doubt that Dr. Sun had long been “waiting for an opportunity for revolution.” However, from real “revolutionary” ideas or planning for “revolutionary” opportunities, to actualizing it into a planned revolutionary campaign to achieve revolutionary goals was a long and far-off path. It needed sufficient conditions and a grasp of every opportunity available to move forward to the goal one step at a time before the goal could be finally attained. Dr Sun could become a great revolutionary forerunner because he was an exceptionally outstanding strategist. He knew how to utilize the situation he faced at that moment to achieve his ultimate goal. He was absolutely someone who knew the current situation well and was able to grasp available opportunities, and was not just someone merely with courage and gut to achieve the revolutionary aim. He would not be beaten by unfavourable circumstances. This is the rare character of a great leader. He would often show a very practical side of his character, considering the actual circumstances and was bold to use any method that the situation allowed to accomplish his revolutionary mission. This was the quality that made Dr. Sun someone of a higher caliber than other revolutionary comrades. This spirit could sustain the passion and vigor of the whole revolutionary cause, and could ensure that the revolutionary movement could time after time stand up again after beaten down, could survive serious setbacks and periods of fading hopes, and could finally move forward to success.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)1106

The experience in Macau helped Dr. Sun understand what means should be used under what circumstances to propagate his revolutionary ideas, and finally make them become reality. This was a precious experience and lesson for Dr. Sun in his revolutionary cause that continued to be useful in his whole life. The precise ideological thought of Dr. Sun during his period in Macau should be, on the one hand, using gradual and peaceful methods to petition to the Imperial Court, to advocate a democratic political system, but on the other hand, if the situation called for it, using radical means, such as violence, to overthrow the regime.The best secondary evidence to illustrate this is that after the success of the revolution, Dr. Sun had repeatedly mentioned in speeches about the thoughts he had during this period. For example, in 1906, in a speech entitled “Sanmin zhuyi yu Zhongguo minzhu zhi qiantu [Three Principles of the People and the Prospects of the Chinese Nation],” he said, “Revolution is to be used as the last resort and should not be used frequently.” Later in a speech entitled “Sanmin zhuyi wei zaocheng xinshijie zhi gongju [Three Principles of the People is the Tool for a New World]” in 1922, he stated once again, “You all should understand, revolution is a means only when there is no other alternative.” In 1923, in another speech “Zhongguoshi zhi gemingjia [Revolutionaries of the Chinese style],” he personally explained further the nature of revolution of the Chinese style, “I call myself a revolutionary. There are a lot of doubts and questions in society, mostly due to misunderstanding. In actuality, a Chinese-style revolutionary was just someone with a moderate advocacy. What is advocated is non-extremism, and just fighting for a solid and fine government.”79THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN1116

In two speeches in 1919 and 1924, he pointed out even more clearly the meaning of “reform” and its difference with “revolution.” He said, “People become scared when they hear the word revolution, but the meaning of revolution is actually the same as reform.” (“Gaizao Zhongguo zhi diyibu zhiyou geming [The First Step to Reform China is by Revolution]”). He also said, “There were a lot of successful revolutions in foreign countries. The nearest to us was in Japan. We all know that the reform in Japan was a success. Reform and revolution are actually the same. A success in reform is a success in revolution.”80 Such views can be seen as being nurtured and developed during the period when Dr. Sun studied in the College of Medicine in Hong Kong and when he practiced medicine in Macau. Dr. Sun should already know very well early on the need to have an army of revolutionaries, strong and armed, ready to die for the cause, willing to charge forward at the forefront, and willing to sacrifice their lives in order to overthrow the Qing Government. In fact, Dr. Sun already knew comrades such as Zheng Shiliang at Boji Hospital in Guangzhou. “There was a classmate named Zheng 1126

Shiliang, also called Bi Chen. He was generous, gallant, and righteous, and made a lot of friends far and wide. There was no-one like him among the classmates. He is someone to be recruited in the Party for future use.” 81 Yet, it was only after his petition to Li Hongzhang failed that he decided to set up Xingzhonghui as an organization for launching a revolution, to achieve the aim of “expelling the Tartar barbarians and reviving China.” It was then that he recruited Zheng Shiliang and dispatched him to organize the Party and recruit secret society members, combined with the task of defense. It was then that he saw the need to use violence to further his revolutionary cause. 1136

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ConclusionThis paper has revealed some very important first-hand information that is very useful for investigating the exact period that Dr. Sun had stayed in Macau. This paper comes to the conclusion that Dr. Sun should have arrived in Macau between August and November, 1892, with November being the most likely. Furthermore, he definitely had stayed in Macau continuously until at least March 1894 before he officially left Macau.Dr. Sun has adopted a very effective “model” in instigating his revolution in Macau, that is, “a parallel track of medicine and politics.” With his outstanding medicine skills and knowledge, not only did he earn the first sum of money for his revolutionary expenses, but he also made acquaintance with and gained the support and protection of some Chinese, Portuguese, and Macaense who had high social status and were politically influential in Macau. This is the crucial reason why Dr. Sun could still practice as a doctor for such a long period even though he did not have a legal doctor license in Macau.Thanks to the founding of Echo Macaense and Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao by his revolutionary comrade Francisco Hermenegildo Fernandes as the mouthpiece of the revolution, Dr. Sun was able to propagate his revolutionary ideas and let known his leadership talents in Macau. Fernandes not only highly praised the leadership talents of Dr. Sun in the two newspapers, but his papers were also the first to publish two of Dr. Sun’s earliest political essays, “A Letter to Zheng Zaoru” and “A Preface to the Agricultural Study Association.” These two newspapers 7THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN115

could also be considered the first Chinese and Portuguese newspapers to report the first armed uprising. Later, they also continued to report the whereabouts of Dr. Sun and news of the revolutionary movement so as to publicize Dr. Sun’s revolutionary thoughts. The first revolutionary newspaper of the Xinhai Revolution, China Daily, was founded by Dr. Sun only in 1900 in Hong Kong. Thus we can regard these two newspapers of Fernandes as the “pioneer” of the revolutionary publication of Dr. Sun’s revolution.During the experience in Macau Dr. Sun had definitely learned about the active political activities of the Portuguese and Macanese in Macau. Through the arrangement of friends like Fernandes and Bastos, Dr. Sun should also have frequently participated in such activities. At that time, the Portuguese used the form of secret meetings to discuss political matters so as to fight for a more democratic reform of the Portuguese-Macau Government because they had not formed any political party. They would then openly express their opinions in Portuguese newspapers about their ideas of how to reform the government. At the same time, they would lobby important officials within the Portuguese-Macau Government to support the gradual implementation of more democratic measures to move forward to a more democratic political system, that is, Republicanism. Some very active political figures were even found out by Portuguese scholars to be members of the Freemasonry, an underground revolutionary organization in Portugal. These include Fernandes and the Macau Governor Custódio Miguel de Borja. However, they all did not advocate the use of extreme means or violence to overthrow the existing regime.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)1167

With the experience in such a political atmosphere for more than a year, Dr. Sun realized what means could be used under what kinds of situations and conditions to propagate revolutionary ideas and to turn ideas into actual reality. To an inexperienced beginner in politics, Dr. Sun has learned invaluable lessons in the political arena in Macau that would be of lifelong benefits to him. He learned that he had to gain the support and protection of prominent and influential people in the community and yet these magnates might not openly support him in using violence to overthrow the Qing regime. For this reason, the revolutionary ideology of Dr. Sun in this period in Macau is practical, on the one hand using peaceful and gradual means to petition to the Imperial Court and advocate the introduction of a democratic political system; but on the other hand when there was no other alternative, then more radical means would be used to overthrow the Qing Government, such as the use of violence.The stay of more than a year in Macau had positive impacts on Dr. Sun’s revolutionary cause. He successfully laid the foundation for actualizing his theoretical ideas into revolutionary actions. The model he adopted by incorporating his revolutionary activities in his medical practice had successfully earned him the first sum of money that he spent on revolutionary expenses. He also succeeded in making acquaintance with a lot of Chinese and Portuguese magnates in Macau, and gained their secret support in staging his revolutionary cause. More important still, he gained the full support of Fernandes, an underground Portuguese revolutionary, who founded two newspapers to propagate Dr. Sun’s revolutionary thoughts and his talents as a revolutionary leader. This led to an unforgettable lesson for Sun of the importance of revolutionary publications to the success of the revolution. Equally significant is that he was inspired THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN1177

through the participation in the activities aiming at constitutional reform in Macau organized by Fernandes and others to understand the importance of taking into account of the actual reality, of grasping any opportunity available at the moment, to move one step forward toward the goal, before the revolution could be successfully launched. Thus, during this period, Dr. Sun still cherished the hope of sending a petition to Li Hongzhang for carrying out a peaceful constitutional reform.Through careful analysis of highly reliable revolutionary literature and related archives in Macau, this paper has carefully laid out the actual circumstances and happenings during Dr Sun Yat-sen’s stay in Macau, which lasted for more than a year. This should be closest to what actually happened at that time when Dr. Sun attempted to stage his revolutionary activities. All these information lead us to come to the conclusion that Dr. Sun has achieved a lot while he embarked on his revolutionary cause in Macau. In addition, the close revolutionary comrades with whom he made acquaintance with in Macau would also have crucial influence to his revolutionary movement in future. It is probably for the same reasons that Dr. Sun himself says in his publications later that “after my graduation, I practiced as a doctor in Macau and Guangzhou. This was actually the beginning of my revolutionary activities,” and “when in 1892 I settled in Macao [Macau], a small island near the mouth of the Canton river … It was in that year … that my first acquaintance was made with political life; and there began the part of my career which has engaged me in state affairs.”; and what he says proves to be true.(In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)1187

1 Fok, Kaicheong, Commemorating Francisco Hermenegildo Fernandes: Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Close Revolutionary Comrade from Macau, International Institute of Macau, 2013; and Gangao dangan zhong de xinhai geming [Xinhai Revolution According to the Historical Documents in Hong Kong and Macau], The Commercial Press (Hong Kong), 2011.2 Li Ao, Sun Yixian he Zhongguo xihua yixue [Sun Yat-sen and the Westernization of Medicine in China], 99-100. This was also briefly mentioned in Ren Zhilin’s Lugong Yiruo chuanji [The Biography of Lou I Ioc] (unpublished manuscript).3 Li, 99-100.4 Ibid., 95-96.5 Ibid.6 Wong, John, J., Sanshisui qian de Sun Zhongshan: Cuiheng, Tandao, Xianggang, 1866-1895 [Sun Yat-sen before the Age of Thirty: Cuiheng, Tandao, Xianggang, 1866-1895], Hong Kong: Chunghwa Book Company (Hong Kong), September 2011 (first edition), 472.7 Ibid., 470.8 Ibid., 478.9 Fei Chengkang, “Sun Zhongshan he Jinghai Congbao [Sun Yat-sen and Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao],” Macau Foundation and Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, 2000, 5.10 I have already written an article on this matter and thus will not repeat the arguments here.11 This issue of the paper cannot be located anymore.12 Please refer to Li Changsen, Jindai Aomen waibao shigao [Contemporary History of Foreign Newspapers in Macau], Guangdong People’s Publishing House, China, 2010, 197-225.13 Fok, Commemorating Francisco Hermenegildo Fernandes, 19-21.14 Fok Kaicheong, Hong Kong and Modern China, The Commercial Press, 1992, 155-61.15 Zhang Lei, Sheng Yunhua, Fok Kaicheong, Sun Yat-sen’s Gateway to the World and Stage to Society, 207. 16 Ibid., 209.17 Ibid., 210.18 Teixeira, P. Manuel, A Medicina em Macau, Vol. III, Macau: Imprensa National, 1976, 361.19 Fok, Commemorating Francisco Hermenegildo Fernandes.20 Echo Macaense, October 25, 1896.THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN119

21 Ibid., November 15, 1896, 2; November 29, 1896, 2.22 Charles Boxers, A Note on the Interaction of Portuguese and Chinese Medicine at Macao and Peking (16th-18th Centuries), 5-6.23 Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao, July 18, 1893, 1.24 Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao, December 19, 1893, 1.25 The Biography of Lou I Ioc calls him Ba Shi Du. For a brief life story of Bastos, see Nomes e Vultos Ilustres de Macau, 12.26 Ibid.27 Fok, Commemorating Francisco Hermenegildo Fernandes.28 Li, Sun Yat-sen and the Westernization of Medicine in China, 99-100. 29 F. Fernandes was the second child in the family, thus he was also called Fernandes the second.30 Ren, The Biography of Lou I Ioc.31 Ibid.32 Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao, 4, 6.33 Oliveira Marques, A. H. de, Dicionário da Maçonaria Portuguesa – vol. I e II, Ed. Delta 1986, 40-57.34 Li, Sun Yat-sen and the Westernization of Medicine in China, 103.35 Ibid., 107.36 Ibid., 102.37 Ibid., 109-110.38 Ibid., 107.39 Ibid., 107.40 Ibid., 13-14.41 Ibid., 103.42 Ibid.43 Sang Bing, Jindaishi Yanjiu [Modern Chinese History Studies], 2003, 5, 8-11.44 Ibid.45 Li, Sun Yat-sen and the Westernization of Medicine in China, 71. 46 Ibid., 69.47 Fok, Commemorating Francisco Hermenegildo Fernandes, 7-9.48 Ball, J.D., How to Write Chinese, 1905, second edition, Section on Advertisements.49 Ibid.50 Administração Civil, no. P-7324, CXJ47, 20.51 Ibid., 19.52 Ibid.53 Fok, Commemorating Francisco Hermenegildo Fernandes, 10.54 Guedes, João, “Sun Iat Sen Macau e a Revolução,” Revista de Cultura, 1991, (In Commemoration of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen's 150th Birthday Anniversary)120

THE MACAU EXPERIENCE DECIPHERING THE REVOLUTIONARY THOUGHTS OF DR. SUN YAT SEN12171-72.55 Sun Zhongshan chuanji [The Complete Works of Sun Yat-sen], 1, Preface of Kidnapped in London.56 Li, Sun Yat-sen and the Westernization of Medicine in China, 13-14.57 Echo Macaense, August 1, 1893, 1.58 Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao, 1895, 38, 1.59 Ibid., 28, 1.60 Ibid., 5, 4.61 The Biography of Lou I Ioc calls him Ba Shi Du. About a brief life story of Bastos, see Nomes e Vultos Ilustres de Macau, 12.62 Oliveira Marques, de, Dicionário da Maçonaria Portuguesa, 57.63 Echo Macaense, August 1, 1893, 2.64 Zhang, Sheng, and Fok, Sun Yat-sen’s Gateway to the World and Stage to Society, 149.65 Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao, reprint version, 4.66 Fok, Xinhai Revolution According to the Historical Documents in Hong Kong and Macau, 15-19.67 Ibid., 27.68 Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao, 1895, 16, 5.69 Ibid., 6.70 Ibid., 1893, 1, 1.71 Ibid., 1895, 16, 1.72 Zhang, Sheng, and Fok, Sun Yat-sen’s Gateway to the World and Stage to Society, 212.73 Ching-Hai Tsung-Pao, October 10, 1894, 12, 1.74 Fok, Xinhai Revolution According to the Historical Documents in Hong Kong and Macau, 50.75 Dechen Xibao [China Mail], July 24, 1892.76 Ibid., 71-73.77 Ibid., 86-88.78 Ibid., 82; Lo Hsianglin, “Guofu geming zhuzhang duiyu Heqi yu Zhengguanying deng zhi yingxiang [The Influence of Dr. Sun Yat-sen’s Revolutionary Thoughts on People Like Ho Kai and Zheng Guanying].”79 Li, Sun Yat-sen and the Westernization of Medicine in China, 87-88.80 Ibid.81 Ibid.