• 7KHDUULYDORIWKH3RUWXJXHVHLQWKH)DU(DVWRSHQHGXSDQHZHUDZLWKFRQVHTXHQFHVRQSUHH[LVWLQJFRPPHUFLDOQHWZRUNV%\H[SORLWLQJVXFKFKDQQHOVRIFRPPHUFHDGYHQWXUHUVPHUFHQDULHVDQGPHUFKDQWVZKRVHUHVLVWDQFHDQGJUHDWDPELWLRQKDGOHGWKHPWRWKLVSDUWRIWKHZRUOGE\WUDYHOLQJWKHVHDVODXQFKHGLQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\RQHRIWKHPRVWFRPPHUFLDOO\SUR¿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Ò&,2'(6286$$1'7+(3(5(=)$0,/<&$6(,1&+,1$-$3$17+(3+,/,33,1(6$1'7+($0(5,&$6 7+&(1785< 7+(-(:,6+',$6325$/Ò&,2'(6286$,6%1
  • TheJewishDiasporaandthePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,thePhilippines,andtheAmericas(16thCentury)LúciodeSousaTranslation:JosephAbrahamLeviPaleographicTranscription:LúciodeSousaPaleographicRevision:ConcepciónMorenoGarcíaandJavierSantiagoAlastrueyMerinoCentroCientíficoeCulturaldeMacau,I.P.MinistériodaEducaçãoeCiência
  • Title:TheJewishDiasporaandthePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,thePhilippines,andtheAmericas(16thCentury)Publishedby:FundaçãoMacauAvenidadeAlmeidaRibeiro,NºS61-75,CircleSquare,7°-9°andares,MacauTel:(853)28966777E-mail:info@fm.org.moCentroCientíficoeCulturaldeMacau,I.P.RuadaJunqueira,nº30,1300-343Lisboa–PortugalTel:(351)213617570E-mail:geral@cccm.pt©Allrightsreserved.Reproductionprohibitedwithoutwrittenpermission.Author:LúciodeSousaTranslation:JosephAbrahamLeviPaleographicTranscription:LúciodeSousaPaleographicRevision:ConcepciónMorenoGarcíaJavierSantiagoAlastrueyMerinoCoverDesign:EduardoJorgeCardosoPrintedby:TipografiaKaVaRecommendedRetailPrice:MOP100.00Numberofcopies:500ISBN:978-99937-1-164-3PublicationDate:May2015
  • Acknowledgements:ThisbookwouldnotexistwithoutthesupportoftheJapanSocietyforthePromotionofScience(JSPS).
  • “Nothingismoreterriblethansnowfallinginatemple.”AndreiTarkovsky(AndreiRublev)
  • ToTakashiMikuni
  • CONTENTSPart1Note.........................................................................................12PrefaceConceptualFramework.......................................................................13ChapterOneForgingaDiaspora...............................................................................23I.TheJewishDiaspora:SettingtheStage...........................23II.TheArrivalofthePerezFamilyinIndia..........................29III.TheSephardicCommunityinMacau—VestigesoftheFirstCommunity............................................................46IV.TheMacauSynagogueProject...........................................57ChapterTwoSurvivalinExile:China......................................................................63I.TheInquisitioninMacau....................................................63II.TheTug-of-warbetweentheInquisitionandtheJudeo-conversosinMacau...............................................68III.ThePerezFamilyinMacau.................................................71ChapterThreeSurvivalinExile:Japan........................................................................77
  • I.TheArrivalinNagasaki........................................................77II.TheSephardicCommunityinNagasaki..........................86III.TheImpeccableBehaviorofthePerezFamilyinNagasaki..............................................................................89IV.PeroGómezandtheJudeo-conversoJesuitsinJapan.....94V.SlaveryandtheJapaneseGasparFernandes..................101VI.TheEscapefromNagasaki................................................109ChapterFourSurvivalinExile:ThePhilippines...................................................119I.TheManilaSlaveMarket,theKoreanGaspar,theJapaneseMiguelJerónimo,andVentura..................119II.ManilaSephardicCommunity.........................................124III.TheRoleofSlavesandServantsinRuiPerez’sCapture..................................................................................131ChapterFiveMemoryandFreedom:TheAmericas...........................................139I.AJourneytoAcapulco........................................................139II.Perez’sSonsandtheStruggleforLiberationoftheJapaneseSlaves..............................................................145Conclusion........................................................................................150ChronologyOfevents................................................................153
  • PrefaceConceptualFrameworkPart2DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)1-Document:RuiPerez’sDeathReport....................................1612-Document:TestimonyandComplaintagainstRuiPeres,Portuguese,JewishSuspect,Manila..................1683-Document:GasparFernandes,fromJapan,againsttheProsecutoroftheTreasuryfortheAssetsSeizedinManilatothePortugueseRuiPerez,Deceased.................................................................2124-Document:LetterfromtheFirstBishopofJapantotheMexicanInquisition,December8,1601..........224Bibliography.......................................................................................249
  • 12TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)NoteInthecommunityofwanderingandpersecutedmenofJewishorigin,fewwouldachievefame,butonemanthatwouldwasRuiPires/Perez.1ItisimperativetonoteherethatPerez’slifeinMacau,Manila,andNagasakiwasnotfreefromscandalsandcontroversies.HowRuiPerezforesawhiscapture,thusescapingfromtheInquisition,eventuallymadehimapersonanongratainmanyplaces,particularlyamongtheSephardiccommunitiesinChinaandJapan.ThisstudyaimsatrescuinghismemoryaswellasthememoryoftheSephardiccommunitiesinMacau,Manila,andNagasakiattheendofthesixteenthcentury.1DuringtheevolutionfromVulgarLatintothevariousRomancelanguagesanddialects,perhapsthemostimportantchangethathasoccurredistheformationofthesibilantfricatives.FromVulgarLatintoModernPortuguese,Latinsibilantfricatives(voicelessdental/s/andvoiceddental/z/)firstbecamevoiceless,apico-alveolar/s4/(written:ss),palatalaffricate/t/(written:ç),voicedfricative/z4/(written:s),andvoicedaffricate/dʒ/(written:z).Afteraprocessofdeaffrication,theybecamevoiceless,apico-alveolarfricative/s4/,pre-dorsal-dental/s/(written:candç),voiced,apico-alveolar/z/(written:s),andvoiced,pre-dorsal-dental/z/(written:z).Finally,inModernPortuguese,theybecamevoiceless,pre-dorsaldental(alveolar)fricative/s/(written:s)andvoiced,alveolarfricative/z/(written:z).Itisthusunderstandablethatformanycenturiestherewerecasesinwhichtheorthographywasveryunstable,sincetherewasnostandardwayofrepresentingthese“new”soundsnotfoundinLatin.Portuguesescribesthususedinterchangeablyan“s”anda“z”torepresentthevoicelessalveolar/s/andthevoicedalveolar/z/soundsaswellasthevoiceless,post-alveolarfricative//andthevoiced,post-alveolarfricative/ʒ/;hence,thespellingconfusionofthenamePiresvs.Perez.Asforthechoiceofthevowel/i/overthevowel/e/inthenamePiresvs.Perez,itwasmerelyallophonic,orrather,itwasamatterofhowspeakersperceivedtheopennessofthevowel,i.e.,iftheyperceiveditasbeingahigh,frontvowel(/i/),initselftheresultofvoweldissimilation,orasamid,frontvowel(/e/),thelattervowelbeingtheresultofregressiveassimilation.Pleasenote:thechoiceofPiresvs.PerezhasnoconnectionwithSpanishorthographyandphonology.Spanishunderwentasimilarphoneticchange;though,theoutcomesweresignificantlydifferent.
  • 13PrefaceConceptualFrameworkPREFACECONCEPTuALFRAMEwORkITheforcedexileenactedbythe1492AlhambraDecreeandthe1496EdictofExpulsionbroughtaboutthedispersionofthelargestJewishcommunityinEurope.Asaconsequence,alamentablehumanitariancrisisemergedduetotheabsenceofanorganizedplanintheIberianPeninsulatoevacuatetheJewishandMuslimminorities.AsfortheSephardim2,alargepartofthepopulationmanagedtoescapethroughvariouspeninsularports.However,manythousandsweredecimatedbydiseaseandhunger.Additionally,Jewswerealsovictimsofrobbery,murder,andextortion.3TheJewswhoremainedintheIberianPeninsulawereforcedtoconverttoChristianity(i.e.,Catholicism).Manyofthese“old”Jews—alreadywithaspecificnomenclaturethatdifferentiatedthemfromChristiansandnormativeJews—wereknowninPortugal2SephardicJews(Hebrew:Sephardimםידרפס)isthetermusedtorefertodescendantsofJewsfromtheIberianPeninsula.ThewordcomesfromtheHebrewtodesignatetheIberianPeninsulaasawhole(Sefaradדרפס).3GuidoNathanZazzu,Sepharadaddio—1492:iprofughiebreidallaSpagnaal“ghetto”diGenova.Genoa:CasaEd.Marietti,1991,130,133.AndrésBernáldez,HistoriadelosReyesCatólicosD.FernandoyD.IsabelReinadodelosReyesCatólicos.TomoI.Granada:ImprentadeJ.M.Zamora,1856,260.ImanuelAboab,NomologiaoDiscvrsoslegales.Amesterdam:herederosdeImanuelAboab,1629,299-300.RegistroGeneraldelSello,9,n.2469,f.119;9,n.2892,f.266;9,n.3460,f.236;10,n.278,f.134-inSuárezFernadez,Documentosacercadelaexpulsióndelosjudíos.Valladolid:Consejo.SuperiordeInvestigacionesCientíficas,1964,451-453,464,505.HaimBeinart,TheExpulsionoftheJewsfromSpain.Oxford:LittmanLibraryofJewishCivilization,2002,261-263.
  • 14TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)asCristãos-Novos(NewChristians),whereasinSpaintheywerecalledConversos(Converts).InthewakeoftheirexpulsionsandsubsequentDiaspora,theseIberianJewsparticipatedactivelyintheAgeofExplorationbegunbythePortuguese(1415).4Thankstothesejourneys,drivenbytradeandreligiouspersecution,descendantsoftheseIberianJewssoughttoreconstructnewSephardiccommunitiesintheNewWorld—e.g.,inBahia(Brazil),MexicoCity(Mexico),andLima(Peru)—aswellaselsewhereinworld.AmongthemanyplaceswheretheseJudeo-Conversos5settled,Macau(China),Nagasaki(Japan),andManila(thePhilippines)aretheleast-knownlocationswithuntapped,extantsourcesreadytobeanalyzed.ThegenesisofthisbookcomesfromthediscoveryofadocumentproducedinNagasakiin1601whereamongthewitnessesquestionedseveralwereofSephardicorigin,andallofthemmentionedaJewishfamilynamedPerez.4ThecontributionoftheSephardicJewstothePortuguesenavigationswasextraordinary.PerhapsoneofthehighlightsoftheircontributionwasCartography.ItisevenpossibletoreconstructauthenticdynastiesregardingAsianCartographyofPortugueseorigin:LopoHomem(15thcentury),DiogoHomem(1520/21-1576),AndréMan(16thcentury),BartolomeuVelho(?-1568),FernãoVazDourado(1520-1580),LuísTeixeira(16thcentury),DomingosTeixeira(16thcentury),JoãoTeixeiraAlbernaztheElder(?-1662),orAlbernazJoãoTeixeira,Junior(?-1699).ThesupremacyofPortuguesecartography—mainlyledbySephardicscholars—lasteduntiltheseventeenthcenturywhen,duetoreligiouspersecutionagainstthelatter,iteventuallylostrelevance.StillwithinthePortuguesenavigations,AbrahamZacuto(תוכזםהרבא),orAbrahambenSamuelZacuto(1452-?)wasanotherprominentfigure,improvinganddevelopingtheastrolabeandtheastronomicaltablespublishedinLatinintheAlmanachPerpetuumCelestiumMotuum(1496)whicheventuallyallowedVascodaGama(d.1524)tosuccessfullyroundtheCapeoftheStorms,soonrenamedCapeofGoodHope,andfinallyreachIndiain1498.OntheJewishandIslamiccontributionstosciencepleasesee:JosephAbrahamLevi,“MuslimScienceastheSourceofthePortugueseAgeofDiscoveries,”PurdueUniversityCLCWeb:ComparativeLiteratureandCulture14.5(2012):;ThomasF.Glick,“Moriscosymarranoscomoagentesdeladifusióntecnológica,”Arbor149,586/587(1994),113-131;AbrahamZacuto,“Almanachperpetuum,”inTesourosdaBibliotecaNacional(Lisboa:BibliotecaNacional,1992),89;CarmenMansoPorto,“AbrahamZacuto,”inIsabellaCatólicaenlaRealAcademiadelahistoria:[exposicio].Eds.LuisSuaezFernández,andCarmenMansoPorto(Madrid:RealAcademiadelaHistoria,2004),241-244.5Judeo-conversos/judeoconverso:theseweretheJewslivingintheIberianPeninsulawhoconverted“spontaneously”or,asmostoftenitwasthecase,wereforcedtoconverttoCatholicism.
  • 15PrefaceConceptualFrameworkUsingthePerezfamilyasastartingpoint,IshallthenlookattheexpansionanddevelopmentoftheSephardicpresenceinChina,Japan,andthePhilippines,andeventuallyclarifyhowthisnetworkwasbuilt;highlightingitsmainleadersandactivities,aswellastheirpolitical,social,andeconomicconnections.MygoalisthustorecoverthislostchapteroftheEarlyModernPeriod—partoftheEuropeanpresenceinAsiaaswellasoftheJewishDiasporaintheworld—anddemonstratethatEuropeanidentityinSoutheast-AsiaandtheFarEastwasalsocomposedofJudeo-Conversos.IIHowtodifferentiateaJewfromanon-Jewisakeyissuetounderstandandrecognize,sothatwecanfollowandappreciatetheextraordinaryDiasporainitiatedbyIberianJudeo-Conversosattheendofthefifteenthcentury.ThefirsthistorianwhoattemptedtodemonstratecomprehensivelytheconnectionbetweentheMarranos-JewsandthedescendantsofJewsconvertedtoChristianity—andtheirJewishrootswasCecilRoth(1899-1970).6ThisauthorintendedtoprovethattheMarranos,despitethepreviousmentionedreligiouspersecution,preservedwithgreatheroism“akindofJewishidentity.”Thistheoryremainedunchangedintherevisedversionofthesamework,publishedin1992tocommemoratethe500thanniversaryoftheexpulsionoftheJewsfromtheKingdomsofCastileandAragon.7Thishistoricaloverviewwasinitiallycriticizedbymanyhistorians,includingEllisRivkin(1918-2010),whoarguedthatthematerialevidencecontainedininquisitorialprocessesattestingtothe“Jewishness”ofthevictimwasmostlyforged.8ThissameideawastakenfurtherbyPortuguesehistorianAntónioJoséSaraiva(1917-1993)whoarguedthattheInquisitionwasafábricadejudeus(factoryofJews)orvirtuallyfabricatedJews.Accordingtothisauthor,6CecilRoth,HistoryoftheMarranos.Philadelphia:JewishPublicationSocietyofAmerica,1932.7CecilRoth,HistoryoftheMarranos.NewYork:Sepher-HermonPress,1992.8EllisRivkin,“TheUtilizationofNon-JewishSourcesfortheReconstructionofJewishHistory,”JewishQuarterlyReview48,no.2(1957):183-203.
  • 16TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)theJudeo-Conversos,foundersofafledglingPortuguesebourgeoisie,wereactuallyvictimsofanaristocracythatmadeuseoftheInquisitiontoannihilatethem.9ThisvisionofanInquisitionexploitedbythearistocracy—inwhichthosewhowerebeingjudgedwerenotJewish,andthattheirconfessionsweretheproductoffalseaccusationsmixedwiththeperversityofaninquisitorialsystemmanipulatedbyacorruptelite—ischallengedbyhistorianIsraelSalvadorRevah(1917-1973).ThisFrenchLusophilepublishedseveraleditorialsinthePortuguesenewspaperDiáriodeLisboa10wherebyhearguedthattheJudeo-ConversoswereclandestineJews,yetsincere,wholiveddividedbetweenthepreservationoftheirtraditionsandreligiousbeliefs,andadherencetoCatholicism,thedominantreligion,whichcompelledthemtoadoptChristianitypublicly.11HenryKamen(1936-)12joinedSaraivainsupportingthesametheory.However,thehistorianBentzionNetanyahu(1910-2012)advocatedforalessradicaltheory.13If,ononehandNetanyahu’stheorywasclosertoRevah’s,itdivergedonanimportantissue:forNetanyahutheJudeo-conversoshaddisownedJudaism;hence,theycouldnotbecharacterizedas“true”Jews.HistorianssuchasAlbertSicroff(1918-2013)14orYosefHayimYerushalmi(1932-2009),15amongothersalsocriticizedthisview.Currently,thisquestionremainsopen,sinceitisdifficulttoidentifytheextenttowhichtheinquisitorialprocessesweremanipulated.Yet,withthebreadthanddepthofimportantstudiesconductedinrecentdecadesontheInquisition,itiscommonlyacceptedthattheinquisitorialrecordshaveclearandcredibleevidenceofcrypto-Judaismandthatthisphenomenonwasnotsingle-handedlycreatedorcontrolledby9AntónioJoséSaraiva,TheMarranoFactory:ThePortugueseInquisitionanditsNewChristians,1536—1765.Leiden:Brill,2001,235-295.10DiáriodeLisboa:MaytoSeptember1971.11ThecorrespondencebetweenHailandRevahisalsoavailableinEnglish:Ibid.,235-295.12HenryKamen,TheSpanishInquisition:aHistoricalRevision.NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress,1997.13BenzionNetanyahu,TheMarranosofSpain:FromtheLate14thtotheEarly16thCentury,AccordingtoContemporaryHebrewSources.Ithaca,N.Y.:CornellUniversityPress,1999.14AlbertSicroff,“TheMarranos—ForcedConvertsorApostates,”Midstream,12.8(1966):71–75.15YosefHayimYerushalmi,FromSpanishCourttoItalianGhetto:IsaacCardoso,aStudyinSeventeenth-CenturyMarranismandJewishApolegetics.Seattle:UniversityofWashingtonPress,1981.
  • 17PrefaceConceptualFrameworktheinquisitorialstructure.16Itismyunderstandingthatthetermscrypto-Jewand/orcrypto-Judaismalsogeneratesomecontroversy.WhenreferringtotheJewswholivedinportcitiesthatlinkedtheMediterraneantotheAtlanticworld,theso-called“portJew,”andtheirconnectionswithJudeo-conversosmerchants,thenthetermscrypto-Jewandcrypto-JudaismcannotbeusedastheymaintainsomeJewishtraditionsoftheirancestorsandalsosecretlycontactedotherJewishcommunities,livingsidebysidewithtworeligions:theChristianismandtheJudaism.AsaresultoftheirDiaspora,manyoftheseJudeo-conversofamiliesshared“transnationality,”orrather,goingbeyondnationalbordersandoftenencompassingthreeandfournations.Inshort,amerchantwhowouldbecharacterizedasacrypto-JewinPortugalduetoprohibitionsandthe“ForcedConversion,”couldalsoliveandbehaveasaJewinJewishghettosinItaly,17theNetherlands,18France,19oreveninCochin,20India.This16RobertRowland,“NewChristian,Marrano,Jew”inTheJewsandtheexpansionofEuropetotheWest,1450to1800.Eds.PaoloBernardini;NormanFiering(NewYork:BerghahnBooks,2001),125-148.17RegardingthecaseofGraciaNasi(ca.1510-1569)inVenice,pleasesee:AndréeAelionBrooks,TheWomanWhoDefiedKings:TheLifeandTimesofDoñaGraciaNasi.AJewishLeaderDuringtheRenaissance.St.Paul,MN,U.S.A.:ParagonHousePublishers,2002,229-260.JosephAbrahamLevi,“TheTransformationofaSoul:HowBeatrizdeLunaMendesBenvenisteBecameGráciaNási(ca.1510-1569),”inInPermanentTransit:DiscoursesandMapsoftheInterculturalExperience.Eds.ClaraSarmento,SaraBrusaca,andSilviaSousa(Newcastle-upon-Tyne:CambridgeScholars,2012),161-175.CecilRoth,TheDukeofNaxosoftheHouseofNasi.Philadelphia:TheJewishPublicationSociety,1946[reissued1977].CecilRoth,DoñaGraciaoftheHouseofNasi.Philadelphia:TheJewishPublicationSociety,1946[reissued1977].18MiriamBodian,HebrewsofthePortugueseNation:ConversosandCommunityinEarlyModernAmsterdam.Bloomington:IndianaUniversityPress,1999.YosefKaplan,“FromApostasytoReturntoJudaism:ThePortugueseJewsinAmsterdam,”Binanh1(1989):99-117.19AsforthecaseofDiegoMendesdeElvasinFrance,pleasesee:AGN,IndiferenteVirreinal,caja-exp.2660-058,Filipinas1644,fl.3.20JoséAlbertodaSilvaTavim,Judeusecristãos-novosdeCochim.HistóriaeMemória(1500-1662).Braga:EdiçôesAPPACDMDistritaldeBraga,2003.
  • 18TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)flexibilitymakesitdifficulttoframeaJudeo-conversoinacrypto-Jeworevena“simple‘Jewish’religiousformat.”Evenmoredifficultwillbetodiscerntheboundariesbetweena“perfectJew”andan“imperfectJew.”Ontheotherhand,whentherootswiththeancestralreligionareactuallysevered,thisproblemdoesnotarise.However,itisdangeroustoattempttoapplythesemethodologicalconsiderationstopeoplewholivedatthecrossroadsofvariouscountries,regions,languages,cultures,andreligions,andwhousedtheprecariousnessandflexibilityoftheirconditionforlivingandtrading,assumingdifferentidentitieswheneveritwasmoreconvenientforthem.Regardlessoftheindividualcircumstancesofeachofthesepeople,theyallsharedsomethingincommon:Jewishness.Beitinagreaterorlesserdegree,thisJewishnessisdetectableinthefamilytreesofthesefamilies,aswellasintheirtraditions,spiritual,andculturalheritage.ThestudyheldbyJonathanIsraeltoidentifyandlocatevariousDiasporicmovementswithinthelargerJewishDiaspora,incorporatesthisideainthetitleofthebookitself:DiasporaswithinaDiaspora.21ItshouldalsobenotedthatthereisadistinctionbetweenDiasporaandcommercialnetworks,i.e.,asFrancescaTrivellatohasestablished,theSephardicDiasporaisnotsynonymouswithcommercialnetwork.22However,inthecaseofSephardicpresenceintheFarEast,Diasporaandcommercialnetworksareclearlyinterrelatedandalsocomplementary.JessicaVanceRoitmanalsoexpandstheboundariesofthestudyoftheSephardiccommunitiesintroducingtheconceptofmigrationasananalyticalcategorytounderstandhowthecommercialnetworksoftheJudeo-conversosworked.23BorrowingfromPatrickManning’sideaof“cross-communitymigration”then,thelattershouldbeunderstoodasa:“sortofhumanmigratorypatterninwhichindividualsandgroupsmovetojoinanexistingcommunity,learningitslanguageandcustoms.Thefunctionofsuchmigrationistosharetheexperienceandlaborofvariouscommunities.”24RoitmanreachedthesameconclusionasTrivellato:21JonathanIrvineIsrael,DiasporaswithinaDiaspora:Jews,Crypto-JewsandtheWorldofMaritimeEmpires(1540-1740).Leiden:Brill,2002.22FrancescaTrivellato,TheFamiliarityofStrangers:theSephardicDiaspora,Livorno,andCross-CulturalTradeintheEarlyModernPeriod.NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress,2009.23JessicaRoitman,TheSamebutDifferent?:Inter-culturalTradeandtheSephardim,1595-1640.Leiden:Brill,2011.24Ibid.,3,109;PeterManning,“Cross-CommunityMigration:ADistinctiveHumanPattern,”SocialEvolution&History5,2(2006):28.
  • 19PrefaceConceptualFrameworksomeSephardiccommunities,mainlyoutofnecessity,alsocollaboratedwithothermerchantgroups,outsidethecommunity,thusplayingakeyroleintheexpansionandsuccessofJewish/Judeo-conversoseconomicinvestments.Mystudy—asIshalldemonstrate—alsoconfirmsthishypothesis.OntheimportanceoftheJewishAsiantrade,itmustbeemphasizedthattheworkofJamesBoyajian25—whichdemonstratesthekeyroleoftheJudeo-conversosinthePortuguese-Asiantradeinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies—indicatesthatthiscollaborationwasnotonlyinscribedinspacespreviouslyknown,butthatitactuallystoodonaglobalscale.IIIInthecourseofthisbookIshallusespecificterminology.ThewordConverso,whichwaswidelyusedbySpanishandEnglishhistoriography,andthewordCristão-Novo(New-Christian),widelyusedinPortuguesehistoriography,havethesamemeaning.BothrefertoJewsordescendantsofJewswhoconverted/wereforcedtoconverttoChristianity(Catholicism)inSpainandPortugal.Thesearedividedintotwotypes:thosewhoconvertedtoChristianityandwhoeffectivelycuttheirtieswithJudaism,andthosewho,despitehavingconverted/beingforcedtoconverttoCatholicism,secretlypracticed(somesortof)Judaism.IntheFarEast,thetermsConversoandCristão-NovomaybeconfusedwithChineseandJapaneseneophytesconvertedtoCatholicism.26Documentalsourcesoftenusetheseterms.Hence,Ido25JamesC.Boyajian,TradeinAsiaUndertheHabsburgs,1580—1640.Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniversityPress,2008,27.26See,forexample,theDicionárioPortuguês-Chinêscomposedin1582byFatherMatteoRicci,S.J.(1552-1610),andFatherMicheleRuggieri,S.J.(1543-1607),wherebythetwoItalianmissionariesattheserviceofthePortugueseCrownlistthewordscristaõuelho,Standard,ModernPortuguesecristãovelho,“anoldChristian,i.e.,aChristianbymanygenerations[inPortugal,Spain,Italy,andFrance],”andcristaõnouo,Standard,ModernPortuguesecristãonovo,“aconvert,”and,asseenabove,cristão-novo,“anew-Christian,acrypto-Jew,aconvertfromJudaism.”JosephAbrahamLevi,ODicionárioPortuguês-ChinêsdePadreMatteoRicci,S.J.(1552-1610).Umaabordagemhistórico-linguística(NewOrleans:UPoftheSouth,1998).
  • 20TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)notthinkthatitisappropriatetousethesetermswithinanAsiancontext.Therefore,inordertodisentanglethedifferentbackgroundsofJewish“converts”toChristianity,IhavechosentousethetermJudeo-ConversoforpeopleofJewishorigin.Furthermore,IshallnotusethetermMarranosince,regardlessofitsetymology,thewordwasappliedwithapejorativemeaninginIberianspacesthroughouttheworld.27Additionally,Ishallnotusethetermsbaptizadosempé(baptizedwhilestanding,i.e.,asadults)andGentedaNação(PeopleoftheNation).ThefirstexpressionisaclearallusiontotheforcedconversionoftheJewsbyKingManuelIofPortugal(1495-1521),atatimewhenitwasthoughtthataforcedbaptismwasenoughtochangethereligiousidentityofanindividualandthatthephysicalnumberofconvertswasmoreimportantthanthe“authenticity/sincerity”or“quality”oftheconversion.GentedaNaçãoorGentedaLeideMoisés(PeopleoftheLawofMoses)wasjustaeuphemismtotranslatetheideaofaJeworconvert/NewChristian,withoutmakinganydistinctionsbetweenthetwoanalyticalexpressions.AsforthedescendantsofJewslivinginPortugal,thetermcrypto-JudaismisnotalwaysapplicablesinceitimpliesaradicalbreakwithJudaism.Inthisbook,thefamiliesthatIexamineindeedfallintoDiasporaandtransnationalcategories.JosephAbrahamLevi,“Sino-LusitanianReligiousContactsandScholarlyRewards:FatherMatteoRicci,S.J.(1552-1610),andtheDicionárioPortuguês-Chinês(c.1583-1588).TheFirstEuropean-ChineseDictionary,”PortugueseStudiesReview91-2(2001):334-371.JosephAbrahamLevi,“TheRicci-RuggieriDicionárioEuropeu-Chinês:LinguisticandPhilologicalNotesonSomePortugueseandItalianEntries,”inStudiesinChineseandSino-TibetanLinguistics:Dialect,Phonology,Transcription,andText漢語與漢藏語研究：方言、音韻與文獻,Eds.RichardVanNessSimmons,andNewellAnnVanAuken(Taipei:AcademiaSinica,2014):343-366.27InHebrew,aswellasinJudeo-Portuguese(Judeu-Purtugalit),Judeo-Catalan(Qatalanit),andJudeo-Spanish(Judeo-Espanyol),thetermםיִסוּנֲאAnūsīm(“thosewhofakedtheconversionbecausetheywereforcedtodoso”)wasandisstillpreferredtodaybecauseoftheoffensiveconnotationofthewordMarrano(Latinfor“pig”).JosephAbrahamLevi,“ADiásporaSefarditanasAméricasduranteosséculosXVII-XVIII,”CadernosdeEstudosSefarditas,Lisboa,CátedradeEstudosSefarditasAlbertoBenvenistes(2002):27-63,133-158,29,note9.
  • ChapterOne
  • 23Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiaspora1ForgingaDiasporaI.TheJewishDiaspora:SettingtheStageInbroadstrokes,archaeologicalevidenceconfirmsaJewishpresenceinIberiaorSepharad(דרפס)—theHebrewwordforHispania,orrather,theIberianPeninsula—beforetheCommonEra.However,itisthoughtthatthelargeJewishDiaspora,תולגgalut(exile),tothisregionoccurredsometimeaftertheyear70oftheCommonEra.Havingarrivedvoluntarily,throughtradenetworks,orasslaves,astheresultofthelootofJudeabytheRomans,JewssettledintheIberianPeninsula,thusincreasingthepre-existingJewishcommunity.28Intheearly5thcenturyoftheCommonEra,withthefalloftheRomanEmpireandtheinvasionsoftheGermanictribes,theIberianPeninsulawascontrolledbyvariousGermanictribesthatcamefromwesternEuropeandbeyond,particularlytheVisigoths.DuringthistimeJewswereregularlypersecuted,inIberiaaswellastherestofEurope,andevenofficiallyforcedtoconverttoChristianity,eventuallysurvivingseveralpogroms.29Between711and1492,partsoftheIberianPeninsula,ُُسَلْدَنأَلأ28YomTovAssis,TheJewsofSpain:FromSettlementtoExpulsion.Jerusalem:TheHebrewUniversity,1988;YitzhakBaer,AHistoryoftheJewsofChristianSpain.2vols.Philadelphia:JewishPublicationSociety,1992[1966].29Theterm“pogrom”comesfromtheRussianпогромanditcanbelooselytranslatedas“violentriotaimedatdestroying”agivengroupofpeoplebecauseofitsreligiousand/orethnicbackground.
  • 24TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)al-AndalusinArabic,wereunderMuslimdomination.From711on,liketheirChristiancounterparts,theseJewishcommunities30livedunderIslamicleadership,withtheexceptionofsomenorthernregionsoftheIberianPeninsula(Basquearea,Cantabria,Galicia,andtheAsturias)wholived,yetagain,underChristiancontrol.31Withtheso-calledReconquistaperiodinwhichtheChristiancommunitiesofthenorthernIberianPeninsulainitiatedmilitarycampaignsagainsttheIslamickingdomsoftheIberianPeninsulato“reconquer”thePeninsula,Jewschanged,orrather,hadnootheralternativebuttochangetheirallegiance,thusgraduallyservingtheChristianKings.Inthenewly-foundedKingdomofPortugal(1143),JewslivedinrelativesafetyandwerepartoftheTriangularReligiousSociety.32Duringthefirst33andseconddynasties,34thepowerofthePortuguesemonarchovertheJewswasnearlyunlimited.Asroyalproperty,JewswerethustheembodimentMostlikely,thewordenteredtheEnglishlanguagethroughtheYiddishםאָרגאָפPogróm.Obviously,theword“pogrom”wasnotusedinPortugueseatthistime,itscounterpartbeingperseguiçãoorganizada,orrather,“organizedpersecution.”Interestinglyenough,inthe20thcenturytheword“pogrom”eventuallyenteredthePortugueselanguage,yetviaEnglish.NormanRoth,Visigoths,andMuslimsinMedievalSpain:Cooperationandconflict.Leiden:Brill,1994.JaneS.Gerber,TheJewsofSpain:AHistoryoftheSephardicExperience.NewYork:FreePress,1992.30TheseJewishcommunitieswereknowninPortugueseasjudiariasandkehillotתוליהקinHebrew.31OliviaR.Constable,TradeandTradersinMuslimSpain:theCommercialRealignmentoftheIberianPeninsula,900-1500.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1994;R.Fletcher,MoorishSpain.Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1992;R.Collins,TheArabConquestofSpain.Oxford:Blackwell,1989.32JustlikeitscounterpartsintheSpanish-speakingpartsoftheal-Andalus,inPortugalthe“TriangularReligiousSociety”wascomposedofmembersofthethreemonotheisticfaiths—Judaism,Christianity,andIslam—who:“producedauniquebodyofculturalandscientificworksunequaledinhumanhistory.Althoughoftentimesidealized,thispeacefuland(almostalways)tolerant,cooperationamongtheAhlal-Kitābبأِتْكلاْلها(PeopleoftheBook)(711-11thcentury),wasabletofostertheflourishingoftheartsandsciencesincludingagriculture,architecture,arithmetic,arts,chemistry,cosmography,geography,mathematics,medicine,music,philosophy,etc.,thusopeningthedoorstothePortugueseAgeofExploration.”JosephAbrahamLevi,“MuslimScienceastheSourceofthePortugueseAgeofDiscoveries.”PurdueUniversityCLCWeb:ComparativeLiteratureandCulture.SpecialIssue:NewWorkabouttheJourneyandItsPortrayals.Ed.I-ChunWang14.5(2013).PurdueUniversityCLCWeb:ComparativeLiteratureandCulture..33TheHouseofBurgundy(1143–1383).34TheHouseofAviz(1385-1581).
  • 25Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporaoftheinterestsoftheKing.Throughacartadeprivilégio(letterofprivilege),thekinggrantedseveralprivilegestotheJewishandMuslimcommunities.Theseprivilegesvarieddependingontheplaceorregionandaccordingtotheeconomicandstrategicinterestsofthemoment.Thisdependenceonthemonarch’spoliticalagendadeeplyinfluencedthelifeofthePortugueseJews.PeriodsofgreaterinstabilityintheJewishcommunitieswereintimatelyrelatedtodynasticorpoliticalcrises.35Inshort,onareligiouslevel,inadditiontorepresentingthetestimonyofthetruthfulnessofChristianity,theJewsrepresentedthe“livingerror”ofChristianity.Onthescientificlevel,theyweretheheirsoftheIslamicknowledgeinthePeninsula.Onaneconomiclevel,theyorganizedandmanagedthefinancialsysteminPortugal.Intermsofpopulation,thoughtheexactfiguresareunknown,itisestimatedthatduringtheMiddleAgesapproximately30,000JewslivedinPortugal.Hence,itcanbeconcludedthattherehadbeenacleardemographicexpansionsinceinthelatefourteenthcenturythenumberofPortugueseMedievalcomunas(communes)wasabout3136andin1496,150.37Inthisperiod,theJewishpopulationinPortugalthusdoubled,reaching60-70,00038people,mainlyduetopersecutionsandexpulsionsoftheJewsfromCastileandAragon.AlthoughthemajormigrationshadtheirorigininthekingdomsneighboringPortugal,itisnotuncommontofindreferencestoJewsfromotherEuropeancountries/areas,especiallyfromtheItalianrepublics,dukedoms,andprincipalities,France,andtheGerman-speakingworld.ThisisprovenbytheonomasticoftoponymicorigininwhichtheJewishfamilynicknameisreplacedbytheplaceoforigin.3935RuidePina,andManuelLopesdeAlmeida,CrónicasdeRuidePina.Porto:Lello&Irmão,1977,758.MarioBarbieri,Judeusecristãos-novosnelCancioneiroGeraldiGarciadeResende.Bari:Adriatica,2008,27.36In1383.37MariaJoséFerroTavares,“LinhasdeForçadaHistóriadosjudeusemPortugaldasorigensaactualidade,”Espacio,TiempoyFormaSerieIII,tomo6(1993):449-451.38MariaJoséFerroTavares,OsJudeusnaÉpocadosDescobrimentos.N.p.:EdiçãoELO,1995,11.39MariaJoséFerroTavares,“LinhasdeForçadaHistóriadosJudeusemPortugaldasorigensàactualidade,”450-451;GuilhermeFaiguenboim,PauloValadares,andAnnaRosaCampagnano,DicionárioSefaradidesobrenomes:inclusivecristaõs-novos,conversos,marranos,italianos,berberesesuahistórianaEspanha,PortugaleItália.RiodeJaneiro:Fraiha,2003.
  • 26TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)InPortugaltheincreaseofanti-Jewishsentimentemergedwithparticularforceinthelatefourteenthcentury,withtheincreasedpersecutionsintheneighboringkingdomofCastileandthewakeoftheAlhambraDecree,wherebymanySpanishJewsabruptlyenteredPortugal.TheAlhambraDecree,signedonMarch31,1492,wasproclaimedinthekingdomofCastileonMay1,1492,and,twodayslater,intheKingdomofAragon.IntheaforementionedDecree,FerdinandIIofAragon(1452-1516)andIsabellaIofCastile(1451-1504)expelledallJewsfromtheirkingdoms.ThesoleconditionfortheirpermanenceonSpanishsoilwastheirconversiontoCatholicism.ThispossibleconversionwasaimedatluringCastilianandAragoneseJewishelite,asmallandverywealthyprivilegedgroup,toremaininthenewly-unifiedcountry.ThetermoftheedictwasextendeduntilJuly20,1492,tocompensatethedelaysbetweenthepromulgationofthedecreeanditsdivulgation.WhentheJewishcommunitiesbecameawareofthisultimatumtheyfacedtwoalternativesiftheywantedtoremaininCastileandAragon:overtconversiontoCatholicismorgoingunderground.AsfortheJewswhodidnotremaininCastileorAragon,thepathsofexilebylandwere:thekingdomsofPortugal,France,andNavarre,and,bysea,northwestAfrica,theItalianPeninsulaanditsadjacentislands,Egypt,andtheOttomanEmpire.InPortugal,accordingtothetestimoniesofthetime,theexiledSpaniardsdepartedfromBenaventetoBragança,fromZamoratoMirandadoDouro,fromCiudadRodrigotoVilarFormoso,fromValenciadeAlcántaratoMarvão,andfinallyfromBadajoztoElvas.40Nonetheless,theunificationplanofthePeninsuladraftedbytheSpanishandPortuguesecrownsaccentuatedthegrowingmalaisewithinthePortugueseChristiansocietyagainsttheJewishminoritylivingintheirmidst.Finally,thematrimonialalliancebetweenKingManuelIofPortugal41andIsabella,PrincessoftheAsturias42—40AndrésBernáldez,MemoriasdelReinadodelosReyesCatólicos.Eds.M.Gómez-Moreno,andJuandeMataCarriazo.Madrid:RAH,1962,256-257;AlonsodeSantaCruz,CrónicadelosReyesCatólicos.Sevilla:JuandeMataCarriazo,1951,61.411469-1521.421470-98.
  • 27Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporadaughteroftheCatholicMonarchs43—determinedtheexpulsionoftheJewsfromPortugal.TofulfillthemarriageclausewithIsabella,PrincessoftheAsturias—thatdemandedthatJewsbeexpelledfromPortugal—onDecember5,1496,theDecretodeExpulsãodosHereges(ExpulsionofHereticsDecree)44isissued,statingthatallJewshadtoconverttoChristianity(i.e.,Catholicism)orleavePortugal.Lateron,thedepartureperiodwasextendeduntilOctober1497.Followingthisdecree,inMarch1497,theKingchangedhisinitialplananddecidedtoopentheportsofLisbon,Porto,andtheAlgarveregionfortheirdeparture,hadtheJewsoptedtodoso.Nevertheless,wantingtoobeythemarriageclauseinwhichhepledgedtoexpeltheJewsfromPortugal,KingManuelwaswellawareoftheimportanceoftheJewishcommunitytothePortugueseEmpire,eitherinitsfinancialorganizationorinitstechnologicalknowledge.NotwantingtolosethevaluableJewishcontributiontothecountrythepragmaticKingthustriedtosettlethisproblembyclosingthePortugueseborders.Shortlyafter,theportofLisbonbecamethesinglelegalplacefordeparture.Meanwhile,someJewshadnonethelessabandonedPortugalthroughprincipalandsecondaryports.FromAprilofthatyearonwards,inordertoforcetheJewsintoconversion,theKinggaveneworderstodepriveJewishfamiliesoftheirchildrenundertheageoffourteen,distributingthelatteramongChristianfamilies,andprovidingthemwithaformalCatholiceducation.Itisnotdifficulttoimaginewhatthenhappenedinthefollowingmonths.ThetragedywasindeeddescribedbybothChristiansandJewswhowitnessedtheseevents.45Yet,noteventheseradicalmeasureswereabletoconvincealltheJewstoconverttoChristianityasinthefollowingmonthsLisbonreceivedthousandsofPortuguese,Castilian,andAragoneseJewswaitingforboatspromisedbytheKing.Insteadofboats,thebaptismalwaterswereeventuallythrustuponthem,thusforcibly“converting”themtoChristianity.43QueenIsabellaIofCastile(1451-1504)andKingFerdinandIIofAragon(1452-1516).44ThisdecreewaspublishedinMuge,wherethekingwasatthetime.AlexandreHerculano,DaOrigemeEstabelecimentodaInquisiçãoemPortugal.2vols.Lisboa:ImprensaNacional,1854,116.45Ibid.,122-125.
  • 28TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Inshort,thisepisodeclearlyshowsthattheexpulsionoftheJewsfromPortugal,aswellastheir“conversion”toCatholicism,inbothcasesa“formality,”representedtwofrauds:inotherwords,theJewswerenottrulyconvertedtoChristianitynorweretheyexpelledfromthecountry.Onthesurface,afterthisdate,Portugalbecameareligiouslyhomogeneouscountry.AsfortheprimordialJews,inordertodifferentiatethemfromtheformerChristians,theyacquiredanewdesignation:New-Christians.Atthesametimethough,themonarchpledgednottoinquireaboutthereligiouspracticesofnewconverts.AslongasJewspubliclydeclaredthemselvesasbeingChristians,theywerenotgoingtobebothered.ThereluctanceoftheCastilian,Aragonese,andPortugueseJewstoconverttothenewfaithwasthuscontouredandsolved.Yet,itisnotverydifficulttorealizethedegreeofsincerityoftheseJewishconversionstoCatholicism.Hence,wewitnesstothebirthofanewproblem:heresy...Fromtheonset,forcedconversiontoCatholicismthusoriginatedamajorproblem:HowtoavoidtheJudeo-conversostoreturntoJudaismorstopthemformpracticingJewishrituals?HowtoassimilatetheJudeo-conversosintoPortuguesesociety?HowtoensurethatCatholicismwasnot“contaminated”withotherreligioushabits,unrelatedtoChristianity?Unfortunately,thispreoccupationwithreligiouspurityculminatedinthecreationoftheTribunaldoSantoOfíciodaInquisição(CourtoftheHolyOfficeoftheInquisition),commonlyknownastheInquisition.InSpain,theestablishmentoccurredin1478,inPortugalitwas1536(fortyyearsaftertheEdictofExpulsion),andinGoa1560(PortugueseIndia).
  • 29Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporaII.TheArrivalofthePerezFamilyinIndiaThemaincharacterofthisbook,RuiPerez,wasbornintoafamilyofJewishorigininthePortuguesecityofViseuduringthelatterpartoftheseconddecadeorthefirstpartofthethirddecadeofthesixteenthcentury.46Viseu,acitywithprofoundruralcharacteristics,sincemedievaltimeshousedanimportantSephardiccommunity.Jewswereanactivepresenceinthemarketsandfairsoftheregion.OneoftheearliestreferencestoitsJewishcommunitydatesbacktothethirteenthcenturywhen,in1284,aJewishusurernamedAbrahamwasaccusedofchargingaChristian,MemLourenço,interestthatamountedtomorethantwicetheoriginalsumoftheloan.47Thedocumentconfirmingtheexcessiveinterestchargedisaccompaniedbyotherdocuments,withindicationsaboutwhereAbrahamlivedaswellasthenameoftwootherJews,BentoandAbrício,membersofthesamecommunityandfriendsoftheaccused.48TheJewishcommunitythrivedinViseuuntilthesecondhalfofthefourteenthcentury,whenthearmedconflictbetweenthekingdomsofPortugalandCastiletransformedthecityintoatargetoflootingandarsonbyCastiliansoldiers,particularlyintheyears1372,1385,and1396.Incidentally,thispoliticalinstabilitywasalsoaccentuatedbytheBlackDeath(1348-1350).49DuringthefifteenthcenturyViseuwas46biejoqueelleparecedesetentaañosTestimonyofFrancisco,anativeofSunda(21-10-1596).AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.443v.47ArquivoDistritaldeViseu(ADVIS),Pergaminhos,m.26,n.16,1284.MariaJoséFerroTavares,“OdifícildiálogoentreJudaísmoeCristianismo,”inHistóriaReligiosadePortugal.Ed.CarlosMoreiraAzevedo(RiodeMouro:CírculodeLeitores2000),58;MariaJoséFerroTavares,OsjudeusemPortugalnoséculoXIV.Lisboa:Guimarães&Cª,1979,105-110.48ADVIS,Pergaminhos,m.22,n.4;n.20;m.23,n.49;m.28,n.55.AnísioMigueldeSousaSaraiva,“Metamorfosesdacidademedieval.AcoexistênciaentreacomunidadejudaicaeacatedraldeViseu,”Medievalista11(2012),.49AnísioMigueldeSousaSaraiva,“AcidadedeViseunorastodaguerra:dosconflitosfernandinosàpazdefinitivacomCastela,”inAGuerraeaSociedadenaIdadeMédia.ActasdasVIJornadasLuso-EspanholasdeEstudosMedievais(TorresNovas:SPEM,2009):323-358.
  • 30TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)thusrebuiltandrepopulated.Onceagain,Jewsplayedanimportantroleinrestoringitseconomicandsocialdynamism.ThesenewhouseholdersarrivedfromthePortugueseregionofBeiraandtheywereoncerefugeesfromthekingdomsofCastileandNavarre,wheretheanti-Jewishprotestsmaterializedinforcedconversionsandmassacres.InViseu,thisnewgroupsettledintheJewishQuarter,theso-calledjudiariavelha(oldJewishquarter).TherapidgrowthofthecommunitysoonrequiredtheconstructionofanotherJewry,thejudiarianova(newJewishquarter).50Extantdocumentsofthisperiodthathavesurvivedthereligiouspersecutionsrevealalargeandeconomicallydiversecommunitywhereitsmembersworkedasblacksmiths,goldsmiths,ironarmormakers,shoemakers,dyers,andweavers.51Asthisregionwasalsoanimportantplaceforwineproduction,perforcetherewerealsoJewslinkedtowineproduction,aswellasmillsandolivetreesforoilproduction.52WiththearrivaloftheJewsfromCastileandAragon—aftertheissuanceoftheAlhambraDecree(1492)—thepopulationofViseu,similarlytowhathadhappenedtoothercitiesinnorthernPortugal,increasedconsiderably.ThesocialphysiognomyofthecitywasenrichedwiththeseJewswho,afterconvertingtoCatholicism,eitherspontaneouslyorforcibly,soonbecamethetargetofinquisitorialpersecutions.5350AnísioMigueldeSousaSaraiva,“Metamorfosesdacidademedieval,”21.51Isaac:1475(16deMarço)ADVIS–Pergaminhos,m.49,n.11.JacobCarrilho,JudasAdida,AbraãoAdida,andIsaac:ADVIS,Pergaminhos,1429,m.43,n.6e33;ADVIS,Pergaminhos,1460,m.49,n.63;ADVIS,Pergaminhos,1475,m.49,n.11.JudasFranco,Sissimem,andJudas,ironarmormakers:ADVIS,Pergaminhos,1438,m.49,n.12;ADVIS,Pergaminhos,1459,m.39,n.6;ADVIS,Pergaminhos,1474,m.44,n.24.JacobMocatemandMordafay,goldsmiths:ADVIS,Pergaminhos,1420,m.43,n.24;1439,m.34,n.44.DavideVivas,shoemakers:ADVIS,Pergaminhos,1440,m.15,n.46;1446,m.30,n.10.MoseFranco,dyer:ADVIS,Pergaminhos,1443,m.40,n.31.Weaver:ADVIS,Pergaminhos,1433,m.44,n.18;1438,m.48,n.50.AnísioMigueldeSousaSaraiva,“Metamorfosesdacidademedieval,”22.521465(4deDezembro)ADVIS–Pergaminhos,m.47,n.19.MariaJoséFerroTavares,“OsjudeusemPortugalnoséculoXIV,”111-112;AnísioMigueldeSousaSaraiva,“Metamorfosesdacidademedieval,”22.53IsabelMonteiro,OsJudeusnaRegiãodeViseu:aHistória,aCultura,osLugares.Viseu:RTDL,1997.
  • 31Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporaAlassearchesinthecityarchivesaswellasintheLisboninquisitorialarchiveswereunfruitfulinpinpointingtheoriginofthePerezfamilyoridentifyingthenamesoftheirgrandparents,parents,siblings,andoccupation.Yet,basedontheevidenceleftintheAsianandAmericandocumentation,itcanbeassumedthatRuiPerezhadaccesstoatypicalSephardiceducationwhichprobablystartedwhenhewasachildorduringhisadolescence.TheeducationofJudeo-conversosinchildhood,adolescence,andearly-adultperiodwasacrucialstepinthelifeoffuturemerchants.Accordingtothesources,duringtheiradolescenceJudeo-conversoslearnedhowtoreadandwrite.Generallythisperiodoccurredbetween9and13yearsofage.54Forinstance,ManuelGildelaGuardia,aslavetraderwholivedinMexicoandinthePhilippines,hadateacherinhishometown(Guarda)namedAntónioPintoandinLisbonhecontinuedstudyingwithamulattowhosenameheforgot.Hislevelofeducationwasbasic,sinceitisknownthathedidnotattendcollege.55However,hisPortuguesecommercialassociateVicenteFelezianodeValenciagraduatedwithaLawDegreefromtheUniversityofSalamanca,andwaslaterprofessorattheUniversityofCoimbra.56ThisisnotanisolatedcaseasotherJudeo-conversosinAsiaalsograduatedfromaninstitutionofhighereducation.Forexample,LuísdeAlmeida,amissionaryinJapan,beforetravelingtotheFar-EasthadbeendeclaredfittopractiseMedicineandSurgerybytheCirurgião-Mor(Surgeon-Major)oftheKingdomofPortugal,MasterGil.AntónioDiasdeCácerestraveledtoMacauwithasmallnotebookwhereherecordedmeticulouslyallcommercialtransactions.57Lateron,healsoworkedforashortperiodasnotarytotheInquisitioninManila.ItisthusclearthattheecclesiasticalauthoritiesinthecitywerenotawareofthefactthathewasaJudeo-converso.ThislanguagetrainingnotonlycoveredthePortugueseorSpanishlanguagesbutalsootherlanguages.Forinstance,RuiDiasNieto,aprominentmerchantofMexicoCity,communicatedwithhissonDiegoDiasinHebrewonnegotiationsbetweentheJudeo-conversosleadersandthe54JamesC.Boyajian,PortugueseTradeinAsia,133.55AGN,Inquisición,1597,vol.160,exp1,fls.73v-74.56Ibid.,fl.58.57MartinA.Cohen,“AntonioDíazdeCáceres:MarranoAdventurerinColonialMexico,”AmericanJewishHistoricalQuarterly60:2(1970):169-184;CyrusAdler,“TrialofJorgedeAlmeidabytheInquisitioninMexico,”AmericanJewishHistoricalSociety4(1896):29-79.
  • 32TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)kingofPortugalandSpain58forthereleaseofprisonersoftheInquisition.59Followingthisformativeperiod,orevenduringthistime,theJudeo-conversosalsolearnedtherudimentsofthetrade,workingwiththeirparents,ortheyweresenttothehomesofrelativesandgodfathers,sothattheycouldacquirethisspecifictrade.ThehouseofHenriqueDiasdeMilão,brotheroftheabove-mentionedAntónioDiasdeCáceres,tookinAntónioafterthelatterwastriedbytheInquisitioninMexico.Milãoalsoreceivednumerousfamilymembers,someofwhomworkedwithMilãoinLisbontoacquirethebasicsofthetradeindustry.60Besideslearningthebasicsoftrade,manyalsoservedimportantnoblemen,thusobtaininganeducation.JácomedeOlivares,oneofthecommunityleadersoftheJudeo-conversocommunityinCochin(India),wastheservantoftheMasterofSantiagoJorgedeLencastre(1481-1550)andsubsequentlyservedthemaster’sson,theDukeJoãodeLencastre(1501-1571).61AntónioDiasdeCáceresalsoservedPrinceDuarte(1514-1577),whereastheslavetraderManuelGildelaGuardiainhisyouthlivedinTalaveradelaReina,62inthepresentprovinceofToledo,servinganoblemannamedBernardinodeMeneses.63Thesetwotypesoftraining(intradeandaformaleducation)partlyexplaintheeasewithwhichmanyJudeo-conversosascendedtopositionsofpowerasadvisorstonoblemen.Afterthisformativeperiod,theJudeo-conversoscontinuedtheirtrainingintrade.Thistrainingcouldbeperformedwithfamilymembersintheirhomecountriesorabroad,asagentsofthefamilycommercialinvestments.Ascommercialagents,theJudeo-conversoscouldthusgetafirst-handexperienceofproductsandmarkets,aswellasthecommercialnetworksthatcontrolledthem.Thisprofoundlearningofthemarketsandproductsintheplacesoftheiroriginwasessentialsincewhenthey58PhilipIIIinSpainandPhilipIIinPortugal.59AGN,Inquisición,1605,vol.276,exp14,fl.417v.60ANTT,TribunaldoSantoOfício,InquisiçãodeLisboa,proc.3338,fls.4,25v.,44.61ANTT,TribunaldoSantoOfício,InquisiçãodeLisboa,proc.5265,fls.16,20.62AGN,Inquisición,1597,vol.160,exp1,fl.74.63Ibid.,fl.74.
  • 33Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporareturnedtoEuropetheycouldapplythisknowledgetocontinueandexpandtheirfamilytradebusiness.Atthisstage,theyoungSephardicJudeo-conversosdidnotconstitutefamilyyet.64Forexample,ManuelLópezNuñez,65aMexicoCitymerchant,hadhisbrotherPedroLópezNuñezinManilaashiscommercialagent.66AnotherJudeo-conversonamedPedroBaezatraveledforthirtyyearstoIndia,Malacca,theMoluccas,thePhilippines,Macau,andJapanasamerchantandcommercialagentofhisfamilyinterestsinLisbon67andMadrid.68ThecommercialagentsofMexicoCitymerchantSebastián(Sebastião)RodriguezinthePhilippineswerethemerchantsJorgeandDomingosRodriguez(bothbrothersofhiswifeConstança/Constanza).69JoãoBaptistaNasi,livinginMacau,wastheagentoftheNasifamilyinterestedinChinathatmostlikelylinkedMacautotheOttomanEmpire.TherewasalsoanothertypeofpatternwhichcanbeclearlyseeninthePerezfamily.Inthishousehold,theeldestsonofRuiPerezwasthefamilycommercialagent.WhenthefamilylivedinMacau,AntónioRodrigueswasthefirstonetomovetoNagasaki;lateron,astheDiasporacontinued,hetraveledtoManilaandfinallytoMexicoCitybeforehevanishedfromhistory.Itisthereforequitenaturalthat,inhisyouth,RuiPerezhadacquiredtrainingintradeinplaceslikeIndiaorSoutheastAsia.64JamesC.Boyajian,PortugueseTradeinAsia,134.65AGN,Inquisición,1642,vol.401,exp.5,fls.21.AGN,IndiferenteVirreinal,caja-exp.:6155-025.Inquisición,1642,fls.4.TestimoniodedoñaCatalinadeRivera,anteelTribunaldelSantoOficio,contraManuelLópezNúñez,difunto.66GeorgeAlexanderohut,“JewishHereticsinthePhilippinesintheSixteenthandSeventeenthCentury,”AmericanJewishHistoricalSocietyvol.12(1904):154.67JoséVargasPonce,PilarSanPíoAladrén,andCarmenZamarrónMoreno,CatálogodelacoleccióndedocumentosdeVargasPoncequeposeeelMuseoNaval...Madrid:CSIC,1979,188,doc.18.68ANTT,TribunaldoSantoOfício,InquisiçãodeLisboa,proc.11559,fls.18v-21.69Portuguese,borninSãoVicentedaBeira.SeymourB.Liebman,TheJewsinNewSpain:Faith,Flame,andtheInquisition.Miami:UniversityofMiamiPress,1970,306.EvaAlexandraUchmany,“EntrelaNuevaEspanaylasFilipinas.Experienciadealgunoscristianosnuevos,”inHomenajeaIsabelKelly.Ed.YólotlGonzález(México:InstitutoNacionaldeAntropologíaeHistoria,1989),165.
  • 34TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)ThatwouldexplainwhyRuiwassowell-knownwithinthePortuguesecommunityintheregion,aswellastheeasewithwhichheparticipatedintradeandnegotiatedinplaceslikeChina,Japan,thePhilippines,andtheAmericas(i.e.,MexicoandPeru).Thisbehaviorrevealsathoroughknowledgeofthemarketsandproductsthatonlyyearsofexperienceandpracticecouldprovide.Afterhiseducationwascomplete,atanadultage,RuiPerezreturnedagaintohishomeinViseuwherehedecidedtosettle.70RuialsoestablishedfriendshipswithChristiansasafellowChristiancountrymanwouldplayapivotalroleinMacau,savingPerez’slife,71asIshalldemonstratelateron.ItisalsoknownthatRuiPerez,despitebeingbornandhavinglivedinViseu,hadbusinessconnectionswithLisbon.OneoftheJudeo-conversostraders,72whoalsofledtoMacau,Japan,andthePhilippines,knewRuiPerezandhisfamilyfromPortugal.73TheabovementionedtraderwasborninLisbon74andhisfriendshipwithRuiPerezseemstohavedevelopedinthiscity.ItisnotsurprisingthatPerezcouldhaveworkedasanagentofanymerchanthouseinLisbon,somethingcommoninlargeSephardicfamilies,asIhavealreadyproved.Anotherpossibilityisthatthisfriendshipwasnotforgedinadulthood,butrather,in70Histotwosonswerebornthere.71AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fls.138v,141.AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp9,fl.264.72DiegoJorge.73TestimonyofPedroSolis.YdixomasestetestigosocargodeljuramentoqueenlangasacledixeroneltestigomunchagenteelosmasportuguesesqueenestaçiudadestaunDiegoJorgeyoutroVillaloBaeslosqualeseranjudiosyconoçieronasusparientesqueerantanbienjudiosyestoeslaverdad.(AndthiswitnesshassaidunderoaththatinNagasakimanypeopletoldhim,mostlyPortuguese,thatinthiscitylivessomeonenamedDiegoJorgeandanothernamedVallalobaes,bothJewsandthattheyhadmethisrelatives(RuiPerez’srelatives)whowerealsoJewsandthatthisisthetruth).AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.458.74EnlaçiudaddeManilaacatorzedejunyodemylequi.ºsenoventaysieteañosantefrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelSantoOficiodestasislaspareçiosiendollamadounhombrequedixollamarseDiegoJorgeedeLisboanaturaldeedaddetreyntayochoaños.(InthecityofManila,June14,1597,beforetheFriarJuanMaldonado,commissioneroftheHolyOfficeontheseislandsappeared,beingcalled,amanwhosaidhisnamewasDiegoJorge,borninLisbon,38yearsold.)AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fls.473-474f.
  • 35Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporaadolescencesinceitwasverycommonforSephardicJewstosendtheirchildrentothehomeofrelativeslivingintheMetropolis(Lisbon)inordertolearntheprofessioninamajorurbancenter.Iwouldliketoraiseanotherimportantunansweredquestion.WhenhewasaboutfortyyearsoldRuiPerezbecamefatheroftwoboys:AntónioRodrigues(b.1571)75andManuelFernandes(b.1575).76Whydidhemarrysolate?Isthisasecondorafirstmarriage?Whyisitthatthereisnoinformationonthewhereaboutsofhiswife?WhydidonlyRuiPerezandhistwochildrengotoIndia?Andwhathappenedtohiswife?Didshedie?WasshearrestedbytheInquisition?RuiPerez’scontemporarytestimoniesclaimthathisfamilyhadbeenpersecutedbytheInquisition;hence,hetraveledtoIndiawithouthiswifebutonlywithhistwochildren:ItwasknownamongthePortuguesethathefledfromPortugaltoIndiaandthatsomepeoplesaidthathehadfledbecauseoftheHolyInquisition,heandhistwochildren,andthattheytraveledfromGoatoMacau.77Unfortunately,therearemanymysteriesthatobscurePerez’spast.Mostlikely,thenameRuiPerezwasfictitious.InthesourcesthatIhaveanalyzedthereisanotherreferencetoasecondnicknameused:RuiFernandes.78Theirownchildren,asIshalllaterexplain,alsochangedtheirnamesduringthetimetheylivedintheFarEast.Theoldersonisactuallyknownbythreedifferentnames.79Thisconcerninerasingalltracesthatcouldunveilthetrueoriginofthefamily,possiblytoprotectotherfamilymembers,suggestsaturbulentrelationshipwiththeInquisition.Unfortunately,IdonotknowtheexactyeartheyarrivedinIndia;however,themanuscriptsourcessuggestthatithappenedduringtheearlypartofthe1580s.Itisnotveryhardtoguessthattheyembarkedclandestinelyandbribedthecaptainoranycrewmemberoftheboat,asatthistimetheJudeo-conversoswerenotallowedto75AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp9,fl.265.76AGN,GD61,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fls.137,138v.77[...]famaentrelosportuguesesqueavenidohuyendodePortugalparalayndiaedezianquebeniahuyendodelaSantaInquisiçionelydoshijosydeGoasebinoamacan.AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.457.78AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.140.79AntónioRodrigues,FranciscoRodrigues,andJoãoRodrigues.Ibid.,fls.137,138v,140.
  • 36TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)traveltoIndiawithoutaspecialpermissionissuedbythePortuguesemonarchorhisrepresentatives.OnJune30,1567,thekingofPortugalissuedanedictstatingthat:nopersonoftheHebrewnationcouldtravelbyseaoutoftheserealmswithouthispermission,orwithoutleavingabailoffivehundredcruzadosminimum,andtheguaranteeofreturning[toPortugal]withinoneyear[afterdeparture].80IfaJudeo-conversodidnotreturnwithinayeartoPortugal,hewouldautomaticallylosethebailmoneyoffivehundredcruzados.81OnMarch15,andagainMarch20ofthefollowingyear,themonarchinsertedtothisprovisionthefollowingaddendum:thosewholeftforIndiawithoutalicensesignedbyhimshouldbearrestedandlosealltheirbelongings.82AsforthepropertyoftheseJudeo-conversos,aftertheconfiscation,halfwenttotheaccuser.83ThroughtheseprovisionsitcanbeeasilyunderstoodthehighriskthatanyJudeo-conversoranwhenhetraveledtoPortugueseIndiainthelatterhalfofthesixteenthcentury.Asof1568,alltheHeadCaptainsandCaptainsofshipssailingfromPortugaltoIndiaintheirregimenthadanobligationtomakeasurveyofallcrewmembers.IftheyfoundanyJudeo-conversostheywereobligedtoarrestthem,confiscatetheirbelongings,andhandthemovertotheauthorities.84ItisnotdifficulttoimagineRuiPerezrentingaboattotakehimclandestinelytothePortugueseArmadadestinedforIndia,dressedpoorly,sothathecouldremainunnoticed,similartowhathappenedtomanyotherJudeo-conversosintheIberianworld.85TheobjectivesofthecrewsoftheshipsthatbelongedtotheIndiaRun—thesearoutetoIndiaviatheCapeofGoodHope—wereclearlydistinct.ToRuiPerez,the80enenhuãpessoadanaçãohebrêapodesseirpormarfóradestesreinos,semsualicença,oudarfiançaaomenosdequinhentoscruzadosdetornaraelledentroemhumanno.81AntóniodeBulhãoPato,DocumentosRemettidosdaIndia,TomoII,Lisboa:TypografiadaAcademiaRealdasSciências,1884,215.82semlicençaporelleassinada,sobpenadosqueocontrariofizessemserempresoseperderemtodassuasfazendas.83Ibid.,216.84Ibid.,217.85ThereisasimilarcasewithtwoJudeo-conversos,AlfonsoandFranciscoVaz,fatherandson,whoembarkedfromAcapulcotoManilausingthisstratagem.AGN,Inquisición,1594,vol.223,fl.113.
  • 37Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporajourneytoIndiameantescapingtheInquisition;tothenobilityitmeanttooccupymilitaryandadministrativepositions;totheClergyitmeantevangelizationandChristianization.Asforthecommonerstheywerelookingforabetterlifeandanescapefrompoverty;theywereluredbytheideaofIndianwealththatcirculatedinsixteenth-centuryPortugal.AsfortheJudeo-conversos,tothedangerofbeingaccusedanddiscovered,oneshouldaddotherhazardssuchastheriskofbeingkilledonboardbyastrangerinordertotakepossessionoftheirmostvaluableassets.Thissituationcouldeasilyhappenbecauseon-boardtheshipsboundforIndiaamongthecrewthereweremanycriminals.Forexample,in1570,anedictissuedbytheLisbonSenategaveaperiodoftwenty-onedaysforpeoplewithoutanoccupation,menandwomen,toabandonthecity,otherwisetheyweregoingtobesenttothePortuguesecolonies.86Threeyearslater,in1573,thislawalsoextendedtothegypsieswho,withinthirtydaysafterthedecree,wereforcedtoleavePortugal,lesttheywouldbesentforlifetothegalleys.87Adifferentfatewasgiventocriminals:theyweresentoverseasassoldiers.88ThemerchantJudeo-conversoDuarteGomesSolis(1562-1632)describedindetailhowmanysoldierswererecruitedtogotoIndia.Comingfromprisons,withoutpreparation,theywereforcedtoleaveforthecoloniesinordertomeettheneedsoftheEmpire.89AlthoughtheexactyearandinwhichArmadaRuiPereztraveledtoIndiaarenotknown,onecanimaginethedifficultiesPerezwentthroughbeforereachingGoa.Thesedifficultiesweredoubledifwepresumethathewastravelingwithhistwoyoungsons.86BibliotecaGeraldaUniversidadedeCoimbra,Colecçãodemanuscritos,códice695,ff.74-76,Alvarásobrepessoasociozasevadiasquecontinuamentenella(Lisboa)ha,2-07-1570;TimothyJ.Coates,DegredadoseÓrfãs:colonizaçãodirigidapelacoroanoimpérioportuguês.1550-1755.Lisboa:ComissãoNacionalparaasComemoraçõesdosDescobrimentosPortugueses,1998,48.87Ibid.,48.BibliotecaGeraldaUniversidadedeCoimbra,Colecçãodemanuscritos,códice695,f.86,Sobreaexpulsãodeciganos,15-03-1573.88Ibid.,42.89DuarteGómezSolis,DiscursossobreloscomerciosdelasdosIndias.Ed.MosesBensabatAmzalak.Lisboa:MosesBensabatAmzalak,1943[1622],147.
  • 38TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)ThearrivalofPerezinIndia,whichoccurredprobablyintheearly1580s,wasachallengeforanypersonatthattime.Afteradifficultjourney,thecarracksthatformedtheannualarmada90anchoredinGoa.91SetamongsttheMandoviandZuaririvers,andfacingtheIndianOcean,Goawasaveryimportantcommercialcity,whichiswhyitwasconqueredbyAfonsodeAlbuquerque(1453-1515)in1510.AstheplatformofPortuguesepresenceinIndia,Goa’sinfluenceinmaritimetradeintheearlyModernPeriodwasincreasedbytheconquestofMalacca(1511)andOrmuz(1507,1515),linkingthecitytoSoutheastAsia,theFarEast,andthemaintradecentersalongthePersianGulf.TheportofGoa,asamajorcenterofEasterntrade,wasfrequentedbythousandsofships,makingitanextraordinarilycosmopolitancity.NeartheHospitalReal(RoyalHospital)werethepierofSantaCatarinaandtheBazardopeixe(FishMarket)anareaofthecityalsousedtoloadandunloadgoods.TheseplaceswereparticularlyusedbythePortuguesearmada.ThefrenzytriggeredbythearrivalofthesearmadasthatbelongedtotheIndiaRunwasimmense.Soonaftertheirarrivalthestreetswerefilledwithcountlessmerchantsofvarioussocialstrataandbackgrounds,allactiveparticipantsinthetranscontinentaltrade.Eventhoughthearmadas’carrackswereexemptfromroyaltypayments,theremainingvesselswereobligedtopaytaxesonboatsandgoodsinthecustomhouse,builtintheTerreirosquare.92Fatheroftwochildren,RuiPerezmusthavetraveledwithmoneyandmusthavetakensomeprecautions.Mostlikely,hehadsomerelativesinIndiawhowereofgreathelptohiminGoa.AfterhefacedadversitiesduringhisjourneytoIndia,RuiPerezstillhadtofaceanotherperil:theInquisition.TheterrorandconfusioncausedbythePortugueseInquisitioninIndia(1560-1812)amongJudeo-conversomerchants,wouldthusforcehimtobeverycautiousinthiscity,thusforginganewDiaspora.ThecausesfortheestablishmentoftheInquisitioninGoain1560arediverseandcomplex,buttheywillnotcertainlybethesameasthePortugueseInquisitioninEurope.However,thereisathreadthatseemstounifythem:theInquisitionaimedatsafeguardingCatholicismfrom“deviations”inplaceswherethisreligionwasstill90CarreiradaÍndia(IndiaRun).91SomeboatsalsoanchoredatCochinandMalacca.92TeotonioR.deSouza,Goamedieval:acidadeeointeriornoséculoXVII.Lisboa:EditorialEstampa,1994.
  • 39Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporarecent.ThedesireofthePortugueseCrowntocreateaCatholicsocietyandthepersecutionofcertaingroupsbecauseofreligious,social,andeconomicreasonsmayhavebeenthemostobviouscauseforthefoundingoftheInquisitioninthisIndiancityunderPortuguesejurisdiction.93TheabusescouldariseamongChristian-Hindus,Judeo-conversos,Christian-Muslims,andevenwithintheSocietyofJesus,withtheadmissionofelementswithotherreligiousinfluencesotherthanChristianity.Infact,the“proper”Catholicexperienceandthe“proper”ChristianizationofthegentilearesubstantialconcernswithintheChurch.ItshouldbenotedthattheissueofkeepingChristianswithintheRomanRitewasfullydebatedattheCouncilofTrent(1545-1563).Thisaspectwasfundamentalandthemissionarieswereinstructednottobepermissivetowardsmanypractices(behaviors)ofthelocalChristians.94Comparedwiththetolerantattitude93MiguelJoséRodriguesLourenço,“OComissariadodoSantoOfícioemMacau(1582-1644)ACidadedoNomedeDeusnaChinaeaarticulaçãonodistritodaInquisiçãodeGoa,”vol.I,M.A.Thesis,UniversidadedeLisboa,2007,15-48.94ThoughhewasnotthefirstEuropeanmissionaryadvocatingforadifferent,moretolerant,andmore“open”wayofevangelizingthelocalsinAsia,FatherRobertoDeNobili,S.J.(1577-1656),wasbyfarthefirstmissionarywhovehementlyadvocatedforthelearningofthelocallanguage(s)andwhoincorporatedmanylocalIndiancustomstotheCatholicismthathelivedandpreached.HisaccommodatiowasthusaccommodatinglocalcustomsandmorestoCatholicism.Bydoingso,DeNobiliwasthusabletoconvertmanypeopletoCatholicism.Obviously,hefacedhardcriticismfromhispeersand,ofcourse,theChurch.FathersMatteoRicci,S.J.(1552-1610),MicheleRuggieri,S.J.(1543-1607),andAlessandroValignano,S.J.(1539-1606),forexample,wereallinfavoroflearningthelocallanguagesand,toacertaindegree,accepting/adaptingtothelocalcustomsinordertoattractconvertstothe“newreligionthatcamefromtheWest.”Yet,DeNobiliwasbyfarthebestexampleofthisaccommodationtothelocalmilieu.Additionally,thelocalChristiansinIndia,calledbythePortugueseCristãosdeSãoTomé(SaintThomasChristians),becauseoftheir“different,”orrather,non-Catholicrite—theseChurchoftheEastChristianswereindeedthedescendantsofSyrianChristianswhotracetheiroriginstotheApostleSaintThomas(1stcenturyoftheCommonEra)—weretheobjectofseverediscriminationandforced“reconversion”to“normative”ChristianitywhichforthePortuguesemeant“Catholicism”.JosephAbrahamLevi,“VisionestoricadellapopolazioneindùaltempodiRobertoDeNobili,S.J.(1577-1656),sullaCostadelMalabaresullaCostadeiPescatori,”inIlBraminoRomano:Unastoriadistraordinariafedeedabnegazionenell’Indiadelmilleseicento.Quadrostorico,culturaleereligiosoacuradiMariadeDeusBeitesManso,Ph.D.eJosephAbrahamLevi,Ph.D.,GiovanniBattistaCrispolti,JosephAbrahamLevi,andMariadeDeusBeitesManso(Terni,Italy:Kion,2011),161-248.
  • 40TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)shownbysomemissionaries(modusaccommodatio),thereligiouseliteusuallykeptarathersevereattitudeagainstceremoniesseenas“pagan”innature,oragainstthecrypto-Jewishpractices.Inshort,itcanbeassertedthatitisinherentinthenatureofreligionstopossessbasicandessentialdoctrinesandthattheuseofthesecustomschangewithtime.TheliberalwingoftheRomanCatholicChurchproposedanaccommodation—acomodatio—ofChristianitytolocalcustomsandhabits;nevertheless,themoreorthodoxdivisionoftheRomanCatholicChurchsawtheaccommodationasaproblemforthemaintenanceoftheessenceofRomanChristianity.ThisaspectexplainsthenumerousinquiriestotheEuropeanecclesiasticalauthoritiesontheproblemsanddoubtsthatappearedinmissionaryactivitiesthatbeganinIndiaandendedinJapan.95InthecaseoftheregionsandareascolonizedbythePortugueseinIndia,regardingthereligiouscontext,fromtheinnumerabledocumentsstandsmainlyaconcernwiththecatechizationoftheHinduandmostoftheissuedlegislationaimedatconvertingthelocals.The“old”andthe“new”Christians96justhadtobe“watched.”BothshouldfollowtheCatholicdogmaand,aboveall,theymustmaintaindistancefromotherreligiousgroups.Yet,evenintheaforementionedreligiouscontext,theJewishquestionwouldalsoplayaroleintheestablishmentofInquisition,asIshalllaterexplain,regardingtheCochinJudeo-conversocommunity.AlsoasaresultoftheInquisitionintheearly80softhesixteenthcentury,RuiPerezwillbeforcedtofleefromGoa:RuiPerezisanoldPortuguesewhonowlivesinthiscity.ItiswellknownamongthePortuguesethathefledfromPortugaltoIndiaandtheysaidthatheandhistwosonsfledfromtheInquisitionandtraveledfromGoatoMacau.9795JesúsLópezGay,“UnDocumentoInéditodelP.G.Vásquez(1549-1604)sobrelosProblemasMoralesdelJapón,”MonumentaNipponicavol.16(1960-1961):118-160;JosephWicki,S.J.,“ProblemasmoraisnoOrienteportuguêsnoséc.XVI,”inComemoraçõesHenriquinas(Lisboa:HistóricosUltramarinoseasComemoraçõesHenriquinas1961),257-263;JoséLuisÁlvarez,“EnelIVCentenariodelaEmbajadaCristianadeJapónaEuropa:Las‘Instrucciones’delVisitadorAlejandroValignano,S.J.(1583),”TheEichiUniversityReview16(Feb.1982):125-186.96i.e.,Judeo-conversos.97RuiPerezqueesunportuguêsviejoqueagoraestaenestaçiudadelqualespublicabozefamaentrelosportuguesesqueavenidohuyendodePortugalparalayndiaedezianquebeniahuyendodelaSanta
  • 41Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporaUnfortunately,thereisnotenoughdetailedinformationonwhathappenedtoRuiPerezduringhisstayinGoa.Nevertheless,thedocumentationrevealsthatsomemembersoftheInquisitionpersecutedPerez.ThisinformationisconfirmedinthefollowingyearsbyseveralarrestwarrantsissuedagainstRuiPerez.ItisalsonotbychancethatRuiPerez,whilebeingchasedbytheGoanInquisition,decidedtofleetoCochin.Inthiscity,theJudeo-conversoscoexistedwithtwolocalJewishcommunities,theMalabar/MalabariJews,orblackJews,andtheParadesiJews,alsoknownaswhiteJews,aproductoftheIberianpersecutions.Thelatter,whoseplaceoforiginwastheOttomanEmpire,enteredCochinviatheHormuzcommercialnetwork.98ThePortugueseauthoritiesbelievedthatthispresencewouldencouragethePortugueseJudeo-conversostoreturntoJudaism:ThereareJewslivingintheseplaces,somearewhiteandcamefromTurkeythroughtheStraitofMecca;othersareMalabar[Jews],99blackpeoplefromthisland[Cochin].Inshort,thedevilalsohasherehiscaptainsandconquerors,andtheyconvertInquisiçionelydoshijosydeGoasebinoamacan.TestimonyfromthemerchantBartoloméJorge.AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fol.457.98JewsinIndiatracetheiroriginstothreemaingroups:(a)theBeneIsrael,orrather,theSonsofIsrael;(b)theJewsoftheSoutheast,alsoknownasJewsofCochin;(c)andtheJewswhoseancestorscamefromAden,Afghanistan,andIran,commonlyknownasJewsofBaghdad,whofirstsettledalongtheIndiancoasts(particularlyBombay,Cochin,Calcutta,andPoona)duringthefirstdecadeofthe19thcentury.JosephAbrahamLevi.“OsBeneIsraeleascomunidadesjudaicasdeCochimedeBagdade:Avaliaçãodeumaantigapresençajudaicaemsoloindiano,”RevistaPortuguesadeCiênciadasReligiões3/4(2003):155-176.160.99TheMalabarCoast—atermthathistoricallyembracedtheentirewesterncoastofpeninsularIndiafromthestateofGoasouthward,nowincorporatesalmosttheentirestateofKeralaandonlythecoaststripofthestateofKarnataka—wastheareathathousedthefirstJewishcommunitiesinIndia.ThefirsthistoricalreferencestoJewishpresenceinthisareaassomecopperinscriptionsthatcontainprivilegesgrantedtoJosephRabban,chiefrabbiofthelargeJewishcommunityofCranganore,nearCochin(betweentheyear970or1035oftheCommonEra).JosephAbrahamLevi.“OsBeneIsraeleascomunidadesjudaicasdeCochimedeBagdade:Avaliaçãodeumaantigapresençajudaicaemsoloindiano,”RevistaPortuguesadeCiênciadasReligiões3/4(2003):155-176.156-157.
  • 42TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)someGentilestothislawalreadyoutdated,becauseit’slongandold.100Sinceatleast1529severalIberianJudeo-conversofamiliessettledinCochin.TheRodrigues,Olivares,Nunes,Costa,Vaz,andRodrigues“Boquinhas”familieswerecloselyassociatedwithseveralJewishfamilies,particularlytheCairo,101MoisésReal,IsaacSul“Ruivo,”andNarbonafamilies.TheirconnectionstoimportantJewssuchasAbraham“branco,”Abraham“preto,”Jacob,102RabbiMoses,RabbiSolomon,103Jacob,104andtheJewMardochai,hadadecisiveroleinthepersecutionofthiscommunity.105WhenRuiPerezarrivedatCochinintheearly1580s,thecityhadathrivingandprosperousPortuguesemercantilecommunitygovernedbyacaptain.Intheory,thisfigurerepresentedtheinterestsoftheLuso-Spanishcrown(1580-1640)andwasinchargeoftrade,maintenanceoflawandorder,diplomacy,defenseofthecity,warandpeace,whilebeingassistedbytheSenadodaCâmara(MunicipalCouncil).Inpractice,justlikeMacau,themembersoftheMunicipalCouncil,werethemostprestigiouscitizenswithinthePortuguesecommunity,andweremainlymerchantswhoactuallyruledtheentirecity.Thebalancebetweentheguidelinesofthecentralpowerandthewillingnessofthelocalstocomplywithordersthrustuponthemwassometimesdifficulttoachieve;yet,theMunicipalCouncilcouldoperatewithgreat100Enestaspartesayyudíos,unossonblancosquevenierondelaTurquíaporelestrechodeMeca;losotrossonmalavares,genteprietadestatierra,demodoqueeldiablotambiéntieneacásuscapitanesyconquistadores;yestosconviertenalgunosgentilesalaleyyaantiguada,yporsercomplidayenvejecida.LetterfromFatherFranciscoPérez,S.J.,totheJesuitsinCoimbra.Malacca,December,4,1548.JosephWicki,S.J.,DocumentaIndica(1540-1549).Vol.I,Rome:MonumentaHistoricaSocietatisIesu,1948,375.101AssociatedwiththeOlivares’family.102Jacob:helivedinCochinandlaterlivedinBengal.103RabbiSolomon:aMalabarJew.104Jacob:AlderpersontotheKingofCochinforthepepperwhichwasthensenttotheKingofPortugal.105Forfurtherinformationonthiscommunity,pleaseseethetestimonialsofGuiomarFernandes,JoanaBengala,DuarteMalabar,andCristóvãoRaposointhefollowingarticle:JoséAlbertoRodriguesdaSilvaTavim,“OsjudeuseaExpansãoPortuguesanaÍndiaduranteoséculoXVI.OexemplodeIsaacdoCairo:espião,línguaejudeudeCochimdeCima,”inArquivosdoCentroCulturalCalousteGulbenkian,vol.XXXIII(Lisboa-Paris:CalousteGulbenkianFoundation,1994),137-260.
  • 43Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporaautonomy.Inadditiontotrade,themainactivityofthecitywasshipbuilding.AstheshipssentannuallyfromEurope—viatheCarreiradaÍndia(IndiaRun)—wereinsufficientforthedefenseofthecities,asinthecaseofwarandtrade,thecityofCochinspecializedinboatconstruction.Thoughtimberwasscarceinthecity,thenetworkofcanalslinkingCochintothehinterlandenabledhertohavetimberinabundanceandatlowcost.106Inboatconstruction,insteadofpinewoodusedinPortugueseports,theconstructersusedteak,darkerincolor,morerobustanddurable.Forinstance,thelargecarracksdrawnonJapanesescreens,107wereactuallyvesselsproducedinCochinwiththistypeofwood.Asforthereligiousaspect,themorallifeoftheChristiancitizenswasinfluencedbyvariousreligiousinstitutions.ThefirstreligiousordertoreachCochinwastheOrderofSaintFrancis,in1500,followedin1503bytheDominicanOrder,108in1542bytheSocietyofJesus;andin1572bytheAugustinianOrder.109TheInquisitionalsostartedperformingitsdutiesinthecityin1557,threeyearsbeforeitsofficialfoundationinGoa,thus“combating”Judeo-conversopresenceinthecity.TheproximitybetweentheecclesiasticalinstitutionsofGoaandCochincontributedtotheidentificationofRuiPerezinthecity.Toavoidbeingarrested,thePerezfamilyfoundnoothersolutionbuttofleeagain.ItisinthiscontextthatPerezquicklyplannedanewescape,whichwasfacilitatedbythevibranttradethatconnectedCochintothemainAsianports.Yet,contrarytowhathappenedinGoa,thedeparturefromCochinwasnotonlymadebythreemembers(RuiPerezandtwochildren),butalsobyafourthmember,aBengalslavenamedPaulBenpaer.110RuiPerezboughtBenpaeratthemarkettown,probably106PiusMalekandathil,PortugueseCochinandtheMaritimeTradeofIndia1500-1663.NewDelhi:Manohar,2001,81-82.107MitsuruSakamoto坂本満etal.Nanbanbyōbushūsei南蛮屏風集成.Tokyo:ChūōKōronBijutsuShuppan,2008.108GervasisMulakara,HistoryoftheDioceseofCochin:EuropeanMissionariesinCochin1292-1558.Rome:[s.n.],1986,49,90-91,98.109JosefWicki,S.J.,“ThePortuguesePadroadoinIndiaintheSixteenthCenturyandFrancisXavier,”inChristianityinIndia(Alleppey:PrakasamPublications,1972),55.110AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fls.454-455.
  • 44TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)locatedneartheRuaDireita.111Herepeoplecouldpurchaseanymerchandisefromthemostsophisticatedandluxurioustothemosttrivial.Slavetradewasalsoaveryimportantactivityinthelocaleconomy.Asitisknown,fromthesixteenthcenturyon,withthemassiveinfluxofAfricanslavestotheAmericas,slavetradebecameakeyelementinthecolonialsocietiesofthePortugueseandSpanishintheAmericas.Nevertheless,littleisknownaboutAsianslavesinthecolonizedregionsorareasfrequentedbythePortuguese,orwhichslavesservedthePortugueseinAsia.EvenlessisknownabouttheCochinmarketandtheslavetrade.Inthiscity,people,usuallyyoungindividuals,fromCeylon(present-daySriLanka),Africa,Pegu,andChina,werebroughttothemarketandsoldasslaves.112Thevastmajorityofthemwerelaterusedindomesticwork,asinthecaseofPaulBenpaer.AfterCochin,RuiPerez,histwosons,andtheslavePaulBenpaertraveledtoMalacca,acitywherethepresenceoftheInquisitionwaslesssharp.MalaccawasthenakeytradingcenterforthePortuguesepresenceintheFarEast,aportofconnectionbetweenIndiaandChina/Japan.NumeroustraderoutesalsolinkedthecitytoseveralAsiancities.Sadly,thereisnotmuchinformationonwhatkindoflifeRuiPerezwouldhavehadinMalacca.Accordingtothedocuments,theonlyknownfactisthatthecaptainofthecitypursuedandtriedtoarresthimonbehalfoftheInquisition:AndhefledfromtheretotheportofMalacca,whereforthesamereasontheHeadCaptainwantedtoarresthim.113HisstayinMalaccaoccurredbetween1584-1587,andtheHeadCaptainmentionedinthedocumentwas,infact,theGovernorofMalacca,JoãodaSilva.Onceagain,theinsecurityexperiencedinMalaccacompelledRuiPereztofleetoMacau,114probablyhelpedbytheJudeo-conversoswhoalsolivedinCochinandwhoparticipatedactivelyintheChinesetradeinChina.111RuaDireita:thecommercialcenterofthePortuguesesettlementinCochin.Malekandathil,PortugueseCochin,111.112Ibid.,111.113YquesehuyodeallyyaportoaMalacadondeporlomysmolequisieronprenderelcapitanmayor.AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.443.114Ibid.,fl.443.
  • 45Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporaWouldMacauprovidehimwiththemuch-desiredsecurity?Wasthisperipheralportimmunetoinquisitorialinvestees?DidMacauhaveanyJudeo-conversocommunity?
  • 46TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)III.TheSephardicCommunityinMacau—VestigesoftheFirstCommunityThearrivalofthePerezfamilytoMacauisnotthefirstknownJewishpresenceintheregion.Infact,thefirstdocumentsonJudeo-conversopresencewereproducedmuchearlier,namely,sincethefoundingofMacau.Around1555,thereisthefirstEuropeandocumentationthatatteststothepresenceofPortuguesemerchantslivingintheMacauPeninsula,115althoughinfact1557isconsideredasbeingtheofficialdateoftheestablishmentofthefirstmercantilecommunityinthisarea.Thiscitywascomposedoftwomaincommunities:theChinesecommunityandtheEuropeancommunity.TheChineseareainMacauwasdevelopedinparallelwiththeWesternorChristianarea,whosemainaxiswastheRuaDireita.WhiletheChinesearealookedinwardtomainlandChinaandcommunicatedthroughtheinnerharbor,thewesternareatargetedinternationaltradethroughtheexteriorport.Macaucanthusbecharacterizedasacityoftwoports,andithasthedistinctionofbeingthefirstclearlywesterncityinChina.MacaufollowedthesamepatternsofPortugueseurbanportcitiesoutsideEurope.Beingbuiltonuneventerrain,MacaucopiedmanycharacteristicsofLisbon;nevertheless,theseprincipleswouldnotbedeterminedbythePortuguesemonarchs,butrather,bylocalmerchants.TheoccupationofthehillsinMacauprovedtobeasaferplaceforthedefenseofthetownagainstexternalattacks,whileitsbaysareeasilyaccessibleplacesforwater,supplies,andtherepairandmaintenanceofships.TheportofMacaualsoassembledanumberofbayshelterswithgeographicfeaturesthatmadethemideallocationsfortheprotectionofshipsduringwintersandthemonsoonseasons.116115RuiLoureiro,EmbuscadasorigensdeMacau:antologiadocumental.Lisboa:GrupodeTrabalhodoMiniteriodaEducaçãoparaasComemoraçõesdosDescobrimientosPortugueses,1996.116FranciscoVizeuPinheiro,KogiYagi,andMikiKorenaga,“RoleoftheIberianInstitutionsintheEvolutionofMacau,”JournalofAsianArchitectureandBuildingEngineering,vol.4,2(Nov.2005):1-8.
  • 47Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporaAsinitiallyreligiouscontrolwasnonexistent,MacauattractedmanyJudeo-conversos,mainlyspecializedintradewithJapan.Besidesbeingamosaicofseveralcommunities,theEuropeanpopulationofMacauwasrepresentedalmostexclusivelybythePortuguese,whoweretheproductofoneofthreesituations:1-Individualswhoescapedfromsentences,crimes,orwereforcedtofulfillthesamesentencesinunknownlands,outsideEurope.2-Peoplewho,duetotheirextremepovertybackinPortugal,traveledtotheEastwiththehopeofgettingrich.3-PeoplewhosettledinMacauinordertoescapereligiouspersecution(s)elsewhere.ThisparticularmakeupofMacanesesocietyinawayexplainsitsresistancetothereligiousdirectivesoftheInquisition.Inpractice,inthisfirstphaseofthePortuguesesettlementofMacau(1557-1573),thereislittleinformationonthehypotheticalexistenceofaSephardiccommunity.Thereare,however,referencestotwoJudeo-conversos,namely:AiresSanchesandLuísdeAlmeida.AiresSanchesisasibyllinecharacter.Hisplaceofbirthiscontroversial.SomeauthorsclaimthathewasborninViana,Portugal,in1528;117whereas,otherauthorsarguethathisplaceofbirthwasLisbon,in1527.118Around1561,SancheswasintheportofHirado,wherehearrivedaboardoneoffiveshipsvisitingJapan.Itisassumedthathewasamerchant,aphysician,orboth.JustlikeLuísdeAlmeida,Sanchesstudiedmedicine,thusfollowingJewishtradition.Yet,itisstillnotknownwhetherornotheacquiredalicentiapracticandi(authorization)topracticemedicine.ItislikelythatSanchesstudiedinLisbon—thecenterofJewishmedicineinPortugal.Asitisknown,JewsplayedaveryimportantroleinChristianEurope,relayingthelostGreco-RomanlegacyinChristianity,yetpreservedandamelioratedintheIslamicworld.ThereweremanyJewishtranslators,fluentinArabicandHebrew,whotranslatedthe117JuanRuiz-de-Medina,S.J.,“Sanches,Aires,”inMissionaçãoeMissionáriosnaHistóriadeMacau.Eds.MariaAntóniaEspadinha,andLeonorSeabra(Macau:UniversidadedeMacau,2005),364.118JosefWicki,S.J.,“Die‘Judeo-conversos’inderIndischenProvinzderGesellschaftJesuvonIgnatiusbisAcquaviva,”inArchivumHistoricumSocietatisIesu,46(1977):349.
  • 48TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)greattreatisesofHippocrates(460b.C.E.-377b.C.E.),ClaudiusGalenus(130-200),andMaimonides(1135-1204),aswellasotherimportantscientifictreatiesfirstintoLatinandtheninthemajorEuropeanlanguagesofthetime—e.g.,English,Italian,Portuguese,Spanish—thoughattimesskippingaltogethertheLatintranslationandtranslatingdirectlyintothevernacularlanguages.119BesidesMedicine,AiresSancheswasaparticularlygiftedwriter,leadingsomeauthorstospeculatethatinhischildhoodhehadstudiedgrammarandthehumanities.Besidesthesetalents,Sanchesalsopossessedanoutstandingmusicaltraining.HismusicalormedicaltalentsarestillrecognizedinJapantoday.Infact,Oita’sPrefecturegovernmenterectedtwomonumentstocommemorateSanches’lifeinJapan.Somewherebetween1579-1580SancheswasordainedpriestinMacau,eventuallydyinginOmurain1590.120AfterAiresSanches,LuísdeAlmeidaisalsomentioned,whoseJewishoriginswerereportedbyhiscontemporaries.ThiswealthymerchantworkedinthetraderouteslinkingSoutheastAsiatoJapan(sixteenthcentury).Almeidaalsohadabackgroundinmedicine;somethingthatprovedtobeveryusefulinhismissionaryworkinJapan.ThereasonsthatledhimtogiveuptheprofessionasamerchantandoptforareligiouslifewithintheSocietyofJesusareunknown.Bycontrast,hismonetarydonationtotheSocietyofJesusisfamoussinceitwasconsideredbytheSuperioroftheJesuitsinChinaandJapan,FranciscoCabral(1570-1581),andtheVisitoroftheSocietyofJesus,AlessandroValignano(1574-1606),121asthebeginningofthereligiousinvestmentintheMacau-Japantrade.ThatmoneywasinvestedbyLuísdeAlmeida,throughhisPortuguesetraderfriends,who:boughtthesilkinChinaandembarkedthesilkandsolditinJapan,withoutinvolvingthepriests,andtheyonlyreceivedfromtheabove-mentioned119JosephShatzmiller,Jews,Medicine,andMedievalSociety.Berkeley,LosAngeles,London:UniversityofCaliforniaPress,1994,38-55;JosephAbrahamLevi,“MuslimScienceastheSourceofthePortugueseAgeofDiscoveries,”PurdueUniversityCLCWeb:ComparativeLiteratureandCulture14.5(2012):;JosephAbrahamLevi,“OLegadoIslâmicodeAl-Ândalus(711-1492),”Mentalities/Mentalités191(2005):19-31.120JosefWicki,S.J.,“Die‘Judeo-conversos’inderIndischen...,”349.121JosefFranzSchütte,S.J.,MonumentaMissionumSocietatisIESU–MonumentaHistoricaJaponiaeI–TextusCatalogorumJaponiae1553-1654.Rome:MonumentaHistóricaSocietatisIESUaPatribusEiusdemSocietatisEdita,1975,465.
  • 49Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporaPortuguesewhatwasearnedfromthisinvestment.122IbelievethatthecommercialagentsusedbyLuísdeAlmeidawere,infact,thegroupofJudeo-conversoswhotradedinthatareawhosenamesalaswillalwaysremainunknown.Theywereprobablyembryonicelementsofwhatwouldbecome,yearslater,Macau’sJudeo-conversocommunity.Besidesthesetwoprominentpublicfigures,thereisnofurtherreferencetotheJewishpresenceintheregion,mainlyduetotheanti-JewishPortugueselegislationforbiddingJudeo-conversostoparticipateinAsiantrade,exceptforthosewhocouldobtainroyalpermission.ThisclausewasessentiallydirectedatrichJudeo-conversoinvestors,majorfundersofthePortugueseCrownandkeyplayersintheIndo-Europeantrade.Yet,thissilenceregardingJewishpresenceinChinawasabruptlybrokeninthenextdecade,especiallyafterthe1573tragedy.In1573,thetradeshipcaptainedbyAntónioVilhenaboundforJapanwassunkbyatyphoon.123ThisaccidentcausedthedeathsofJerónimoFernandes,themostprominentmerchantofMacau,andGonçaloÁlvares,theVisitoroftheSocietyofJesus,thuschangingthesocio-politicalandreligiousconfigurationofMacau.124Asaresultofthistragicevent,threeindividualsrosetopowerinthecity.Thereligiousvoidwaseventuallysolvedin1574bytheappointmentoftheItalianpriestAlessandroValignano,S.J.,asVisitoroftheSocietyofJesusinChinaandJapan.Politically,thesamevoidwasinsteadfulfilledbytwotradersofobscureorigins:BartolomeuVazLandeiroandDomingosMonteiro.IThefirstindirectreferencetoLandeiroemergesin1574,whenaprivateship,captainedbyacommandernamedAndréFeiocrossedtheChinaSeatoreachJapan.122quecomprabanlasedaenlaChinayellosmismoslaembarcabanyvendíanenJapónsinlosPadressemetermásqueenrecibirdelamanodelosdichosportuguesesloquesesacabadeesteempleo.AlessandroValignano,S.J.,ApologiadelaCompañiadeJesusdeJapónyChina(1598).Ed.JoséLuisAlvarez-Taladriz.Osaka:Eikodo,1998,189.123LuísFróis,HistoriadeJapam.Lisboa:BibliotecaNacional,1981,371-376.124Ibid.,372.
  • 50TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)ThiscommercialjourneydidnotcatchmuchofmyattentionwereitnotforthefactthatAndréFeioworkedforLandeiro,amythicalfigureofthefirstperiodofMacau,thelatterembodyingthefirsttracesofJewishpresenceinthecity.Landeiro’snamewasassociatedwiththenicknamehereceivedfromthemerchantswithwhomhetraded,namely:“KingofthePortuguese.”BartolomeuVazLandeirowasborninPóvoadeSantaIria,nearLisbon,andwenttoGoaonMarch28,1559,aboardtheshipSeaFlower,captainedbyHeadCaptain-MajorofthePortugueseArmada,PêroVazdeSequeira.SeveralmembersofLandeiro’sfamilyalsotraveledwithhim,includinghisnephewsSebastianJorge/JorgeBastionMoxar,andVicenteLandeiro,futurecaptainsofcommercialshipsthatlinkedMacauwithJapan,SoutheastAsia,andIndia.Landeiro’sarrivalinGoain1559wasmarkedbythefirstJudeo-conversotragedyinIndia.Inthatperiod,neighboringregionsaswellasthosebeyondthecontrolofthePortugueseCrownbecamethesoleoptionforpersecutedJudeo-conversos.Landeiroistheperfectexampleofoneofthesecases:aJudeo-conversoleadinganomadiclifethroughoutSoutheastAsia.InMacau’ssecondphase,thismerchantdecidedtoliveinCambodiaandfinallysettledinMacau.Accordingtohisownwords,thetimeofLandeiro’ssettlementinthecitywasaround1570.125However,itisnaturalthathisfirstcontactswiththecitybeganadecadeearliersince,atleastfrom1564on,Landeiro’snephew,SebastianJorge,claimedthathehadbeenlivinginthecity.126LandeirofollowedthesamepatternusedbyotherJudeo-conversosbeforehim,asinthecaseofJácomedeOlivaresandLuísRodriguesdidinCochin.WhenLandeirowasabletoachieveenougheconomicpower,heinvestedhismoneyinbuyingboats,sendingthelattertovariousports.Landeiroearnedhislivingbynegotiatingthepercentageofwhathewouldearnonshipmentscarryinggoodsandpeople.Landeiroalsosoldsilksandotherfabrics,artillery,slaves,gold,silver,andlocalgoods.127Atthesametime,though,inordertoprotecthiseconomicinterestsagainstothercompetitors,Landeiroalsobuilt125LúciodeSousa,TheEarlyEuropeanPresenceinChina,Japan,thePhilippinesandSoutheastAsia(1555-1590)—TheLifeofBartolomeuLandeiro.Macau:MacauFoundation,2010,17.126Ibid.,17.127Ibid.,60.
  • 51Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporaaprivatearmythatconsistedofmercenariesandslaves.128InthenearlythirtyyearscoveringhisarrivalinIndiauntilhisdeath,LandeirohadestablishedatradeempirehavingasitscenterMacauwithtradeconnectionstoJapan,Siam,Cambodia,Timor,Tidore,Ternate,andIndia.Around1580,elevencommercialagentsrepresentedLandeiroinvariousAsianports:SebastiãoJorge(hisnephew),AntónioVaz“oVelho”(theElder),HenriqueBorges,MelchiorCorreia,AntónioCorreia,FernãodeSoberas,AntónioGarcês,AntónioTeixeiraLobo,DamiãoGonçalves,AntónioVieira,andevenapriest,FatherNunoFernandes.129ChemaRosaandVicenteLandeiro(hisnephew)who,likeAndréFeio,commandedhisships,couldalsobeidentified.Fromthisgroup,atleastthreeareidentifiedasJudeo-conversos,namely:SebastiãoJorge/BastiãoMoxar,AntónioGarcês,andVicenteLandeiro.130Afterachievingwealth,Landeiroinvestedinsocialmobility,forginganewsocialidentitythatcouldmatchhiseconomicstatus:[Landeiro]wasoneofthemostsincereandliberalmenwehaveeverknown;thus,theJapanese,withwhomhetraveledoftenonhisships,callhimtheKingofthePortuguese,andtheKingstheretreathimassuchandheknowshowtobehaveassuch,becausehealwaysbringsalongafewPortuguese,hisservants,andaroundeightyMuslimsandslaves131,withtheirhalberdsandshields,and,whengoingtochurch,wearssilkclothesandtakeshiscrimsonchairsetwithgold.132128Ibid.,122.129InformaciónhechaapeticióndeBastiánJorgeMoxarennombredeBartoloméBáezLandero...AGI,Filipinas,79,N.17,fl.7.130JamesC.Boyajian,PortugueseTrade,80;LúciodeSousa,TheEarlyEuropeanPresence,52,53,58,59,145.131BothCharlesBoxerandGeorgeBryanSouzatranslatethetermslavesasnegroslaves,giventhattheword“slaves”doesnotmatchtheoriginalterminology.132eradelosmasfrancosyliveraleshombresqueayamosvistoyassilosxaponesdondeelbamuchasbezesconsusnavioslellamanelReydelosportuguesesylosReysdeallalotratancomoatalyelsabebienbenderseporquetraesiempreconsigociertosportuguesessuspaniguadosyalpiedeochentamorosyesclavosconalabardasyRodelasyllevaalasyglesiassualhombradesedacoginysilladeterciopelocarmesiclaveteadadeoro.FranciscoColín(1663),PabloPastells,S.J.,LaborEvangélicadelaCompañíadeJesúsenlasIslasFilipinasporelP.FranciscoColíndelamismaCompañía,vol.I,Barcelona:Imp.deHenrichyCompañia,1904,300-301.
  • 52TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)IfthroughGoahehadavoidedanycontacts,throughthePhilippines,wherehispastwasunknown,Landeiropresentedhimselfasanobleman,seekingtobehonoredbytheKingwithagoodannuityformilitaryservicesrenderedtotheLuso-Spanishcrown:Heisaleadingman,anoble,andacaptainofYourMajestyandassuchhasalwaysbeentreated,havinghishomewithmanysoldiers,weaponsandhorsestoserveYourMajesty.Hehasalwayspaideverythingwithhismoney,becausehehadalargefortune,allspentatYourMajesty’sservice.133LandeirowasnevercapturedbytheInquisition.However,althoughtherearenoreferencesfromtheGoaInquisitorialrecords(almostallprocessesweredestroyed),otherindirectinformationmakesseriouslyconjecturethatLandeirowasaJudeo-converso.Thefollowingaretheargumentsthatsupportmytheory:ThewayLandeiroappearsintheHistoryofMacauisextraordinary.Fromthebeginningheplayedanimportantroleinthecity,fightingpirates,servingtheJesuitsinJapan,134andthePhilippineauthoritiesinTidore.ThisfactcanonlybecomparedwiththeequallyextraordinaryomissionthatJesuitssourcespaytoLandeiro,especiallyafterhisdeath.Theirsuddenchangeisalsounclear,asdoesthefactthatLandeiro’scommercialboatsdidnottravelregularlytoIndia,butrather,werefocusedontraderoutesconnectingSoutheastAsiatotheFarEast.DidtheJesuitsnotwanttobeassociatedwiththeJudeo-conversos?OnethingwouldbeaJudeo-conversojoiningtheSocietyofJesus,aswasthecaseofLuísdeAlmeida,demonstratinganexemplaryconversiontoChristianity.AnotherthingwouldbecollaboratingwithJudeo-conversosofdubiouspastandbeliefs,peoplethathelpedtheSocietyofJesusintheirmissionsasawaytoprovenotonlythefullacceptanceofCatholicism,butalsoasawaytobuytheirsilence.TheSocietyofJesuswouldnot133Eshombremuyprincipal,hijodalgo,ycapitandelosdelnumerodeV.M.ycomotalsehatratadosiempre,teniendosucasapobladadesoldados,armasycavallosparaserviraV.M.sustentandolosiempreconsuhazienda,porquelahatenidomuygruessa,ytodalahagastadoenserviciodeV.M.AGN,Patronato,53,R.2,p.4.InformacióndelosméritosyserviciosdelcapitánBartoloméBáezLanderocontraídosenFilipinas,ChinaeisladeMacán,yotrasdeAsiadurante28años.Manila,19deabrilde1586.134AGN,Patronato,53,R.2,fl.2.
  • 53Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporadenouncethem,giventhefactthatwithoutthesegenerousdonationsbytheseprivatetradersofdubiouspastandbeliefs,theveryeconomicsustainabilityoftheJesuitsinChinaandJapanwouldhavebeenimpossible.Ifthesesuspicionshavesomevalidity,othercluesincreasethepossibilityofmyassumptionbeingaccurate.ThesecondargumenthasitsorigininLandeiro’snephewSebastianJorge,oronhowhepresentedhimselftotheCastilianauthoritiesinthePhilippines,usingthenameBastiánMoxar.IfBastiánistheSpanishequivalentofthePortuguesenameSebastião,thesamedoesnothappenwiththefamilynamesJorgeandMoxar.Bothareclearlydistinctanddenotetotwodifferentnationalities.WhileJorgeisacommonsurnameinPortugal,MoxarisclearlySpanish.ThisleadsmetoconcludethatalthoughPortuguese,theoriginofSebastiãowasSpanish.WasheadescendantofJewswhofledCastileandAragonandenteredPortugalin1492?Thethirdargumenthighlightsanimportantepisodeoccurredin1582.DuringthisyeartheJesuit/diplomatAlonsoSanchez135arrivedinMacauafterbeingrescuedbythePortugueseinCanton,informingthelocalauthoritiesaboutthefusionofthePortugueseandCastilianCrownsundertheruleofoneking,PhilipIIofSpain,yetinPortugalhewasknownasPhilipI.DuringthestayoftheJesuit/diplomatinMacau,hewouldliveinthehouseoftherichestmerchant,namely:BartolomeuLandeiro.DespitethePortuguesesourcesinexplicablyomittingagainthenameofLandeiro,theSpanishdocumentationpresentsseveralclearanddetaileddescriptionsofLandeiro,“TheKingofPortugal,”andthemajorroleheplayedinthisparticularmomentofpoliticaltransition.Forthisoccasion,thePortugueseauthoritiespreparedanofficialreportonDecember18,1582,ontheacceptanceofPhilipIIasKingofPortugal,whichcontainedthenamesofnoblemenandmerchantsofMacau.136AlthoughLandeirowaspresentatthetimeofacceptance(asitcanbeconfirmedbytheSpanishdocuments),theofficialreportinPortuguesedoesnotmentionLandeiroatall.Theonlypossibleexplanationforthisabsencecanonlybeexplainedbytheanti-SemiticprohibitionsofthePortuguesecrown,whichmadeitclearthatthe135JuanGil,HidalgosySamurais.EspañayJapónenlossiglosXVIyXVII.Madrid:AlianzaEditorial,1991,28-29.136AGI,Patronato24,Ramo60.
  • 54TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Judeo-conversoswereprohibitedfromparticipatinginthepoliticaladministrationaswellasinthecommercialnetworksadministeredbythePortugueseCrown.ThefourthandfinalargumentisthepersistenceofLandeiroinnotusingtheGoaroutebutrathertheManilaroutetoobtainrewardsfortheservicesrenderedtoKingPhilipII.HadhislettersfollowedtheGoaroute—beingapersonwhoseJewishoriginswereknowninthisregion—theywouldhavebeeninterceptedbytheInquisitionandprobablyatermofimprisonmentandconfiscationofpropertyagainstLandeirowouldhavebeenissued.IIThesecondprominentfigureofMacanesesocietywithastrongpossibilityofbeingaJudeo-conversowasthemerchantDomingosMonteiro.June1576wasthefirsttimethat,asHeadCaptainofMacau,DomingosMonteirofrequentedtheportofNagasaki.Duringthefollowingthreeyears,thisindividualmonopolizedthecommercialjourneyfromMacautoJapan.DomingosMonteiro,inasimilarwaytowhathadhappenedwithBartolomeuVazLandeiro,becamethemostpowerfulmaninMacau.ThismerchantwasthesonofAntónioMonteiroandBrancadaRocha,residentsofVilaMaior,asmallvillagenearMesãoFrio,Portugal.Itisalsopossibletoidentifytwobrothers:RodrigoMonteiroandRafaelMonteiro.TwosonsofRodrigoMonteiro,AntónioMonteiroandÁlvaroMonteiro,alsolivedinMacau.Anothermerchant,GaspardaRochaPinto,futureHeadCaptainofthecity,washiscousin.137AntónioPintoMonteiro,whotraveledtoNagasakiin1628,wasprobablyoneofhisdescendants.138ItisalsounknownastowhenDomingoMonteirotraveledtoIndia,ortheyearofhissettlementinChina.Ontheotherhand,itisknownthathewasmarried,childless,andthathismother-in-law,FranciscaSarmento,livedinCochin.ThemaincentersofhistradewereCochin,Malacca,andMacauanditsinvestmentsextendfromHormuztoJapan.139137ArquivoHistóricodaSantaCasadaMisericórdiadoPorto(AHSCMP),Testamentos,L.oI,f.280v.138JamesC.Boyajian,PortugueseTrade,234.139AHSCMP,Testamentos,L.oI,fl.280v.
  • 55Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporaThetestamentofDomingosMonteiroshowsanimportantcommerciallinkwithCochinandalmosttotalabsenceofGoa.Whatisthereasonforthisestrangement?WoulditberelatedtoreligiouspersecutionandthefactthatMonteirowasofJewishorigin?WouldhebeanotherimportantJudeo-conversofromthemanythatwouldtransformanddefineMacauasanimportanttradingcenterduringthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturies?Thistheoryishighlyconsistentwiththeevidencehenceforthpresented.LetusconsiderthentheargumentsthatcorroboratetheideathatDomigosMonteirowasofJewishorigin.TheMonteirofamilyinPortugalisoriginallyfrombetweenVilaMaiorandCastroDaire,intheregionofBeira.SincethebeginningofthefoundationofPortugalthisareahadanimportantJewishcommunityandwasalsoaplaceofrefugefortheJewsexpelledfromSpainin1492.ThisplacewouldalsoyieldsignificantcontributionstotheJewishworld.140ThesecondargumentislinkedtothefactthatDomingosMonteirochosethecityofCochintolive,aplacewherethemostimportantcommunityofJudeo-conversosinIndialivedanddevelopedanimportantcommercialnetwork.ThethirdaspectthatsupportsmytheoryisMonteiro’shumblebeginnings,otherwiseduringtheelaborationofhisfinalwill,hewouldhaveunderscoredhis140JoãoNuneswasoneofthegreatPortugueseJudeo-conversomerchantslivinginBrazil.TheNunesfamily,afterthefusionofthePortugueseandSpanishcrowns,becameoneofthefinanciersoftheCrown.AboabIsaacdaFonseca(1605-1693)wasthefounderofKahalKadoshZurIsrael(לארשירוצלהקTheRockofIsrael),thefirstsynagogueintheAmericas(Recife,StateofPernambuco,Brazil),whichoperatedbetween1630-1657.FonsecawasalsothefounderofthePortuguesesynagogueinAmsterdam,knowninJudeo-PortugueseasהגונסאEsnoga(theSynagogue),completedin1675.ÂngeloA.F.Assis,“Um“rabi”escatológiconaNovaLusitânia:SociedadecolonialeInquisiçãonoNordestequinhentista—ocasoJoãoNunes.”M.A.Thesis,UniversidadeFederalFluminense,1998;Osjudaizantesnascapitaniasdecima(estudossobreosjudeo-conversosdoBrasilnosséculosXVIeXVII).SãoPaulo:Brasiliense,1969.JosephAbrahamLevi,“ADiásporaSefarditanasAméricasduranteosséculosXVII-XVIII,”CadernosdeEstudosSefarditas,Lisboa,CátedradeEstudosSefarditas«AlbertoBenveniste»,UniversidadedeLisboa,FaculdadedeLetras1(2002):27-63;133-158.JoséAntóniodeMello,GentedaNação:Judeo-conversosejudeusemPernambuco,1542-1654.Recife:Massangana,1996.
  • 56TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)prestigiousprovenance,especiallyconsideringthetimehelivedin.Thefourthandfinalargumentissupportedbythefactthat,ashadhappenedwithLandeiro,thenameofDomingosMonteiroalsodidnotappearintheofficialreportontheacceptanceofPhilipIIasKingofPortugal,whichcontainedthenamesoftheleadingnoblemenandmerchantsofMacau.However,unlikeLandeirowhowasintownandparticipateddirectlyinthenegotiations,thisabsencecanbeexplainedbythefactthatMonteirowasnotinthecityatthattime.IftheseargumentsarenotsufficienttoconvincethereaderoftheJudeo-conversopresenceinMacau,perhapsanewfactwill,namely:theMacausynagogueproject.
  • 57Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporaIV.TheMacauSynagogueProjectAsdemonstratedabove,BartolomeuVazLandeiroandDomingosMonteiro“ruled”Macauinthesixteenthcentury.IfMonteiromanagedtobeelectedasHeadCaptainofthecityforseveraltimes,buyingthecommercialjourneyfromMacautoJapanandassociatinghimselfwithothermerchantsforthatpurpose,141Landeirowasthemostpowerfulprivateshipowner,LordCaptainofthisCity(SeñorCapitandestaCiudad).142IsitamerecoincidencethatonlywhenthesetwoindividualsascendedtopowerthattheJewishpresencebecamevisibleinthecity?AneventthatwouldleaveuncoveredtheexistenceofanorganizedSephardiccommunityemergedonNovember15,1579,whentheJesuitFranciscodeMeneseswroteanimportantlettertohisSuperiorinRome,FatherEverardoMercuriano(1514-1580),abouttheintentionoftheJudeo-conversocommunitytobuildasynagogueinMacau:casaelugarsecretopêrasuascerimonias(homeandsecretplacefortheirceremonies).Thisinformationaboutthepermissiontobuildasynagogue,thoughitisasingledocument,seemstobegenuine,giventhefactthattheMandarinsofCanton,consultedbysomePortuguesetothiseffect,didnotunderstandtheneedtobuildanew“church,”orthedifferencebetweentheJudeo-conversosandtheotherChristianmerchants.Letuslookatthedocument:InChina(Macau)wehaveapopulationof600vezinhos[householders][…].AndespeciallytheyaremarveledtoseethattherearePortugueseinyourtownwhosecretlyaskthe[Chinese]Governorsforhousingandasecretplacewheretheycouldworship,sincenoonecanerect[abuilding]inourcitywithouttheauthorizationoftheAitao,orrather,thesupremepersonattheGovernment.TheAitaohasalreadyaskedwhothesemenwerewhohadaskedpermissiontobuildplacestoworship[theirGod].ButIamnotsurprisedatthissincetherearetheremorethan300New-ChristianswhousuallyarenotgoodChristians,yeteverydaytheyburnthem[atthestake]asheretics141AHSCMP,H,Bco.6,nº17,fls.280–286.142AGI,Patronato24,Ramo57.LetterfromAlessandroValignanototheGovernorofthePhilippines,GonzalodeRonquillo(December14,1582).
  • 58TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)inPortugalandinIndia[Goa].143ForabetteranalysisofthedocumentIwouldliketoaddsomenotes:theallusiontotheexistingpopulationinChinareferstoMacau.ThisletterstatesthatinMacaulived300Judeo-conversoswhofledfromtheGoaInquisition.IftoeveryJudeo-conversoweassociateafamily,althoughsomeJudeo-conversoscouldhavebeensingle,thenumberofpeoplewouldbehigherthen.ThisdocumentalsoprovesthattheSephardiccommunityfromCochinwhohadsettledinMalacca,becauseoftheinquisitorialpersecutions,hadgraduallymovedtoMacau.DespitetheconfirmationofaJewishcommunitylivinginMacauinthesixteenthcentury,thisletterleavessomequestionsunanswered:whocontactedtheMandarins?WhydidFatherFranciscodeMenesesnotrevealtheirnames?Asitisknown,onlyaselectgroupofpeople,theelite,wasallowedtorepresentthePortuguesebeforetheMandarins.Followingthissamereasoningthen,thosewhowouldasktheAitaoforpermissiontobuildasynagoguebelongedtothemercantileelite.ThetextstatesunequivocallythattheAitaohadbeencontactedbyseveralpeople,asthephraseisconstructedintheplural:quehomenserãoestes(whowerethesemen).CouldtheyhavebeenLandeiroorDomingosMonteiro?Andwhatwouldtheresultofthisrequestbe?DidtheJudeo-conversosobtainpermissionfromtheMandarinstobuildasynagogue?Additionally,weshouldnotethatthisletteralsohighlightsthecommunicationbetweenthePortugueseeliteandtheCantonMandarins.Contrarytootherknownletters,thisletterdemonstratesthattheaccesstotheCantonMandarins,notonlyfollowedthereligious“route,”i.e.,withtheJesuitpriestsservingasmiddlemen,butitalsoservedasanindependentpathway.Thissettingcanalsobeconfirmedbyotherdocumentarysources.Forexample,afewyearslater,themerchantBartolomeuVaz143NaChinatemoshumapovoaçãode600vezinhos.[…].Eespecialmenteseespantãomuytodeaverportugezesnanosapovoaçãoquepedemsecretamenteaseusgovernadorescasaelugarsecretoperasuasceremonias,porqueninguempodeedificaraindananossacidadesemlicençadoitaoquehésupremonogoverno,ejaaoAitaopreguntouquehomenserãoestesquepedemlicençaperafazeremcasasperasuaadoração.Maseunãomeadmirodistoporquehaaalymaisde300christãos-novosquecomummentenãosãobonschristãos,mascadadiaosqueimãoporhirejesemPortugalenaIndia.LetterfromtheJesuitFernandoMenesestoFatherGeneralMercuriano,S.J.(November15,1579).LúciodeSousa,TheEarlyEuropean,72-73;JosephWicki,S.J.,DocumentaIndica,vol.XI,730-731.
  • 59Part1/Chapter1ForgingaDiasporaLandeiro,willbesummonedbytheMandarinstoameetinginCantonandtoassisttheminthestruggleagainstpirates.Thismeetingdidnothave,atleastaccordingtowitnessesinvolvedinthisepisode,thepresenceofanyJesuitservingasintermediary:afterthat,cameaCorsairwhohadrebelledandwasstealingandcausingdamagesonthoseports.ThegovernorsofChinaaskedhimtoexpeltheCorsairfromthatland,somethingthathehasdone,andwiththisheservedtheinterestsofHisMajestyandforthathespentalotofmoneybecauseheusedforthisjourneyhistwolargeships.Withthat,thegovernorsofChinaweresatisfiedandthePortugueselandremainedquietandpeaceful.144ItshouldalsobenotedherethatthetextontheconstructionofaplaceofJewishworshiprescuesa“hidden”JewishcommunityperfectlysettledinMacauandwithenoughfreedomtosolicitthiscuriousrequest.WrittenonlytwentyyearsafterthefirstEuropeansettlementinMacau,thisletterunderscoresthecontributionofPortugueseJudeo-conversosmerchantsintheconstructionofMacau’smercantilenetworks.Unfortunately,thisfleetinginterestinJudeo-conversopresenceinMacaudidnotproduceanyothercontemporaryorlater-knowndocumentonthesamesubjectinordertoconfirmtheideathattheCantoneseMandarinseventuallyacceptedorrefusedtherequest.Inconclusion,Icanascertainthat,althoughto-dateIhavenotfoundanyinformationontheoutcomeofthenegotiations,theanswerseemstobenegative.144Despuessucediendoqueuncorsarioquesehavialevantadoandavarobandoyhaciendomuchodañoentodosaquellospuertos,losgovernadoresdelaChinaleembiaronarogarsaliesseahecharledelatierra,comolohizo,yenellohizomuyparticularservicioaV.Md.ygastomuygransumadedinieroporhaverhecholajornadacondosnaviossuyosgrandesconestoteniacontentosalosgovernadoresdelaChina,ylatierradelosPortuguesesquietaypacifica.AGI,Patronato,53,R.2,fl.1.InformacióndelosméritosyserviciosdelcapitánBartoloméBáezLanderocontraídosenFilipinas,ChinaeisladeMacán,yotrasdeAsiadurante28años.Manila,19deabrilde1586.
  • ChapterTwo
  • 63Part1/Chapter2SurvivalinExile:China2SurvivalinExile:ChinaI.TheInquisitioninMacauThePortuguesecommercialnetworkandtheinvolvementofJudeo-conversosinMacaudidnotgounnoticedtotheInquisitioninGoa,whichwascontinuouslyupdatedbyinformantswholivedinthePortuguesecommunitiesthroughouttheAsianmainmaritimetradecenters.TheperformanceoftheInquisitionCourtworkedatthreelevels:145ThefirstlevelencompassedGoaandneighboringislands,SalceteandBardez,regionseasilyaccessibleandwherethepowerofthePortugueseCrownwasstronger.Thesecondlevelcoveredmoredistantterritories,asthefortressesofBassein,Hormuz,andCochin.TheseterritoriescouldbepersonallyvisitedbytheInquisitorhimself.Forthispurpose,maritimemedium-distancejourneyswereheld,whichwerealsoinfluencedbyseveralfactorssuchaswar,weather,andeconomy.ThethirdlevelrepresentedtheperipheryofPortugueseIndia.TheseterritoriesincludedMozambique,Bengal,Malacca,theMoluccasIslands,andMacau.Inordertoreachtheseportsmaritimelong-distancetripsvaryingfromsixmonthstotwoyears(takingintoaccountdepartureandreturn)wereheld.Thesetripswereveryexpensive.Thehypotheticalvoyageofaninquisitortotheseregionswouldalsoentailalong145MiguelRodriguesLourenço,“Macau,portoseguroparaoscristãos-novos?ProblemasemétodossobreaperiferiadaInquisiçãodeGoa,”CadernosdeEstudosSefarditas10-11(2011):477-478.
  • 64TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)periodofabsencefromGoa;hence,themostcommonoptionwastosendtothesevisitas(journeys)officialsoftheInquisitionparticularlyappointedforthepurpose,namely:thevisitadores(visitors).ThesevisitorscouldbeemployeesoftheInquisitionitselforindividualsexternaltothisinstitution.BeforebeingappointedasvisitadorestheseindividualshadtoprovethattheydidnothaveanytraceofJewishorIslamic(Muslim)ancestry.146InthecaseofMacau,theInquisitionoptedtosendonaregularbasis,throughtheHeadCaptainorthroughtheouvidores(judicialmagistrates),severalordersofimprisonmentandconfiscationofpropertyagainsttheJudeo-conversos.Furthermore,asaresultofnewinformationfoundonJudeo-conversoslivinginMacau,in1583,forthefirsttimeinthehistoryofthecity,aHeadCaptainrepresentedtheinterestsoftheGoaInquisition.TheindividualchosenforthistaskwasHeadCaptainAiresGonçalvesMiranda.AmemberoftheMirandaHenriquesfamily,HeadCaptainAiresGonçalvesdeMirandawasthesonofDiegodeMirandaHenriquesandViolantedeCastroeLima(LordsofCastroDaire).HisfatherhadbeenchamberlainofKingHenryofPortugal(1578-1580),aswellasGeneralInquisitorofPortugal.ThroughthisfamilycontextwecanunderstandtheoriginoftheanimosityofHeadCaptainAiresGonçalvesMirandaagainsttheJudeo-conversos.MirandaservedinIndiaasayoungman.In1559,heparticipatedintheexpeditionofÁlvarodaSilveiratoVasaiandthePersianGulf.In1575,MirandamarriedtherichwomanIsabelHenriques.147AsarewardforservicesrenderedtothePortugueseCrown,in1583MirandawasnamedHeadCaptainofMacau.UponarrivinginMacauhecarriedanInquisitorialorderwherebyhehadtoarrestandsendtoGoaalltheJudeo-conversoslivinginMacau148Ironically,thisdidnotpreventAiresGonçalvesdeMiranda’scarrack146Islamic(Muslim)ancestry:obviouslytheInquisitionmeantanyperson,regardlessofethnicityandrace,whoprofessedIslamor,asmostoftenitwasthecase,whoseancestorspracticedIslam/wereMuslims.147ManuelTeixeira,MacaueasuaDiocese.vol.IV.Macau:ImprensaNacional,1977,373,374.LuísFróis,HistoriadeIapam(1983),3-4.148AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.488.
  • 65Part1/Chapter2SurvivalinExile:ChinatransportingJudeo-conversostoMacau.149OncehearrivedatMacau,weareunawareofthetypesofnegotiationsbetweentheHeadCaptainGeneralandthecityresidents.However,theJudeo-conversosremainedinthecity.Onceagain,thisepisodedemonstratestheimportancethattheJewishcommunityhadintheregion,revealingthatthemerchantsofMacauweresufficientlypowerfultosilenceandcorruptanyattemptoftheInquisitiontopenetratetheirsocialspace.ItisalsoimportanttoemphasizethattheeffortsmadebyHeadCaptainAiresGonçalvesMirandawouldnotbecompletelyinvain,sinceinthefirstpartofthe1580s,theGoaInquisitionsucceededincapturingfiveinhabitantsofMacau,allsecondaryfigureswithnopoliticaloreconomicrelevance:in1582,LuísPardo;in1585,FranciscaTeixeiraandFatherFranciscodeAzurara;in1586,AntóniodeNóbrega;andin1587,PêroFernandesd’Ariaswereimprisoned.150Unfortunately,thecontentofthoseprocessesarenotextanttoday.Asfortheaccusations,onlytwoareaboutpracticingJudaism(LuísPardoandFranciscaTeixeira).Threeoftheaccusationsmaybeincludedinoneepisode.WhenFranciscaTeixeirawasaccusedofpracticingJudaism,herhusbandPêroFernandesd’Arias,alsoaJudeo-converso,bribedthepriestFranciscodeAzuraraandobtainedsecretinformationcollectedbytheGoaInquisitionagainsthiswife.Asthisplanwasbeingdiscovered,bothwerearrested:FatherFranciscodeAzurarawassentencedforexposingthesecretrecordsofinterviewsconductedinMacauagainstaJudeo-converso,whereasPêroFernandesd’Ariaswassentencedfor:bribingcertainpeoplewhobroughttheguiltofhiswifeforthisHolyInquisition.151AsforFrancisca,weknowthatshewasborninMacauandthatshewasthedaughterofManuelTeixeiraandInêsGomez,bothofPortuguese-Jewishdescent,whosettledinMacauprobablyfleeingfromtheInquisition.Hisfather,ManuelTeixeira,alsohadabrothernamedEstêvãoGomezwholivedinIndia.FranciscaTeixeirahadthreesisters:149AsisthecaseofDiego/DiogoJorge.AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.488.150BNL,Códice203,JoãoDelgadoFigueira,ReportórioinMiguelJoséRodriguesLourenço,“OComissariado...,”216.151peitarcertaspessoasquetraziãoasculpasdesuamolherparaesteSantoOfficio.Ibid.,224-227.
  • 66TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)LeonordaFonseca(b.1567)whowasalsocapturedbytheGoaInquisitionin1594;152MéciaLeitoa,whomarriedRuiBoto153(probablyaJudeo-converso)154,andAnaMascarenhas,whomarriedAdriãoAlmada(probablyaJudeo-converso)155and,afterhisdeath,withAntónioFerreira,aChristianwithoutJewishancestryandwholivedinChaul.156AnotherdocumentalsotestifiesthattherewasabrothernamedPedroTeixeira.157FranciscaTeixeirawaseventuallysentencedtolifeimprisonmentforpracticesofJudaism.158Herhusband,PêroFernandesd’Arias,waseventuallyreleasedandforcedtopayafineof11pardaos.159ExceptforFranciscaandLuísPardo,noneoftheotherJudeo-conversosfromMacauwerecapturedortriedbytheInquisition,andthecityremainedtemporarilyinexpugnable.Inthefollowingyears,theJudeo-conversocommunityincreasedwiththearrivalofnewfugitives,amongwhomwerethePerezfamily.InordertobetterunderstandthisnewDiaspora,itshouldbenotedthat,afterthefusionoftheCastilianandPortuguesecrowns(1580-1640),manyJudeo-conversosfledtotheAmericas,theMediterraneanSeaBasin,andAsia,andafewtraveledtoMacau.Additionally,afterDecember18,1582,withtheofficialacceptanceofthenobles152ANTT,InquisiçãodeLisboa,proc.13360.153Diedinthe1580s.154WhenLeonordaFonsecamakesareferencetoRuyBotoshedoesnotsayanythingabouthisreligiousbackground;however,rightaftershementionsAntónioFerreira,Leonoriskeentostressthefactthatheisanold-Christian.IfRuyBotowasanold-ChristianwecanassumethatLeonorwouldalsohavestressedthat.WhenLeonormentionedthehusbandofhersisterFranciscaTeixeira,PedroFernandezDarias,aknownJudeo-converso(otherofficialdocumentsinfactstresshisJewishorigin),shealsodidnotmentionanythingabouthisreligiousbackground.155WhenLeonordaFonsecamentionedAdriãoAlmadashedidnotsayanythingabouthisreligiousbackground;however,rightafterhementionedthesecondsister’shusband,AntónioFerreira,shewasquicktostressthefactthathewasanOld-Christian.156ANTT,InquisiçãodeLisboa,proc.13360,documentonãofoliado,Quartasessão.157ANTT,InquisiçãodeLisboa,proc.4279.MiguelRodriguesLourenço,MacaueaInquisiçãonosséculosXVIeXVIIDocumentos.2vols.Lisboa:ICCM,2012,80.158BNL,Códice203,ReportorioGeral...,fls.312-312v.159Ibid.,fl.502v.
  • 67Part1/Chapter2SurvivalinExile:ChinaandmerchantsinMacauofPhilipIIasKingofSpain(yet,PhilipIofPortugal),160aninformaltradeagreementmadebetweentheauthoritiesofthePhilippinesandSebastianJorge161wasestablished.Hence,numerouscommercialvesselsfromthePortugueseandtheSpanishbeganvisitingMacau,Manila,andCavite.Asanexample,weshouldmentiontheJudeo-conversoManuelRodriguesNavarro.ThisindividualwasborninPortugal,intheAlentejoregion,inthecityofBeja.162MostlikelyhisfamilydescendedfromNavarreseJewswho,duetopersecutionsintheKingdomofNavarre(824-1620),fledtoPortugal,andultimatelyadoptedasanicknamethehomonymicNavarro.ManuelNavarrolivedinMacauforashortperiodandwhenhereturnedtotheAmericas,viatheManilagalleonroute,heinformedsomemembersoftheJudeo-conversocommunityintheregionabouttheSephardiccommunitylivinginChina.163IfNavarrowasabletoescapetheInquisition,thesamecannotbesaidofManuelRodriguez,nicknamed“ElChiquito.”BorninthePortuguesecityofFundão/Covilhã,“ElChiquito”traveledtoMacauviathePhilippines.Yearslater,whenhereturnedtotheAmericas,“ElChiquito”wascapturedbytheMexicanInquisitionandsentencedtosixyearsinprisonwithconfiscationofallofhisassets.164Therefore,thearrivalofthePerezfamilyinMacaumusthaveoccurredin1587,thusbeingpartofthislongprocessofJudeo-conversosettlinginChina.Hence,thePerezfamilyisjustonemoreelementthatcontributestotheabove-mentionedJewishDiasporaconditionedbytheInquisitionandattractedbytrade.160AGI,Patronato24,Ramo60.161separtieronmuycontentosconpropositoydeterminaciondebolvercadaañoconlashaciendasqueacajuzgaronsermasnecesarias.(Andthustheydepartedverypleasedwiththepurposeanddeterminationtoreturneveryyearwiththegoodsthatareconsideredextremelynecessary.)Colín-Pastells,LaborEvangelica....,301.162TestimonyofGasparMendes.AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.218163AGN,Inquisición,1597,vol.160,exp1,fl1.164SeymourB.Liebman,TheJewsinNewSpain...,197,307.
  • 68TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)II.TheTug-of-warbetweentheInquisitionandtheJudeo-conversosinMacauIfeelthatitisimperativetoexplainhere,intheopeningsectionofthissubdivision,thatintheabsenceoftheInquisitioninMacau,BishopLeonardodeSáO.C.(1581-1597)wastheofficialrepresentativeofthisinstitution,supervisingthereligiousbehavioroftheinhabitants.CriticizedbytheGoaInquisition,thisinstitutionarguedthatthejurisdictionoftheBishopsobreascousasdaInquisição(overthethingsoftheInquisition)shouldbechangedandreplacedwithregularvisitsfromoneoftheinquisitors(iftwowereinGoa),oralternativelybyadeputadodecréditoeconfiança(anhonestandreliableperson,i.e.,arepresentativeoftheInquisition).165ItwasfollowingthiscorrespondencethattheGoaInquisitiondecidedtointervenelocallyinMacau.Asawaytosolvethe“Jewishproblem”inChinaanddefeattheoppositionagainsttheInquisitioninMacau,theReligiousCourtdeliberatedtorestructuretheMacauinquisitorialhierarchyanditsmembers:[...]therearemanyyearsthatneitherfromChina[Macau]norfromMalaccaarrivesaprisoner,nordenunciationtothistablehavingthoseregionsreputationofhavingmany[Judeo-conversos],whereIdonotknowifIdareclaimtobemoreoftheserviceofGodandbenefitofthesoulsnottogranttotheaforementionedbishopsofthoseplacesjurisdictionovertheInquisitorialthingsisatleastinChina[Macau],butrathertheirpowershouldberestrictedbyHisHoliness,andtheseevilplaceswouldberemediedandwouldworkmuchbetterifYourReverencesendsomeInquisitor—ifyouhavetwo—visitthem,andifyoudonot,youshouldsendareliableandhonestdeputy.166165LetterfromtheInquisitorinGoaRuiSodrinhodeMesquitatotheGeneralCounciloftheInquisition(December24,1585).AntónioBaião,AInquisiçãodeGoa,CorrespondênciadosInquisidoresdaÍndia(1569-1630),vol.II,102.166[...]hámuitosannosquenemdaChina[Macau]nemdeMalacavempreso,nemdenunciaçãoaestamesahavendofamadeestaremaquellaspartesabrasadas,dondenãoseisemeatrevaaffirmarsermaisserviçodeDeoseproveitodasalmasnãoseotorgaraosbisposdoslugaresacimanomeadosjurisdiçãodelegadasobreascousasdaInquisiçãocomotemaomenosodaChina,masantesqueaordinarialheshaviaSuaSantidadederestringirnestaparte,eosmaleslugareseremediariammuitomelhorcomVossaMercêmandaremcertostemposvisitalosporhumdosinquisidoreshavendodous,equandonãoporhumdeputadodecreditoeconfiança.LetterfromtheInquisitorinGoaRuiSodrinhodeMesquitatotheGeneralCouncilofthe
  • 69Part1/Chapter2SurvivalinExile:ChinaInformationabouttheseJudeo-conversocommunitieslivingintheperipheryofthePortugueseEmpiredisturbedtheGoaInquisition,andin1584InquisitorGeneralRuiSodrinhodeMesquita167soughttoappointadeputytovisittheNorthernparts,Malacca,andChina.Thefollowingyear,onMarch22,1585,thiswishwasagainreiterated,yet,onceagainpostponed.In1586,thenewInquisitor,TomásPinto,168emphasizedagaintheneedtoascertainthepurityofbloodinMalaccaandChina:169YourHighnesswillseehowJudaismisquiet,sinceitismoreprobablethat[Judaism]isconcealedbecausethePeopleoftheNation[i.e.,theJews]arespreadinsomepartsofthestate[ofPortugueseIndia]likeChina[Macau],Malacca,Cochin,andthefortressesintheNorth,wheretherearemanysignsthattheymaketheirceremoniesandpeopledonotdaretodenouncethemtothevicarsbecauseoftheabove-mentionedthings.170DespitethiscollectionoftextsonthevariousattemptsoftheGoaInquisitiontoenterMacau,officialdocumentationmakesitclearthatnorepresentativeoftheInquisitioneverenteredChinaatthistime.However,thedocumentationproducedbythemerchantsofMacauofferacompletelydifferentview.In1587,171captainandjudicialmagistrateJoãoGomesFayo172arrivedinMacauwithanewlawandordinanceissuedbytheCourtoftheGoaInquisitiontoarrestallJudeo-conversoswhojudaizavan(practicedJudaism)promisingtogivetoanydenouncerInquisition(December24,1585).Ibid.,102.MiguelRodriguesLourenço,MacaueaInquisição...,218.167CéliaCristinadaSilvaTavares,JesuítaseinquisidoresemGoa:ACristandadeInsular(1540-1682).Lisboa:RomaEditora,2004.168Ibid.169AntónioBaião,AInquisição...,329-330.170veráVossaAltezacomooJudaísmoestáquieto,postoquemaisverossímiléqueotemencoberto,porqueosdanaçãoestãoespalhadosperalgumaspartesdoestadocomoChina,Malaca,CochimenasfortalezasdoNorte,ondehámuitosindíciosquefazemsuascerimôniaseagentenãoousadenunciaraosvigáriospelosrespeitosqueestãoachados.LetterfromtheInquisitorinGoatotheGeneralInquisitor,theCardinalAlberto(December2,1587).Ibid.,119.171IwasabletoidentifytheexactdatesinceitisthesameyearinwhichHeadcaptainJerónimodeSousaconductedthemaritimecommercialjourneyfromMacautoNagasaki.172JoãoGomesFayoisreferredtoascaptainofCranganorein1607.AntoniodeBulhãoPato,Documentos...,17,77,132.
  • 70TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)halfoftheconfiscatedproperty.AsfortheotherhalfoftheconfiscatedpropertyitwouldgotothefiscodaInquisição(treasuryoftheGoaInquisition).173Thislawwasmodeleduponthestill-valid,previousbanissuedafewyearsbeforebyHeadCaptainofMacauAiresMiranda,wherebynomanofJewishorigincouldtraveltoMalacca,China,andJapan.174Nevertheless,thisinquisitorial“plan”utilizedbytheGoaInquisitiontosolvetheJudeo-conversoprobleminMacauwasnoteasilyacceptedbymerchants.Infact,thearrivalofJoãoGomesFayoimmediatelygeneratedahugecontroversyamongJewishmerchants.ThischallengequicklysawamajorrevoltofJudeo-conversostradersagainsttheGoaInquisition.175Thenegotiationsthatensued,ortheirmainplayers,remainunknownsinceonlytwodocumentsmentionthisoccurrence,oneofwhichisveryclearontheconfrontation:becauseofacertainbrawlthathappenedinMacautheplandidnottakeplace.176Ontheoutcomeofthisconflictwedonothaveanyotherdocument.However,itisknownthattheJudeo-conversosfromMacauwonthisaltercation,sincenomerchantofJewishoriginwassenttoGoa.ThisepisodealsodemonstratesthecohesionandrealsignificanceofthisSephardiccommunitywhichhadmanagedtogetprotectionfromtheMacanesecommunityagainstthisanti-Jewishlaw.TheJudeo-conversocommunityalsoobtainedthesilenceandcollaborationoftheSocietyofJesusandtheBishopofthecity.Inadditiontothehypotheticalbribespaidtokey-peopleinMacau,itisverylikelythatthemarriagesystempracticedinthecityhadalsocontributedtothisoutcome.AsitcanbeseeninthecaseofFranciscaTeixeira’sfamily,oneofthefirstvictimsoftheInquisitioninMacau,Judeo-conversofamiliesmarriednotonlywithotherJudeo-conversosbutalsowithChristians.Itisobviousthatthismarriagesystemwouldhaveimportantsocialconsequences,anditalsoexplainsthecohesionbetweenthemerchantsofMacauanditsdeterminationnottoobeytotheInquisitionofGoa.Evidentlythisepisodeisnotanisolatedcase.InthefollowingchaptersIshallpresentotherattemptsofthesamekind.173AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fol.457.174AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.140.175AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.457.176porçiertabrigaqueuboenmacannoseexecutolacomision.AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.457.
  • 71Part1/Chapter2SurvivalinExile:ChinaIII.ThePerezFamilyinMacauYet,theapparentsafetyofMacauwasofshortduration.TheinquisitorialattentionreturnedtoMacauwhenin1587177Judeo-conversomerchantRuiPerezandhistwochildrenchosethiscityastheirpermanentabode.Uponhisarrival:inMacauchildrenandadultsthoughtthathewasaJewandthathebelongedtothecasteoftheJewsandtheysaid:“WhatthehellbroughtthisJewtothiscity,therearealreadyenoughofthoselivinghere!”178Newcomers,andwithnotieswithinthecommunity,thePerezbecamethescapegoatoftheJudeo-conversocommunityandtheDioceseofMacau.ThisfamilythusbecameanexampletoprovetotheGoaInquisitionthatinmattersoffaith,theBishopofMacauwasquiteawareoftheirwhereaboutsandthattheirarrestwouldavoidmorein-depthinvestigationsontheMacauJudeo-conversocommunity.PerezwasthusformallychargedwithbeingaJewtotheouvidor(judicialmagistrate179)Damião180Gonçalves,181anindividualwhothenrepresentedthejudicialpoweroftheCrowninthecity.Simultaneously,allhisfamilymemberswerealsoofficiallypersecutedbyorderofBishop182LeonardodeSá,thelatterprobablypressedbyJoãoGomesFayo.TheeldestsonofPerez,AntónioRodrigues,wasthefirstvictim.In1587,arrestedbyorderoftheBishop,Antóniomanagedtonegotiatehisreleasewiththeauthorities,payingbailsothathecouldparticipateintheannualMacau-Japancommercialjourney.HistorianGeorgeBryanSouzastatedthatin1587twounknownvesselsleft177AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.461.178enmacanchicosegrandeslotenianporjudioydecastadejudiosydezian“quiendiablolostraxoaestaçiudadaestejudionobastalosqueacaestan.”AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.461.179AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.140v.180ThroughthelastnameIwasabletodeterminethatthepersonisDamiãoGonçalves(judicialmagistrate).AGI,Filipinas,6,5,n.º62.LúciodeSousa,TheEarlyEuropean...,46.181AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.448.182estesdoushomenstiverãoemMacauhuãdemandaperanteoBispo,pllaqualrezãosevierãoacolhendoparaJapão.AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.138.
  • 72TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)MacauforJapan.183Boxersimilarlyalludedtoajunk,headedbyaSpaniard,thattraveledfromMacauorfromManilatoJapan.Asforthesecondjunk,wedonotknowifSouzathoughtofthisSiamesejunkvisitingtheislandsofGotothatyearasbeingaMacanesevessel.ThisisclarifiedbySuperiorandVice-ProvincialoftheJesuitmissioninJapanGasparCoelhoinaletteraddressedto5thSuperiorGeneraloftheSocietyofJesusClaudioAcquaviva(1543-1615),fromHirado,onOctober2,1587.184Inthisletter,Vice-ProvincialGasparCoelhoexplainstheexistenceofaMacanesevesselleavingforSiam,andfromtheretoJapan,whichwascarryingsomearticlestoMacau.ThisletterdemonstratestheexistenceoftworoutestoJapan,thefirstonebeingadirectroutefromMacautoJapan,whereasthesecondonewasatraderoutefromMacautoSiam,andthencetoJapan.Thereislimitedinformationonthislatterroute.MostlikelyitwaspartofseveralsearoutesfrequentlyusedbythemerchantsofMacau.ThisrouteeventuallydisappearedwhenMacaubegantocontrolandcentralizethesilkboughtinCanton,thuspreventingtheMacanesemerchantsfromusingintermediatetraderoutestoexportsilktoJapan.ThereisastrongpossibilitythatthisvesselwascaptainedbyaPortuguese,sincethecrewwasPortuguese,asLuísFróisdescribedinhisHistóriadeJapam(HistoryofJapan),andbecausethecaptainofthisvesselwouldasktheTonoforpermissiontocelebrateMasswhilethevesselwasbeingrepairedinJapan.185TheJudeo-conversoAntónioRodriguesmusthavetraveledinthisvesseland,onceinJapan,afterfinalizingallcommercialtransactions,insteadofreturningtoMacauwiththeothermerchants,fledtoNagasaki,thusneverreturningtoChina.186ThesecondvictimwasAntónio’sfatherRuiPerez.PursuedbyjudicialmagistrateJoãoGomesFayoandtheBishop,Perezwaseventuallyaidedbythemostunexpectedpersonintheentirecity:theveryHeadCaptainJerónimoPereira.Pereira,theofficial183GeorgeBryandeSouza,ASobrevivênciadoImpério:OsportuguesesnaChina(1630-1754).Lisboa:DomQuixote,1991[1986],75.WedonotknowifSouzathoughtoftheSiamesevesselthatin1587visitedtheislandsofGotoasbeingaMacanesevessel.184(ArchivumRomanumSocietatisIesu,JaponicaetSinica)JapSin10II,LetterfromGasparCoelhotoClaudioAcquaviva,Hirado(October2,1587),fl.271.185LuísFróis,Historia...(1983),468-469.186AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.460.
  • 73Part1/Chapter2SurvivalinExile:ChinarepresentativeofthePortugueseCrownandthehighestauthorityofthecity,187hidRuiPerezintheannualtradecarrackdestinedtoJapan;yet,animportantquestionremainsunanswered:whydidtheHeadCaptainofMacauhelpRuiPerezandhisyoungestson,thusgoingagainsttheordersoftheKing,theBishop,andtheGoaInquisition,puttinghiscareeratrisk?Thishelphasitsoriginsinanextraordinarycoincidence:therelationshipbetweenRuiPerezandHeadCaptainJerónimoPereirawasveryold,havingbeguninPortugal,sincebothmenwereborninthesametown,Viseu,188intheBeiraregion.189AttheendofthesixteenthcenturyViseuwasasmalltown,withapopulationof2,600people.190Itisthereforequitenaturalthatallresidentskneweachother.ItisalsothankstothefriendshipbetweenthetwotradersthatthelifeofRuiPerezwasagainsaved.WiththeconnivanceofHeadCaptainJerónimoPereira,themerchant,hisyoungestson,andtheslavePauloBanpaertraveledsecretlytoJapan.OnAugust16,1588,alargecarrackthattransportedthemtoasaferplacefinallyarrivedattheportofNagasaki,191thenaflourishingtradecenterbetweenChinaandJapan.Uponhisarrival,Perezwaswelcomedbyhiseldestson,themerchantAntónioRodrigues,whobesideslivinginNagasakiforsometime,192expandedthefamily187JosephSchütte,Monumenta…,403.188TestimonyofFranciscoRodriguesPinto.Andtheabove-mentionedHeadCaptainJerónimoPereirawasborninthesametownofRuiPerez.equeoditoJeronimoPereiraCapitãomor,oqualeranaturaldamesmaterradeRuyPiz.AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.138v.189TestimonyofManuelFernandes.estastrespessoaserãodabeira(thesethreepeoplewerefromBeira)AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.141.ThesonofRuiPerez,AntónioRodrigues,statesthathewasborninViseu.AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fl.264.190AntónioJoãoCruz,“Ateiadeumcrescimento.Viseudoséc.XVIaoséc.XX,”ProgramadaFeiraFrancadeS.Mateus(Viseu:CâmaradeViseu,1986):1-10.191BibliotecadaAjuda,JesuítasnaÁsia,Códice49-V-3,FranciscoPiresS.J.,Pontosdoquemealembrar,fl.10.192AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.138v.
  • 74TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)businessfromMacautothePhilippines.193ThepersecutionsagainstthePerezfamilywerenotabigenoughobstacletostopinvestments,because,asIhaveshownearlier,theJudeo-conversosinMacauparticipatedactivelyintradenetworksinSoutheastAsiaandtheFarEast.PerezneveragainreturnedtoChinaandhissavior,HeadCaptainJerónimoPereira,soonafterhisarrivalinMacau,onApril1,1589,committedsuicidebythrowinghimselftotheseaanddrowning,thusleavingthePortuguesecommunityintotalshock.194193Ibid.,fl.138v.194JosephSchütte,S.J.,Monumenta…,404.
  • ChapterThree
  • 77Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:Japan3SurvivalinExile:JapanI.TheArrivalinNagasakiOfficially,thefirstPortuguesearrivedinJapanbetween1542and1543.PortugueseexplorerandwriterFernãoMendesPinto(1510-1583)claimedtohavebeenthefirst.195However,accordingtoAntónioGalvão(c.1490–1557),inhisTratadodosDescobrimentos,thefirstEuropeanswhosetfootinJapanwerethePortugueseAntónioPeixoto,AntóniodaMota,andFranciscoZeimoto,notMendesPinto.196Infact,itisAntónioGalvãowhomadetheconnectionbetweenMarcoPolo’sCipangoandJapanwhenhewrote:theysawanislandtothirty-twodegrees,calledJapoens,whichseemstobethoseSipangasspokenintheScriptures.197Inthefollowingyears,JapanwasvisitedbynumerousEuropeanswhosoughttolivethere,trade,andevangelize.In1549,JesuitmissionaryFrancisXavier(1506-1552)beganaconversionprojectofJapanthatendedabruptlyanddramaticallynearlyacenturylater.195FernãoMendesPinto,andAquilinoRibeiro,PeregrinaçãodeFernãoMendesPinto:aventurasextraordinaiasdeumportuguêsnoOriente.Lisboa:Livr.SádaCosta,1960.FernãoMendesPinto,Peregrinação.8vols.Porto:SádaCosta,1962.196AntónioGalvão,Tratadodosdescobrimentosantigos,emodernos:feitosateaerade1550:comosnomesparticularesdaspessoasqueosfizerão:eemquetempos,eassuasalturas,edosdesvairadoscaminhosporondeapimenta,eespeciariaveyodaIndiaásnossaspartes:obracertomuynotavel,ecopiosa...Lisboa:OfficinaFerreiriana,1731,94.197Ibid.,95.
  • 78TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Besidestheirmissionaryactivities,theJesuitsalsodevelopedanimportanteconomicpartnershipwithPortuguesemerchants,actingasinvestorsandintermediariesinthemaritimecommerceconductedbetweenChinaandJapan.In1570,afterdepartingfromShiki,thefirstshipfromMacauvisitedNagasakiandthenreturnedtoChina.In1571,theplacewasagainvisitedbythemerchantsofMacau.Fromthisdateon,thisareabecamepopulatedbylandlessandhomelessChristians.198Gradually,NagasakibecametheportofentryforcommercialvesselsfromMacau.In1573,therearereportsofonePortugueselivingpermanentlyinthatarea.199Inthefollowingyears,thepopulationofNagasakiincreasedthroughtradeandalsowiththeflowofChristianrefugeesseekingshelterinthecity.Forexample,in1573,andlaterin1579,thecityreceivedrefugeesfromGotou.200OnJune9,1580,theDaimyoŌmuraSumitada(大村純忠,1533-1587)cededNagasakiinperpetuitytotheSocietyofJesusandtheportcitybecametheofficialdockthatcouldreceivegoodssentfromMacau201.Thegrowthofthecitysufferedamajorsetbackwhen,in1582,anepidemicdecimatedthepopulation,202andin1584alargefiredestroyedalmosteverythingwithintheperimeterofthesixmajorstreets.203In1587,ToyotomiHideyoshitookoverNagasakiandleviedafineof8,000cruzadostoitsinhabitants.Additionally,representativesofHideyoshitriedtochargemoremoney.204Frightened,thepopulationofNagasakifledtovariouspartsonlytoreturnlater,though198CartasqueosPadreseIrmãosdaCompanhiadeIesusescreverãodosReynosdeJapão&China.Ed.ManueldeLira.Évora:ManueldeLira,1598,fl.317.199Estavahumamulherjapoacazadacomhumportuguez,oqualserecolheopormaiorabrigoacazadotonodeNangazaqui.(AJapanesewomanwasmarriedtoaPortuguesewhostayedinabetterhousethatbelongedtoNagasaki’stono.)LuísFróis,História,vol.2,390.200Ibid.,374;LuisdeGuzmán,HistoriadelasmissionesquehanhecholosreligiososdelaCompañiadeIesus:parapredicarelsanctoEvangelioenlaIndiaoriental,yenlosreynosdelaChinayIapon.vol.II.Alcalá:porlaBiudadeJuanGracián,1601,187.201JuūjirōKoga,十二郎古賀,Nagasakikaikōshi長崎開港史.Nagasaki:KogaJūjirō-ŌikōKankōkai,1957.202CartasqueosPadreseIrmãosdaCompanhiadeIesusescreverãodosReynosdeJapão&China....,fl.48.203JosefFranzSchütte,S.J.,Monumenta...,430.204CartasqueosPadreseIrmãosdaCompanhiadeIesusescreverãodosReynosdeJapão&China...,fl.209v.
  • 79Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:Japangradually.Afterpayingthefine,thepopulationbecameextremelyimpoverished.205Whileperformingtheredistributionofthenewly-conqueredterritoriesofKyushi,in1587206Hideyoshistillissuedthefirstanti-ChristianedictapparentlybanningEuropeanmissionariesfromJapan.207WhenRuiPerezarrivedatNagasakiin1588,Nagasakiwasbeingreorganized;hence,thefutureoftheJapanesemissionseemeduncertain.ThePerezfamilysettledinthecityforaperiodofthreeyears.PrimarilytheylivedinthehousesrentedbytwoJapaneseChristiansnamedJustaandJustino,208whereasduringthelastsixmonthsoftheirstayinJapantheylivedonShimabarastreet(Shimabaramachi-島原町),inthehouserentedbyTacaquiAntónio,209brotherofTacaquiLuís,oneoftheotonasofNagasaki.210Theeldestson,AntónioRodrigues,onlyremainedforaperiodbetweentwentyandthirtydaysinthislasthouse,eventuallyleavingforManila.211Initially,theirstaywithJustaandJustinowascharacterizedbyconflicts.Thiscouple,originallyfromtheJapanesecityofSakai,hadsettledinNagasakiwheretheybecameleadersoftheChristiancommunity.212Theabove-mentionedcouple,inadditiontoinvestingtheirownmoney,raisedfundsfortheestablishmentofthechurchoftheMisericórdiadeNagasáqui(HolyHouseofMercyofNagasaki),aPortuguesecharityorganizationcreatedinmanycitiesandtownswherethePortuguesecommunitieslived.AccordingtoJesuithistorianLuís205LuísFróis,História...,vol.4,424.206JosephJennes,AHistoryoftheCatholicChurchinJapan.Tokyo:OriensInstituteforReligiousResearch,1973,53.207JurgisElisonas,ChristianityandtheDaimyo,inTheCambridgeHistoryofJapan:EarlyModernJapan.vol.IV.Eds.JohnWhitneyHall,MariusB.Jansen,MadokaKanai,DenisTwitchtt(Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1991),363.208ThiscouplehadadaughternamedMariawhomarriedapersonnamedGuilherme.WedonotknowwhetherhewasEuropeanorJapanese.Yet,wedoknowthatthiscouplelivedinNagasaki.AGN,Inquisición,1601,Vol.263,exp.1U,fl.138v.209AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.137v.210AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.141v.211AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.138.212TheyhadadaughternamedMariawholatermarriedGuilherme.AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.138.
  • 80TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Fróis(1532-1597),Justino,afterfinishingtheconstructionofthechurchoftheHolyHouseofMercyofNagasaki,traveledtoGokinaiandworkedontheconstructionofthechurchoftheSeminary(i.e.,theologicalcollege)ofOsaka,andattheResidenceoftheJesuitsinSakai:notonlyworkingandleadingtheworkbutalsogiving100cruzadostohelpbuildingit.213Hiswife,Justa,isdescribedasfollowsbyLuisdeFróis:Despitebeingveryill,JustaexceedsherhusbandinthezealanddevotiontoGod,andwithherwisdomandworksofcharityshehashelpedmanynobleandneedypeople,bothphysicallyandspiritually,andherqualitiesareveneratedbytheentirepopulationofNagasaki.214InNagasaki,JustaledtheJapanesewomen,andthroughherinfluenceinthecommunity,shebuiltahospitalfordestitutewomen:Hospitaltoshelterandsustainwithalmstheold,sick,andunattendedwomen,womenwhohadnosonsordaughterstohelpthem.215ItisthereforenotsurprisingthattheJapanesecouple,extremelyCatholic,findingthattheirhouseswereinhabitedbyafamilyofJudeo-conversosbecameverydispleasedandenteredintoconflictwiththem.ToexacerbatethetensionsthePerezhousewasalsovisitedbymanyJudeo-conversoswhodidnotmindtobeacknowledgedassuch.216Inhishousetheytalkedandplayedgames;217attimesthePerezvisitedthehomeofotherPortugueseforthesamepurpose.218Forthisreason,andforotherreasonsthatIshallmentionfurtherahead,213nãosomenteofferecendosuapessoaaotrabalhoesuperintendeciadaobra,masaindadeoparaellamaisdecemcruzadosdeajuda.LuísFróis,HistóriadeIapam,vol.II,122.214Postoquenaturalmentehémuitoenferma,aindaexcedeaomaridonozelodeserviçodeDeos,ecomsuaprudenciaeobrasdecaridadetemajudadoamuitaspessoasnobresenecessitadasassimcorporal,comoespiritualmenteeporsuavirtudehédetodoopovotidaemgrandeveneração.Ibid.,122.215Hospitalemqueagazalhassemesostentassemcomsuasesmolasasmulheresvelhas,enfermasedesamparadasquenãotinhãofilhosnemfilhasnemparentesqueassocorressem.Ibid.,122-123.216AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.140.217Ibid.,fl.138.218Ibid.,fl.138v.
  • 81Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:JapanRuiPerezandhistwosonswereforcedtomovetoanotherhouse,firstmovingtoShimabaramachi-島原町inahomethatbelongedtoTacaquiAntónio.219ItisalsoimportanttomentionherethreeofNagasaki’sotonas,ThomasSoin,wholivedacrossfromRuiPerez’shouse,220TacaquiLuís,wholivedonthesamestreet,221andMoroJoanwholivednearhim.Theotona,or“elder”ofthemachi町,waschosenamongthemostrespected,influential,andwealthycitizensofNagasaki.Thispersonwastheofficialrepresentativeofthestreetbeforetheauthoritiesandhismainfunctionwastoobeyandenforcecompliancewithcitylaws.Thispersonalsopossessedawidevarietyofjudicialpowersovertheinhabitantsofthestreet.However,MoroJoão(町田宗加MachidaSoka),ThomasGoto(後藤宗印GotoSoin),LuísTacaqui(高木了可TakagiRyoka),andTakashimaRyoetsu(高島了悅)wereinfactTōnins(頭人)ofNagasaki.222ThetestimoniesofthesethreetōninsdemonstratethatRuiPerezhadenougheconomicpowertoliveinamajorcityareafrequentedbythemercantileandadministrativeelite:theShimabaramachi.ThisstreetwasoriginallycomposedoffugitiveChristiansfromtheregionofShimabara;itsnamederivesfromthehomonymicoriginofitsfirstinhabitants.Inthelatesixteenthcentury,thisstreetwasalsooneoftheprimarystreetsofNagasaki,inhabitedbythemainPortugueseandJapanesemerchants.AJapanesedocumentalsostatesthattheDaimyoArimaHarunobu(有馬晴信,1567–1612)builthisresidenceinShimabaraMachi,andput100soldiersthere,somewhereintheregionbetweenthecapeandthesea,alongthecoast,andthattheDaimyoŌmuraSumitada(大村純忠,1533–1587)alsohadhisownresidenceonthatstreet,aswellasonehundredadditionalsoldiers.Unfortunately,theJesuitlettersnevermentionedtheseaspects,astheyprobablydidnotfitintheexaggeratednarrativeofacityofrefugeforChristians.223219Ibid.,fl.137v.220Ibid.,fl.139v.221Ibid.,fl.141v.222ReinierH.Hesselink,“AnAnti-ChristianRegisterfromNagasaki”,BulletinofPortuguese/JapaneseStudies,vols.18/19(Lisboa,2009):17.223BébioVieiraAmaro,“NagasakiasEmporium:HistoryandSocialCompositioninitsInitialYears,”inVanguardsofGlobalization:PortCitiesfromtheClassicaltotheModern(Delhi,PrimusBooks,2014),253-279.
  • 82TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)PortugueseJourneystoJapanfrom1550-1587YearHeadCaptainsunofficialCaptainsNumberofShips15501551155215531554155515561557221142?-3?4?2FernandodeMeneses(dockedinShimabara)DuartedaGama(dockedinFunaiandHide)DuartedaGamaDuartedaGama(dockedinHirado)DuartedaGamaDuartedaGama(dockedinHirado)FranciscoMascarenhas(dockedinFunai)FranciscoMartins(representingFranciscoBarreto,dockedinHirado)DuartedaGama(dockedinHirado)FranciscoPereiradeMiranda(Hirado)?ManuelPredo?DiogoVazdeAragão???????CosmeRodrigues(vesseldidnotreachitsdestination)DiogoVazdeAragão(dockedinHirado)?LuísdeAlmeidadockedinHirado)ObarcodeDiogoVazdeAragão(dockedinHirado)?ThisshipwasprobablycaptainedbyGuilhermePereira,FranciscoToscanoandDiogoPereiraAntónioPereira(?)orGuilhermePereira(?)
  • 83Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:Japan224ThereturntripstartedonOctober27,1560“inaboatthatbelongedtoJoãodeMendonça,whowascaptainofMalacca,”arrivingatGoaonApril24,1562.225AlsounderthecommandofSimãodeMendonça.LeónBourdon,LaCompagniedeJésusetleJapon.1547-1570.Paris:FundaçãoGluebenkian,1993,478.LeoneldeSousa(dockedinHirado;willbeshipwreckedonthereturntrip)RuiBarreto(dockedinHirado)ManuelMendonça(commandingtwovessels224)FernãodeSousa(representingGomesBarreto)DiogoPereiraPedroBarretoRolim(dockedinYokoseura)PedrodaGuerra(representingFranciscodeSá;dockedinYokoseura)PedrodeAlmeida(dockedinHirado,thevesselnamewasSantaCruz)JoãoPereira(dockedinFukuda)SimãodeMendonça(representinghisbrotherJoãodeMendonça)GuilhermePereira(dockedinFunai)GuilhermePereiraAiresBotelhoAfonsoVaz??????????????????NaviodeManuelMendonça(dockedinHirado)FranciscoCastão(dockedinYokoseura)GonçaloVazdeCarvalho(dockedinYokoseura)??????(vesselSantaCatarinadockedinHirado)BartolomeuGouveia(dockedinHirado)DiogodeMenezes(dockedinFukuda)?225DiogodeMenezes(shipwreckedinHainanIsland)223523323(cont.)155815591560156115621563156415651566
  • 84TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)226CartasqueosPadreseIrmãosdaCompanhiadeIesusescreverãodosReynosdeJapão&China....,fl.282.227LuísFróis,Historia...,vol.II,373.228GeorgeBryanSouza,ASobrevivência...,75.(cont.)15671568156915701571157215731574157515761577157815791580TristãoVazdaVeiga(dockedinKuchinotsu)AntóniodeSousa(dockedinFukuda)ManuelTravassos(dockedinFukuda)ManuelTravassos(dockedinShikiandFukuda)TristãoVazdaVeiga(dockedinNagasaki)JoãodeAlmeidaAntónioVilhena(shipwreckedontheoutwardjourneytoJapan)SimãodeMendonça(representinghisbrotherJoãodeMendonça)VascoPereiraDomingosMonteiroDomingosMonteiroDomingosMonteiroLeoneldeBritodockedinKuchinotsu)MigueldaGama(dockedinNagasaki)??????226??????DiogoVazdeAragão????????EstevãoLeite???????GasparCorreiaPinto227AndréFeio??????228??????CapitãoManuelTravassos(shipwreckedinKorea)BartolomeuVazLandeiro(dockedinKuchinotsu)32222124112112
  • 85Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:Japan(cont.)1581158215831584158515861587IgnáciodeLimaAntónioGarcês(dockedinKuchinotsu)AiresGonçalvesdeMirandaAiresGonçalvesdeMirandaFranciscoPais(dockedinLuísPereira)DomingosMonteiro(dockedinHirado)Therewasnoofficialtrip(yearofthefirstanti-Christianedict)BartolomeuVazLandeiroAndréFeio(shipwreckedinTaiwan)VincenteLandeiro(representingBartolomeuVazLandeiro)??????(vesselfromMacau)??????(shipfromMacautoSiamandthendepartedforJapan)??????(MacaneseshipcaptainedbyaSpanish)2212122Source:CharlesBoxer,TheGreatShipfromAmacon:AnnalsofMacauandtheOldJapanTrade,1544–1640.Lisboa:CEMM,1963;YoshitomoOkamoto,JūrokuseikiNichiōkōtsūshinokenkyū.Tokyo:RokkōShobō1974[1936,1952];AnaProsépioLeitão,“DotratoportuguêsnoJapão:presençasquesecruzam(1543-1639).”M.A.Thesis,UniversidadedeLisboa,1994,95-98;LúciodeSousa,“TheJapaneseandthePortuguesefrom1580-1614—Commerce,Politics,andReligion.”,Ph.D.Diss.,UniversidadedoPorto:2007,352-358;LúcioSousa,TheEarlyEuropean…,23-31;ReinierH.Hesselink,“TheCapitãesMoresoftheJapanVoyage:AGroupPortrait,”TheInternationalJournalofAsianStudies,9,no.01(2012):1-41.
  • 86TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)II.TheSephardicCommunityinNagasakiAsfortheSephardiccommunityinNagasaki,worthmentioningamongitsfinestisthemerchantFranciscoRodriguesPinto(b.1551),229marriedandresidentofNagasaki,230whohadgoodtieswiththeJesuits.HisJewishoriginswereknownwithintheEuropeancommunity,somethingwhichdidnotpreventhimfromtestifyingonbehalfoftheSocietyofJesus,ormaintaininganimportantfriendshipwiththeBishopofJapan,LuísdeCerqueira(1598-1614),whowouldcharacterizeFranciscoasbeing:averytalkativeperson,anhonestmanwhowillspeakthetruthaftertakingtheoath.231EventhoughtheexacttimewhenthistraderbeganlivinginNagasakiisunknown,itisindeedknownthatbetween1588and1601RodriguesPintolivedinNagasaki.HiswealthandgoodrelationshipwiththeJesuitsmusthavecontributedtohisfreedomwheneveraninquisitorialprocesswasdrawnagainsthim.FranciscoRodriguesPintoinitiallybefriendedAntónioRodrigues,theeldestsonofRuiPirez,ignoringhisJewishorigin.Lateron,healsobefriendedtherestofthefamilywhentheybeganlivinginNagasaki.AlthoughthebrotherswereknowninNagasakibythenamesofFranciscoRodriguesandLuísRodrigues;beforeusingdifferentidentitiestheyusedtheirMacaneseidentitieswithFranciscoRodriguesPinto,presentingthemselvesbythenamesofAntónioRodriguesandManuelFernandesrespectively.AsforthecoexistencewiththePerezfamily,FranciscoRodriguesPintostatedthathemetthemafewtimesduringMass,butthathewasnotaregularvisitoroftheirhome.232ThisfriendshipwasalsoextendedtotheJudeo-conversomerchantManuelRodrigues(b.1547),whomtheBishopsaidtobe:judiodenación,perohombredebienydeverdad(fromtheJewishNation,butagoodandhonestman).233ManuelRodrigues,whowasmarried,chosetoliveinNagasaki,234atleastbetween1588and1601.The229AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.139.230AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.138v.231demuchohablar,eshombredebienyquenodeixaradehablarverdadeennegociodejuramento.AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.136.232Ibid.,fl.138v.233Ibid.,fl.136.234Ibid.,fl.136.
  • 87Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:JapanfriendshipwithPerezstartedin1588,whenthePerezfamilybeganlivinginNagasaki.ManuelRodriguesusedtomeetsomemembersofthePerezfamilyatchurch.Unfortunately,hedidnotgivemanydetailsontherelationshiphehadwiththeJudeo-conversosinNagasaki.235Rodriguesalsomanagedtoescapefromtheinquisitorialpersecutionsandwasnevercaptured.DiogoJorgeandVilelaVazwereothertraderswhobefriendedRuiPerez.DespitelivinginNagasaki,theirfriendshipdidnotbegininJapan,butrather,itwasmucholder,havingrootsinPortugalandMacau.236DiegoJorgewasborninLisbonin1559.237AsayoungmanhedepartedforIndia,becomingpartoftheSephardiccommunitylivinginMacauintheearly1580s.Whenin1583HeadCaptainAiresGonçalvesMirandatraveledtoMacau,wantingtoarrestallJewishmerchantsandsendthemtoGoa,hewasoneofthepersonsthatwouldhavebeenaffectedbythislaw.AlthoughthemissionofHeadCaptainAiresGonçalvesMirandafailed,DiegoJorgebecameknownintheregionforhavingJewishorigins,whichputhislifeindanger.InordertopreventInquisitorialpersecutionshethuswenttoNagasaki.238In1593,DiegoJorgefledtoManila,wherehewascarefullyobservedbytheInquisition.239AsforVilelaVaz,wedonothaveanyadditionalinformationonhisbiography.Theonlydetailknownisthat,likeDiegoJorge,yearslaterhealsotraveledtoManila.WedoknowthathewaspersecutedbytheInquisition;yet,hemanagedtoescape,leavingnotracesofhiswhereabouts.Besidestheabove-mentionedJudeo-conversos,RuiPerezalsointercommunicatedwith:PêroRodriguezNabo,whointhemeantimehaddied;240withthemerchantGóis,whowouldtravelsoonafter1588toSiam;241andwiththemerchantPauloGonçalves,alsolivinginNagasaki.242Accordingtoaneyewitness,inthisgroupPauloGonçalveswas235Ibid.,fl.141.236Ibid.,fl.458v.237Ibid.,fls.473v-474.238AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.488.239Diogo/DiegowasrecognizedbytheDominicanFranciscoSanchezdeCarvajal,whoaccuseshimtothecommissioneroftheHolyOffice,FrayDiegoMuñoz.AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.488.240AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.141.241AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.457.242AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fls.140v,141.
  • 88TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)themainfriendofRuiPerez.TherearealsoreferencestootherJudeo-conversoswhosocializedwiththePerezfamilyinNagasaki;yet,theirnameswerenotrecordedforposterity:theytalkedalotwithaPortuguesenamedPauloGonçalves,andoftenalsowithtwootherPortuguese,thethreeareJudeo-Conversos,somethingknowninNagasakiaccordingtothiswitness.243ThePerezfamilydidnotsocializemuchwiththeremainingJudeo-conversosandOld-ChristianslivinginNagasaki:theyhadlittlecommunicationwiththeotherPortuguese,especiallyOld-Christians.244PerhapstheexcerpthereinincludedisaveiledreferencetotheimportantmerchantAntónioGarcêswhoin1582wasHeadCaptainofMacau,whoknewPerezbothinMacauandJapan.245Interestinglyenough,theecclesiasticalauthoritieswereunawareofthefactthatGarcêswasalsoaJudeo-converso.246HislivingintheJapanesecityoccurredafter1587,whenHeadCaptainJerónimoPereirasenthimtoJapantotrytonegotiatewithToyotomiHideyoshitheendoftheprohibitionagainstmembersoftheSocietyofJesusissuedin1587.247However,thecaseofAntónioGarcêswassomewhatdifferentthanotherJudeo-conversos.WhenRuiPerezreachedNagasaki,sincehisJewishoriginswerewellknown,GarcêswarnedotherJudeo-conversos,asthesoldier/mercenaryPêrodeSolis,anAsturianlivinginthecity,tobecareful.BothGarcêsandSolislefttheirtestimoniesintheinquisitorialinvestigationsonRuiPerez.However,theirJewishoriginswerenotdetected.248243masquecomunicavãomuitocomhumPauloGonçalvezpurtugues,etambémalguasvezes,antesmuitascomoutrosdouspurtugueses,asquaistrespessoassãotambémxpãosnovos,segundoelletestimunhadizsercousasabida.TestimonyofJorgeDurois.Ibid.,fls.140v.244nãotinhãomuitacomunicaçãocomosoutrospurtugueses,especialmentexpãosvelhos.TestimonyofJorgeDurois.Ibid.,fls.140v.245Ibid.,fl.141v.246JamesC.Boyajian,PortugueseTradeinAsia...,80;LúciodeSousa,TheEarlyEuropean...,52,53,145.247JoséMariaBraga,JesuitasnaAsia...,78.248AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fls.457-458.
  • 89Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:JapanIII.TheImpeccableBehaviorofthePerezFamilyinNagasakiInNagasaki,thePerezfamilytriedtokeepalowprofile.TheirbehaviordifferedfromthatofotherPortugueselivingthere.AccordingtosomeJapanesetestimonies,RuiPerezandhissonsusuallywalkedaloneanddidnottalkmuchwiththeotherPortuguese.249TheirethicalbehaviorinNagasakidifferedconsiderablyfromthatofothermerchants,somethingthatwasemphasizedbytheJapanese:astotheirwayoflifetheylivedproperly,theydidnotmaintainaffairswithwomenandvisitedthechurch.250(...)Sayingthattheirchildrenweredecentmen,andthattheirfatherhadeducatedthemwell.251(...)Thetwosonsweremodestmen,anddidnottalkmuchwiththeinhabitantsofNagasaki,whichaccordingtothiswitness,thisbehaviorhadnoillintent,butbecausetheirfathergavethemgoodadviceandmaintainedtheminthecorrectmoralpath.252ThewaythePortugueselivedinNagasakiisdescribedinmanysources.Forexample,in1587,JesuitVice-ProvincialGasparCoelho(1530-1590)drewavividpictureofthebehaviorofthePortuguesemerchantswhoarrivedinNagasaki,livingwiththeirloversinthecity,gettinginvolvedwithmarriedandsinglewomen,andjeopardizingtheirownlives:OurFatheralreadyknowsthatChristianityremainsandisstillincreasinginJapan.AllthisisduetotheevangelicaldoctrinethatwepreachtotheJapanese.Thesecondexampleisthehighmeritofthepeoplewhocontinuepreachinghere.WhenthepeopleofMeacoandotherremoteparts,livefarfromtheportwheretheshipsandboatsofthePortuguesedock,theylivetheChristianteachingswithgreatercandor249TestimonyofTacaquiAntónio.AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.138.250Ibid.,fl.137v.251Ibid.,fl.138.252quantoaseuscustumesqueviviabem,equenãoandavacommulheres,equecontinuavacomaIgreja.(…)dizendoqueosdousfilhoserãohomensdecentes,equeopayosencaminharabem.(…)osdousfilhoserãohomensrecolhidos,equenãoconversavammuitocomagente,masquelhepareciaqueonãofaziãocomnenhumruimintento,maspllopaylhesdarbonsconselhos,eostrazerbemencaminhados.
  • 90TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)andsimplicityandtheyhavethebestopinionoftheChristianreligion,andthankstothekindnessofGod,didnotappearamongthemanythingwhichwascontrarytotheChristiandoctrine.ThisshipthateveryyearcomesfromChinatoJapanwiththeirgoods,remainshereforaboutsevenoreightmonths,andbecausepeoplewhocomeherearenotordinarilythebestpeopleorthebesteducatedofthePortugueseStateofIndia,whentravelingfortheseremotepartstheylivedissoluteandfreelyindulgingthemselvesinallsinsanddishonesties,whicharesomanythatIcannotshowordeclaretoYourPaternityinthisletter.AnditisgreatthescandalandbadexampletheygivetotheJapaneseChristians,preventingtheChristianstobecomebetterChristiansandtheGentilefromconvertingtoChristianity.ThisisoneofthegreatestandmostdifficultworkandafflictionwehaveinJapan.Usuallywhenthesepeoplearrivewiththeirgoods,theylookforahouseinthelandandbecausethewomenareveryeasy,mostofthem,oralmostallofthem,theybecometheirloversandthereforedeprivedoftheholysacramentsofmarriageandthegraceofGod.ThesePortuguesenotonlyusesinglewomenwithoutChristianhusbands,butalsousemarriedwomen,riskingtheirlives,andsometimesitisevenworseastheydothesamewithGentilewomen,whopurposelyofferedthemselvestothePortugueseduringthetimetheyremaininJapan.253Ibid.,fl.138.253V.P.giàhaveràintesochecondoicosesiconservaevàaugmentandolachristianitàdiGiaponne.Lap.aèladottrinaevangelica,cheglisipredica.La2.al’essempio,eedificationedellepersonechelivannocultivando,equantolagentediMeaco,edialtrepartiremotistannopiulontanodalliportidovevêgononavi,einbarcationidiportuguesi,tantovivenoconpiucandura,esingelezza,ecommigliorconcettodellareligionechristiana,eciòpercheperlabontádiddiononveggonocousa,chedisorepidalladottrina,cheglisepredica.Questanave,checiascunannovieredallaCinacõsuemercantieaGiaponnestaqualmancosette,oottomesi,eperchelagentechequàvieneordinariam.teninhedellimiglioriepiuàprimoradidell’India,anzipervenirinquestipartitantoremotivivenodissoluto,elibrem.tedandose,eentregandosiatuttiivityedesonestidà,nonpossoinquestasufficientem.temostrar,edechiararaV.P.quantograndeél’oscandalo,emalesempiochedicontinuodannosiallicristianipernonsermigliori,comealligentilipernonseconvertir,equestoèunodellimaggiori,eintimotravaglo,eafflitione,chequahabbiamo:percheordinariam.tearivandoquestagenteconsuemercantie,subitosiproveggonodicasainterraeperlafacilità,cheritrovanonelledonne,lamaggiorpartediessi,oquasituttistannocõsuacõcubina;ecometaliprividellisacramenti;einflussodell’gratia,enonsolousanodidonnesolterechenõhãnomaritochristiane,madellemaritateconnonpocopericolodesuvita,equelcheepeggiordidonnegentile,chedepropositoglisevannoaofferisconoperiltempochehannodastarinGiaponne.
  • 91Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:JapanAlsoSpanishDominicanFatherDiegoCollado(?-1638/41?),presumablybasedontrueconfessions,fromthetimehelivedinNagasakidisplayedinhisbookthestrangeconfessionofayoungJapaneseorphanwho,havingnootherwayofsurviving,becamethemistressofaPortuguesebeforebecomingaprostitute:Asachild,Ilostmyparentsandbecameanorphan,soIdidnothaveanyoptionorwaytomakealiving.Accordingtotherequestofa“Nanbanjin”,i.e.,abarbarianfromthesouthorPortuguesemerchant,Ibecamehiscompanionandlivedintheirhomeforthetimeoffourmonthsashiswife.Hearingthattoserve“fito”wouldbelaboriousanddifficult,Ilostmyjudgmentandprudence,andabandonedthehonorandshame,becomingaprostituteanddoingbusinesswithanymanwhowantedmybodylikeacommodity—Vrimono—inacertainzoneofthecityforthatbusiness.Ihavebeenlivinginthisneighborhoodforthreeyears,doingthesamebusiness.254Astheexcerptspresentedabovedemonstrate,itiseasytoseetheaweandwonderwhenTacaquiAntóniomentionedthemorally-irreprehensiblebehaviorofthePerezfamily,somethingrarewithinthePortuguesecommunity.Thisimagewassostrongthatyearsaftertheirdeparture,whenquestioned,TacaquiAntóniopraisedthegoodeducationthatRuiPerezhadgiventohischildren.ARSI,JapSin,10-II,LetterfromGasparCoelhotoClaudioAcquavivaofHiradoon2October1587,fl.272.254Vatacuxigavarambedefutavoiavovxinŏteminaxigoninarimaraxita.Sŏattareba,iovosuguruiŏgagozaraide,Nanbanjiniorisonotoguinitoraretenuxinoiadoniiotçuqinoaidanhôbŏnoiŏnivorimaraxita.Sorecarafitonifôcôsurucotogamutçucaxiitoqiitareba,fonxŏganote,menbocu,chijocutôvomoxiraide,sonomamaqeixeininattejŏrŏmachiiemacariitevagamivobaconomumononivrimonotoxite,conosanganennoaidanivorimaraxita.私が、童で両親を失うて孤になりまらした。さうあったれば世を過ぐる様もござらいで、南蛮人よりその伽に取られて、主の宿に四月の間女房の様に居りまらした。それから、人に奉公することが難しいと聞いたれば、本性が無うて、面目・恥辱等をも知らいで、そのまま傾城になって、上郎町へ罷り行て、我が身をば好む者に売物として、この三箇年の間に居りまらした。ModernJapanese:“童のとき、両親を失いまして、孤児になってしまいました。そうですから、身過ぎ世過ぎの方法とてはございませず、南蛮人に請われてその伽に出ることとなり、主の宿で四ヵ月間女房同然で同棲しておりました。やがて、このような奉公は辛く骨が折れると聞き及び、分別もなく、面目、廉恥さえかなぐり捨て、傾城となり、上郎町へ出て、わが体を好む者を相手に商売しつつ、三ヵ年の間ここに留まりました。DiegoCollado,O.P.,ModusConfidentietExaminandi.Rome:Typis&impensisSacr.congreg.depropag.Fide,1632.
  • 92TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)InNagasaki,asawayoferasingthestigmaoftheirJewishorigins,asnotedabove,thechildrenofRuizPerezadoptedvariousnames.AntónioRodrigues(b.1571)255wasknownasFranciscoRodrigues256andJoãoRodrigues,257whereasManuelFernandes(b.1575)wasknownbythenameofLuísRodrigues.258Despitetheseefforts,theannualpresenceofPortuguesetradersinNagasaki,mostofwhomcamefromMacau,compromisedthelifeofthePerezfamily.TheirJewishdescentbecamequicklyknownandpublicizedinthecity,causingdiscontentespeciallyamongJapaneseChristians,outragedbytherumorthatRuiPerezatemeatonforbiddendaysoftheChristiancalendar—especiallyduringEaster.Itwassaidthatinordertodisguisethis“crime”heputthefeathersofbirdsinabagsothattheywouldnotbediscovered259andthenthrewtheminthelatrine.260ThisrumorwasspreadbyJusta,theowneroftherentedhouse,andwithwhomhedevelopedseveralconflictsbecauseofthisandotherdefamations.261Furthermore,PortuguesemerchantSalvadordeFigueiredo,aresidentinthecity,statedthatitwascommonknowledgeinNagasakithatatlunchtimeRuiPerezclosedhimselfwithhischildreninthehousethuspreventingpeopletoobservethemeating.262MerchantJorgeDurõisstatedthatwhenvisitingthePerezhouseduringlunchtime,hesawthementeringaprivateroomwheretheyatealone,behindcloseddoors,withoutanyslavesservingthem.ThisbehaviorwasconsideredsuspiciousbyDurõis,asthePortuguesewereknownforeatinginpublic,beingservedbyslaves.263Outraged,thismerchantaccusedPereztotheVice-ProvincialoftheSocietyofJesus,thethen—FatherPedroGómezwho,atleastapparentlydisapprovedthisbehavior.264Yet,DurõiswasunawareofthefactthatalsoJesuitPedroHinoHiroshi,“DiegoColhado:Confissõesdospecadosdoscrentesjaponesesseiscentistas,”RyūtsūKeizaiUniversity/流通経済大学社会学部論叢40,n.1(2005):111-165.255AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fl.265.256AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fls.137and138v.257Ibid.,fl.140.258Ibid.,fls.137and138v.259Ibid.,fl.137.260Ibid.,fl.138v.261Ibid.,fl.138v.262Ibid.,fl.139v.263Ibid.,fls.140-141.264Ibid.,fl.140.
  • 93Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:Japan265JuanRuiz-de-Medina,“Gómez,Pedro,”inMissionaçãoeMissionáriosnaHistóriadeMacau.Eds.MariaAntóniaEspadinha,andLeonorSeabra(Macau:UniversidadedeMacau,2005),170-172.JosefWicki,S.J.,“Die‘Judeo-conversos’inderIndischen...,”349.Gómez(1535-1600)wasalsoofJewishdescent.265
  • 94TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)266Until1573theyreceived600pardauswhichcorrespondedto500cruzados.267In1585,FatherGeneralAcquavivainstructedFatherValignanotoinvesttheonethousandcruzadosfromMalaccaand500cruzadosfromthevillagesofVasaiashesawfit.JapSin3,LetterfromClaudioAcquavivatoPadreAlessandroValignano,January18,1585,fls.8v-9.268BFUP,ArquivoHistóricodoEstadodaÍndia,LivrosdasMonçõesN.°3-B(1589-1593),Ficheiro2,gaveta1,divisões6e71-3|4/2LetterfromKingPhilipIItoDuartedeMeneses,Vice-RoiofPortugueseIndia,Lisboa,February22,1589,fls.360-364.269BFUP,ArquivoHistóricodoEstadodaÍndia,LivrosdasMonçõesN.°2-B(1596-1601),Ficheiro2,gavetal,divisões3-410|1/3LetterfromKingPhilipIItoFranciscodaGama,Vice-RoiofPortugueseIndia,Lisboa,April7,1596,fl.341.270JapSin3,LetterfromClaudioAcquavivatoAlessandroValignano,January4,1583,fl.4v.IV.PeroGómezandtheJudeo-conversoJesuitsinJapanInthischapterIwouldliketointroduceanothersub-themesothatreaderscanbetterunderstandtherelationshipbetweenthemembersoftheSocietyofJesusandtheJudeo-conversosinJapan.Asmentionedabove,twoofthefirstmissionarieswholivedinJapanwereofJewishdescent,namely:AiresSanchesandLuísdeAlmeida.ThelatterrevolutionizedtheveryeconomicstructureoftheSocietyofJesusinJapan,transformingitnotonlyintoamissionaryinstitution,butalsointoafinancialorganization,withtheJesuitsactingasfinancialintermediaries.Theobjectiveofthispolicywasclear:achievetheeconomicself-sufficiencyoftheSocietyofJesusinJapan.InadditiontothedividendsfromJesuitparticipationinMacanesecommerce,since1573,theJesuitssupposedlyreceivedapensionof1,000cruzadosfromMalacca,266500cruzadosfromVasai267(historicallyknownasBasseinorBaçaim)towhich,asof1581,wereadded1,000cruzadosfromGoabyKingPhilipII.268In1583,SuperiorGeneraloftheSocietyofJesusClaudioAcquaviva,S.J.(1543–1615)reportedtoFatherAlessandroValignano,S.J.,(1539-1606),thatPopeGregoryXIII(1502–1585)269thatyearhadoffered4,000cruzadosforCollegesandResidencesthattheJesuitswantedtobuildinJapan;270yet,duetothepoliticalinstabilityofJapan,theJesuitscouldapplytheseproceedsastheysawfit.InaletterdatedNovember25,1583,theSuperiorGeneraloftheSocietyofJesusinRome,FatherClaudioAcquaviva,S.J.,informedFatherAlessandroValignano,S.J.,abouttheissuanceoftwopapalbullswherebyitwasstatedthat4,000cruzadoswould
  • 95Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:Japan271JapSin3,LetterfromClaudioAcquavivatoAlessandroValignano,November25,1583,fl.5.272YaseescrivioaV.R.queacápareciaatodosyasuaSantidadjuntamentequeporagoranosedexasseelcomerciodelaseda.JapSin3,LetterfromFrancisBorgiatoAntónioQuadros,October1567,fl.1v.273Ibid.,fl.6v.274JapSin3,LetterfromClaudioAcquavivatoAlessandroValignano,December1585,fls.12f-12v.275JapSin3,LetterfromClaudioAcquavivatoAlessandroValignano,November25,1583,fl.6v;LetterfromClaudioAcquavivatoAlessandroValignano,December25,1585,fl.10.besentannuallytoJapan,usingtrustworthyindividuals,foraperiodoftwentyyears,whichcouldbeextendeduntiltheResidencesandCollegesinJapanwouldbecomeeconomicallyself-sufficient.Meanwhile,FatherAcquavivainformedFatherValignanothatnecessaryarrangementsweretakingplaceinEuropeforayearlyannuityintendedforJapanbeingsponsoredbytheKingsothattheJesuitscouldachievegreatereconomicstabilityandnotbesodependentontradebetweenMacauandJapan.271Inthesameletter,FatherAcquavivaconfirmedtheendoftheprohibition272issuedbyFrancisBorgia(JesuitSuperiorGeneral)in1567againstJesuitparticipationintheJapantrade:WewrotetoYourReverenceinRomethatwearealloftheopinion,aswellashisHolinessthePope,thatfornowweshouldnotquitthesilktrade.273In1585,thePoperaisedtheamountto6,000cruzados.FatherAcquavivawasalsoinformedaboutseveralcommercialactivitiespracticedbytheJesuitsattheirresidenceinMacau,whoseactivitieswereminutelydescribedbyreligiousaswellassecularmen.Inordertoavoidproblems,FatherAcquavivahopedthatthesilverofferedbythePopewhich,aftertheexchangeofcurrency,equaled8,000cruzados,wasenoughfortheJesuitstoabandonanycommercialtransactions.274Despitetheinitialenthusiasm,in1586theamountsentbythePopewasloweredto4,000cruzados,stabilizingsincethen.TothisamountweshouldalsoaddtheincomefromlandsandhousesbelongingtotheSocietyofJesusinPortugueseIndia,whichrangedfrom1,000to2,000cruzadosannuallyfromthe1580stothebeginningoftheXVIIcentury,andsomerevenues,yetalmostinsignificant,fromlandsandrentedhousesinPortugal,Malacca,Macau,andJapan.275Wecanthenestimatethatinthe1580stheJesuitshad,besidestheprofitmadefromtheirparticipationintrade,animportantincomerangingbetween7,500and8,500cruzados.Theonlyexceptionwas
  • 96TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)276AntónioRaymundodeBulhãoPato,DocumentosRemettidosdaÍndia...,TomoVII,134(document24),JosephWicki,DocumentaIndica...,vol.12,LetterfromClaudioAcquavivatoAlessandroValignanoofKochi,October28,1583,844-856.277AnaProsépioLeitão,DotratoportuguêsnoJapão...,131.278RobertA.Maryks,TheJesuitOrderAsaSynagogueofJews:JesuitsofJewishAncestryandPurity-of-BloodLawsintheEarlySocietyofJesus.Leiden:Brill,2010,29-31,76-90.in1583whentheincomefluctuatedbetween9,500and10,500cruzados.ThismoneywouldhavebeenofgreatuseinfinancingtheevangelizationprojectofJapan;yet,alargeamountofit—whenitwasnotlostinshipwrecksorassaults—remainedwhereitwas,itwasstolen,oritwasdivertedtootherplaces.276Forexample,FatherAlessandroValignano’slettertotheSuperiorGeneraloftheSocietyofJesusinRome,datedOctober28,1583,saysthatofthe4,000cruzadossentbythePope,only1,500eventuallyarrivedinIndia,whichhadbeenfullyusedfortheGoaCollege.Asforthe1,000cruzadosfromMalaccaandthe500cruzadosfromVasai,theywerebothusedbythelocalJesuitColleges.FatherAlessandroValignanoalsolodgedseveralcomplaintsagainsttheretentionofobjectsofreligiouscult,panelsofaltarpiecesforchurches,candlesticks,andlampswhichhadbeenintendedforJapanandwereretainedintheabovementionedIndianenclaves.277Forthisreason,theeconomicdonationbyJudeo-conversoLuísdeAlmeidatotheSocietyofJesushadaprofoundimpactontheJapanesemission.ItisalsothroughhimthattradelinksbetweentheSocietyofJesusandthemerchantsofMacauweremade.AsfortheacceptanceofJudeo-conversosbytheSocietyofJesus,thisprocesswasinitiatedbyFatherIgnatiusofLoyola(1491-1556),founderoftheSociety.Thementalityofthisindividualdifferedradicallyfromtheanti-SemiticpoliciesenactedbydifferentreligiousordersintheIberianPeninsuladuringthesixteenthcentury.Infact,theSocietyofJesuswastheonlyreligiouscongregationwheretheJudeo-conversoscouldenterandtheLimpiezadesangre(purityofblood)statuteswerenotfollowed278.ThestatutesofLimpiezadesangrewasamechanismoflegaldiscriminationagainstnewly-convertedpeopletoChristianityintheIberianPeninsula,oragainstpeoplesuspectedofsecretlypracticingtheiroldreligions,especiallytheMarranos,conversos,orNew-Christians,inthecaseofJewishminorities,andMuslimsandtheirdescendants.Ingeneral,beforeassumingadministrativepositions,militaryorreligiousorders,thecandidatehadtoundergodifferentteststoprovetheywereaChristian
  • 97Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:Japan“everywhere”anddidnothave“Jewish”or“Muslim”ancestry.Thestatutesoflimpiezadesangrevariedandcouldcoveroneortwogenerations,orevenmoredistantgenerations.Forexample,inToledo,Spain,somemonksofthemonasteryofSt.JeromewerediscoveredpracticingJudaism.IntheMonasteryofLaSislalivedamonkwho,havingbeenbornaJewandhavingbeencircumcised,wasaccusedofhavingchosenamonasticlifesothathecouldcontinuelivingasaJewwithoutreceivingexternalinterference.279ThissegregationpolicywasrejectedbyLoyola,thuscausingdiscontentamongJesuits.InternalpressureagainstLoyolacamefromSimãoRodrigues(1510-1579),co-founderoftheSocietyofJesusandProvincialofPortugal.In1551,thisJesuitorderedthatnoJudeo-conversosshouldbeacceptedbytheSocietyofJesusinPortugueseIndia.FrancisXavier,thefirstJesuitsaint,followedthisinstructionforsometime,untilLoyolainformedhimoftheanti-SemiticpoliciesintroducedonhisbehalfbySimãoRodrigues.Herevokedtheanti-SemiticpoliciesmakingitclearthattheSocietyofJesusacceptedJewishdescendants.Thisorderwasfollowedbetween1548-1558.280AlthoughduringthisperiodtheJudeo-conversoswhoenteredtheSocietyofJesusweresubjectedtothesametreatment,therewerelargedifferencesinsocialclass,origin,andreligiousmotivation.TheJudeo-conversosinSpaintendedtobefrommoreaffluentfamiliesthatPortugueseJudeo-conversos.Thelevelofeducationwasalsohigher,anditwascommonforSpanishJudeo-conversostobegraduatesfromimportantuniversitiessuchthoseofAlcalá,Salamanca,andValencia,aswasthecasewithDiegoLaínez(1512-1565)orAlfonsodePisa.However,uponenteringintheSocietyofJesus,theyrarelycouldascendthehierarchy.MostJudeo-conversoswerereceivedasBrothersandonlyattheendoftheirlivescouldtheyachievepriesthood,asareward.AparadigmaticexampleofthispolicyhappenedwithLuísdeAlmeidaandAiresSanchesinJapan.Additionally,onlyinextremesituationswereJudeo-conversosappointedasSuperiorsortohigherpositions.OnesuchexceptionoccurredwiththeJudeo-conversoPedroGómez,Vice-provincialofJapan(1590-1600);yet,asweshallsee,hehadtoenduregreatchallengesbecauseofhisJewishancestry.Duetothedeeplyrootedprejudice279YitzhakBaer,AHistoryoftheJews...,353-354.280MarcRastoin,S.J.,“FromWindfalltoFall:TheConversosintheSocietyofJesus,”inFriendsontheWay.Ed.ThomasF.Michel(NewYork:Fordham,2007),10-11.
  • 98TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)againstPortugueseandSpanishJudeo-conversos,theJesuitsofJewishdescentwereforcedtoworkoutsidetheIberianPeninsula,inplaceslikeItalyandGermany,oroutsideEurope,intheAmericas,India,China,orJapan.TheapparentJudeo-conversoacceptancepolicybytheSocietyofJesusbegantobewidelychallengedonlyafterthedeathofIgnatiusofLoyola(1556)andhissuccessorDiegoLaínez(1512-1565),alsoaJewish-converso.In1574,VisitorValignanoAlessandro,S.J.(1539-1606),anewcomertoIndia—havingarrivedtherein1573—requestedthatnoJudeo-conversoshouldbeacceptedbytheSocietyofJesus,claimingthatthisprocedurewouldunderminetheinterestsoftheSocietyinIndia.Yearslater,thisviewdidnotimpedethepragmaticValignanowhoprotectedJudeo-conversosDuartedeSandeandPedroGómez,bysendingthemtoMacauandJapanrespectively.In1584,theCongregaçãoProvincialPortuguesa(PortugueseProvincialCongregation)deliberatedthattheconversosshouldnotbeacceptedbytheSocietyofJesus.Thefinalblowarrivedin1593whentheFifthGeneralCongregationoftheJesuitsissuedadecreebanningallJudeo-conversosfromenteringtheSocietyofJesus.281AndwhatwouldhappenthentotheJudeo-conversoswhohadbeenpreviouslyadmitted?Someofthem,themostnotableintellectually,becamethetargetofanauthenticwitchhunt.ThemostrelevantcaseworthmentioninghereistheJudeo-conversoPeroGómez,Vice-ProvincialofJapantowhomthemerchantJorgeDurõislodgedacomplaintaboutRuiPerezandsons,forhavingeatenaloneduringlunchtime,behindcloseddoors,withoutslavesservingthem.Hence,theywerebeingaccusedofpracticing“some”Jewishceremonies.282SonofPedroGómezandInêsDiaz,PedroGómezwasborninAntequera,Spain,in1535;hehadsevensiblings.Ashehimselfstated:omeuofíciofoiestudaratéentrarnaCompanhia(mydutywastostudyuntilIjoinedtheSociety).283OnDecember21,1553,GómezofficiallyjoinedtheSocietyofJesusinAlcaládeHenares.AtthisUniversity,GómezacquiredgoodtraininginGrammar,Arts,Philosophy,andTheology.HisPortugueseexperiencestartedin1555,whenhetraveledfromCuencatoCoimbra,281Ibid.,13-15.282TheJudeo-conversoManuelFernandesconfirmedthisrumor:AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fls.140-141.283JuanRuiz-de-Medina,“Gómez,Pedro”,170.
  • 99Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:Japanwherehetaughtuntil1559.From1560onhelivedinPlacênciaandÉvoraandstudiedteologiaycasosparaconvertiryconfessarentreinfieles(TheologyandCasessothathecouldconvertandconfesstheGentiles).284Yearslater,inthelaststageofhislife,hiseducationalbackground,alongwithhisJewishheritage,eventuallyinfluencedhiswritingsonforcedconversiontoChristianityinJapanintheCompendiumCatholicaeVeritatis,ParsI.Chap68.285Ontheissuetitled:“quandoinfidelesgentiospossuntcompelliadfidemrecipiendam.Chapter68”GómezexplainsthetwoopinionsthatexistedintheCatholicChurch:thefirstdefendedthatitwaslegitimatetoconverttheGentilesbyforce;thesecondopinion,instead,statedthatforcedconversionwasillegitimate.InChapter68Gómezbelievedthatconversionwastobeperformedwithouttheuseofforce.AlthoughthemethodofcoercionhadbeenusedintheIberianPeninsulaandinJapanthroughverticalconversion(i.e.,thebaptismofaDaimyomeanttheimmediateadherencetoChristianitybytheirsubordinates);Gómezwasagainstthisstrategy.Undoubtedly,histhoroughknowledgeofthereligiouscontextoftheJudeo-conversoscontributedimmenselytothisopinion.WeshouldalsonotunderestimatethefactthatforcedconversionledtotheintroductionoftheInquisitionintheIberianPeninsula.Between1567-1570,GómezpreachedinthePortuguesecitiesofCoimbraandÉvorabeforetravelingin1570toAngra,ontheIslandofTerceira,Azores.OnMarch24,1579,Gómeztraveledagain,thistimeonthePortugueseArmadatoIndia—whichstoppedintheAzoresforthereplenishmentofwaterandfoodsupplies.286Theso-called“fiveshipsArmada”consistedofCaptainGeneralJoãoSaldanha(Chagascarrack),theCaptainDiogoRodriguesdeCarvalho(BoaViagemcarrack),theCaptainDiogo/RodrigodeMeirelesdeMesquita(Annunciadacarrack),theCaptainPêrodePaiva(SãoLourençocarrack),andtheCaptainEstevãoAlvoAlpoim(SãoJoãocarrack).ThisArmadawasthefirstsenttoIndiaafterthedeathofKingSebastianofPortugal(1578).287284Ibid.,170.285PedroGómez,Compendiumcatholicaeveritatis:Compendia.Tokyo:Ōzorasha,1997.286JuanRuiz-de-Medina,“Gómez,Pedro”,170.287MariaHermíniaMaldonado,RelaçãodasNáoseArmadasdaÍndia,comossucessosdellasquesepuderamsaber,paranoticiaeinstrucçãodoscuriozos,eamantesdaHistoriadaÍndia.Coimbra:BibliotecaGeraldaUniversidadedeCoimbra,1985.
  • 100TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)288BibliotecadaAjuda,JesuítasnaÁsia,Códice49-V-3,FranciscoPiresS.J.,Pontosdoquemealembrar.289JuanRuiz-de-Medina,“Gómez,Pedro”,171-172.GómezarrivedinGoaonOctober9,1579,andtraveledtoMacauinApril1581.ThefirstattempttotraveltoJapantookplaceonJuly6,1582,aboardtheshipBartolomeuVazLandeiro,captainedbyAndréFeio,eventuallyshipwreckinginTaiwan.288ThereturntoMacauoccurredinOctober1582,andinJulyofthefollowingyearGómeztraveledagaintoJapanaboardanewshipcaptainedbyAiresGonçalvesdeMiranda.OnJuly25,1583,theshipfinallyarrivedattheportofNagasaki,andGómezbecametheSuperioroftheSocietyofJesusfortheregionofBungo,present-dayOita.WiththedeathofVice-ProvincialGasparCoelho(May7,1590),GómezwasappointedbyFatherAlessandroValignanotosucceedhiminoffice,remaininginthepostuntilhisdeath(February21,1600).289
  • 101Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:JapanV.SlaveryandtheJapaneseGasparFernandesBeforemovingontothePerezfamilyDiaspora,itbecomesimperativetomentiontheslavetradeinNagasakiandtheacquisitionoftheJapaneseservantGasparFernandes.If,whenthePerezfamilyarrivedatNagasakisilktradebetweenMacauandJapanproliferated,anotherveryimportanttypeoftradealsoattractedmerchantsfromMacautoJapan:theslavetrade.Indeed,oneofthepointsthatseemedtobethecauseoftheanti-ChristianedictissuedbyToyotomiHideyoshiin1587wasthatthePortuguese,alongwiththeSiameseandCambodians,boughtJapaneseandtookthemasslavesoutofJapan.IfanydoubtsremainaboutthisbusinessandabouttheinvolvementofthePortugueseinthisoperation,thedocumentationproducedbytheJesuitsprovesthatinthesameyearHideyoshifreedalltheJapaneseslavesaboardthePortugueseshipdockedinNagasaki,statingthathewouldpaythemerchantsthepriceofeachfreedJapaneseslaveinsilver.290AnotherreferencetothistradeanditsimportancetoMacaucanbefoundinthewordsoftheHeadCaptainofMacauhimself,DomingosMonteiro,whoshortlybeforehisowndeath,inhisofficialwillreferredtothepresenceofnumerousJapaneseslavesservinghiminMacau:IdeclarethatIhavemanyJapanesefemaleslaves,whichIleaveallfree,andtoeachofthemIwillgive50pardaos,andIalsodeclarefreetheones[Japaneseslaves]livinginthehouseofFernãoLoboandtheones[Japaneseslaves]Ihadbroughttomysister-in-law,andtheothersIhave,Maria,AmariçãoandalsoJoãoandGuiomaruntiltheyachievethelegalagetogetmarried.ÁguedaandMarianawillstayinGasparPinto’shomeuntilhemarriesthem,andtotheothergirlbythenameofViolanteIleavefourthousandpardaoswithmycousinGasparPintodaRocha[…]IleavefreealltheotherboysIonos[sic]andJapaneseandtoeachIgive10pardaos.291290LuísFróis,HistóriadoJapam,vol.IV,401-403.291Declaroquetenhomuitasmoçasiapoasascoaisdeixotodasforas[forras]eacadahumadeixosinquentapardaoseassimasqueestãoemcazadeFernãoLobocomoasqueleveiagoaaminhacunhada,easquetenhoMaria,senhoraAmariçãoeassimJoãoeGuiomareemateseremdeidadeparacazarem,eÁguedaeMarianaestarãoemcazadeGasparPintoatequeelleascaze,tenhootramossapornomeViolantea
  • 102TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Suchtradewasnotrecent,andthecontroversyoveritslegitimacyhadalreadybeencalledintoquestionsincethe1570s.DuetothepressureoftheSocietyofJesus,onSeptember20,1570,KingSebastianofPortugal(1554-1578)issuedaroyaldecree,banningthepracticeofslaveryinJapan,mainlydirectedattheareaofKyushu(九州)whereatthetimethepriestsexertedconsiderablemissionaryactivity.292Despiteallthesemeasures,theroyaldecreescontinuedtobeignoredinthePortuguesecourtsinIndia,SoutheastAsia,andChina.AsfortheJapanesecase,Ibelievethemainreasonsthatcontributeddecisivelytothissituationwererelatedto:thepoliticalheterogeneityofJapan;thewar;thedifficultyofthePortuguesecrownincontrollingPortuguesetradersscatteredinfarawaycountriessuchasChinaandJapan;thelargenumberofpeopleavailableforthistypeofcommerce;thelowpricesofslavesandthehighprofitsofslavemerchants;andthehighdemandofJapaneseslavesinPortugueseenclaveslikeMalaccaorGoa.Sincetheearly1580sthelargestportinJapanintermsofslavetradewasNagasaki.Throughdocumentation,wecanconcludethatthethreemaincategoriesofpeopleinvolvedinthistradewere:1-Thesellerofslaves.2-Thepurchaserofslaves.3-Thelegitimatorofthispurchase.ThepeoplewhokidnappedpoorandunprotectedpeoplefromChina,Japan,andKoreaandthensoldtheminNagasakiweredesignatedHitocadoi(人勾引),orpessoaque,chamandoalguémalevaenganadaouroubada(apersonwhoiscallingsomeonecheatsorkidnapshim/her).293InthePortuguesedocumentationthetermusedforthesamefunctionwouldbeangariadores.Thisancientwordcorrespondstothemoderndesignationoftraffickers/dealers.quoaldeixoquatrosentospardaosempessoaaomeuprimoGasparPintodaRocha[...].DeixotodososmaismossosasimIonoscomoJapõisforrosedarãoacadahumdespardaos.AHSCMP,H,Bco.6,nº17,fl.281v.292BibliotecaNacionaldeLisboa,CotaFG801,ProvizãoemqueosPortuguezes,nãopossaõresgatar,nemcaptivarJapãoalgum,equeosqueforemaJapão,comprem,evendãoporhummesmoprezo,ebalança,TomoIV,1569-1590,fls.144f-144v.293VocabulariodaLingoadeJapam.Nagasaqui,CompanhiadeJesus,1603-1604,fl.349.Fitocadoi.Oquechamandoalguemolevacõsigoenganado,oufurtado.
  • 103Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:JapanOftenthesedealersresortedtoagentstosellthepeopletheykidnapped.Corrector(Broker)wasthetermusedinJapanbythePortugueseinthesixteenthcenturytodesignatetheagentorintermediarywhosoldtheslavesbroughtbyangariadores/hitokadoitothePortuguese.Inthesixteenthcentury,therewasawordinJapaneseforbrokers(correctores):人商人orhitoakibito.人商人whichmeantpessoaquecompravaevendiapessoas(apersonwhoboughtandsoldpeople).294Manyofthesetraffickers(angariadores/hitokadoi)didnothideorconcealtobrokers(correctores/hitoakibito)howtheyhadcapturedtheJapanese.Asaconsequenceoftheirdelinquentbehaviorthesebrokershadtocamouflagethetrueoriginoftheslaves,replacingitwithotherstatementslegallyacceptedbythePortuguese:sevendemaosportuguezespostoquecomoditoheosCorretoreslhebuscãooutrobomtituloemcubrindooinjusto(aresoldtothePortuguesesince,asitissaid[inNagasaki],thebrokersalwaysfindalegalwayofreplacingtheillegalway).SlavebuyersinNagasakiweredesignatedascompradoresinPortuguese,andhitokai(人買)inJapanese.Contrarytothewordshitokadoi(人勾引)andhitoakibito(人商人),whicharelistedintheVocabuláriodaLingoadeJapam,thewordhitokai(人買),isnotlistedinthisdictionary.Thereisanothersimilarterminspelling(hitokai)butwithadifferentmeaning.Iwouldliketopointoutherethatsomeconfusionpersistswiththetermshitokadoi(人勾引)andhitokai(人買),whicharesometimesconsideredequalbyresearchers,meaningbuyers.However,theword“traffickers,”designatedinancientPortugueseasangariadores,haditsJapaneseequivalentinhitokadoiintheVocabuláriodaLingoadeJapam.SlavebuyersintheregionofNagasakiwerenotcalledhitokadoi(人勾引),butrather,theywereknownashitokai(人買).ThesepurchaseswereformalizedbythepriestsoftheSocietyofJesuswhopassedlicensesonbehalfoftheBishop,statingthatthepurchaseofaslavewaslegallyvalid.Theselicensesweredividedintocédulasdetempoperpétuo(perpetualtimelicenses)andcédulasdetempolimitado(limited-timelicenses).Thecédulasdetempoperpétuo(perpetualtimelicenses),asthedesignationimplies,meantthattheenslavedpersonwasownedbysomeoneelseinperpetuity.Nevertheless,294Ibid.,fl.349.Fitocaibune.Mercadorquetrataemcóprar,&vendergente.
  • 104TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)theslavecouldpurchasehis/herownfreedomifhe/shecouldgatheranamountequalorsuperiortothepricepaidbyhis/herformerowner.Thishappenedwithescravosdepeleja(slavesoldiers/militaryslaves)andtheso-calledescravosdeganho(slaveswithskills,i.e.,slaveswhosoldgoodsinthestreetsandshops).Althoughtechnicallyeverythingaslavedownedbelongedtohisorhermasterinpracticethesetypesofslaveswerealsoallowedtoearnmoneyontheside,beingremuneratedfortheirservicesasanincentive.However,therewerealargenumberofslaveswhowerenotentitledtowagessotheirfreedomcouldonlybeachievedbydeathofthemaster(freedinlastwill),oldage,ordisease.Thecédulasdetempolimitado(limited-timelicenses)wasthewayfoundbytheJesuitstoprotecttheChinese,Japanese,andKoreanslavesfromhumantraffickers.InasmuchastheJesuitspriestscouldnotpreventtheslavetradeinJapan,theyintroducedanewtypeoflicense,indicatingyearsofserviceasakindofcontractperiod.AfterservingthenumberofyearsdesignatedbytheJesuitsintheirlicense,theseChinese,Japanese,andKoreanslavescouldlivefreelybecausetheircontractshadended.ThismethodwasappliedparticularlytothosepeoplewhosecapturewasdeemedillegalbytheJesuits.Awitness,alsoofJesuitorigin,whowasintheportofNagasakiatthetimeofthePortuguesevessel’sdepartureforMacau,observedagloomyscenario:deceivedandkidnappedmenandwomen,enslavedbyforce,fillingthecargospaceoftheship.Insomecases,infinaldesperation,theJapanesepreferreddeathtoslavery,thuscommittingsuicide.Furtherahead,wecanseehowmanydied,cuttingtheirstomachsorthrowingthemselvesintotheseaanddrowning:Thesecondeviltheycarryout,withwhichtheycauseenormousscandal,istowanttopurchaseJapanesemenandwomen,inwhateverwaytheycan,throughforce.AstheJapanesearepoor,theyrepresentagoodopportunityofprofitbysellingthem.Themerchantsarealwaysusingathousandwaysofdeception.Thesetraderstravelthroughthevillagesandstealthesonsanddaughtersfromtheirparents.TheJapanesecannotbeartoseetheirpeopleasslaves,orbeingtakentoothercountries.Sometimes,afterthePortuguesehavegottenholdofthemwithchainsandstocks,untilthecarrackleaves(outoffearthattheslavesmightrunaway),someofthemcuttheirbodies,asistheirtradition,andkillthemselves,andothersthrowthemselvesaliveintothesea.And
  • 105Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:Japanbecausethepriestsallowed[this]andgaveauthorizationtothemerchantsstatingthattheJapanesecouldbeenslavedtheypracticemanyinjusticesagainsttheJapanese.Ifeelagreatcompassionandpitytoseethishorriblespectacle:thepoorslaveswithchainsbeingloadedintotheship.295Unfortunately,IdidnotfindanyreferenceinNagasakiastotheplaceswhereslaveswerestored,orwheretheyweresold.IcanspeculatethattheslaveswereprobablystoredinhousesneartheportandthatslavesalesoccurredinthesameplaceorinaplacenearbywhereEuropeanandJapanesemerchantsgatheredtosellandbuysilkandothergoods.Mostlikelyithappenedinthisplace,neartheportofNagasaki,thataJapaneseboymet,forthefirsttime,RuiPerezandhistwosons.Thischild,whoseJapanesenameremainsunknown,wasborninBungo,present-dayOita,in1577296wherehelivedwithhisparentsupuntilhewas8or10yearsold.Duringthisperiodsomethingtragichappened:hewaskidnappedandtakentoNagasakiagainsthiswilltobesoldasaslave.Unfortunately,wedonotknowwhathappenedtohisfamilyortothekidnappers:297Iamafreeperson,sonofafreefatherandmother,andIamnotaslave,andmybirthwasinthecityofBungo,Japan,whereIwaskidnappedandbroughtto295Il2ºmalchefannocomchehannograndossºscandoloèvolercomprarporqualsivogliamodoquepossono,perforzahominiedonneGiapponi,eperquantoGiapponisonopoveri,offerecidoglequestaoccasionediguadagnarpervenderglivannoinvestigandomillimodideinganniefalsitá,elivannofurtãdoerobbandoperlevilleifigli,efigleallipropriipadri,emadri,epercheliGiapponinonpossonosoportarvedersiisuoinaturalielevarlicosicattivisinchepartelanaveperpaurachenõfuggino,alcunisitaglanoilcorpocõformeasuocostume,esemattonoealtrivivisibottononelmar,eperchelipadrilidiannoinapolizaperilnesconodellachinadecomosianobemcattivifannomoltefalsitácomliGiapponichelivendono,etècosadigrancompassione,elastimavedertantolagrimosospettaculodiquestipovericattivicarichidiferiquandolanaosevolpartir.JapSin10-II,LetterfromGasparCoelhotoClaudioAcquaviva,Hirado,October2,1587,fls.272.296In1597,Gasparwas20yearsold(AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.451f.).Inthe1599surveyitismentionedthathehadbeensold14yearsearlier(AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisicion,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fl.263f.).Hence,Iestimatethatatthetimehewas8yearsold.297AGN,Inquisición,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.139.
  • 106TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Nagasaki.298Inalllikelihooditwashisabductor,aJapanesetrafficker,whosoldhimtoRuiPerez,withoutprovidinganyinformationordocument(s),somethingthatwascommonatthattimeinJapanbetweenslavetraffickersandslavebuyers:[he]statedthataJapanesesellerhandedGaspartothefatherofthiswitness,withoutanytitleordocumentaboutGaspar,asitisusualinthatlandfortheJapanesetoselltoeachotherwithoutanydocument,andaccordingtowhatheremembers,thepurchaseoftheabove-mentionedGasparXaponwasnotforperpetualtime,butforalimitedperiodoftime,aboutthepreciseperiodoftimehedoesnotremembertheduration.299ThereasonwhyRuiPerezboughtthisJapanesechildremainsunknown.Sometimestradersboughtchildreninordertoprovideadistractionfortheirownsons,sothattheycouldbecometheirplaymates.Theacquisitionofachildslavecouldhavebeenconsideredanoutwardshowofwealth,asymbolofluxury,sincechildrenwereunabletoperformhardlabor.Anotherreasoncouldhavebeenlesselaborate:e.g.,RuiPerezfeelingsorryforthesituationoftheboy,thus,wantingtohelphimout.Regardlessofthereasonbehindthisact,itshouldbenotedthat,atatimewhenmistreatmentsandtortureswerecommon,thereisnoreferenceorallusiontomaltreatmentperpetratedbyRuiPerezorhissonsagainstslavesorservants.AboutthepurchasetransactionofthisJapaneseboy,therearetwoversions,thefirstversionfromthesonsofRuiPerezandthesecondonefromtheJapaneseboyhimself.AccordingtothesonsofRuiPerez,thetransactionpricewas10/11pesosinsilver,whichwouldbeequivalenttoalimitedtimelicense:[…]hisfathersawandboughtthesaidGasparFernandezXaponfroma298soipersonalibréhíjodepadreymadrelibrésenosujetoaserbidumbreyqueminacimientofueenlaçiudaddebungodelxapondeadondemetruxeronurtadoaNagasaquí.AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fl.263.299DixoqueelXaponvendedornoentregoasupadredestetestigoninguntitulonirrecaudodeldichoGasparporqueenaquellatierraseusavenderunosxaponesaotrossindarrrecaudoalgunoenquealoquesequiereacordarladichacompradeldichoGasparXaponnofueportiempoperpetuosinoportiempolimitadoetiempoporelaunquenoseacuerdaquantofueeldichotiempo.AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fl.265.
  • 107Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:JapanJapanesefromthatlandforapricethathethinksbetweententoelevenpesosinsilver,whichisthecurrencythatwasusedthere.Thiswitnessandhisbrother,calledManuelFernandez,werepresentwhenthepricewaspaidtotheaforementionedGasparXapon.Whenhisfatherreceivedhim,theaforementionedGasparwasstillachild.300AccordingtotheJapanesevictim,thepricewouldhavebeeneightrealespesos:pesoofeightrealesincash.301Inshort,thisJapaneseboy,fromthisdateonservedthePerezfamilyforacertainperiodoftime;hence,hecannotbecalledaslave,butrather,aservant.AlthoughsomedocumentsofthetimeclaimedthatthistypeofcontractforaperiodoftimewasnotapracticeusedinEurope—eventuallyusingthisargumenttojustifythebreakingofthesecontractsandtotransformthepersonwithacontractforaperiodoftimeintoaslave—thisstatementisnottrue.Ifwegobackacentury,whentheSpanishcrownissuedtheAlhambraDecree(1492)expellingtheJewsfromSpain,wherebythelatterwereobligedtoleaveSpainandtravelthroughouttheMediterraneanworldandbeyond,someofthem,aftersellingtheirpossessionsinordertopayforthejourneyintoexile,duetopoverty,soldtheirchildrenasdomesticservantsforacertainperiodoftime,asitisdocumentedinthearchivesofGenoa.302AsforRuiPerez,inordertolegitimizethetransactionhewenttothemainJesuitchurch,morepreciselytothechurchofSt.PaulinNagasaki,andpresentedtheJapaneseboytotheRectorAntónioLopes.Aftertheexamination/questionnaire,aimingatunderstandinghowtheboybecameahumancommodity,theabove-mentionedJesuitdecidedtoissuealicenseinwhichhestatedthattheboyshouldserveRuiPerezforaperiodofapproximatelytwelveyears:HetookhimtotheJesuitpriestsresidinginthecityofNagasaki,andhavingbeenseenandexaminedbyapriestoftheSocietyofJesusnamedAntonioLopez,theJesuit300padrevioecomprodeunxaponnaturaldeaquellatierraaldichoGasparFfernandezxaponporpreçioaloquesequiereacordardediezaonçepesosenplataqueeslamonedaqueallicorreyestetestigoeoutroHermanodestetestigoquesellamaManuelFernandezsehallaronpresentealpagarelpreciodeldichoGasparXaponearreçibirleeldichosupadreensuserviçioyeldichoGaspareraenaquellasaçonmuchacho.AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fl.265.301pesosdeochorealesendínero.Ibid.,fl.263.302GuidoNathanZazzu,Sepharadaddio,130,133.
  • 108TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)AntonioLopezdeliberatedthattheaforesaidJapaneseshouldserveforatwelve-yearperiod,moreorless,andhedoesnotremembertheexactperiodoftimeandifitwasmoreorless.303TheJapanesechildwasthenbaptizedwiththeChristiannameofGaspar,andacquiredthePortugueselastnameFernandes.ThislastnamewasgivenbyManuelFernandes,theyoungestsonofRuiPerez.ThiscustomwasanormalpracticeamongthePortuguese,orrather,itwascommonforthegodfatherofthepersonwhowasgoingtobebaptizedtoassignhisnameandsometimesalsohislastname.304AfterthebaptismthelifeoftheJapaneseGasparFernandesunderwentamajortransformation:heestablishednotonlyemploymenttieswiththisfamily,butalsodevelopedanextraordinaryrelationshipwiththemasterRuiPerez,andwithhistwosonsAntónioRodriguesandManuelFernandes.InadditiontoJapanese,GasparalsolearnedhowtospeakandwritePortugueseandSpanishcorrectly,somethingrarewhenweconsiderthathewasaservant.Yearslater,thisskillprovedtobeveryusefulwhenhewantedtoclaimhisrights.Mostlikely,theJapaneseservantGasparFernandeswasalsopresentwhileRuiPerez’ssonwasreceivinghisprivatelessons.ThedocumentsindicatethatRuiPerezwouldtreathimlikeason,andGasparFernandesaccompaniedhimuntilhisdeath.305InadditiontotheJapaneseservantandtotheBengalslavePauloBanpaer/Vanpaer,RuiPerezwasalsoservedbyaCambodianslavenamedCharon306andtwoJavanese307slaveswhosenamesareunknown.Wealsohavenoinformationaboutwhen,how,andwheretheyweresoldtoRuiPerez.303ollevoalospadresteatinosquerresideneneldichopueblooçiudaddenangasaqueyabiendolevistoeesaminadounpadreteatinodelacompañiadeJesusnombradoAntónioLopezdixoeldixhopadreAntonioLopezquesesirviesendeldichoxapondoceañospoçomasomenosquenoseacuerdabienaljustosifuemasomenos.AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fl.265.304AsinthecaseofthemerchantandinterpreterGaspardaGama(1444-1510),aJewconvertedbyVascodaGama(ca.1460-1524)whotookhisgodfather’slastname,daGama.JoãodeBarros,DecadaprimeiradaAsiadosfeitosqueosportuguesesfizeramnodescobrimentodosmareseterrasdoOriente.Lisboa:ImpressaporJorgeRodriguez,1628,fls.44-45.305AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fl.263.306AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.445v.307AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.142.
  • 109Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:JapanVI.TheEscapefromNagasakiGiventhefactthatinthosedaysinNagasakibeingaJudeo-conversomeant,primarily,beingabadperson,therumorsthatRuiPerezatemeaton“forbiddendays”wasseenasasignofresistanceanddefianceagainsttheCatholicChurch,muchstrongerthanthephysicalevidenceofRuiPerez,velhoefraco,brancoderosto,narizgrandeepésgrandes308(anoldandweakman,whiteface,bignoseandbigfeet),weakenedbyasthma,309withspinalproblems(crooked)310withoutteeth,311agedbetweensixty312andseventyyearsold.313Hisstrengthwassoscarcethateverydayheneededassistanceingettingdressed,ataskperformedbyhisyoungestsonManuelFernandes.314Alarmedbecauseheprovidedlodgingtoamanofcastadosjudeus(casteoftheJews)inhishome,theJapaneselandlordTacaquiAntóniothreatenedtoexpelRuiPerezbasedontherumorsthatPerezatemeatonFridaysandSaturdays,somethingforbiddenamongChristians.TheconflictwasonlyappeasedwhenRuiPerezensuredthelandlordthathedidthisbecausehewasoldandsickand[thathe]hadaspecialpermissionfromhisconfessor.315Indeed,thisauthorizationhadbeenissuedbyFatherAntónioLopes,thenRectoroftheCollegeoftheJesuitsinNagasaki.TheJesuitAntónioLopesshowedsympathyforPerez,statingthat:itwastroublesometobeaJudeo-converso,andbecausetheyhavegivenpermissiontoRuyPereztoeatmeatduringLentashewasoldandsick,theJapaneseChristiansfeltveryoffendedbyitandaccusedPereztotheSocietyofJesus.316AccordingtoPortugueseandJapanesewitnessesthatinteractedwiththisfamily,RuyPerezandhischildrenwerefollowedthroughthestreetsofNagasakibychildren,308AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.458.309AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.142.310AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.444.311AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.140v.312Ibid.,fl.138.313AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.443v.314AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.138.315Ibid.,fl.138.316queeracousatrabalhosaserjudeo-converso,porquecomelleterdadolicençaaRuyPerezparacomercarnenaQuaresmaporservelho,edoente,todaviaosJappõesseescandalizavãodissoelhovinhãoacusar.Ibid.,fl.140.
  • 110TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)callingthem“Jews.”317TacaquiAntónioarguedthatthisanimositywasduetotheirJewishorigins.318Judeo-ConversoFranciscoRodriguesPintosharedthesameopinionstatingthattheyweretreatedlikethatbecausetheybelongedtothecastadosjudeus(casteoftheJews).319ThemerchantdealerJorgeDuróisstatedthatthisbehaviorwasunderstoodasnormalsince,commonly,inNagasaki,thedescendantsofJewsweretreatedthiswaybytheJapanese.320ThroughthesestatementswecanconcludethatexistedinNagasaki,atthebeginningofthePortuguesepresenceinthatport,acommunityofJewish-conversomerchants.Asawayofamusingthemselves,thePortuguesetradersusedtoaskPerez’sslaves,twoJavanese,321andathirdtoothlessCambodianslavenamedCharon322“Howmany?Towhichtheyresponded:—ThreeJews.”323Peres’lifeisonceagainthreatenedon19August,1591,324whenthenewly-appointedHeadCaptainofMacau,RoquedeMeloPereira,formercaptainofMalacca,325landedinNagasaki.ThatyearthePortuguesepresenceinNagasakiwasparticularlycomplicated.Thefirstsignthattherewouldbeproblemsintheportarosewhen,unexpectedly,twoJapanesealdermennamedNaoshigeNabeshima(鍋島直茂,1537-1619)andMoriYoshinari(毛利吉成),accompaniedbytheirsoldiers,surroundedtheportofNagasaki.326FollowingtheguidelinesofToyotomiHideyoshi(豊臣秀吉),thealdermenbannedtradeandtriedtobuyatalowpriceallthegoldandmerchandisetransportedonboard,presumablytocovertheexpensesofthemilitary317Ibid.,fl.137v.318Ibid.,fl.138.319Ibid.,fl.138v.320Ibid.,fl.140v.321Ibid.,fl.142.322AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.445v.323AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fls.141,142.AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.445v.324LúciodeSousa,“TheMilitaryQuestionsintheCommercebetweenMacauandNagasakiin1587,”ReviewofCulturen.27(2008):31.325In1582.SanjaySubrahmanyam,CourtlyEncounters:TranslatingCourtlinessandViolenceinEarlyModernEurasia.Cambridge:HarvardUniversityPress,2012,134.326LuísFróis,HistoriadeIapam,vol.5,335.
  • 111Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:JapancampaignagainstKoreawhichwasabouttobeginsoon.AllmovementsinsideandoutsidethePortugueseshipwerecarefullymonitoredandeachmerchantwhoenteredorleftthevesselwascarefullysearched,thuspreventinggoods,particularlygold,tobesmuggledinandoutofthecountry.HeadCaptainRoquedeMeloPereiraresistedthisformofintimidation,refusingtonegotiatedirectlywithNabeshimaNaoshige(鍋島直茂)andMoriYoshinari(毛利吉成),thusrequiringasintermediariesinthenegotiationsthepresenceofJesuitpriests.327Giventhepressureandinsistenceofthealdermen,onSeptember2,1591,theHeadCaptainofMacausentaletterofprotesttoToyotomiHideyoshi(豊臣秀吉).Inthisletter,theHeadCaptainofMacaurebelledagainsttheattemptofthealdermentomonopolizePortuguesetradeinNagasaki,goingagainsttheshuinjou(朱印状),theofficialsealstampthatguaranteedfreetradeinNagasaki.328UponreceivingthecomplaintfromthePortuguesetraders,ToyotomiHideyoshi(豊臣秀吉)waswrothwiththeineffectivenessofthetwoaldermenand,onSeptember26,1591,sentalettertotheHeadCaptainallowingthePortuguesetraderstonegotiatefreelyinNagasaki:IwasinformedthatmyrepresentativeshavecommittedsomediscourtesiesagainstyoucausinggreatinconveniencesuponyourarrivalatNagasaki.IreceivedyourletterandIintendtopunishthoseresponsibleforthismishap.Hereyouwillbeabletotradepeacefullyanygoodsandyouwillbeabletomakeanyclaimagainstanypossiblesetbacks,eventhesmallest.ThisstatementtoyoushallalsobeforwardedtoYoshitakaCuroda(黒田孝高)andNatsukaMasaie(長束正家).9daysoftheeighthmoonGoshuin(御朱印)TotheHeadCaptainoftheblackship329327LuísFróis,HistoriadeIapam,vol.5,336.328Ibid.,336;MichaelCooperS.J.,Rodrigues,oIntérprete,94.329南蛮黒船至長崎着岸之二、彼津下代非分儀申懸、及迷惑之由、以一書申上候、則彼不相屆下代、一々御成敗之儀被仰出候、印子二不限、何之物成とも可致商売候、重而不寄少之儀、不相屆者於有之者、可申上候、速可被仰付候、猶黒田勘解由〔孝高〕、長束大蔵大輔〔正家〕可申候也八月九日御朱印加美丹黒船中
  • 112TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Duetotheabove-mentionedconflictsbetweenthemerchantsofMacauandtheJapaneseauthorities,onlyapartofthecargoofsilkwassoldinthatyear.TothisscenarioweshouldalsoaddthepreparationsregardingJapan’swarwithKoreawhichpreventedthenormalizationoftradeinNagasaki.Asaresult,themerchantsofMacauwereforcedtoremainthatwinterinNagasakiuntilOctober1592.ThisepisodealsoclearlydemonstratessomepersonalitytraitsofHeadCaptainRoqueMeloPereira,namely:determinationandpersistence.BesideshavingthetaskasHeadCaptainofMacau,i.e.,toprotecttheinterestsofthemerchantsofMacau,RoquedeMeloPereirahadanothermission,farmoresinister.AsadeputadodecreditoeconfiançaoftheInquisition(anhonestandreliableperson,i.e.,arepresentativeoftheInquisition)healsohadanotherimportanttasktoaccomplish,namely:toimprisonRuiPerezandbringhimbacktoMacau,wherehewouldbesenttoGoaandthentotheLisbonInquisitionCourt.AccordingtothetestimonyofJudeo-ConversoFranciscoRodriguesPintowhohadheardfromtheHeadCaptainhimselfaccusationsagainstRuiPerezstatingthatheatemeatonforbiddenChristiandaysandthoseaccusationsweresenttoMacaueventuallytriggeringhisarrest.330However,Iamledtobelievethatthiswouldnotbetheonlyreason,sincePerezhadoriginallybeenpersecutedforbeingofJewishorigin331andnotbecauseofhiseatinghabitswhich,itshouldbenoted,hadbeenauthorizedbytheRectoroftheSocietyofJesusinNagasaki.OneofthereasonsbehindthisarrestwarrantwasprobablyduetothefactthatRuiPerezbecamewidelyknownbytheInquisition,eludingtheInquisitorsandanticipatingtheirattemptstoimprisonhim,thusfleeingbeforehecouldbearrested.AnotherreasonforthisattemptwasaneworderissuedbyKingPhilipIIandpublishedinGoabytheGovernorofPortugueseIndia,ManueldeSousaCoutinho(1588-1591),thatallJudeo-conversoswholivedinChinaandJapanshouldbesenttoGoaandthentoPortugaltobejudgedaccordingtotheirTakaseKōichirō,CartadoVice-ReiD.DuartedeMenezesaToyotomiFideyoxi1588:UmMarcoHistóriconasRelaçõesPortugal-Japão.Lisboa:ChavesFerreira-Publicações,1995.330TestimonyofFranciscoRodriguesPinto.AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.139.331TestimonyofJorgeDurõis:Ibid.,fl.140.
  • 113Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:Japancrimes.332ThislawwasnotonlybasedonPortugueselaws,butalsoonSpanishlaws.WecanidentifythesameprohibitionsforJudeo-conversosintheRecopilacióndeLeyesdelasIndias,acompilationoflawsadoptedbytheSpanishmonarchstoregulatetheirpossessionsintheAmericasandthePhilippines.333Nevertheless,thisinformationdoesnotexplainwhyonlyRuiPerezwassingledoutwithintheJudeo-conversocommunitiesbothinMacauandinNagasaki.Thus,stayinginNagasakiwasextremelydangerousforthePerezfamilyatthistime.EveryoneknewthemandknewabouttheirJewishorigins,whichturnedthemintoeasytargets.AshadhappenedpreviouslyinPortugalandinGoa,Cochin,Malacca,andMacau,RuiPerezanticipatedhiscapture,thushehadtoprepareanescapeplan.AccordingthelandlordTacaquiAntónio,onenightPerezandhisyoungersonappearedbysurpriseathishousetosaygoodbyeandinformhimthatthatsamenighttheywouldtraveltoHirado.Alarmedbythisunexpectednews,heinformedtheRectoroftheSocietyofJesus,AntónioLopes,aboutRuiPerez’sandhisyoungestson’ssuddendeparture.TheJesuittheninstructedTacaquiAntóniotoletthemcontinuetheirjourney.334ThisimportantattitudeshowsthatthePerezfamilywasprotectedbytheJesuitswho,upondiscoveringtheintentionsofHeadCaptainRoquedeMeloPereira,concealedtheescape.AftertheescapefromNagasaki,wefindRuiPerezandhisyoungestsoninHiradodepartingforthePhilippines.Atleasttwomorepeopletravelingwiththemcanbeidentified:JapaneseservantGasparFernandesandBengalslavePauloBenpaer/Venpaer.Therearetwoversionsofthistrip.ThefirstversionclaimsthatthefamilytraveledtothePhilippinesonaJapanesevessel:theyfledfromNagasakitoManilaonashipofJapanesemerchantswhotraveledtothiscityofManila.335332Ibid.,fl.138.333RecopilacióndelasLeyesdelosReinosdelasIndias,mandadasimprimirypublicarporlaMajestadCatólicadelreydonCarlosII.Madrid:Edic.CulturaHispánica,1973.334AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fl.138.335huyerondeLangaçaqueaManilaenunnaviodemercaderesjaponesqueveniaaladichaçiudaddeManila.AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.446v.
  • 114TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)336TestimonyofGonçaloGonzalez(slave).Ibid.,fl.448.337AccordingtosomeJapaneseservantswholaterwouldbecomethepropertyofMartíndeBriviesta.Ibid.,fl.446v.ThesecondversionisbasedonthetestimonyofaslavewhometRuiPerezinMacau,Japan,andManila.ThisslaverevealedthatthefamilywouldtraveltoManilaontheshipoftheSpanishambassador,PortuguesecaptainPedroGonzálezCarvajal.Thissecondhypothesis,duetothedetailsshown,isindeedthemostplausible.336Inshort,afewmonthsbefore,theSpanishambassadorCarvajaltraveledfromManilawiththeJapaneseFarandaQuiemon,FriarPedroBautista,FriarGonzaloGarcía,FriarFranciscodeSanMiguel,andFriarBartoloméRuiz.TheshipcaptainedbyFarandaQuiemonanchoredinNagasakiandtheshipcaptainedbyCarvajalinHirado.Thus,wecanconcludethatwhenRuiPereztraveledtothePhilippineshecouldwellhaveusedtheCarvajal’sship,whowasatthetimeintheportofHirado,toeventuallyescape.Manila,especiallysince1582,hadbecomeahighly-frequentedportbyPortuguesetraders,particularlyafterCaptainSebastiãoJorgenegotiatedwiththeGovernorofthePhilippines,DiegodeRonquillo,thattheywouldsendeveryyearashipwithcommoditiesfromMacautoManila.Wecanalsoconcludethatinadditiontotheexistingtradebetweenthetwocities,therewasasignificantnumberofPortugueseandSpaniardtradersandagentslivinginbothcities,andthatRuiPerez’ssecretcouldbediscoveredatanymoment:itonlyneededacomplaintfromanyPortugueseorSpanishresidentwhohadlivedortradedinMacauorNagasaki.Perezlivedforaperiodoffiveyearsinrelativesafety,withouthispastbeingdiscoveredbytheSpanishauthorities.Asaprecaution,asithadhappenedpreviouslyinNagasaki,RuiPerez’ssonschangedtheirnames:AntónioRodrigueswasnowknownasFranciscoRodrigues,andhisbrotherManuelFernandeswentbythenameofLuísRodrigues.337AtfirstwhentheybegantheirnewlivesinManila,theeldestsonFrancisco/AntónioRodriguesledaveryprivatelife,avoidinggoingout.Yet,RuiPerezandLuísRodrigues/ManuelFernandes,strolledthroughthecitywithoutanyfearof
  • 115Part1/Chapter3SurvivalInExile:Japanbeingdiscovered.338In1595,Francisco/AntónioRodriguesleftManilaforNewSpain,present-dayMexico,whereashisfatherandbrotherremainedinManila.339ListofPortugueseShipsfromthePortugueseStateofIndiatothePhilippines(1582-1606)YearPlaceofOriginCaptainNumberofvessels338Ibid.,fl.446v.339Ibid.,fl.446v.158215831584158515851587ManuelFerreiraVillasBoasSebastiãoJorgeMoxarBartolomeuVazLandeiroVicenteLandeiroDiogoDiasdeBoavista????????TidoreMacauMacauMacauMalaccaShipsfromMacau,China,MalaccaandIndia????Portugueseship11214?1158815891590159516011604MacauPortugueseshipMacauMalaccaMacau(TriptoNewSpainandreturn)MacauMalaccaMalaccaMacauMacauMacau????????AntonioDiasdeCaceresDiogoDiasdeBoavistaJoãodaGama????????????????2?12215
  • 116TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)(cont.)16051606MacauMacauMacau??????21Sources:LúciodeSousa,“TheJapaneseandthePortuguesefrom1580-1614”...,428-504;LúciodeSousa,TheEarlyEuropean...,39-63;LúciodeSousa,andMariadeDeusBeitesManso,”OsportugueseseocomérciodeescravosnasFilipinas(1580-1600),”RevistadeCultura40(2011):6-21,”RevistadeCultura40(2011);JoséHeliodorodaCunhaRivara,ArchivoPortuguêsUltramarino.Fascículo3,NovaGoa:ImprensaNacional,1861,758-760;BenjamimVideiraPires,S.J.,AViagemdeComércioMacau-ManilanosséculosXVIaXIX.Macau:CentrodeEstudosMarítimosdeMacau,1994,19;ManuelLobato,PolíticaeComérciodosPortuguesesnaInsulíndia.Lisboa:IPOR,1999,213;AntoniodeMorga,SucesosdelasIslasFilipinas(1609).Cambridge:CambridgeUniversity,1971,167-174.
  • ChapterFour
  • 119Part1/Chapter4SurvivalInExile:ThePhilippines4SurvivalinExile:ThePhilippinesI.TheManilaSlaveMarket,thekoreanGaspar,theJapaneseMiguelJerónimo,andVenturaHavingarrivedinthePhilippines,RuiPerezdecidedtobuymoreservantsandslavestoservehim.InthelatesixteenthcenturyManilahadbecomeaveryimportanttradingcenter.TheEuropeancommunitylivinginthecity,despiteitsreducednumber,wasaidedbyslavesfromvariousregionsoftheworld.Fromthe1580ssuchtradewascontrolledbyPortuguesetraffickers.SlavetradebetweenthePortugueseandManilawasdescribedforthefirsttimebyFriarDomingodeSalazar,thefirstBishopofthePhilippines(1512-1594),inaletterwrittentoKingPhilipII,onJune18,1583:ThePortuguesebringIndianslavesfromMalaccaandIndiatosell.340Unfortunately,FriarDomingodeSalazardidnotpresentanydetailsontheoriginoftheseslavesorthemerchant(s)whonegotiatedtheirsale.In1584,followingtheagreementreachedbetweenCaptainSebastiãoJorgeandGovernorGonzalodeRonquillo,twoboatsfromMacaudockedinManila.Shortlyafter,onSeptember12,1584,animportantpetitionwassentbyGaspardeAyala,the340LosportuguesestraenindiosesclavosdeMalacaydelaIndiaavender.JoséAlvarezTaladriz,“ApuntessobreelCristianismoylaEsclavitudenJapón,”inAlessandroValignano,AdicionesdelSumariodeJapan(1592)(Tokyo:SophiaUniversity,1954),499.
  • 120TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)taxsupervisoroftheRealAudienciadeManila(RoyalAudienceofManila),forthePortuguesevesselstopaythealmojarifazgo.341Thealmojarifazgo,oralmoxarifado,wasacustomsdutyonallgoodstransportedbetweenvariousportsofNuevaEspaña(NewSpain).Thistaxvariedaccordingtoregionandcommercialhandlingofeachport.InthecaseofManila,thealmojarifazgowas3%.Thesupervisorwhoreceivedthistaxwasnamedalmojarifes.GaspardeAyala’sletteralsorevealsthatoneofthetwovesselsfromMacauhadrefusedtopaythecustomstaxandcarriedslavesandothergoods:thePortuguesemustpaythealmojarifazgoontheirmerchandiseandslavesafterthearrivalatManilaofavesselfromMacau.342BeforemaritimeconnectionsbetweenthePortugueselivinginsomemercantilecommunitiesofAsiaandManilabegan,EuropeanmerchantslivinginMexicowerealsothemajorsuppliersofslavestothePhilippinesmainlyviathePortugueseslavetraderswhotradedintheAtlantic.ThiscanbewitnessedbythenumerouslicensesissuedbytheSpanishCrownduringthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturiesexemptingtheSpanishelitetravelingtothePhilippinesfrompayingdutiesorthealmojarifazgo.343ThearrivalofslavesbroughtbythePortuguesetoManilaalteredthestructureofhumantradeintheregion.Ononehand,from1584on,MacauprovidedthePhilippineswithslavesfromChina,Japan,andKorea,asalargenumberofslaveswastransportedannuallyinthevesselsthatperformedthecommercialroutebetweenMacauandNagasaki.Ontheotherhand,andatthesametime,therewasalsoasecondslavetraderoutelinkingMalaccatoManila,aswellasathirdroutethatwouldconnectIndianenclavesunderPortugueseadministrationtothePhilippines.ThesetwolastmaritimeconnectionswerethemajorsuppliersofAfricanslavesfromMozambique,Indianslaves,andSouthEastAsianslavestoManila.Thedrivingforcesofthistrade—unsuspectedindividualsbecauseofthepoliticalandadministrativesystemtheyrepresented,i.e.,theinterestsofthePortugueseCrown—werethecaptainofMalaccaandtheHeadCaptainofMacau.The341AGI,Filipinas,34,nº78.342losportuguesespaguenalmojarifazgodesusmercaderíasyesclavostraslallegadaaManiladeunbarcodeMacau.Ibid.343AGI,Indiferente,606.
  • 121Part1/Chapter4SurvivalInExile:ThePhilippinesindependentwaysinwhichtheyrelatedwiththeauthoritiesinManila,againstthelocalPortugueseauthoritiesanddespiteroyalprohibitions,originatedvarioustypesofpolemics.TherewerealsoseveralabusesperpetratedbyPortugueseprivatetraderssuchasrefusingtopaytaxeschargedattheportofManilaor,asaformofrevenge,sellingtheworstslavestheyhad(e.g.,criminalswithdrinkingproblems,etc.)intheslavemarket,whichcausedcomplaintsfromlocalmerchants,andinquiriesbythePortugueseauthoritiesinGoa.ItisbecauseofthesecontroversiesthattheroleplayedbyPortugueseslavetradersinthePhilippinesbecamevisibletomodernhistorians.Nonetheless,Idonotintendheretobecomeinvolvedinthiscontroversy;butrather,IwouldliketodemonstratehowstructuredslavetradeinManilawasand,atthesametime,highlightthemajorgeographicaloriginsoftheslaves.Additionally,IwouldliketofocusmyattentiononseveralpurchasesperformedbyRuiPerez.ThefirstslavethatthistraderboughtinManilawasGaspar,anativeofKorea,bornin1579,whoonlyspokePortuguese.344Thereisnotmuchinformationaboutthisslave.However,hewasoneofthemanyKoreanslavesbroughttoJapanbyToyotomiHideyoshi’ssoldiersduringtheattemptedinvasionofKoreabetween1592-1597.Duringthisperiod,theJapaneseslaveswhofilledtheportofNagasakiwerereplacedbyKoreanslaveswhocouldbeboughtatamuchlowerprice.Forexample,FlorentinewriterandmerchantFrancescoCarletti(1573-1636),whoarrivedinJapanin1597,345claimedthatheboughtfiveKoreanpayingonlytwelvescudi:theywouldbringasslavesalargenumberofmenandwomenofallages,amongthemsomequiteprettygirls.Thesewereallbeingsoldindifferentlyataverycheapprice,andIboughtasmanyasfiveforalittlemorethantwelvescudi.AfterhavingthembaptizedItookthemawaywithmeandfinallysetthemfreeinthecityofGoa.Oneofthem,however,IbroughtbackwithmetothecityofFlorence,andnowhelivesinRome,whereheisknownasAntonioKorea.346344AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.458v.345FrancescoCarletti,RagionamentiDiFrancescoCarlettiFiorentinoSopraLeCoseDaLuiVeduteNe’SuoiViaggiSiDell’IndieOccidentali,eOrientaliComed’AltriPaesi...Florence:NellaStamperìadiGiufeppeMarini,1701,9.346neconducevanoperifchiavinumerogranded´Uomini,ediDonned´ognietà;fralequalivieranoaffaibellefanciulle,etuttiindifferentementeeranvendutiaviliffimoprezzo;edionecompraiinfinoacinqueperpocopiùdidodicifcudiefattilibattezzareglimenaimecoenellaCittàdiGoalilafciailiberiefolo
  • 122TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)unodiefficondufficonmeinqueftaCittàdiFirenze,cheoggifiritrovainRomachiamatoAntonioCorea.Ibid.,40.347NestasterrasdeArimacomotambémnasdeUomuraedeNangasaquihagrandecantidadedeCoraiscomoportodososmaisReinosdeJapãoqueosJapõenscaptivarãonestaguerraemandarãoparasuascasas(...)Ecomellessefezmuigrandeproveitoporsebaptiçardestamaneranoannode94pasantededousmilldellesenoannode95,osmaisqueficarão.ARSI,JapSin,52,fl.137v.348AGN,Indif.Virreinal,caja6596,exp.138.JesuitLuísFróisintheannualletterontheSocietyofJesusmissioninJapan(cartaAnuadaProvinciadoJapão),dated1596,describedtothe5thSuperiorGeneraloftheSocietyofJesusinRome,ClaudioAquaviva,thatmanyKoreanswerebroughttoJapanandscattered“allovertheplace.”In1594,FróisstatedthatthepriestsoftheSocietyofJesushadbaptizedmorethan2,000Koreansandanunknownnumberinthefollowingyear,in1595:IntheselandsofArima,aswellasinOmuraandNagasaki,thereisagreatnumberofKoreans,aswellasinallotherkingdomsofJapan,thattheJapanesecapturedinthiswarandsenthome(...)Andwehavemadesignificantprogressbaptizingover2,000Koreansintheyear1594andtheremainingintheyear1595.347BasedontheinformationavailableonsuchtradeinNagasaki,itispossibletoretracethelifeofGasparKoreatothedayhewaspurchasedbyRuiPerez.Capturedduringthewar,hewasonly13yearsoldthen,hewasbroughttoNagasakitobesoldattheslavemarket.AfterbeingbaptizedandacquiringtheChristiannameofGaspar,alicenseofficiallyconfirmedhisslavestatus(thelicensewaswrittenbyapriestoftheSocietyofJesus).DuringthisperiodRuiPerezwaslivinginManila.MostlikelyGasparKoreawassoldtoaPortugueseorSpanishmerchantwho,travelingtothePhilippines,musthavethensoldhimtoRuiPerez.AftertheslaveGasparKorea,RuiPerezacquiredtwomoreservants.ThefirstwastheJapaneseMiguelJerónimo,bornin1577.Severalyearslater,thisJapaneseclaimedthathehadbeenboughtbymerchantFranciscoMartes(FranciscoMartins)onbehalfofRuiPerez,forthepriceoffortyreaisduringaperiodoffiveyears.348Itshouldbenotedherethatinthedocumentonthistransaction,sinceMiguelJerónimowasunabletopronouncethesoundRucorrectly;thenotarythenwrote
  • 123Part1/Chapter4SurvivalInExile:ThePhilippinesthenameLuis,twonameswhosesoundsareallophonicinJapanese,yetphonemicinPortuguese.349I,MiguelJerónimo,ofJapanesecast,herebysaythatbeinginthesaidlandofJapan,FranciscoMartesboughtmeonbehalfofLuísPerez,Portuguese,forthepriceof40reales,fortheserviceofmypeopleduringfiveyears.ThecontractwasdoneinthePhilippineIslandswhereItraveledtoandwhereIwashandedover.350ThesecondservantwasaJapanesenamedVentura.BesideshisChristianname,thereisnofurtherinformationonthisJapaneseservantwho,alongwiththeJapaneseGasparFernandes,MiguelJerónimoandtheslavePauloBanpaer/Vanpear,remainedwithRuiPerezuntilhisdeath.349Theconsonantsl(lateral)andr(rhoticortrill)areknownasliquids,orrather,theyhaveavowel-likequalityandhaveasimilarwayofbehavinginphonotactics(i.e.,thepossiblenumberofphonemecombinations,thuscreatingpermissiblesyllables).ItalianandPortuguesehavemanyliquidphonemes.JapaneseandKorean,instead,haveonlyoneliquidphonemewhichfunctionsasalateralandasarhotic;hence,theyareallophones.Inotherwords,totheearofaJapaneseandaKorean,thesoundsl+vowelandr+vowelareallophonesandnotseparatephonemes,hencetheconfusioninhearingandproducingthetwosounds.ThenamesRui/Rúi/andLuís/luíš/wereheardandarestillheardinJapaneseandKoreanas/lúí/and/lúiš/.350MiguelJeronimodecastaJapondigoqueestandoenladichatierradelJaponFranciscoMartesmecomproporquentadeLuisPerezportuguesporpreciodequarentarrealesporelserviciodemypersonatiempodecincoañosdeloqualsehiçoscripturaenlasyslasffelipinasdondefuemyentregoo.AGN,IndiferenteVirreinal,caja6596,exp.138.
  • 124TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)II.ManilaSephardicCommunityInManila,RuiPerezdidnotlivealoneandkeptcontactwithmanyJudeo-conversos,someofwhomhadalsofledfromMacauandNagasaki.InManila,theSephardiccommunitywasstartingtorecoverfromtheunexpectedarrestoftwoJudeo-conversobrothers:JorgeandDomingosRodrigues.SonofthePortugueseDiogoRodriguesandVazViolante,merchantJorgeRodrigueswasborninSevillein1564.351Astothedateorplaceofbirthofhisbrother,merchantDomingosRodrigues,alas,Icouldnotfindanyinformation.ItisknownthattheyalsohadasisternamedConstançaRodrigueswhointheAmericasearnedthenickname“thedogmatist.”352AsmanyJudeo-conversos,theRodrigues/Rodriguezbrothersweredevotedfromayoungagetocommerce,thusfollowingatypicallySephardiceducation.Inthelatesixteenthcentury,motivatedbythegreatpossibilitiesfornewandmoreprofitableinvestments,thebrothersdecidedtotraveltothePhilippines.Duetothe“carelessness”withwhichtheyoutwardlyledtheir“Jewishness,”theywereeasilyaccusedofJudaismtotheMexicanInquisition.TheaccusersclaimedthatthebrothersdidnotevangelizetheirservantsthewayaChristiandevoteewouldorthatattheirhousetherewerenoimagesofsaints.AnothersignoftheirJewishbackgroundwasthatwhenevertheywouldsaysomething,theyneverinvokedthenameoftheVirginMary,butrather,onlyprayedtoGod.Asformeals,thebrotherskilledtheirchickensbycuttingtheirthroats,theyrefusedtoeatporkand,insteadoflard,theyusedsesameoiltocooktheirfood.Thesekashrutprocedures353raisedsuspicionsamongtheinhabitantsofManila.Oneday,merchantDomingosRodrigues,whileintheportofCavite,refusingtoeatpork,instigatedbyafellowtraderastowhyhehaddeclinedtoeatpork,answered:“becauseI’mJewish.”ThenewswasquicklycommunicatedtotheCommissioneroftheInquisition351AGN,Inquisicón,t150,exp.5,fol.291.SeymourB.Liebman,TheJewsinNewSpain…,310.352RicardoEscobarQuevedo,andCharlesAmiel,InquisiciónyjudaizantesenAméricaespañola(siglosXVI-XVII).Bogotá:EditorialUniversidaddelRosario,2008,95.353Kashrut,singularofkashér,kosherinEnglish.
  • 125Part1/Chapter4SurvivalInExile:ThePhilippinesofMexicointhePhilippines,FriarDiegoMuñoz,whosoonafterissuedanurgentarrestwarrant.354OnMay13,1592,theCommissionerorderedthattheexecutoroftheHolyOffice,CristóvalVelásquez,arrestedthebrothersandconfiscatedalltheirassets.355Monthslater,onMarch28,1593,aftertravelingtoMexico,DomingoandJorgeRodriguezwerereconciledbytheInquisitioninapublicceremonyheldattheCathedralofMexicoCityinthepresenceoftheentirepopulationofthecity.356DuringtheperiodinwhichRuiPerezlivedinManila,thefollowingJudeo-conversosstoodout:DiegoJorge,357ManuelFarias(ManuelFaria),358VilelaVaz,359thePortugueseManuelMora,360ManuelGildelaGuardia,andDiegoHernandezVitoria.Fromthisgroup,itshouldbenotedthatthefriendshipbetweenPerez,VilelaVaz,361andDiegoJorgewastheoldest,onewhichhadstartedtenyearsbeforeinMacau,preciselywhenPerezarrivedinthecity.362AnotherimportantJudeo-conversowasManuelFariaswhoarrivedinManilain1594,fleeingtheInquisition.HiswifeandchildrenhadbeenarrestedbytheInquisitionofGranada,Spain.363ThelivesofRuiPerezandManuelFariassharedmanycoincidences:theywerebothmiddleaged;theywerebothsurvivorsoftheInquisitionandforcedtoliveinManila,theultimaterefugefromreligiouspersecutions.ThecomplicitybetweenthetworemaineduntilthedeathofManuelFarias.ThePortugueseManuelMorajoinedDiegoJorgeandManuelFarias,the354EvaAlexandraUchmany,“EntrelaNuevaEspanaylasFilipinas.Experienciadealgunoscristianosnuevos,”inHomenajeaIsabelKelly.Ed.YólotlGonzáez(México:InstitutoNacionaldeAntropologíaeHistoria,1989),166.355AGN,Inquisición,t150,exp.5.356AGN,Inquisición,1593,vol.223exp.28fl.136.357AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.473v.358Ibid.,fl.453v.359Ibid.,fl.458v.360Ibid.,fl.489v.361Ibid.,fl.458v.362TestimonyofPortuguesemerchantManuelLuís,borninthecityofPorto,55yearsold.Ibid.,fl.460v.363ManuelJorgeentrustedtoDiogoFarias6balesofgoodsdestinedforMexico,whichhadbeenloadedinthecarrackfromCebu.Ibid.,fls.473v-474.
  • 126TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)364Ibid.,fls.489v.365Ibid.,fls.489v.366In1598ManuelGildelaGuardiawas33yearsold.AGN,Inquisición,1597,vol.160,exp.1,fls.45,53.367Ibid.,fl.72.368Ibid.,fls.72-73.369Ibid.,fls.9,26v.370Ibid.,fl.74v.menthusformingatriumvirate.364Thesetradersmaintainedastrongfriendship,strengthenedbythefactthattheylivedinneighboringhouses.365AsforManuelMora,IamunawareoftherouteandthemotivationsthatledhimtotraveltoManila.Nevertheless,IdiddiscoverthathewasPortugueseandthathewasalsofleeingfromtheInquisition.ManuelGildelaGuardiawasanotherfriendofPerez.ManuelGilwasborninthePortuguesecityofGuardain1565.366HewasknownamongthecommunityofJudeo-conversosasManuelGildelaGuardia.367ThismerchantwasthesonofthesecondmarriageofthemerchantFernandoGilwithFilipaRodrigues,bothfromGuarda.HissisterswereLeonorGilandBlanca/BrancaGil.Hishalf-brothersfromhisfathersidewereAntónioFernandes,DiegoHernandez,livinginGuarda,andFranciscoGil,livinginthePortuguesecityofViseu.368ItisquitelikelythatRuiPerezknewsomemembersofthisfamilysincehewasalsobornandlivedinViseu.ManuelGilisdescribedasaslenderyoungman,shortofstature,withredhair/redbeard,hiseyesaredescribedaslargeandbulging,andhiseyebrowsconnected.369In1594,370ManuelGildelaGuardiatraveledtothePhilippines,influencedbyJudeo-conversotraderManuelRodriguesNavarro.NavarrolivedinMacauandManilaforsometime,thusherevealedtoManuelGildelaGuardiamanydetailsofthedailylifeoftheSephardiccommunityinChina:ManuelGildelaGuardiawhoalsotraveledtoChina,saidthattheabove-mentionedManuelRodriguezNavarrowasaJew;thus,hesawandvisitedhim.Andthereheconfessedtohim,andviceversa,thatbothwereJewsandobeyedtotheaforementionedreligion.ThesaidManuelRodriguezNavarrotoldhimthethingstheJewsdidinChinaandhadnofurtherconversationwiththeaforementioned
  • 127Part1/Chapter4SurvivalInExile:ThePhilippinesManuelRodriguezNavarro.371NavarrowasabletoescapeanddeceivetheMexicanInquisition,despitebeingdenouncedbyaPortuguesemerchantnamedGasparMendes.372Ironically,in1594373ManuelGildelaGuardiafinallytraveledtothePhilippinesonboardthesamegalleonusedbyManuelRodriguezNavarroonhisreturntotheAmericas.374UnlikeManuelNavarro,ManuelGildelaGuardiadidnotsettleinMacau,insteadhechosetoliveinManila.ObviouslytheinformationthatNavarrohadgivenhimwouldbeofgreatusetoachieveprestigeinthecity.InManila,ManuelGildelaGuardiaconcealedhisJewishbackgroundandgraduallyascendedthehierarchyofpower,reachingthepinnacleofhiscareerwhenhewasappointedProcuradordeCausasdelaRealAudienciadeManila(AttorneyofJudicialCausesoftheRoyalAudienceofManilaoftheSpanishEastIndies).Soonafter,hebecameattorneyofthesangleyeswhoseinterestsLaGuardiaprotectedbywritingpetitionsagainsttheirenemies,375particularlyagainsttwofriarsoftheOrderofSaintAugustine:FriarDiegodeGuevaraandFriarNicolaoMelo.Therelationshipwiththesereligiousmendeterioratedsomuchthattheyhiredamercenary376toinjureLaGuardia:sothathecouldstabhiminthefaceand[forthis]theywouldgivehimtwohundredpesos.377However,ashadowfellonLaGuardia’sapparentlyimmaculateoriginwheninFebruary1595,LuisdeCarvajal“elmozo”(junior)iscapturedforthesecondtimebytheMexicanInquisition.OnFebruary10,1596,Carvajal“elmozo”wastortured.Asaresultofthisherevealedallthenamesofhisrelatives,associates,andJudeo-conversos,371UnManuelGildelaGuardiaquesefuetambienalaChinaledixoaestequeeldichoManuelRodriguezNavarroherajudioYassiestelevioyvissito...yallisedeclaroesteconelyelconestecomoheranjudiosyguardavanladichaley.ElqualManuelRodriguezNavarrocontoaestelascossasquehazianenlagranChinalosjudiosyquenolepassootracossaconeldichoManuelRodriguezNavarro.AGN,Inquisición,1597,vol.160,exp.1,fl.1.372TestimonyofGasparMendes,borninEvora,onJune14,1597.AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.218.373AGN,Inquisición,1597,vol.160,exp.1,fl.74v.374Ibid.,fl.26.375AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fls.176-177.376FranciscodeAcosta.377queledieraunacuchilladaporlacarayledariandoçientospesos.Ibid.,fl.177.
  • 128TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)378AGN,Inquisición,1597,vol.160,exp.1,fl.10v.379Ibid.,142.380LeonordeCarvajalprocess.Ibid.,fl.20v.381Ibid.,fl.9.382AGN,Inquisición,1597,vol.162,exp.1fl.15.383Ibid.,fls.10-11v.;vol.163,exp,fl.24.384AGN,Inquisición,1597,vol.162,exp,fls.10f-11v.,vol.163,exp,fl.24v.amongthelattertherewasthenameofManuelGildelaGuardia.378Duringthefollowingmonths,theMexicanInquisitioncourtgatheredinformationagainstLaGuardia,fromconversationsdowntosmalldetailssuchasanexchangeofpoems379betweenCarvajalandLaGuardia.380OnMarch4,1597,aconfidentialletterfromtheMexicanInquisitiontoFriarJuanMaldonado,theDominicanwhowastheInquisitioncommissionerinManila,arrivedinthePhilippines.BesidescontaininginformationaboutLaGuardia’sJewishbackgroundanddetailsabouthissocialconnectionswithotherJudeo-conversosinNewSpain,theletterorderedthatanarrestwarrantagainstLaGuardia381andotherJudeo-conversosbeissued.Finally,itisworthpointingouttheimportantfriendshipofRuiPerezwithJudeo-conversoDiegoHernándezVitória,Manila’scouncilman.InadditiontoRuiPerezhavinglivedforsometimeinthecouncilman’shouse,duringtheinventoryofPerez’sassetsitwasdiscoveredthatDiegoHernándezVitóriahadaverycloserelationshipwiththismerchantandthathealsotookcareofseveralcommoditiesthatbelongedtoPerez.382DiegoHernándezVitória“ovelho”(senior)wasborninPorto,onanunknowndate;hewasthesonofDuarteFernandesNunesandGenevaDinis.383HisgrandmotherwasfamousamongtheJudeo-conversosfromnorthernPortugalandearnedthenicknameof“Marquesa”(Marquess).AfterbeingarrestedbytheInquisitionshediedburnedinanauto-da-fé(publicpenanceritual)accusedofbeingaconspiratorandofpracticingJewishrituals.384BeforelivinginManila,DiegoHernándezVitóriahadlivedinMalaccaandMacau,wherehehadrelatives:AwomanwhoismarriedtoanindividualnamedSilveiraandherothersisterswhopresentlyliveinMacauwererelativesofDiegoHernándezVitória(...)oneof
  • 129Part1/Chapter4SurvivalInExile:ThePhilippinestheirbrothers,aclergyman,beingaskedtogivethistestimonyabouthim,repliedthatintheKingdomofSolorlivestheirbrotherwhofledtothisregionwhenhefoundoutthatsomeonewantedtoarresthimforpracticingJewishrituals.385InManila,DiegoHernándezVitóriaascendedtothepositionofcouncilmaninanunorthodoxway.Unlikeothercaseswhereapositionofthisimportancewasassignedtoapersonoflimpiosangre(cleanblood),i.e.,withouttracesofJudaism,thatpostwassoldandboughtbyDiegoHernándezVitóriawithoutanygenealogicalinvestigationsbeingcarriedout.BesidestheaforementionedJudeo-conversos,wehavemoredetailsthatprovethattheJudeo-conversocommunityinManilawasmuchmoreextensive.AlthoughnotincludedinthedocumentationrelatedtothePerezfamilycase,thereisrecordedevidencetestifyingtothefactthatwhenonJuly24,1596,DominicanfriarJuanMaldonadoinitiatedasecondsurveytosomemerchantsinManilawiththepurposeofdiscoveringmoreJudeo-conversoswhowerelivinginthecity,moreJudeo-conversonamescametolight.ThefirstrevealingtestimonycomesfromAlguacil386Cabrera387,anativeofSeville.388InhiswitnessCabrerarevealedthatstayingintheportofCavitewithaPortuguesemerchant(whoin1594traveledfromIndiatoManila),whentheyspokeofthearrivalofseveralcommercialvesselstothePhilippinesthemerchanttoldhimthatmanyJudeo-conversos(muchosjudios)hadarrivedintheseislands.389ThisstatementshowsthattheSephardiccommunitywasquitelarge,andtheexpression“manyJews”385UnamujerquestacasadaconunfulanosilberayotrassushermanasquedepresentebibenenmacanheranparientasdeDiegoHernandezVitoria(...)unhermanodellas,clerigo,preguntadoaestetestigoporelyenqueenelReynodeSolorestaunhermanodellaselqualsehuyoallivenyendoquelequerianprenderporjudayzante.Ibid.,fl.15v.386Alguacil(inSpanish),AguazilorGuazil(inPortuguese),isawordderivedfromtheArabicرِيَزو(wazīr),andamongtheearlySpaniardsthenamewasusedtodenoteakindofjudge,attimesthegovernorofatownorfortress,orthemasteratarmsonavessel.Unfortunately,IwasnotabletoidentifytheexactprofessionofCabrera;yet,heseemedtohavebeenthemasteratarmsonavessel.AGN,Inquisición,vol.237fl.176.387Ibid.,fl.174.388Ibid.,fl.174.389Ibid.,fl.174v.
  • 130TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)wasusedtounderscorethisfact.ThissurveyalsorevealedthenameofanotherfamousJudeo-conversomerchantnamedSimonEnriquez,whowasadvisedoftheproceduresandtheInquisition,andbeforebeingarrested,escapedtoanunknownplace.390OthermerchantsasGarciadelaLuna,RoquedeVega,andanotherunknowntrader,391thelatteraccusedofbigamy,werealsostronglysuspectedofbeingJudeo-conversos.392ItshouldbenotedherethatatthetimetheInquisitionusedbigamyaccusationsontradersofJewishorigin.Thiswasarecurringmethodtofrustratetheaccused,sothathewouldnotflee,throwingafalserumorintownanddivertingattentionfromthetrueintentoftherepresentativesoftheInquisition.ItisthereforequitelikelythatinrealityallofthesemerchantswerebeinginvestigatedbecauseoftheirJewishorigins.AsforSimonEnriquez,GarciadelaLuna,andRoquedeVega,Iwasnotabletofindfurtherinformation.Mostlikelymanyofthesemerchants,knowingthattheInquisitionwasinvestigatingtheirpastandfamilygenealogy,fledtoescapefromapossiblearrestwarrant.SincesecurityoftheportsofManilawasverytight,itwaseasyforthemtotraveltoanotherregionfromCaviteandsecondaryportswheresecuritywasnotverytight.Nevertheless,despitehavingmuchinformationonthisJudeo-conversogroup,IbelievethattheconfigurationoftheSephardiccommunityofManilawasquitedifferentfromtheSephardiccommunitylivinginMacau.InManila,thecommunitywasmainlycomposedof“nomadic”Judeo-conversoswhodidnotpermanentlysettleinthecity.InMacau,therewasaSephardiccommunityalreadysettledand,atthesametime,therewereannualitinerantJudeo-conversosthatarrivedinMacauthroughcommercialnetworkslinkingthiscitytoMainlandSoutheastAsiaandMaritimeSoutheastAsia(inthiscase,thePhilippines)ports.Usually,thesewanderingJudeo-conversoswerevictimsofinquisitorialpersecutions;hence,theyusedthecityonlyasaplaceofpassage.390Ibid.,fl.175.391ThereisahighprobabilitythathewasSimonEnriquez(witnessoftheGenoesemerchantDarioSedoria).Ibid.,fl.180.392HernandoCarvajalistheonlyoneofthisgroupwhosebackground—despitesharingthesamefamilynamewithimportantJudeo-conversos—isCatholicandnotJewish.Thechargesofbigamyagainsthimwereeventuallyproved.Hewasthusforcedtoparadeinanauto-da-fé(ritualofpublicpenanceofcondemnedhereticsandapostates)onMarch25,1601.
  • 131Part1/Chapter4SurvivalInExile:ThePhilippinesIII.TheRoleofSlavesandServantsinRuiPerez’sCaptureSlavesandservants,asprivilegedelementsofthedailylifeofthepeopletheyserved,playedacrucialroleinlegitimizingthejudicialactionsoftheInquisition.Manyoftheslavesandservantsinanattempttoeasetheirownsituation,actedinaccordancewiththeirowninterests;thusbecomingspiesandcasualaccusers.Whenpresentingstories,oftentimesbuiltuponlies,astoprovoketheimprisonmentoftheirmasters,manyslavesandservantshopedtherebytoescapethemistreatmentofwhichtheyhadbeenvictims.Attemptstochangetheirsituation,usingthereligiousprinciplesofthesocietyinwhichtheylived,canbeclearlyidentifiedintheinquisitorialprocesscarriedoutagainstcouncilmanDiegoHernándezVitoria,inwhosehouseRuiPerezlivedforashortperiodoftime.393IwillthustrytoexaminetherolesthatslavesandservantsplayedinRuiPerez’simprisonment.IThesituationofapparentsafetyofthePerezfamilyinManilawasdestroyedbyafirstcomplaint,whichtookplaceonSeptember9,1596,whenFriarDiegodeCastañedaconfessedtotheCommissioneroftheInquisition,FriarJuanMaldonado,thataslavenamedFrancisco,amusicianfromtheConfrariadelRosario(RosarioBrotherhood)toldhimthatarunawayJudeo-conversohadarrivedinManilaafterescapinginquisitorialpersecutionsheldinIndia,Malacca,andMacau.394TheslaveFrancisco,nativeofSunda,presentedhimselfattheHospitalofSanGabriel,onOctober21,1596,totestifyagainstRuiPerez.Unawareofhisname,hesaidthathehadheardsuchinformationfromaPortuguesewhohadtraveledfromthePhilippinestotheMoluccas.TheslaveFranciscoalsoaddedthatanotherslave,namedInocêncio,anativeofCambay,hadrevealedtohimthatthispersonwasquatrocustadosjudio(fourflanksaJew)ametaphorindicatingthatheonlydescendedfromJews,andthathewasstayingatthemomentinthehomeofthecouncilmanofManila,PortuguesetraderDiegoHernándezVitória,oneoftherichestmenofthe393AGN,Inquisición,vol.162,fls.4v-23.394AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.443.
  • 132TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Philippines.395Thenanimportantquestionaroseamongtheecclesiasticalauthorities:whatwasaJudeo-conversodoinginthehouseofarichandesteemedold-ChristianasDiegoHernándezVitória?AtthattimelittleifnothingwasknownaboutthepastoftheCouncilmanofManilaandthathisrisetoofficehadnotfollowedthenormalcourse.Actingcautiously,asfortheirintentionsnotbediscovered,theinquisitorsinquiriesthusbegan.TheslaveInocênciobecamethekeyelementofthisinvestigation,revealingthemostimportantinformation:thenameRuiPerez.SubsequentlyherevealedthenamesofManuelLuísandDiegoGonçalves,twotradersinvolvedintheprivatetradebetweenJapanandManila,whoknewandhadbeenfriendsofRuiPerez.396ThiselementisextremelyimportantbecauseitatteststotheexistenceofaprivatecommercialnetworkbetweenJapanandthePhilippineswhichwascontrolledandintermediatedbyPortuguesetraderswholivedinNagasakiandManila.TheslavealsorevealedthatRuiPerezwasaccompaniedbytwootherslaves,aBengalandaJapaneserespectively.397ThesecondwitnesswasafreedslavenamedRobertoRodrigues,borninGujarat.AlthoughlivinginManilaatthetime,hehadlivedinJapanformanyyears,servingtheimportantJudeo-conversomerchantFranciscoRodriguesPinto.AsIhavedemonstratedearlier,thelatterwasoneofPerez’sfriendsinNagasaki,anddevelopedastrongfriendshipwiththeBishopofJapan,LuísCerqueira.ItisthereforenormalthattheformerslaveRobertoRodriguesbecametheprimesourceofinformationfortheInquisition.AlargeextentofhistestimonywasbasedupontheconversationshehadwiththeBengalPauloBenpaer,Perez’scookslave,whorevealedindetailtheeatinghabitsofhismaster,aswellasthefamily’sescapefromNagasakitoManila.Toincreasethelistofaccusations,hestatedthatfouryearsearlierhehadbeenshockedtoseeRuiPerezpassnexttoacrossandnottakinghishatoffasasignofrespect.398Thisreportwasconfirmedbythefollowingwitness,theslaveTomé,whoaddedthathehadheardfromPerez’sJapaneseservantsthathisson,AntónioRodrigues,395Ibid.,fl.444.396Ibid.,fl.444.397Ibid.,fl.444v.398Ibid.,fls.445-445v.
  • 133Part1/Chapter4SurvivalInExile:ThePhilippinesbroketheimagesoftheVirginMaryandCatholicSaintsintheirhouseandthatduringnineyearstheyhadneverseenAntónioattendchurch,whetherinJapanorinthePhilippines.Atthesametime,though,inManilamuchspeculationamongslavesconcerningRuiPerezbegan.399TherewereevenmerchantswhosenttheirslavestotheInquisitionofficialstoaccuseRuiPerezandhisfamilymembers.Soon,manydetailsaboutthePerezfamilycametolight.Theirrefusaltoeatbutterandpork;puttingcleanclothesonMondays,Wednesdays,andFridays;washingtheirfeetonaSaturday;thelackofsacredimagesathome;alwayseatingalonewithincloseddoors;andthekillingofacalffollowingaJewishritual,amongotherallegations.Finally,theInquisitionsoughttoconfirmthesetestimoniesbyaskingRuiPerez’sservant,GasparFernandesJapon,andtheslavesPablo(PauloBenpaer/Venpaer)andGasparKoreawhomusthavebeenprivytotheseactions.ThefirstwitnessofthisgroupwastheJapaneseGasparFernandeswhopresumablywithoutunderstandingtheconsequencesofhiswordsstatedthatPerezdidnoteatporkandthathisyoungestson,ManuelFernandes,whenheatepork,immediatelyvomited.Everytimetheservantskilledchickenstheywereobligedtodrownthemwithoutbeheadingthem.GasparFernandesalsostatedthatRuiPerezatemeatduringLentandonSaturdays,andthatheobtainedaspecialpermissionfromtheecclesiasticalauthoritiestodoso.TheJapaneseGasparFernandesalsostatedthatPerez’syoungestson,Manuel,neveratemeatonFriday,Saturday,andduringLent.EverySaturday,Perezandhischildrenworenewly-washedclothingandneverhadfiguresoftheCross,JesusChrist,theVirginMary,orsaintsinthehouse.GasparalsoinformedtheInquisitionthatPerezprayedonlyintheChurchonpublicholidaysandonSundays.400ThesecondtestimonywastheslavePablo/PauloBenpaer,fromBengal,30yearsold,whoknewRuiPerezfromKochi.ThetestimonyofPablo/Paulocompletelycontradictedtheprevioustestimonyof399Ibid.,fls.446v-447.400Ibid.,fls.451-452v.
  • 134TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)theJapaneseGasparFernandes.PabloworkedforPerezasacookandstatedthathekilledthechickensformealswithoutdrowningthemandthatRuiPerezandhistwosonsateporkandbutter,hadimagesoftheVirginMaryathome,didnotpracticeanyJewishrituals,andprayedandattendedchurchonSundaysandHolidays.401DespitehavingswornbeforetheInquisitionsecrecyabouthistestimony,assoonashearrivedhometheBengalslavedescribedtohismasterforaboutthreehoursallthedetailsoftheinterrogation,leavingRuiPerezverysadandworried,withredeyes,andmoaning.402ThethirdwitnesswastheKoreanGaspar,then18yearsold403who,wheninterrogatedbytheInquisition,thefirstthinghedidwastoaccusetheBengalslavePablo/PauloofrevealingtoRuiPerezhistestimony.Inmakingthisconfession,GasparKoreatriedtoprovethatRuiPerezremainedaJew,claimingthathismasterhadnoreligiousstatuesintheroomandthatwhenhebecameawarethattheInquisitionwantedtoimprisonhimheboughtseveralreligiousstatueswrappingtheminablanketandplacingthemunderhisbed.TheKoreanslavealsorevealedthat,yearsbefore,whenRuiPerezarrivedinNagasaki,hebroughtfromMacaunumerouscrosses,breakingthemintopiecesandplacingbonesinside.Statingthattheyweretheremainsofmartyrs,andthosecrosseswereeventuallysoldtotheJapaneseChristiansastruerelics.Thesethreestatements,especiallyfromtheJapaneseservantGasparFernandesandfromtheKoreanslaveGaspar,providedthenecessaryinformationtotheInquisitiontoprovethepracticeofJewishritualsbyRuiPerez.AlongsidewiththeRuiPerezinvestigation,theInquisitionalsobegangatheringinformationagainstfivepeopleofJewishorigin:DiegoJorge(DiogoJorge),404ManuelFarias(ManuelFaria),405VilelaVaz,406ManuelMora,407andManuelGildelaGuardia.OnJune11,1597,IsidroSanchez,executoroftheInquisition,alongwith401Ibid.,fls.454-455.402muitotristeealterado,comosolhosvermelhosegemendoIbid.,fls.459.403Ibid.,fl.458v.404Ibid.,fl.473v.405Ibid.,fl.453v.406Ibid.,fl.458v.407Ibid.,fl.489v.
  • 135Part1/Chapter4SurvivalInExile:ThePhilippinesJuanRuiz,AlonsoHernandez,andJuanLucas,wenttothePerezhouseandarrestedhim.Atthesametime,elsewhereinthecity,othermerchantsaccusedofJudaismwerealsoarrested.WhilePerezwassenttoprison,IsidroSanchezmadeanimportantsurveyofalltheassetsofthehouse.Perezassetscontained110items,includingthreeJapaneseservants,andoneBengalslave.1-Primeramenteunesclavoporañosxapondeedaddeveynteaños2-OutroesclavoJaponporañosdeedaddev.teaños3-OutroesclavoJaponporañosdeedaddediezynueveaños40871-Pareçioelnegropabloeynbentariose4091-Firstaslaveformanyyears,Japanese,twentyyearsold2-AnotherJapaneseslavebytheageoftwentyyearsold3-AnotherJapaneseslavebytheageofnineteenyearsold71-Thedark-skinnedPabloappearedandwasinventoriedupThefirstJapanesementionedonthelistwasGasparFernandes,thesecondwasMiguelVentura,410andthethirdwasJerónimo.411SimilarlytowhathadhappenedtoGasparFernandes,VenturaandMiguelJerónimowerebothservantsofRuiPerezinManila.Despitetheinquisitorialproceedings,bothMiguelVenturaandJerónimodidnottestifynorwouldtheybementionedintheinquisitorialindictmentagainstRuiPerez.BengalslavePablo/PauloBenpaerismentionedattheendofthelist.HeresurfacedagaininanofficialdocumentissuedfewdaysafterthearrivaloftheManilagalleonatAcapulco,onDecember1,1597.Intheabove-mentioneddocumentPablo/PauloBenpaerwasdesignatedasbeinganegro(dark-skinned),wordthatatthetimewasalsosynonymouswithslaveanddidnotexclusivelymeantAfricanslave.412AstothefateoftheKoreanslaveGasparKoreanofurtherinformationisavailable.Itis408Ibid.,fl.467.409Ibid.,fl.469.410AGN,Inquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fl.270.411AGN,Indif.Virreinal,caja6596,exp.138.412AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.436.
  • 136TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)possiblethathewassoldtoanothermerchant,orperhapshediedbeforethedepartureofthegalleonfortheAmericas.Furthermore,IwouldliketodrawattentionheretothefactthattheJapaneseGasparFernandes,Ventura,andMiguelJerónimo,wereacquiredasservantsforalimitedperiodoftime,andcouldnotbeconsideredslaves,andthatatthetimeoftheconfiscationofRuiPerez’sassets,therepresentativesoftheInquisitionhadtransformedthemintoslaves.ItthusbecomesevidentthroughthewaytheyweredesignatedinthelistofRuiPerez’assetsthatthestatusoftheJapanesehadbeensuitablyamended,despitetheoriginalofficialcertificates.Thispracticewasnotasimpleoversightorunawarenessoftheecclesiasticalauthorities,sincemanyslavetradersusedthesemethodswhenitcametoAsianservants.InremoteregionsasManila,merchantsgavelittleimportancetothereasonsthatledpeopletolosetheirfreedom.Knowingthatmanyhadbeenunjustlyenslavedorforciblydrivenintoenslavementdidnotpreventthemfromengaginginslavetrade.
  • ChapterFive
  • 139Part1/Chapter5MemoryAndFreedom:TheAmericas5MemoryandFreedom:TheAmericasI.AJourneytoAcapulcoAsmentionedinthepreviouschapter,inadditiontoRuiPerez,inquisitorialprocesseswerelodgedagainstDiegoJorge(DiogoJorge),ManuelFarias(ManuelFaria),413VilelaVaz,414andManueldelaGuardia.OfthisgrouponlyPerez,Farias,andGuardiawereeventuallyarrested.RegardingthePortugueseVilelaVazwedonothaveanyadditionalinformation;hence,hemusthaveescapedfromtheSpanishauthorities.AstoDiegoJorge,somethingveryoddandsurprisinghappened:frominquisitorialvictimhebecametheaccuser,workingasaspyoradoubleagentfortheInquisition.ThismerchantaccusedManuelFarias,statingthatthelatterhadcometoManilain1594toescapetheInquisition(DiegoJorgewasManuelFarias’commercialagent).415Intheinterim,DiegoJorgealsoaccusedtheeldestsonofRuiPerez,AntónioRodrigues,ofsendinganunknowncommercialagentwithovereighthundredpesosdestinedforhisfatherandtobeinvestedinChinesetrade.416TheofficialsoftheInquisitiontriedtolocatethismoney,yettonoavail.413AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.453v.414Ibid.,fl.458v.415Ibid.,fls.473v-474.416Ibid.,fls.473v-474.
  • 140TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Duetohisage,RuiPerezwasaccompaniedbyhisyoungestsononthisjourneytoMexico.Additionally,hewasallowedtotakesomeofhisassetsalongonthetrip.In1597,aboardthegalleonNuestraSeñoradeelRosario,417captainedbyPedroCedilofGuarqa,418RuiPerezleftwiththealsoaccusedJudeo-conversosManuelFariaandManuelGildelaGuardia.AccordingtowhatPedroCedilwitnessed,theJudeo-conversoManuelFaria,alreadyquiteelderlyandsick,diedearlyonduringthetrip,onJuly20,1597,aSunday.419WeakenedbyillnessandbytheinquisitorialpersecutionsRuiPerezsurvivedafewmoremonths,passingawaybynaturalcauses,twodaysbeforetheManilagalleonhadarrivedatAcapulco.Ironically,despitethepersecutionscarriedoutbytheInquisitiontoarrestandprosecutehim,Perezmisledtheauthoritiesanddiedfree,beforebeingtriedbytheInquisitioninMexico.HisbodywasthrownoverboardonNovember29,1597,aShabbat.420Nevertheless,thislongepisodearoundtheworldwasfarfromover,asIshallexplaininthefollowingchapter.Additionally,IwouldliketomentionherewhathappenedtoManuelGildelaGuardia,theonlyindictedJudeo-conversowhomanagedtoarrivealiveontheAmericancontinent,onDecember1,1597.BackinAcapulco,theformerattorneyoftheRoyalAudienceofManilawashandedoveralongwithhisslaveSebastian(whoattendedGuardiaduringthevoyage)toFranciscoDominguez,thepersoninchargeoftransportinghimtoMexicoCity.421Beforestartingtheirjourney,ManuelGilremainedinthecityforsixdaystorecoverfromhealthproblems.422WhenhearrivedattheMexicanInquisitorialoffice,JustaMendez,LaGuardia’scousin,ManuelGil,senthimamessageviaaMozambicanslave,towhichLaGuardiarespondedbysayingthathewaswell,butverytiredfromthejourneyhehadmade.423Initially,LaGuardiarefusedallchargesthattheinquisitorshadmeticulouslycollectedduringseveralyearsagainsthim.Nevertheless,realizingthathadhecontinuedtochallengehissentencehe417Ibid.,fl.436.418Ibid.,fl.437.419Ibid.,fl.439.420Ibid.,fl.440.421AGN,Inquisicion,1597,vol.160,exp.1,fl.2.422Ibid.,fl.3423Ibid.,fl.69v.
  • 141Part1/Chapter5MemoryAndFreedom:TheAmericaswouldprobablyhavedied,LaGuardiathendecidedtochangehistunebyconfessingtoallhisconnectionswithNew-SpainJudeo-conversocommunitymembers.In1601,LaGuardiafinallylefttheInquisition,beingsentencedforthecrimesofheresy,towearthepenitentialgarb,andtolifeimprisonment.424Interestingly,anotherJudeo-conversowholivedinMacau,namedManuelRodrigueznicknamed“ElChiquito,”alsoparticipatedatthisceremony.BorninthePortuguesetownofFundão/Covilhã,“ElChiquito”wassentencedtosixyearsinprisonandconfiscationofallhisassets.425From1601on,LaGuardiatransformedhimselfcompletely,goingfromvictimtoaccuser.OnMay23,1601,twodaysbeforethepublicAuto-da-Fé,heaskedtobeheardbytheInquisitionofMexicoandaccusedtheclericAndréFerreira“peristriga,”theinhabitantofthePortuguesevillageCelorico,ofbeingjudioyguardavalaLeydeMoisses(beingaJewwhokepttheLawofMoses)despitethecleric’sparentsbeingOldChristians,andcontinueddenouncingtheJudeo-conversocommunityintheregion,proceedingtothetheirphysicaldescriptions.426Atthesametimethough,hebegantometiculouslyannotatealltheJewishritualspracticedbytheJudeo-conversocommunityinMexico,andaccuseditsmembers,mostlyex-convicts,totheInquisitors.Thelistofallegationswaskeptinthevolume276oftheMexicanInquisition,wherefromOctober3,1603,on,LaGuardiaaccusedthemerchantsRuiDiasNieto,HectorFonseca“ViejoSancto”(OldSaint),DuarteRodriguez,IsabelRodriguez,SebastianRodriguez,andRodriguezViolanteofbeingJewish.427OnOctober7,thechargesextendeddowntoimportantpeoplefromtheInquisitionitself.428LaGuardiastartedmakingimportantenemies,notonlyamongtheJudeo-conversos,butalsowithintheMexicanInquisition.Itisthroughhimthatwealsoobtainimportantinformationonhowthecommunicationbetweenprisonersandtheoutsideworldwasestablishedandheld,withtheconnivanceofthealcaides429andslaveswhoworkedintheInquisition.Someprisonerscommunicatedamongthemselvesusing424Ibid.,fls.146-147.425SeymourB.Liebman,TheJewsinNewSpain…,197,307.426AGN,Inquisición,1602,vol.452,exp.77,fl.315.427AGN,Inquisición,1605,vol.276,exp.14,fls.412f-416.428Ibid.,fls.416v-417.429Chiefofguards.
  • 142TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)foodtopassoninformation430withtheconnivanceofslavesworkingintheprison.Forexample,LaGuardiadenouncedtheconductofamulattoslave,condemnedtothegalleybytheInquisitionandworkinginthatinstitution,ofprovidingtothemerchantRuiDiasNietothethingsheneed.431Forexample,RuiDiasNietocommunicatedwithhissonDiegoDiasinacodedlanguageaboutthenegotiationsheldamongtheJudeo-conversosandtheKingofPortugalandSpainforthereleaseofprisonersfromtheInquisition.Thiscodedlanguage,ofcourse,wasHebrew,andtheyusedinvisibleinkintheirletterstodisguisethemessages.432ThankstoLaGuarda’sconfessionstheinquisitorswereabletointerceptanimportantcorrespondenceheldbyRuiDiasandhisson,whichwastransportedhiddeninsidethebread.AletterisstillpreservedattheAGNinMexicoCityandisofgreatimportancebecauseinadditiontorevealingimportantnegotiationsforthereleaseoftheJudeo-conversos,italsorevealstheauthorofsuchinformation:AntónioDiazdeCáceres.OneletterarrivedfromLisbonfromMr.AntónioDiasdeCáceressayinghestillhashopefromtheGeneral(GeneralPardon)433asthenegotiationsonthismatterwiththeKingrestarted.434Byusinganextraordinarynetworkofinformants,theJudeo-conversoscouldsendinformationofwhatwashappeninginLisbontoplacesasfarawayastheprisonsoftheMexicanInquisition.Unfortunately,almostnothingisknownaboutthisnetwork.Asforourmaincharacter,onNovember11,1604,LaGuardiaconfirmedallchargesagainsttheJudeo-conversos.435However;hisaccusationswillnotgounpunished.Beingdiscoveredbythecommunitymembers,theysoughtrevengeandpreparedthe430Ibid.,fl.417v.431Ibid.,fl.418.432Ibid.,fl.417v.433TheGeneralPardonforallthejudaizersdeclaredin1605.434doSeñordantoniodiasdecaseresouveaquicartadeLisboaenquedissetemaindaesperansadageneralporquesetornaatratarcomElRey.Ibid.,fls.456-457.435RuyDiazdeLemos,RuyDiasNieto,HectordeFonseca,SebastiandelaPeña,IsabelRodriguez,DiegoDiasNieto,AntonioMendez,AntonioDiazMarquez,ViolanteRodriguez,SebatsianRodriguez,ContançaRodriguez,JorgeFernandezAnaLopez,andClaraEnqriquez.Ibid.,fl.429v-435v.
  • 143Part1/Chapter5MemoryAndFreedom:TheAmericasmurderofLaGuardia.TheavengerchosenwasMarcoAntónio,amanofunstablepersonalityandextremelyaggressiveanddangerous.436MarcoAntóniowasofPortugueseorigin,andwasborninthecityofCovilhã.IntheAmericas,helivedinthetownofTrinidad,inGuatemala,andtheninMexicoCity.DespitefleeingfromtheMexicanInquisition,aninquisitorialprocesswasopenedagainsthimonchargesofbeingajudaizante(Judaizing).437Afterseveraldiligences,theinquisitorsmanagedtocapturehim.HewassentencedandreconcileddevehementiintheDecember8,1596,AutodeFé.438MarcoAntóniowasaformidablefighter,whichtransformedhimintheidealpersontomurderLaGuardia.Thepricewasfixedat200pesos.Shortlyafterbeinginformedthathislifewasindanger,LaGuardiaurgedtheinquisitorstoprotecthimandaccusedthepeoplewhomhethoughtwereinvolvedinthisplot.Upuntilthatmoment,LaGuardiawascompletelyunawarethatMarcoAntóniowouldbethepersonchosentokillhim.TheremarkablethingaboutthisepisodeisthatLaGuardiawasafriendofMarcoAntónioandhadevenpreparedapetitiontotheCourtoftheHolyOfficeinordertofreehim.439Atthebeginningof1604theattemptonthelifeofManuelGildelaGuardiaoccurred;however,MarcoAntóniofailedtokillthevictim.Eventhoughtheinquisitorsbecameawareoftheattackandofthenamesofthepeopledirectlyinvolvedinit,noactionwastakentopunishthecriminals.440LaGuardiahadenemiesnotonlyamongJudeo-conversoswhomhehadaccused,butalsowithintheMexicanInquisition.While436SolicituddeDiegoDíazNieto,hijolegitimodeRuyDíazNieto,paraqueMarcoAntonio,penitenciadodelSantoOficiodelaInquisiciónfuerareprehendidoypresoenlacárcelporgolpearasupadre.AGN,IndiferenteVirreinal,caja-exp.:6719-057,Inquisición,fl.1.437AGN,Inquisición,1596,vol.1491,exp.1,fls.1-138.438Anauto-da-fé(alsospelledauto-de-féandautodefe)wastheritualofpublicpenanceofcondemnedhereticsandapostatesthattookplacewhenthePortugueseInquisitionortheSpanishInquisitionhaddecidedtheirpunishment,followedbytheexecutionbythecivilauthoritiesofthesentencesimposed.BothautodefeinmedievalSpanishandauto-da-féinPortuguesemean“actoffaith”.SeymourB.Liebman,TheJewsinNewSpain…,306.439Ibid.,203.440Ibid.,201.
  • 144TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)playingtheroleofspy,orinformalfamiliar,441LaGuardiadidnotenjoyjudicialimmunityconferredtohimbythisposition,norcouldthelattererasehispastorhisJewishancestry.Eventuallyhepaidahighpriceforhisaccusations:hewasexiledtothePhilippineswherehespenttherestofhislifeinahospital.441FamiliareswerelaycollaboratorsoftheInquisition,withnotraceofJewishor“Muslim”ancestry,whohadtobepermanentlyattheserviceoftheHolyOffice.Atthetimethispositionwasconsideredanhonorwhichbroughtwithitcertainadditionalprivileges.
  • 145Part1/Chapter5MemoryAndFreedom:TheAmericasII.Perez’sSonsandtheStrugglefortheLiberationoftheJapaneseSlavesTheAmericancontinent,graveyardofmillionsofAfricanslavesandAmerindians,alsoreceivedotherminoritiesfromremoteregionsoftheworld.AlthoughtherearenotenoughrecordstodevelopasystematicstudyinthelatesixteenthcenturyandearlyseventeenthcenturyonthepresenceofJapaneseslavesintheAmericas,therearestillsometracesthatcanbeanalyzed.ThefirstknownJapaneseontheAmericancontinentisdocumentedonNovember4,1587,whentheEnglishexplorerandprivateerSirThomasCavendish(1560-1592)interceptedtheManilagalleonSantaAna,alongtheCaliforniacoast,morepreciselyinBernabeBay.AfterdisembarkingthecrewoftheSantaAnasomememberswerechosentocontinuetheirjourneyonlandwithCavendish.OnNovember6,twoJapanesebrothersCristóvalandCosme,20yearsoldand16yearsoldatthetime,wereselectedtoserveCavendish.ThenamesCristóvalandCosmeweretheirChristiannamessincethereisnoinformationastotheirJapanesenames.Afterafeweventfuljourneys,theyprobablydiedatsea,inashipwreckorinbattle.ThesecondpieceofinformationregardingthefirstJapaneseinMexicoisstillunpublishedandisrelatedtothePerezfamily.ThomasValdeswasborninNagasakiin1577andhadbeenlivinginMexicosince1596.Wedonotknowhowhewasenslaved;yet,wedoknowthathewassoldtotheJudeo-conversoFranciscoRodriguesPinto,aPortuguesemerchantlivinginNagasakiinthelatesixteenthcentury.442ItwashisPortuguesemasterwholatersoldhimagaintoCaptainAntónioArçola,whomheaccompaniedin1596onhisvoyagetoAcapulco.443Bychance,severalyearsafterthedeathofRuiPerez,thisslavemetAntónioRodriguesinMexicoCity.AsheknewverywellallthePerezfamilymembersfromthetimetheywerelivinginNagasaki,heimmediatelyrecognizedthemerchantAntónioRodriguesasbeingthesonofRuiPerez.444Shortlyafter,theJapaneseslave442AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.446.443Ibid.,fls.446-447.444Inthedocumentthereisyetanotherofhisaliases:FranciscoRodrigues.
  • 146TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)ToméValdesinformedtheInquisitorAlonsodePeralta445ofthisevent.AsproofhealsomentionedthatanotherMozambicanslave,whoalsohadlivedinNagasakiandknewthePerezfamilymembers,hadwitnessedthisincidence.446ThisinformationisveryinterestingbecauseitshowsthatslavesfromMozambiquetraveledtoJapanandalsotraveledtotheAmericasviathePacific.ToméValdes’accusationscausedastrongimpactnotonlyintheMexicanInquisitionbutalsoamongthePortuguesecommunitylivinginNagasaki;hisaccountagainstthePerezfamilywascopiedandsenttoManila.Althoughsuchdocumentsarenotextanttoday,theyfoundtheirwaytoNagasaki,wherethethen-BishopofJapan,LuísCerqueira(1598-1616),eventuallyopenedanewinvestigation447toexplainthecharges.TheseinvestigationsarehistoricallypricelesssincetheyshedlightonthemissinginformationnecessarytoreconstructthekindoflifethatthePerezfamilyhadintheFarEast.AsfortheMexicanInquisition,thefamiliares448becameveryattentivetotheJudeo-conversonewcomers.Meanwhile,inMexicoCityRuiPerez’ssonsmetbychancetheJapaneseGasparFernandes.ItislikelythatatthismeetingthebrothersfoundoutaboutthetragedyofGasparandoftwootherJapaneseservantswho,alongwiththeslavePauloBenpaer,hadbeendeliveredbyCaptainPedroCedil449totheHolyOfficeandtransformedintoslaves.Aimingatregainingfreedomandbeingfinanciallysupportedbythebrothers,thethreeJapaneseslavesopenedthreeprocessesagainsttheInquisition.BesidesGaspar,thenamesoftwomorepeoplecometolight,namely:VenturaandMiguelJerónimo.ThefirsttochallengehisconditionwasGasparFernandes/GasparJapon,in1599.InasimilarwaytowhathappenedwiththeothertwoJapaneseservantsafterRuiPeres’death,Gasparwashandedovertotheecclesiasticalauthorities.Thedistinctionbetweensellingservicesforaspecifiedperiodofyearsandperpetualslaverywasnot445Ibid.,fls.446-446v.446Ibid.,fl.447.447AGN,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U.448TheFamiliareswerelaycollaboratorsoftheInquisition,withnotraceofJewishor“Muslim”ancestry,whohadtobepermanentlyattheserviceoftheHolyOffice.Atthistimethispositionwasconsideredanhonorwhichentitledthebearercertainadditionalprivileges.449AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.436.
  • 147Part1/Chapter5MemoryAndFreedom:TheAmericasconsideredandGasparwastreatedandsoldasaslave.ForcedtoservethemerchantTomasdelRíohewasphysicallyabusedandforcedtoworkforhimduringaperiodoftwoyearswhich,addedtothe12yearshehadservedRuiPerez,equalsto14years.450ToGaspar’stestimonythestatementofanotherJapaneseslavenamedVenturawasalsoadded:BenturaandGaspar,JapaneseIndiansputinjailinthiscity,wesaythatwehavearrivedherefromthecityofManila,asservantsofRuiPerez,nowdeceased,andwithhimwewerebroughtasprisonerstotheHolyOfficeandweweredeliveredbyyourLordshiptoMartinBirviescaRoldan,thereceptor,orreceiver451oftheHolyOfficewhoiscurrentlyhereinthisprison,andyourLordshipdecidedthatweshouldbegiventotheheirsofRuiPerez,whoarenotfoundinthisregion,andwesufferinthisprison;yet,wearefreeandnoonehasanyrightoverus.452Unexpectedly,thefirstwitnessfromtheprocessofliberationoftheJapaneseslaveswasAntónioRodrigues,RuiPerez’seldestson,28yearsofage,whostatedthathehadbeenlivinginMexicoCitysince1594-1595.453Atthattime,hewasamerchantlivingintheSantissimaTrinidadneighborhood.InhistestimonyAntónioRodriguesclaimedtohavewitnessedthepurchaseofGaspar’sservices,alongwithhisbrotherManuelFernandes.Accordingtothiswitness,GasparwasachildandhadbeendeliveredbyaJapanesetrafficker,withoutprovidinganykindofinformation,somethingthatwascommonatthattime.Subsequently,tolegitimizethetransaction,RuiPerezwenttotheJesuitsinNagasakiandpresentedGasparwho,afterbeingexaminedbytheRectorAntónioLopes,signedalicensewhichstatedthatGasparwastoservefortwelveyears.WhenRuiPerezwas450AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fl.263.451Thereceptor,orreceiver,managedthefiscalandfinancialaccountsoftheHolyOffice.452BenturayGasparyndiosJaponespusosenestacarseldelaçiudaddesimosquenosotrosbenimossirviendodelaçiudaddeManilaaRuyPerezdifuntoalqualnostrujeronpresosalSantoOfficioynosotrosfuimosentregadospormandadodeV.SeñoriaaMartinBirviescaRoldanreseptordesteSantoOfficioelqualnopresentoenestadichacarselyporunautodeV.SeñoriamandaseamosentregadosaloserederosdeldichoRuiPerezlosqualesnoestanenestacorteniparesenynosotrospedesemosenestacarselysomoslibréssinqueningunapersonatengaderechocontranosotros.Ibid.,fl.270.453AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fl.265.
  • 148TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)imprisonedinManila,theabovementionedlicensewasconfiscatedbytheHolyOffice.AntónioRodriguesalsoaddedthatthetransactionpriceofGasparwasbetween10/11pesosinsilver(commoncurrencyinNagasakiatthetime).ThesecondwitnesswasManuelFernandes,RuiPerez’syoungestson,then26yearsold.ManuelFernandesconfirmedthetestimonyofhisbrother,statingthattheJapaneseGasparhadbeensoldbyatraffickerwiththevalueof10/11weightsofsilvermenudilla.HealsoaddedthatatthattimeitwascommonforJapanesetoselltheircountrymentothePortugueseandthatthetraffickersbroughtthemstolenfromotherplaces,orasprisonersofwar,oras“productsofquarrels”.Thissalehadbeencarriedoutwithoutanydocument,whichwaslaterwrittenbyamemberoftheSocietyofJesus.454Afterthejudicialproceedings,thefirstprosecutoroftheRoyalTreasuryoftheInquisitionofMexico,Dr.GarcíadeCarvajal,soughttopreventthereleaseofGasparandVentura,claimingthatRuiPerez’ssons,forbeingofJewishdescent,hadsubmittedfalsestatementswiththeintentofdefraudingtheInquisition.Meanwhile,RuiPerez’sformerslave,MiguelJerónimo,455alsocontestedhiscondition.Onanunspecifieddate,probablyinlate1601orearly1602(hewas24yearsoldatthetime),456thisJapanesedeniedhisslavestatusclaimingthatafterthearrestofhismasterhetraveledtoAcapulcoasaservantandnotasaslave.BeingdeliveredtoMartinBirviescaRoldan,receiveroftheHolyOfficeinMexico,theJapaneseMiguelJerónimoservedRoldanforfouryears,twoyearslongerthanthecontractobligation.457MiguelJerónimothenaskedtobereleased.Asthereisnootherdocumentattachedtothisprocess,IbelievethatheprobablydiedorremainedasoneofRoldan’sslaves.AsfortheotherJapanese,aftertheintroductionofasecondlawsuitbytheJapaneseGasparFernandesagainsttheTreasuryprosecutor,458datedJune5,1604,the454AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fls.266-267.455AGN,Indif.Virreinal,caja6596,exp.138.456Mostlikelyhewasbornin1577.IfwelookatthelistofRuiPerez’sassetsheismentionedasbeing20yearsold.AGN,Inquisición,vol.237,fl.467.457Giventhisinformation,Ithenassumethatthisdocumentwascarriedoutinlate1601orearly1602.ItisalsopossibletoverifythatMiguelJerónimohadsoldhisservicestoRuiPerezbetweenlate1594andearly1595.458JuanPerez.
  • 149Part1/Chapter5MemoryAndFreedom:TheAmericasreceiveroftheHolyOffice,MartinRoldanBirviesca,decidedtoliberatenotonlyGasparFernandesbutalsotheJapaneseVenturawhohadalsoservedRuiPerezunderthesameconditions.Asafinalresolution,theInquisitiondeliberatedthatGasparFernandesandVenturashouldbehandedovertoRuiPerez’ssons.However,neitherAntónioRodriguesnorManuelFernandeswerepresentthemselvesatthefinaldeliberationoftheInquisition.Mostlikely,asJudeo-conversostheywereafraidofbeingarrestedandaccusedofJudaism.459Nevertheless,theywereinstrumentalinthereleaseoftwoJapaneseslavesinMexico.Withouttheirfundingandcoordinationsuchataskwouldhavebeenalmostimpossibletoachieve.BothGasparFernandesandVenturaspenttherestoftheirlivesinMexicoorelsewhere,yetasfreemen.AsforRuiPerez’ssons,perhapstheystartedanewlife,changedtheirnamesandidentities,soughttopreservethefreedomthathadcostsomuchtotheirfamily.459AGN,RealFiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fl.270v.
  • 150TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)ConclusionRecenthistoriographyhasshortenedthegapbetweenthePortuguesepresenceintheworldandtheJewishDiasporabymakingvisiblethelinkbetweenthem.Atthesametimethough,byfocusingmorespecificallyonthesecommunities,scholarshavebeenstudyingthedifferentdynamicsbetweenDiasporicfamilieswithtransnationalcharacteristics,aswellasthesocial,economic,andreligiousdynamicsamongJudeo-conversosintheircountriesoforiginwiththeirfamilymembersabroad.AsIhavedemonstratedinthecourseofthisbook,theJudeo-ConversoDiasporaismarkedbytraumaticexperiencesofpersecution,death,escape,anddispersion.However,itisinthisexilethatmanymembersrebuilttheirsocialtiesorintensifiedtheirsocialandeconomicrelations.ContrarytowhathadhappenedinAmsterdam—wherethepresenceofIberianJudeo-Conversoswascharacterizedbythereturntothereligionoftheirancestors(Judaism)—themercantileDiasporaintheFarEast,despitethefailedattempttobuildasynagogueinMacau,didnotreturntoJudaism.InthisregionoftheFarEasttheJudeo-conversosfacedmobilityanddispersal.TheseSephardiccommunitiesintheperipheryoftheIberianemperies,composedofindividualsfromdifferentsocialbackgrounds,separatedfromtheirfamiliesandcountriesoforigin,sharedthesamespaceofexileandfacedthesamechallengesofsurvival.ThetraditionallycontroversialpresenceofJudeo-conversosinMacau—peopleindictedininquisitorialprocesses,fugitivesfromprison,andautos-da-fé,bypassingvisitationswiththeconnivanceofpriests—affectedtheproceduresoftheInquisitioninGoawhenthelatter“visited”Macau.TheInquisitionhadtoinspectthisregion,yetwithoutjeopardizingtheintricaterelationshipbetweenthelocalPortugueseandtheChineseMandarins.ItwasthroughtheHeadCaptainofthecityandtheOuvidor(judicialmagistrate)thattheInquisitioneventuallyfoundthemeanstofinallyattacktheJudeo-conversocommunitylivinginMacau.TheapparentsafetyofMacauwasofshortduration.IntheEast,thecohabitationofthedescendantsoftheJewswithChristiansendangeredthelifeoftheformer.Easy
  • 151Conclusiontargetsofdenunciations,thereturntoGoaortoMexico,wouldrepresentforJudeo-conversos,intheworstcases,death,inthebestcases,confiscationofallassetsandpersecutionoftheremainingfamilymembers.However,theseperipheralcommunities,forthemostpartconsistingofpeoplewhoforvariousreasonswantedtoescapefromthepoliticalandjudicialcontroloftheLuso-Spanishcrown,adoptedformulasofmutualassistanceandextraordinarycollaboration.AnotherimportantaspectthatthedocumentsforthisperiodshowisthattheJudeo-conversocommunityinthisregionorganizeditsnetworksusingascommercialagentsfamilymembersbutalsoagentswithoutJewishancestry.Theabove-mentionedcommunitiesalsocannotbecharacterizedasharmoniousandcohesive.CaseslikethePerezfamilyshowexactlytheopposite.Judeo-conversocommunitiesinMacauandNagasakidistancedthemselvesfromthePerezfamilyandtheultimateaidcamefromChristiansasHeadCaptainofMacauJerónimoPereiraortheambassadorofthePhilippines,PedroGonzálezCarvajal,bothPortugueseandwithnoknownJewishbackground.TheSocietyofJesusalsoplayedaveryimportantroleinprotectingtheJudeo-conversosintheregionandinparticularthePerezfamily.ItisthankstotheRectoroftheSocietyofJesus,AntónioLopes,thatPerezwasabletofleetoHiradowithoutbeingpursued.Ironicallyenough,someelementsoftheSephardiccommunityofNagasaki—e.g.,FranciscoRodriguesandManuelPintoRodrigues—collaboratedwiththebishopandwiththeInquisitionofMexico.ThesedocumentsdemonstratethattheromanticizedideaoftheDiasporaasanendogamouscommunity,featuringcommercialcooperationbasedonanideaofJewishnessisnotverifiableintheFarEast,oratleastinthecaseofRuiPerez.Itshouldalsobenotedthatthemorphologyofthesecommunitieswasverydistinct.WecanconcludethenthatinthecaseofMacauthereweretwocommunities:onepermanentandoneitinerant.Firstly,thedocumentarysourcespointtotheexistenceofafirstcommunityofSephardicoriginestablishedinthefirstdecadesofMacau’sfoundation.Secondly,thiscommunity,unreachablebytheInquisitionofGoa,wasgraduallybeingdiscoveredbyrunawayJudeo-conversos,escapingfromtheInquisitionandseekingshelterinMacau.ThispermanentcommunitycanbeverifiedthroughtheexampleofManuelTeixeira’sfamily.ThecaptureofFranciscaTeixeiraand,yearslater,ofhersisterLeonordaFonseca,revealsaJewishpresenceofseveralgenerationsinMacau.
  • 152TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Asfortheitinerantcommunity,thecaseofRuiPerezfamilyiscrucialforunderstandingitsdynamics.EssentiallycomposedoffugitiveJudeo-conversomerchantsfromIndia,theAmericas,andthePhilippines,thiscommunityfoundinMacau,aswellasinNagasaki,importantplacesoftemporaryrefuge.AsfortheManilaJudeo-conversocommunityitconsistedofanitinerantcommunityand,atleastinthelatesixteenthcentury,thiscitydidnothaveapermanentandwell-establishedSephardiccommunity.SimilarlytowhathappenedinMacau,theitinerantSephardiccommunityinthePhilippineswascomposedofmerchantsthatcamethroughthemaritimecommercialroutesoftheIndianandPacificoceansandlivedinthisareaforshortperiodsoftime.ThecaseofNagasakialsodeservestobementionedherebecauseofitsextraordinaryconfiguration.Investigationcarriedoutonsomeofthemostimportantinhabitantsofthecityin1601andsenttoMexicoin1602,demonstratestheexistenceofsomemerchantsofJewishoriginwhohadbeenlivinginthecityforseveraldecades.ThisinquiryisalsophysicalevidenceofJewishpresenceinNagasakianditscollaborationwiththeSocietyofJesus,particularlythroughthemerchantsFranciscoRodriguesandManuelPintoRodrigues.TheseandotherdocumentsconfirmtheexistenceofapermanentJudeo-conversocommunitylivinginthecity.Unfortunately,duetotheprecariousnatureofthispresence,dependentonsocial,economic,andpoliticalcontexts—notablytheGoaandMexicoInquisitions—secrecywastheonlyviablewaytoensuretheirsurvival.Asaresult,weareabletohaveonlyaglimpseofthesocialandcommercialrealityofthesecommunitiesinChina,Japan,andthePhilippines.Nevertheless,RuiPerezisanexceptionalcaseofaJudeo-conversoswho,beingextremelyfamous,couldnotescapefromtheclutchesoftheInquisition.ThroughhimwewereabletocatchaglimpseatthedailylifeandchallengesoftheJudeo-conversosinMacau,Nagasaki,andManilainthesixteenthcentury,somethinguniqueandhithertounknown.AlsoextremelyimportantisthepositivemessagethattheirlivesandtheiroffspringlefttoHistory.ThestrugglefortheliberationoftheJapaneseGasparFernandesandVentura,illegallyconvertedintoslavesisinspiring.Riskingtheirownlives,thesebrothersfinancedtwolegalprocessesagainsttheMexicanInquisitionthatstartedin1599onlytoconcludein1604,whentheJapanesewerefinallyfreed.
  • 153ChronologyOfEventsChronologyofEvents1530-40-RuiPerezisborninViseu.DuringhislifehealsousedthenameRuiRodrigues.1571-ThefirstsonofRuiPereznamedAntónioRodriguesisborninViseu.AntónioRodriguesalsousedtwofictitiousnames:FranciscoRodriguesandJoãoRodrigues.1575-ThesecondsonofRuiPereznamedManuelFernandesisborninViseu.ManuelFernandesalsousedthefictitiousnameLuisRodrigues.1580-84-RuiPereztravelsfromLisbontoGoa.HeispersecutedbytheInquisition.1585-RuiPerezfleestoCochin.HeispersecutedbytheInquisition.1586-RuiPerezfleestoMalacca.HeispersecutedbytheGovernorofMalacca,DomJoãodaSilva.1587-RuiPerezfleestoMacau.HeispersecutedbytheCaptainJoãoGomesFayoandtheBishopLeonardodeSá.HissonAntónioRodriguesisarrestedontheordersoftheBishopbutmanagestoescapetoNagasaki.InNagasakiAntónioRodriguesbecomesknownasFranciscoRodriguesandasJoãoRodrigues.1588-RuiPerezandhissonManuelFernandesfleetoNagasaki.InNagasaki,ManuelFernandesusesthefictitiousnameLouisRodrigues.1590-91-AntónioRodrigues(FranciscoRodrigues,JoãoRodrigues)startslivinginManila.1591-92-TheHeadCaptainofMacau(RoquedeMelo)arrivesinNagasakiandchasesthePerezfamily.RuiPerezandManuelFernandes(LuisRodrigues)fleetoManila.1592-97-ThePerezfamilylivesinManilausingdifferentidentities.1595-AntónioRodrigues(FranciscoRodrigues,JoãoRodrigues)travelstoAcapulco.1597-RuiPerezisarrestedbytheInquisitionandissenttoMexico.
  • 154TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)InNovember29,1597,RuiPerezdiesaboardthegalleonNuestraSeñoradelRosario.1599-AntónioRodrigues(FranciscoRodrigues,JoãoRodrigues)meetsbychancetheJapaneseservantGasparFernandesinMexicoCity.1599-1604–UponhearingofthetragedyofGasparandthetwootherJapaneseservants(VenturaandMiguelJerónimo)whohadbeendeliveredtotheHolyOfficeandwereforcedintoslavery,thetwosonsofRuiPerezopenthreejudicialprocessesagainsttheInquisitionandrisktheirlivestofreethem.1604-TheMexicanInquisitionreleasestheJapaneseGasparFernandesandVenturaJapón.
  • Part2
  • DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)
  • 159Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)Document1Document:RuiPerez’sDeathReport.Archive:ArchivoGeneraldelaNación,Inquisición,vol.237,fls.436-442v.Originaltitle:TestimoniodelamortedeRuiPerez.Document2Document:TestimonyandComplaintagainstRuiPeres,Portuguese,JewishSuspect,Manila.Archive:ArchivoGeneraldelaNación,Inquisición,vol.237,fls.443-477.Originaltitle:TestemonioydenunciacontraRuyPeres,português,sospechosodejudio,Manila.Document3Document:GasparFernandes,fromJapan,againsttheProsecutoroftheTreasuryfortheAssetsSeizedinManilatothePortugueseRuiPerez,Deceased.Archive:ArchivoGeneraldelaNación,RealfiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fls.262-271.
  • 160TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Originaltitle:GasparFernandez,originariodejapon,contraelprocuradordelrealfiscoporlosbienessecuestradosenmanilaalportugues,ruyperez,difunto.Document4Document:LetterfromtheFirstBishopofJapantotheMexicanInquisition,December8,1601.Archive:ArchivoGeneraldelaNación,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fls.80.Originaltitle:Diligenciasdelobispodelxapon(japon)contraruipoysushijos,portuguesessospechososdejudios.RemarksInthistranscription,theeditorshaveendeavoredtokeeptheoriginalstyleandappearanceofthemanuscriptsanddocumentsandmaintaintheoriginalspellings,buttheyhavemadeanumberofalterationsforthesakeofconsistency.Thefollowingeditorialconventionshavebeenapplied.1.TheeditorshavefollowedcurrentPortugueseandSpanishstandardsregardingpunctuation.2.Asarule,theeditorsfilledintheabbreviationandendeavoredtoavoidomissionofletters.3.Changesoffoliopageinthemanuscriptsandthedocumentsareindicatedatthebeginningofeachnewpagewithauniformmarksuchas[fol.39].4.Themark[sic]meansthattheprecedingwordseemstobemistaken,doubtful,dark,orisameaninglessrepetition;yet,ithasbeentranscribedasitis.5.Theeditorshavetranscribedtheoriginalspellingofallwords.
  • 161Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)Document1Document:RuiPerez’sDeathReport.Archive:ArchivoGeneraldelaNación,Inquisición,vol.237,fls.436-442v.Originaltitle:TestimoniodelamortedeRuiPerez.[fol.436]R.da[recibida]en9deDiziembre1597DelComisariodeAcapulcoEscrivecomomurieronManuelFarias,yRuiPerezquevenianpressosdesdeManila,yembiaimbentariodeloquetrayanconsigo.EntroenestepuertoelnavíoAlmirantaNuestraSeñoradeelRosarioayerprimerodestemesypareçequedospresosquevenianenelporelSantoOfficiomurieronunoentrelasyslasphilipinasyoutrodosdiasantesdeentrarenestepuerto,llamanseelunoManuelFariasyelotroRuiPerezhiçoseynventariodeloquecadaunoteniacuyamemoriavaconestaparaqueVuestraSeñoriaordeneloquesedevahaçerymelomande,diçemeelmaestrequesellamaPedroSedilquetraetresJaponesyunnegro,yquelosentregaraluegoyCobredeellospliegosparaVuestraSeñoriayelundiçetraiaaparteenconfiançalevalosestecorreo.EnoutraaviseydiaVuestraSeñoriaquentacomolajustiziayofficialesrealeshacenprimerolavisitadelasnaos,sinembargodeaverlesdichoqueVuestraSeñoriamehamandado,lahagayoensunombreymostradoleselcapitulodelainstruçionquetratadeellovanlocontinuandoaunyaindaantesqueentreelnavioenbianbatel
  • 162TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)enpareçiendoasaberquienesysuelentraercartaslosquevan,peroquandoyoloheentendidomandoalosquevanconpenaquenoentrenenelnavio,nisaquenpapelesnicartashastaqueyovisite.Mascomonotodasveçesloveoquandoenbian,alabueltaquelosehemostradomohinodeelloydichoseloquenosesufra.ConformeaestoenpasamandaraVuestraSeñorialoquefuereprovidoyparadespacharestosesclavosylosgastosquehacendedondesejacaxaeldinero,quecomonotengoenestoordendeloqueenelcasopresentedevahaçervoymedetiniendo.FrJoandeSanPablomártirmeescrivioenestenavioqueconbrevedaddespacheaManuelGildelaGuardia,nomehasidoposiblehastaagora,porquenohehalladomulasquetornarparaelloyoloprocuroyqueseanconbrevedad.——————[fol.437]EnotramiadarerelacionaVuestraMercedesdeloqueenestanaoNuestraSeñoradelRrosarioavracomocapitanymaestredellayaconsideraçiondenoaverllegadorrespetodenoaverydoalpuertodeacapulco.Lapersonaquelallevavabuelboarreferirenestaloqueenlaotraycosasdenuevoquedespuesacaaavidoysiendobrevedirequedemasdelviezoffariasqueveniapresodelasffilipinasaesasantacasaquemurió–tanvienffaleceoRruiPeressuconpanerocomopareceportestimoniosyynventariosquedesusvienessehizodelqualRruyPeressudepositárioffueManuelFfernandessuhijoquetengoporsindubdaporsercristianoyvirtuosodaráquentafieldellos.Enestanauqueentroeldiadelaffechaalas12deldianoseanmuertootrasningunaspersonasyasidoelviazéderrosasquecomjustarrasonsepodradezirelnombreydiatodoesdeMarianohazeaguaningunaycreonotraeaveriasningunasyrrespectodeaverdeyrenpersonaadarmaslargaquentadeloaVuestraMercedessequisierenynformardemyymandarmenoserelargoNuestroSeñorguardeaVuestrasMercedesfelicesanosyconserveensuSantoserviciodestanaoydediziembreprimero1597CiudaddeMexicoPedroCedildeGuarqa
  • 163Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)[fol.439]EnlanaunombradaNuestraSeñoradelRosariodelReyNuestroSeñoryendonavegandoaçiaalpuertodecapul460domingoveintediasdelmesdeJuliodenoventaysieteaños.PodrianseralasochoorasdeldiapocomasomenosanteelescrivanoytestigoelCapitanPedroÇedílmaestredeellamepidíoledieseporfeeytestimoniocomoManuelFariasespañolancianoqueybapresoenellaRemitidodelaçiudaddeManilaalosSeñoresdelSantoOfficiodelaSantaYnquisiciondeMexicoheramuertoypasadodestapresentevidadeenfermedaddeCamarasdesangrequeledioyyoeldichoescrivanodoyfeequevidealdichoFariasquelostestigosdeestetestimoniodeclararonconjuramientoenformadederechonombrarseasy.Sincepirtu[sic]deudoypagadodellaalaotraqueesunhombrecanoyaloquepareciodemasdesesentaañosyparaquedeelloconstealosdichosseñoresynquisidoresdepedimientodeldichocappitanymaestredypresenteenladichanaoeneldichodiamesyañotestigoGonçalodeHerrerayManuelFernandezyJuandeFuentesydemasmarinerosypersonasdeladichanao.Encertificaciondeloqualdyestafirmadademynombreyrubrica.JuandeLorcaElescrivano——————[fol.440]YoGonçalodeHerreraromanodelReyNuestroSeñordoyffeequeenmypresenciaydelostestigosqueaquisehazemençionvidemuertonaturalmenteysinespiritudevidaaRruyPeresportuguesviejoycanoaltodecuerpoqueveniapresoenestanaoNuestraSeñoradelRrosariodelaçiudaddeManiladelasyslasFfelipinasalSantoOfficiodelaYnquisisiondelaçiudaddeMexicodelaNuevaEspañaelqualffuearronzadoalamarcomoescostumbreconunatinazaalospiesyparaquedello460Acapulco
  • 164TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)constedepedimentodePedroÇedilcapitanymaestredeladichanao.Comopersonaquedelseentregoylollevavaasucargo&hepresenteenellasavadoveinteynuevedenobiembredenoventaysieteañossiendotestigoMiguelSanchesyAndresGarciayJorjeGarciayotrosmuchosespañoles.EncuyacertifficaçionloescrevyyhagomisignoentestimoniodeVerdadGonçalodeHerrera——————[fol.441]InventariodelosbienesdeRuiPerezportuguezpressoporelSantoOfficioquemurioenlamar,viniendoenlaNaodeVuestraSeñoriadelRosarioesteañode1597.PrimeramenteunsombrerodefeltronegroItemdiezparesdeçapatosnegrosyunospantufosUnamanteladedamascoasulaforradaentafetanmoradoviejoUnarropilladegranaconpasamanoscoloradosybotonesUnacapadeGorbarannegradeChinaQuatrojubonestresdeolandilla,yeloutrodecanequiSeysparesdemediasdemantadeChinaCrudaUnasmediasblancasdeestaminaDosparesdeGuantesviejosTresbraguerosdemantalosdosyeloutrodeyerroDosparesdecalcionesdemantatraydosblancosQuatrosabanasdemantanuevasQuatromantelesdeojodeperdizdeChinaQuinzepañuelosdemisanuebosdemantablancaDiezyochopañuelosdenarisesdelençueloymantaOnzepanosdemanosdemantadeChincheoblancaSiteCamisasdelençecuelonuebasQuatrocamissasdemantasdeChincheonuebasblancasUnacampanilladecobre
  • 165Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)Unacazueladeantejor[sic]UnoscalçonesdeZerguetapardanuebosUnaRopadedamascoasulviejaUnasobrecamadetafetanasulviejaaforradaenmantablancaUnacolchadesedaverdeyasulÇincosabanasdemantablancadeChincheoquedeclaroeldifuntoenelcodiçilioserdesuhijoQuatrocamisascomsuscuellosdefileteymanesillasquedeclaroeldifuntoserdesuhijoNuebecamisasdemantanuebascomcuellosllanosycortadosquedeclaroeldifuntoenelcodiçilioserdesuhijo——————[fol.441v.]UnacajagrandedemaderaTrezecamisasdemantaydelençueloyraydasQuatrosabanasdemantasdeChincheoviejasQuatrozubonesdemantaviejosÇincocalsonesdemantaviejosDosmantelesviejosdemantaTresparesdemediasdemantaviejasUnaRopilladezerguetapardanuebaUnatinazagrandeconsullaveytapadezaDieztinasasdeBorney,ytresdesangleysDosalmoadasviejasdemantallenasdelanaDepositaronseestosbienesenManuelFernandezHijodeldichodifunto——————
  • 166TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)[fol.442]YnventariodelosbienesdeManuelFariasdifunctopressoporelSantoOfficioenlanauNuestraSeñoradelRosarioquemurioenlamaresteAñode1597Primeramentequatroparesdemediasdesedacortas,lasdosasules,lasdosmoradasensuspapelesliadas/lavradas[sic]OtrasmediasdealgodonblancasOtrasdeloproprionuebasOnzecuelloscomsuspuñosdecanequiordinariosrayadosQuatrocuellosnuebosydosprinetessueltosdecanequitodosconsuspuñetesNuebepañuelosdenarisestraidosdemantadeChinaSietecamissassincuellostraidasdemantaTresparesdecalçonesdelopropriotraidosSeissabanasdemantalabadacomsusrondillasUnasobrecamapespuntadasinaforrotraidaDoszubonesdemantanueboselunollanoyeloutropespuntadoQuatropañuelosdenarisesdemantanuebosllanosconsubaynicaOtrosquatrotraidosdemantaQuinzeparesdeescarpinesdemantaviejosTrespanosdetocardemantatraidosUnoscalçonesyrropillademantadelJaponcomunafazuelabareteadadeazulyblancoUnoscalçonesderasodeChinanegrossinguarniçionOtrostraídosdelomismoDoszubonesdemantablancosyviejosElunosinmangasyeloutroconmangasderasoviejasDosrropillasderasonegroviejasUnzubondetafetannegroviejoUnacapadetafetannegraviejaDosmantasdeylocosQuatroparesdeçapatosnegros
  • 167Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)UnaschinelasnegrasUnferrorueloconsuropilla,vieja,pardaagujeradoderatonesDosparesdemediaslasunasmoradasylasotraspresadas,viejasUnsombrerodefeltronegroUnastizerasdecosturaviejasUnpocodehyloblancodeChinaUnamonterademontadelJaponviejasDepositaronestosbienesenPedroÇedilcapitanymaestredeladichanaudelRosario
  • 168TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Content:NameNationalityAgeProfessionPlaceDiegodeCastañiedaFranciscoRobertoRodriguezThomeJapon(Valdes)GonçaloGonzalezJusepeXimenezHospitalofSaintGabriel,ManilaHospitalofSaintGabriel,ManilaHospitalofSaintGabriel,ManilaMexicocityHospitalofSaintGabriel,Manila?HospitalofSaintGabriel,ManilaChinese?CambodiaGujarat(India)Japanese(Nagasaki)PanaMedinadelCampo24Friar32Freeman30Freeman21Slave20Slave30Mechant?Document2Document:TestimonyandComplaintagainstRuiPeres,Portuguese,JewishSuspect,Manila.Archive:ArchivoGeneraldelaNación,Inquisición,Vol.237,fls.443-477.Originaltitle:TestemonioydenunciacontraRuyPeres,português,sospechosodejudio,Manila.GasparJaponAndréGonçalvesdeAcostaPabloVascoDiasJapanesePortuguese(Lisbon)India,Bangladesh(Bengala)Portuguese(Algarve)20Slave(servant)33Merchant30Slave36CaptainHospitalofSaintGabriel,Manila?MonasteryofSaintDominic,ManilaManilaManila
  • 169Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)PeroFranciscoBartolomeuJorgePerodeSolisGasparPabloGarcêsManuelLuísDiegoHernandezGildelCarpioMigueldeSacayJuanMaldonadoLorençodeFigueroaPabloGarcês(secondtime)ManuelLuís(secondtime)ManuelFernandesDiegoBocanegraManuelFernandes(secondtime)Portuguese(Almada)Portuguese(Vera,nearLisbon)AsturianKoreanMacanesePortuguese(Porto)Chinese(Canton)ViladeTorritos??SpanishSpanishMacanesePortuguese(Porto)PortugueseSpanishPortuguese?Merchant?41Merchant26Soldier18Slave25Merchant?55Merchant37Merchant?30Merchant40MerchantOfficialoftheHoly45Inquisition40Merchant,Noble25Captain55MerchantMerchantMerchantMerchantManilaManilaManilaManilaManilaManilaManilaManilaManilaManilaMonasteryofSaintDominic,ManilaManilaManilaManilaManilaManilaManila(cont.)RuiPerez(firsttime)ManuelFernandes(thirdtime)RuiPerez(secondtime)ManuelFernandes(forthtime)PortuguesePortuguesePortuguesePortugueseMerchantMerchantMerchantMerchantManilaManilaManilaManila
  • 170TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)[fol.443]EnMexicoen9dediciembrede1597DelComisariodeManilaRuiPerezsospechossojudioEnelospitaldeSanGabrieldelaçiudaddeManilaennuevedeseptiembredemyllequinientosenoventayseisañosantepadrefrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelSantoOficio.PareçiounrreligiossoquedixollamarsefrayDiegodeCastañiedayesnaturaldeosunaenlosReynosdeCastillaydeedaddeveinteequatroañosydixoquebieneadarciertadelaçionyporquela[sic]eldichoReligiossoelpadrecomyssariotomoereçiviojuramentoenformadebidadederechopornosersacerdotepordiosNuestroSeñoreporlaseñaldelacruzyprometiodedezirverdadedixoQueloquebieneadeclararpordescargodesuconçiençiaesqueaestedeclaranteaviaochoonuevediaspocomasomenosqueestandoenelcorodeSantoDomingodeestaciudadFranciscoesclavomusicodelaconfrariadelRosariodixoaestedeclarantequeestaçiudadconoçioelauncompañerosuyoqueeldixoquelconoçiounapersonaqueestavaenestaciudadqueenmacaneenlayndialoquisieronprenderporjudaizante.YquesehuyodeallyyaportoaMalacadondeporlomysmolequisieronprenderelcapitanmayorysabidoporelsehuyoybinoaestaçiudad,dondeesta————Yestoquetinedichoeslaverdadenossaveotracosa.EncargoseleelsecretosopenadeexcomunyonmayoreprometioloFrayJuanMaldonado.FrayDiegodeCastañedaantemyBenitodemendiola.EnelospitaldeSangavrieldestaçiudaddeManilaenveynteeundiasdelmesdeotubredemyllequinientosenoventayseisañoseldichopadrecomysariohizoparecerantessiaFrancisconaturaldesundaquedixonotieneotronombreyesmusicodelacofrariadelrrosariodestaciudadydelsetomojuramentoenformadederechoyprometiodedecirverdadylefuepreguntadolosiguiente.
  • 171Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)PreguntadosisaveosospechaporqueasidollamadodixoquetieneporçiertoqueesllamadoparadeclararaçercadeçiertascossasquedixoalpadrefraiDiegodeCastañedapresentealsantooficioyqueloqueeldixoesqueunhombreaviaenlaçiudadquenosavecomosellamabiejoqueleparecedesetentaañosdelqualtestigoleoyodeciraunportuguêsquesefueaelmalucoyquenossavesunombrequeporcristianonuevoquejudaizavaleavianqueridoprenderenlayndiaesehuyodealliamacanydemacansuspecholequerian————[fol.444]prenderesehuyoaxaponydexaponsebinoaquyyquedestopodrandeclararaDiegoGonçalezaloqueestenidosospecho.UnportuguêstuertodeunojoyunynoçencioFranciscoqueestaencasadeDiegoFernandezVitoriayquetanbienoyoetestigoloquetienedichoaynoçençioFranciscoelqualledixoaeltestigoqueeradequatrocostadosjudioyqueestavajuntoalfuegoyqueseaviabenidohuyendodelayndiapormyedodels.tooficioyestoquetienedichoeslaverdadylofirmoyesverdad.Porsuaspetodetreyntaaños.Digoquenosupofirmar.Mandoseleguardarsecretosopena.FrayJuanMaldonadoantemyBenitodemendiola.EnladichaçiudaddeManilaeneldichoospitalveinteyseisdeotubredemyllequinientosenoventayseisañoseldichopadrecomisariohizoparecerantesiaunhonbrequeldixollamarseynoçençioFranciscoynaturaldeCambayaypersonalibreydeedaddetryntaedosañospoçomasoumenosydelfuerreçevidojuramentoenformadederechopordioseporSantaMariaeporloseñaldelacruzenformadevidadederechoylefuepreguntadoydixolosiguiente.Preguntadosisavesospechaentiendeparaqueayasidollamadodixoquesospechaquesllamadoparaquedeponga————
  • 172TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)loquesavedeunrruiperezviejoportuguêselqualestetestigooyoenmacanpublicamenteyenxaponamuchosportuguesesqueerajudioeportalloteniantodosesedixocommunmentequeseaviahuidoaxaponporquenoleprendiesenydexaponoyodezirestetestigoamunchosquebinierondealliyajaponesqueseaviavenidoaestaçiudadporqueenxaponnoloprendiesenyquandoestetestigoleenquentranoleconoçeporoutrononbreporqueportaljudioletienentodosyestoquetienedichoeslaverdadyloquesaveenooutracossayquedestopodradeponerManuelLuisyaDiegoGonçalezportuguesesyquetienedosesclavosunobengalaayoutrojaponladinosyloquetienedichoeslaverdadyfirmolodesumanoyencargoseleelsecretoconpenadeexcomunionydedozientospesos.FraiJuanMaldonado,ynoçençioFranciscoantemyBenitodeMendiola.EnladichaCiudaddeManilaenloospitaldeSanGabrieldellaaveynteyseisdeotubredemillyquinientosenoventayseisañoseldichopadrecomyssariohizopareçerantesiaunhombrequedixollamarsseRovertoRodriguezyserdenaçionGusarate————[fol.445]librealpresenteesclavoquefueenJapondeFranciscoRrodriguezPintoydeedadnosupodeponerpareçiodesuaspetodetreintaañospocomasomenosydelfuerreçibidojuramentoenformadevidadederechoprometiodedezirverdadylefuepreguntadolosiguiente.Preguntadosisaveentiendeesospechaparaqueasidollamadodixoquealgunasvezesconcalenturaadichodiopareceporestarsinjuízoconellaytemequepodraaaberdichoalgunacosasinquefuesesuboluntaddezirlaylepesaypidemysericordia.PreguntadosiestetestigoavidoesavidoquealgunapersonaaffechoedichocosacontranuestrasantafeecatólicayleyebangelicaquetienepedricayenseñacreianuestrasantamadreyglesiaromanadixoqueseacuerdaeltestigoqueabraquatroañospocomasomenosqueunhombreportuguêsbiejoquesellamaRuiPerezlebioeste
  • 173Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)testigopasarjuntoaunacruzynosequitoelbonetedequeseescandalizoestetestigoydixoquesucoraçonesjudioparaloqualtomoestetestigoelasiondeavercidodichoamunchoequeerajudioyerapublicoenotorioentrelosportuguesesqueerajudioyqueporserjudioyquehaziacomojudiosehuyodemacanaxaponydexaponsefueafirandohuyendoporqueloquerianprenderydeally————SebinoaestaçiudaddondeestayhuyosedelampasaqueaeldichofirandoquandofueavalandoderroquedeMeloporqueentendioqueenlanaoiriannuevasdesuscossasytenyoleprenderianyqueltestigooyoauncriadodeeldichpRuiPerezllamadoPabloquequomonocomiacarnedepuercoycomiacaveçasdecaravaoydebaca.PreguntadodequenaçioneseldichomoçoPabloyseesesclavoysiestaagoraensucasaeenestaçiudaddixoqueesdenaçionbengalayesesclavoyfuequeestaensucassaporsercozineroyquetambienunsucriadocanbozaquenotienedientesllamadoCharondeziaqueserviaatresjudiosaldichoRuiPerezydoshijosyqueloquedichotieneeslaverdadporeljuramentoquetieneffechoynosupofirmarencargoseleelsecretosopenadeescomunionmayorydedozientospesosyqueserácastigado.FrayJuanMaldonado,antemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlayglesianuestraSeñoradelaPurificaçiondotrinadelossangleysesdelpúblicoaveinteydosdeabrildemyllequynientosynoventaysieteañosparecio————[fol.446]enlaçiudaddeMexicoViernesveinteytresdiasdelmesdehenerodemillyquinientosynoventayolchoañoscitandoloensuaudienciadelatardeelSeñorInquisidorlicenciadoDonAlonssodePeraltaentroenelladesuvoluntadsinserllamadounhombrequedixollamarseThomedenaçionJaponnaturaldeLangaçaque
  • 174TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)quesirveenestaçiudaddeMéxico.AClementedeValdezqueviveenlacalledeSantAgustinyqueeldichoThomevinodelasyslasphilipinasabradosañosenserviciodelcapitanAnthonioensualcouadelqualfuereçevidojuramentoenformadevidadederechosocargodeloqualprometiodedezirverdadyquesdehedaddeveinteyunanospocomasomenosydixoquepordescargodesuconciençiavieneadezirymanifestarqueabratresdiasquetopoenestaciudadenlaplaçadellaenunatiendadeAlonssoMartinaFranciscoRrodriguez,hijodeRruíPerez,portugues,queandichoaestemurioenlamarenelnaviodelrrosarioyviniendodephilipinaselañopassadodenoventaysiete.AlqualdichoFranciscoRrodriguezyaldichorruiperezsupadretieneesteporjudíosporqueenelJaponlosconoçioenladichaçiudaddeLangaçaquedondeesteesnaturalybioquetodoslosdelaçiudadlosllamavandejudiosytenianportalesassiJaponescomoportuguesesyassiandabansolosqueaunlosportuguessesqueenladichaçiudadhavianolosadmitianen————EnsuscassasylosmuchachosquandolostopabanenlascallesdezianabocesallabanlosjudiosloqualoyanlosdichosFranciscoRodriguezyRruiPerezyenlamismaopiniontenianaoutrohermanodeldichoFranciscoRodriguezquerresideenestaçiudaddeMéxicoybinoabratresañosdelaciudaddeManilaqueentiendesellamaLuisRrodriguesyoyodeziresteenladichaçiudaddeLangaçaquealosJaponesmercaderesquelosportuguesesqueveniandeMacanquerianllevaralosdichosRruiPerez,FranciscoRodriguesyLuisRrodriguessushijosaladichaçiudaddemacandedondeseavianbenidohuyendoparaymbiarlosalaIndiaporjudiosyqueentendiendoestolosdichosRruiPerezysushijossehuyerondeLangaçaqueaManilaenunnaviodemercaderesjaponesqueveniaaladichaçiudaddeManila.YaunquelosdichosRruiPerezyLuisRodriguezsuhijosaliandecassaysepaseavanporManilaeldichoFranciscoRodriguezestavasiempreencerradoydixeronaesteunosjaponesesclavosdeldichoRuiPerezqueestavaalpresenteencasadeMartindeBriviestaReceptordesteSantoOfficioqueeldichoRuiPereznoqueriaqueldichoFranciscoRrodriguezsaliessedecasaylosdichosJaponesdixeronaestequeldichoFranciscoRodriguezpisavalasymaginesdeNuestraSeñoraydeotrossanctosyviendoesteencasadel
  • 175Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)dichoRruiPerezenManilaqueteniaymaginesenlaprimerasaladixoalosdichosjaponespuescomopisandoFranciscoRodriguezlas————[fol.447]lasimagineslastienencolgadasquejurasselerrespondieronqueeldichosupadreheraelqueteniacolgadaslasimaginesyquequandonoestavaencasalaspisavayrrompiaeldichoFranciscoRodriguezyquenoybaamissaniestelevioyrenJaponnienPhilipinasentiempodenuebeañosquelosconoçioyqueldichoRruiPerezybaalgunasvezes.Preguntadocomosellamanlosdichosjapones,dixoquenosavecomosellamanyquetambiensabequesonjudioslosdichosRuiPerezyFranciscoRodriguezyLuisRrodriguezsushijosunnegromaçambiquegalafatequeviveenestaçiudadencasadeBaltazardergacés461PintorcuyonombrenosabeyqueestaeslaverdadparaeljuramentoquefechotieneyparaqueavenidoaestaaudiencialaqualsiendoleleydalaaproboyfirmoydixoestarvienescriptoyquenolodizeporódiosinopordescargodesuconçiençiaencargoseleelsecretoprometioloenformavaentrerenglonesdehedaddeveinteyunañospocomasomenosTomeValdesPassoantemiJuandelaParaya————[fol.448]SiendollamadoanteelpadreFraiJuanMaldonadocomyssariodelsantooficio461DeGarcês.
  • 176TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)delaYnquisiçionunhombrequedixollamarseGonçaloGonçalezcristianonaturaldelajanadelqualfuereçividojuramentoporeldichopadrecomisariohaviendolesidopreguntadosisabeporloqueasidollamado.DixoquealoqueentiendeysospechaasidollamadoparaquedeclareacercadeRuiPerezportuguesquealpresenteresideenestaçiudadporqueJosepeXimenezamodeltestigoledixovinieseadeclararytestificaranteeldichopadrecomysarioalgunascossasquesavedeldichoRuiPerezanteesteSantoOfficiodelaynquisiçionedixoqueloqueacercadeldichoRuiPerezsabeesqueabrasieteañospocomasomenosqueestandoestetestigoenlaçiudaddemacanelovidorGonçalezdeladichaçiudadpretendioprenderaldichoRuiPerezatitulodequeerajudioloqualsavidoporelsussodichosehuyodelaçiudadalJapondeloqualubopublicabozyfamayfueatodosmuynotorioydespuesdeydoaxaponresidiendoenlaçiudaddelangasaqueelcapitanmayorRoquedeMelolopretendioprenderporlamesmacausaparaenbiarloaGoaybenidoanoticiadeldichoRuiPerezsemetiounanocheenelnavio————dePedroGonçalezembaxadorquefuedestayslasalrreynodelxaponyeldichonaviosebinoaestaçiudad.TodoloqualsaveestetestigoporquePabloBenpaeresclavodeldichoRuiPerezselodixoaltestigo.Preguntadosiaoidodeciraoutrapersonaalgunaestoquetienedeclaradodixoqueno.PreguntadosisavequeeldichoRuiPerezhayaalgunatestimoniadejudiosqueseacontraNuestraSantaFeeCatolica.DixoqueldichoPabloVenpaeesclavodeldichoRuiPerezdixoaeltestigoabracomounasemanaquesuamonocomemantecanypuercoyquedequinzeenquinzediascompramediorealdepuercoyqueseacasoelhijodeldichoRuiPerezquesellamaManuelHernandezcomealgunpocodeldichopuercoluegologomitayeldichoRuiPereznolopruebayansilapocacarnedepuercoquecompranselacomentresesclavosqueeldichoRuiPereztiene.
  • 177Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)YquelunesymiercolesybiernesseponecamisalimpiayelsavadoenlanocheselavalospiesyquenengunaymagentieneensucasayquesiemprecomeapuertaçerradaloquartolodixoaeltestigoeldichoPabloVenpaer————[fol.449]abraochosdiasyqueestoesloquesaveporeljuramentoquetieneffechoydixoserdeedaddeveynteañosyesladinodelalenguaespanolayfuelemandadoporeldichopadrecomysarioguardasesecretodeloqueatestificadosopenadedozientosaçotesyunnaviodegalerasdixoqueloguardaraylofirmodesunombrejuntamenteconeldichopadrecomysarioJuanMaldonado,GonçaloGonçalez,antemyJuandeyloagaEnlaçiudaddeManilaenelospitaldeSanGravieldeloschinosveynteenuevedehenerodemyllequinientosenoventaysieteañosantefrayJuanMaldonadocomyssariodelSantoOfficiodelaynquisiciondestasyslaspareçiounhombrequedixollamarseJusepeXimenezyservezinodestaçiudadydeedaddetreintaañosenaturaldeMedinadelcampoedixoquepordescargodesuconçiençiabieneadeclararacercadeunnegociodesteSantoOfiçioyparasudeclaraçionfuerreçividojuramentodelenformadederechoeprometiodedecirverdadydixoloseguiente.DixoquepuedeaverdosañospocomasomenosqueunGildelCarpioespañolqueagoraestaenmyndoroencompañiadelthenyentedeallydixoaestedelatorqueaviabibidomunchotiempodindinque[sic]añosemédioconRuiPerezportuguesal————asienJaponcomoenestaciudadqueldichosuamoysushijoscomianpocasvezespuercoytanpocoqueunmessepasavaqueentodoelnoseconpravasinomedioRealdepuercoyqueManuelFernandezsuhijoqueestaaquiconelencomiendomantecapocadegordoluegologomitasicomemuchodelloyqueelquentaencastilla
  • 178TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)AntonioRodriguezcomemasyqueeltestigodondequeconoçeasuamonoleavistoaelnyalosdichossushijostenerensuaposentoymagennengunadecristonuestroredentornydesumadrenysantosnycruzyqueunaymagenquetienedestoqueesunacruzenlasquentasjamaslatraeconsigoyqueselatienemetidaenlaescrivaniayquequandotocanelaveMariasehincaderrodillaseldichoRuiPerezyquebaaquiyenXaponybaamissalosdomingosyfiestasyqueenxaponparacomerlagallinaladegollavayaquiladexaahogarasusmoçosyotraslaahogaelyquealgunossavadosselavaeldichoRuiPerezlospiesyqueldichoRuiPerezcadanochequandoseaquestapidelasquentaspordaraentenderasuscriadosquerrezaenellosperoqueluegolasechaporayperoquesuhijoManuelRodriguezreza————[fol.451]enquentasyquequandoeltermina[sic]hazeunaseñaldelasmanoscomocruzaunquenoescruzyestoqueadichoeslaverdadparaeljuramentoquetienoffechoylodixoenlenguacastellanaeportuguessaqueseentendiomuybienyencargoseleelsecretoconpenayprometiolofrayJuanMaldonadoantemyBenitodemenidolaEnlaçiudaddeManilaençincodemayodemylequinientosenoventaysieteañoseldichopadrecomysariofraiJuandeSanPablomartirhizopareçerantesiaGasparJapondeedadquedixoserdeveinteañosesclavodeRuiPerezquebibeenestaçiudadportuguêsedelfuerreçividojuramentoenformadederechoeprometiodedezirverdadysiendolepreguntadorrespondiolosiguienteYpreguntadosisaveesospechaparaquepuedeaversidollamadodixoquenossavenada.PreguntadosisaveeaoidodecirovistoalgunaspersonasayanffechoodichoalgunacosaqueseaopareçansercontranuestraSantafeecatólicaquepedricayenseñalasantamadreyglesiadeRomaequeayanjudaizadoemoraizadoeffechootrosritosdelasdichassetasdixoqueestestigoaqueestaenserviçiodesuamo
  • 179Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)nueveañosyquefueamacanconelyqueenmacanyenxaponsiempreoyoatodoslosqueconoçianasuaamodezirqueerajudioyestandoenxaponenlangasaquequesuamoledixoquelcapitanRoquedeMeloquebeniademacanloqueriaprenderporjudioyeldichoRuiPerezysushijossehuyeronparafirandoydefirandosebinoaestaçiudadyfuedoshijosManuelFernandezqueestaaquyyelotroAntonioRodriguezquesefueabradosañosaMéxicoyquesuamoRuiPerezcomepocopuercoyqueenquatrooçincomesescompropuercoyestomedioRealyansinolocomeysilotraenaquellavezgordoluego[...]ysuhijoManuelFernandezquandocomepuercoemantecaqueesmuypocasvezesluegologomitayhazeascosyquelosssavadoselpadreehijoqueestanaquitienencostumbredeponersecamysalimpiayquequandomatangallinaparacomerdexaqueltestigoysuscriadosahoguenlasgallinasparamatallasyquedesdequeconoçeestetestigoasuamoeasushijosquebibenjuntosnolesavistotenernytienennengunaymagendeCristoNuestroRedemptornydesumadrenyotrossantosnycruznengunayqueestetestigo————[fol.452]YsuscompañerosseanescandalizadosdestomuchopareçiendolesquenoesCristianoyqueelhombrenysushijospuescomolosotroscristianosnotienenymagennycruzensucasayeltestigonoleavistorezarencasasinoenyglesiaquelaansyalasfiestasydomingosysileavistorezaramuypocasvezesaloqueseacuerdaqueestoqueadichoeslaverdadeloquesaveporeldichojuramentoenqueseafirmoyseleencargoelsecretoenformayconpenaydixonosaverfirmarylodeclaroenlenguacastellanayportuguesaquesepudoentenderbienedixoqueabratresañosquesupoquesuamoRuiPerezpidioliçençiaparacomercarneenquaresmayaelpadrefraiCristovaldeSalvatierrayquelasdemasquaresmasseloavistocomeryhavertomadoliçençiayquelossavadoscomecarnesuamoybiernesnoyquesuhijoManuelFernandeznocomesavadonybiernescarnenylaquaresma.FraiJuanMaldonadoantemiBenitodeMendiola.
  • 180TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)EnlaçiudaddeManilaenelconventodeSantodomingodellaenvienteysietedemayodemylequinientosenoventaysieteañoselpadrecomysariodelsantoofficiofrayJuandeSanPablomartirmadonadosiendo————LlamadohizoparecerantesiaunhombrequedixollamarseandresgonçalezdeacostaysernaturaldelaçiudaddeLisboaenlosreinosdeespañaydeedaddetreintaytresañospocomasomenosyavientojuradoenformadevidadederechoprometiodedecirverdadyelfuepreguntadolosiguiente.Preguntadosisavesospechaoentiendeporquepuedeaversidollamadoaestetribunaldixoquenolosave.Preguntadodigaydeclaresisavequealgunaspersonasayanfechoodichoeenseñadoalgunacosaqueseaoparezcasercontranuestrasantafeecatolicayleievangelicaquetienepedricayenseñanuestrasantamadreyglesiacatolicarromanadixoquenoseaquerda.PreguntadosisaveestetestigoquealgunapersonaseayahuidodelayndiaodeotrapartepordecirqueerajudiooquelequisiesenprenderoguardaseçeremoniasdetaldixoqueloquesaveestetestigoesqueconoçioenmacanaRuiPerezportuguesquealpresenteestaenestaciudadydespuesquelobioenxaponestodicedenueveadiezañospocomasomenosyqueenmacanyenxapontodoslosdemas————[fol.453]masdelpuebloportuguesesyaunquexaponesdezianqueeldichoRuyPerezerajudioyoyodeciramunchosquetienenaestequeesjudioyenestapublicabozefamalebioteneratodosyestetestigoletuboportalyportalletieneyenelJaponoyodecirnoseacuerdaaquienqueldichoRuiPerezmatavalavezerraconçeremoniasdejudioyquenoseaquerdasilodezianburlandodelodeverasyquenossaveoutracossayquepuedeavertresoquatromesesqueestandoestetestigoenlayglesiamayordestaciudad
  • 181Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)bioentraraldichoRuiPerezcomoqueentravaaoirmisayestubomuypocotiempodesuertequefueynpusibleaverallyoidomisayaloqueseaquerdaeradiadefiestadeguardarasuparecereluegosebinoauncorrileodegentedondeestetestigoestavaypreguntandoleunaspersonasdelcorrileodixoelRuiPerezya[…]oidomissaloadoseanuestroseñoryestetestigotuboporçiertoquementiaporelpocotiempoquetardoperoestetestigoatenydoetienesospechadelqueesjudionosoloporserdenaçiondejudiosperoporconçeptoquetienedequenoguardaraleyCristianaylodichoeslaverdadyfirmoloefueleleidosuderechoedixoquenotienequeaviadizenquitardelodichoencargoseleelsecretoconpenadeescomuyonenformaederecho————quinientospesosedixologuardaria.FrayJuanMaldonado,AndresGonçalezdeAcosta,antemyBenitodemendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaenelconventodeSantoDomingodellaadozedemayodemyllequinientosenoventaysieteaños.FraiJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantooficiodestasislasfelipinasporlaautoridadapostolicaeynquisidoresapostolicosdelanuebaEspañaesusdistritosdixoqueporquantoenlasaveriguaçionesqueldichopadrecomysariobahaziendosobreserjudioyjudaizarDiegoJorgeyRuiPirez,ManuelFariasportuguesesahechoalgunasdiligençiasenlasqualesasidoneçesariosacarytraergentedecassadelossusodichossocolor[sic]dequeeranllamadosporeldotorAntoniodeMorgathenyentegeneraldestasislasconsultoryfamiliardelSantoOficioyseavistoqueconaversehechocomelrrecatopusibleyencasadeldichodotorAntoniodeMorgacontodoestodepartedelossusodichossesospechavehementequeanhechodiligenciasporsaversielsantoofiçioproçedecontraelloseporqueconvienehazerotrasmuchasdiligenciasparamayorclaridaddelcassoyensetemerquesihiziesenporeldichopadrecomysarioeconelpresentesecretoseriadarlesluzdesusospecha————
  • 182TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)[fol.454]alossusodichosydequesylosupiesenseausentarandestasyslasquelopuedenhazercomgranfaçilidadporestartanobyertoslospuertosdellasynoaverfacultadparaprendellosaunqueconstedeculpaysemejantesdelictosedelinquentesquedaríansicastigoySumagestadysurrealfiscoperderiamunchoynteresporserricosportantoporenviarlosdichosynconvenienteseldichocomysariodixoquetodoquantopuedeedederechoolugardavaedioconcediaeconçediocomysionyfacultadaldichodotorAntoniodeMorgaparaquecomoJuezsuperiordestecasoysocolordelsusodichodesuoficiopuedallamaryhazerpareçerantesyalosesclavosygentedeserviçiodecasadelossusodichosedesusvezinosootraspersonasquelepareçiereconvenirytomarlessusdichosydepusiçionesproçediendoparalasynformaçionesquesebanhaziendoparacontododaravissoyenbiarloaldichoSantoOficiodeMexicoeporesteautoassiloproveyoefirmofrayJuanMaldonadoantemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilasietedejunyodemyllequinientosenoventaysieteañoseldotorAntoniodeMorgaaçesorythenientegeneraldestasyslasporelReyNuestroSeñorenvirtuddelacomysionquetienedelpadrefraiJuanMaldonado————comysariodelsantoofiçioenestasyslashizopareceraunnegroquedizenesesclavodeRuiPerezresidenteenestaçiudaddelqualsetomoerreçiviojuramentoporDiosNuestroSeñoreporlasinaldelacruzenformadederechoysocargodelprometiodedecirverdadydixo.QuesellamaPablodecastabengalayqueesesclavocautibodeRruyPerezquealpresenteresydeenestaçiudadyqueadiezañosqueestaensuserviçiodesdeCochin,nosupodezirsuedadpareçiodetreyntaañospocomasomenosporsuaspeto.Preguntadosysaveporloqueasidollamadodixoquenossave.Preguntadosisavequealgunaoalgunaspersonasayanhechoodichoalgunacosaqueseaoparezcaqueescontranuestrasantafeecatólicaeleyevangélicaquetienepedricayenseñanuestrasantamadreyglesiaderromadixoquenolosave.Preguntadosisavequeenestaciudadofueradellaayaalgunaspersonasqueusen
  • 183Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)çirimoniasdejudiososeantenidosportallesguardandolasdichasçirimoniasosienelcomerybeberybestircomoensumododeprocederosiloaoidodecirenalgunapartedelosquea[...]————[fol.455]DixoquenolosavemasdequeestandoenelReynodeXaponencompañiadeRuiPerezsuamooyoybioquealgunosxaponesdezianquesuamoerajudioynosavelacaussaporquelodezianporqueeltestigonolebidohazercossasdejudiosyestandoennangasaqueeldichosuamoqueesenunaçiudaddexaponsesaliounanocheescondidoysefueaoutroportollamadofirandolebandosuhaziendayallyseenbarcoparaestaçiudaddeManilayalgunosjaponesdezianennangasaquequeeldichoRuiPerezsehuiaporqueerajudioyquesetemiaqueRroquedeMeloqueeraallycapitandelgaleonlequeriaprenderparalollevaralayndiayquedespuesqueestaensuserviçioleavistoquecomepuercoaunquequepoçoytanbienmantecayleavistorrezarenquentaseoirmysalosdomingosyfiestasyquetieneymagenesencasadenuestraseñorayqueestedeclarantelesirvedecozineroymatalasgallinasqueadecomersinqueelloveayalgunaslobeyestedeclarantelasmatatorciendoleslacaveçacomosematanlasdemasgallinasyquellossavadosselavalospiesenoleavistodenocheydediahazerseremoniasdejudiossinodecristianosyqueestossaveyeslaverdadporeljuramentoquehizoyen————elloseratificosiendoleleydoyseencargoelsecretoynofirmopornosaverfirmolaelthenyentegeneraldotorAntoniodeMorgaantemyEstebandeMarquinzEnlaçiudaddeManilaennuevedejunyodemyllequinientosenoventaysieteantefraiJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantooficiopareçiounhombreportuguesquesiendollamadoporeldichopadredixoquesellamaelcapitanBascoDiazynaturaldel
  • 184TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)AlgarveciudaddeFarodeedaddetreintayseisañosydelfuereçividojuramentoenformadederechoeprometiodedezirverdadysiendoleffechaslaspreguntasdixoloseguiente.Preguntadosisaveparaquepuedeaversidollamadoaestetribunaldixoquenolossave.PreguntadosisavequealgunapersonaayaffechoodichoalgunacosaqueseaoparezcasercontranuestrasantafeecatolicaeleyebangelicaquetieneypedricalasantamadreyglesiadeRomadixoqueloquesaveesqueenestaciudadestaunportuguesllamadoRuiPerezqueltestigoconoçioenxaponaelqualestetestigobidoquelosportuguesesdelxaponlotenianenposesiondejudiodenacionydezianqueseaviabenidohuyendodemacanporqueloavianqueridoprender————[fol.456]porjudioysaveeltestigoqueseentrohuidoefuetambiendelangasacafarandoydeallyaestaçiudadporqueloqueriaprenderelcapitanmorynossavelacausaporqueyestoeslavedadyfirmoloyencargoselesecretoconpenadedozientospesosyexcomunyion.FraiJuanMaldonado,BascoDiaz,antemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaendiezdeJunyidemyllequinientosynoventaysieteañosantefraiJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantooficiopareçiosiendollamadounportuguêsquedixollamarsePeroFranciscoysernaturalenAlmadadeLisboaydelfuereçividojuramentoenformadebidadederechoeelfuepreguntadolosyguiente.Preguntadosisaveosospechaporquepuedeaversydollamadodixoquenosave.PreguntadosisavequealgunapersonaayaffechoodichoalgunacosaqueseaoparezcasercontranuestrasantafeecatolicaeleyebangelicadixoqueenxaponavratresañosquebaparaquatroqueRuiPerezqueagoraestaenestaçiudadqueesunportuguesviejosehuyodelangasacparafirandoquedeallysebinoaestaciudadytodoslosportugue
  • 185Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)sesdezianpublicamentequeerajudiodenaçíonymunchosjaponesluegoquesehuyodixeronqueensucasahallaronunacaveçadebacaquedeviadeadorarenellaquelaténiaenloaltodelacasaenunrriconyestaeslaverdadylofirmoencargoselesecretoconexcomunyonpenadedozientospesos,frayJuanMaldonado,PeroFrancisco,antemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaendiezdeJunyodemylyquinientosenoventaysieteañosantefrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantooficiopareçiounportuguesquesiendollamadodixoquesellamabartolomeJorgeysernaturaldeVeras[sic]pueblojuntoaLisboaydeedaddequarentayunañosydelserreçiviojuramentoenformadederechoeprometiodecirverdadyfuepreguntadolosiguiente.Preguntadosysaveosospechaporquepuededeaversidollamadoaestetribunaldixoquenolossave.PreguntadosisavequealgunapersonaayafechoodichoalgunacosaqueseaoparezcasercontranuestraSantafeecatólicaeleyebangelicaquetienelasanta————[fol.457]MadreyglesiaderromadixoquepuedeaversieteoochoañosqueestandoestetestigoenlaçiudaddemacansupoqueestavaebidoestarenlaçiudadaRuiPerezqueesunportuguesviejoqueagoraestaenestaçiudadelqualespublicabozefamaentrelosportuguesesqueavenidohuyendodePortugalparalayndiaedezianquebeniahuyendodelaSantaInquisiçionelydoshijosydeGoasebinoamacanyeneldichotiempobinodeGoaamacanJuanGomezFayocomunacomysioneprovisionparaprendertodosloscristianosnuevosquejudaizavanprometiendolamytaddelosbienesaldenunçiadorylaoutramytadparaelfiscoyestetestigoporteneraldichoRuyPirizporjudiodenaçíondenunçiodelyporçíertabrigaqueuboenmacannoseexecutolacomysionyeldichoRuiPerezsehuyoaJaponyalliestetestigooyodeziramunchosJaponesdeLangasacdespuesquesehuyoafirandoeldichoRuiPerezparaveniraestaçiudadquehallaronensucasaunacaveçadebacaenqueadoravayestolodezian
  • 186TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)munchosjaponesylooyoadiezodozejapones.YtendeclaroenÇiamestaunfulanoGoeisqueesCristianonuevoqueundia————sacandolasynsigniasdelapasionenmacanabraochoañosonueveleoyoestetestigocadavezquesaliaautodepasionquedeziaenuntonovri|vri|vriyestetestigopreguntoalospadresquequeriadeziraquelloledixeronqueerapalabrahebreayestetestigodespuesledixeronenxaponqueriadezirmelonpêroestetestigonosavesylodeziaensignificacionJaponaohebreapareçelequemasaynoserahebreaquexaponaporqueelsusodichonoestuboenXaponyestoquetienedichoeslaverdadporelejuramentoquetieneffechoylofirmoencargoseleelsecretoconpenadeexcomunyonydozientospesos,fraiJuanMaldonado,BartolomeJorge,antemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaendiezdejunyodemilequinientosynoventaysieteañosantefrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelSantoOfiçiodelaynquisiçiondelSantoOficiopareçiounhombreydixollamarseelalferezPerodeSolisysernaturaldelprençipadodeAsturiasydeedadveinteyseisañosysiendoparaellollamadodelfuereçividojuramentoenformadederechoyprometiodedezirverdadylefuepreguntadolosiguientePreguntadosisaveosospechaporque————[fol.458]puedeaversidollamado–dixoquenolossave.Preguntadosisaveoaoidoquealgunapersonaayaffechoodichoalgunapersonaqueayffechoodichoalgunacosaqueseaoparezcacontranuestrasantafeecatolicayleyebangelicaquetienepedricayenseñanuestrasantamadreyglesiaderromadixoquepuedeavertresmesespocomasomenosqueestandoestetestigoenelpueblode
  • 187Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)462Nagasaki.langasaq462ledixoaestetestigouncorrileodeportuguesesqueallibibenentreellosAntonioGarçesdeMirandaquepuesbeniaeltestigoaManilatubiesequentaconunportuguesqueacaestavaelqualerajudioydelnaçiondejudiosyqueporhazercosasdejudioyjudaizarsehuyodelayndiaquelequerianprenderesevinoamacanequeriendoleprenderenmacansebinoaestaciudaddelangasacydelangasacReinodeXaponporqueallylecorrianylellamabandejudiosebinohuidoaestaçiudaddeManilayquemunchosdezianqueconoçianaparentessuyosysupequeloavianquemadoporjudioyledieronlosavitosyesunhombreviejoflaco,blancoderrostro,narizesgrandeypiesgrandes————yestetestigolepareçequelobioporlaplaçaabraseisdiaselsusodichoylosqueestavanenunarruedaenlaplacadixeronaestetestigocomolebieronquelomiravasospechasetieneaquiqueesteesjudioyestodalaverdadporeljuramentoquetieneffechocomescomunyonypenadeduzientospesos.YdixomasestetestigosocargodeljuramentoqueenlangasacledixeronaeltestigomunchagenteelosmasportuguesesqueenestaçiudadestaunDiegoJorgeyoutroVillalo(Vilela?)Baeslosqualeseranjudiosyconoçieronasusparientesqueerantanbienjudiosyestoeslaverdad.FraiJuanMaldonado,PerodeSolis,antemyBenitodeMendiolaEnlaçiudaddeManilaennuevedejunyodemyllequinientosenoventaysieteaños,FraiJuanMaldonadocomyssariodelsantooficiodestasyslashizoparecerantesiyenllamadoaunmoçoblancoderrostroquedixollamarseGaspardetierraCoryadeedadcomohastadiezyochoañosydelfuerreçevidojuramentoenformadederechoeprome
  • 188TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)[fol.459]tiodedezirverdadehablaportuguêsepuedeentenderloquedepone.YdixoqueeltestigosupocomoelsavadopasadoanteeleldotorAntoniodeMorgallamoaPablobengalaesclavodeRruiPerezysuamoRuiperezamodeltestigoedeldichoPabloalanochequandobinopablopreguntoasuesclavodichopabloqueesqueleavianpreguntadoyporquelellamaronyeldichopablolodixoquelepreguntaronsisuamohaziacomojudioycosasdejudioysicomiapuercoytoçinoymantecaydixotanbienquelepreguntaronsisuamoteniaymaginesensuaaposentoyeldichoRuiPerezfuealparianes[sic]ybinosobarcadocubiertoylepareçioaeltestigoquetraiaymaginesconsigoylasescondíodebaxodelacamayquelsaveestetestigoqueantesdeagoranotenyaoymageneseldichoRuiPereznyCruzensuaposentoyqueseacuerdaquesuamotraxo463unacruzdeerodixoluegoquemunchascruzesdemacanparaJaponylashizoenxaponenpedaçosconmartillosylobendioalosjaponesyquelosjaponesesdezian————estospedaçossondecruzesqueteniaalgodentroyeldichoRuiPirezdixoesverdadmasalosaquefueraydespuesqueldichonegropabloledixolosusodichoestaeldichoRuiPerezmuytristequexossoyalterado,susojosvermejosyximiendoyestaeslaverdadparaporeljuramentoquetieneffechoyqueestubohablandocomsuamomasdetresorasyeltestigoescuchandoyeldichopablotambiensequexavayxemiaconsuamoenosupofirmarencargoseleelsecreto.FrayJuanMaldonadoantemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaennuevedejunyodemyllequinientosenoventaysieteañosantefrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelSantoOfiçiodestasyslaspareçiounhombrequefuellamadoydixoquesellamaPabloGarcêsysernaturaldeMacanydeedaddeveynteecincoañosydelfuerreçividojuramentoenformadederechoy463Trajo.
  • 189Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)prometiodedezirverdadyelfuepreguntadolosiguiente.Preguntadosysavequealgunapersonaayaffechoodichoalgunacossaquesea————[fol.460]oparezcasercontranuestraSantaFeecatolicaeleyebangelicadelayglesiarromanadixoqueltestigoestandoenmacanabraçincooseisañosoyodeciramunchaspersonasqueeralamayorpartedelpuebloqueelvicaryodemacantomofiançaaunhijodeRruiPerezqueesunportuguesqueagoraviveenestaciudadporquehaziaquesupofuesedejaponamacanporquantoenpublicoqueeldichovicaryoténiaunacaussadelSantoOfiçiocontraelyeldichohijosefueaJaponenobolviomasyenxaponconoçioestetestigoaldichoRuiPerezybidoquetodoslosportuguesesyaunxaponesdelatierraaldichoRruiPerezlotenianporjudioyhuidoporjudioymormurabandelydezianmunchomallosxaponesyquedezianquehaziaobrasdejudioycomiacarnesavadoybiernesyenestaposesionestuboestetestigosiempreysabeestetestigoqueunanochesaliodeLangasaceldichoRuiPerezhuidoysefueafirandoporqueloquerianprenderparallebaramacanporjudioysebinoaestaçiudaddondeestaagoraloqualeslaverdadporeljuramentoquetieneffechoylofir————modesunombreydeclaraçionqueseleencargoelsecretoenformaypenadeduzientospesosyexcomunyonfrayJuanMaldonadoantemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaennuevedeJunyodemyllequinientosynoventaysieteantefrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantooficiohizoparecerantesysiendollamadoaunhombrequedixollamarseManuelLuís,naturaldelaçiudaddePortodeedaddecinquentaycincoañospor[...]aydelfuerreçividojuramentoenformadederechoprometiodedezirverdadylefuepreguntadolosiguiente.Preguntadosysaveosospechaporquepuedeaversydollamadoaestetribunal
  • 190TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)dixoquenolosave.PreguntadosysaveoaoidoquealgunapersonaayaffechoodichoalgunacosaqueseaoparezcasercontranuestraSantafeecatólicayleiebangelicaquetienepedricayenseñanuestrasantamadreyglesiaderromadixoqueloquesaveesqueestetestigoconoçioaRuiPerezportuguêsqueesunbiejoque————[fol.461]biveenestaçiudadenmacanabradiezañospocomasomenosyenmacanchicosegrandeslotenianporjudioydecastadejudiosydezianquiendiablolostraxo464aestaçiudadaestejudionobastalosqueacaestanyenfamadetaljudioleavisto[…]yquevéniahuyendodelfuegodelayndiaydespuesleconoçioenxaponydeallybinoaestaçiudadnossavecomoyoutracosamasdeloquedichotieneyeslaverdadporeljuramentoquetieneffechoylofirmoencargoseleelsecretoconpenadeescomunyonydedozientospesos.FraiJuanMaldonado,ManuelLuís,antemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaanuevedejunyodemyllequinientosenoventaysieteañosfrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantoofiçiohizopareçerantesyaunsangleyCristianoquedixollamarseDiegoHernandez,naturaldedeCantonydeedaddetreyntaysieteañosydelfuereçividojuramentoenformadederechoeprometiodedezirverdadysiendopreguntadoporlaspreguntasdixolosiguiente.Preguntadosisaveparaquepuedeaver————sidollamadodixoquesospechaquelellamanparadeponerloquessavedeRuiPerezportuguesqueestatenidoenestepuebloporjudioCristianonuevoyloquesaveesqueunesclavodeldichoRuiPerezquealoqueseaquerdallamaManuelyanda464Trajo.
  • 191Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)huidoquetratoeldichoRuiPerezbendelloaeltestigoundiasehuyoeldichoManualdesuamoyfueacasadestetestigoyledixoquesuamoerajudioydelayndiahuyoamacanporquenoleprendieseelsantooficioydemacanporquedezianbenianporelhuyoaxaponydelxaponhuyoaquiyquequandopasagentequelepuedeconoçerporlacalleseescondedentrodelabentanaporquenolebeanyestetestigonosupodeldichonegromuchomasdequeespublicoenotórioenestaçiudadqueesjudioyqueaoidodecirapersonasquenoseaquerdaquiensonqueldichoRuiPereztieneunhijoelqualadichoqueaunquesuponeseajudioelnoloessinoCristianoyestosaveenooutracosayfirmoloencargoselesecretoconpenadeduzientospesosyescomunyonesladinoenlenguaespañola,fraiJuanMaldonado,————[fol.462]DiegoHernandezantemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaensietedeJunyodemyllequinyentosenoventaysieteañosfrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantoOficiodestasislashizopareçerantessisendollamadoaunhombrequedixollamarsseGildelCarpioysernaturaldelavilladetorritosydeedaddemasdetreyntaañosydelfuerreçividojuramentoenformadederechoponyendolamanoenuncrucifixoeprometiodedezirverdadylefuepreguntadolosiguiente.Preguntadosisaveosospechaporquepuedeaversidollamadodixoquenosave.Preguntadosisaveoavistoooidodecirquealgunapersonaayaffechoodichoalgunacossaqueseaoparezcasercontranuestrasantafeecatólicaleyebangelicaquetienepedricayenseñanuestrasantafeecatolicarromanadixoquenoseaquerdadetal.Preguntadosiavistoquealgunaspersonasayanffechoalgunosritosoçirimoniasdelaleydemoysesodeotrassetas————dixoquepuedeaverdiezmesespocomasomenosqueestandoDiegoFernandez
  • 192TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)sangleysenlacasadestetestigoledixoestevecinodevuestramercednomequierenpagarelalquiledelacasadiziendoloporRuiPerezportuguesvecinodestetestigosonunosjudiosyelmeadichoquenorron465asupalabraytengodefazersinomelopaganquelosquemenyquepuedeavercatorzemesesquebiviendonavegandodeylocosconMigueldelAssacamarineropreguntoaeltestigodondebibiayeltestigoledixoquejuntoaRuiPerezportugues,respondioeldichoMigueldelOsacapuesestejudiosebinoporjudiohuyendodemacanaJaponydexaponaquiyestoesloquesaveylaverdadporeljuramentoquetieneffechoencargoselesecretoconpenaenformaFraiJuanMaldonado,GildelCarpio,antemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaensietedeJunyodemyllyquinientosenoventaysieteañosfrayJuanMaldonadocomyssariodelsantooficiodestasislasFilipinashizoyesllamadopareçerantesiaunhombrequedixollamarseMigueldeelSacayyser————[fol.463]naturaldelavillade[...]enteriaydeedaddequarentaañospocomasomenosyaviendojuradoenformadederechoesiendopreguntadolosyguiente.Preguntadosisavesospechaeentiendeparaquepuedeaversidollamadodixoquenolossave.PreguntadosisavequealgunapersonaayaffechoodichoalgunacossaqueseaoparezcasercontranuestrasantafeecatólicaeleyebangelicaquetienepedricayenseñalasantamadreyglesiaderromadixoqueloquesaveesqueenCibusedizequeaydoshombrescasadosdosvezesquedizenquelunoesPeroFernandezDellonyeloutrounfulanoCastilloloqualoyodecirafulanoXimenezvezinodeCibuyqueamunchoshombresquevinierondexaponenconpañiadeRruyPerezportuguesestanelenestaçiudadoyodezirqueldichoRuyPerezseaviahuidodelxaponporquelequerianllebaralayndiapresoporjudioyaversehuidodelayndiaporquelequeriaprenderelSanto465nohonran
  • 193Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)Ofiçioallaydexaponsebinoaestaçiudadentendiendoqueaquinosesaviaquieneranyleprenderianporquenoaviaynquisiçion————aquientonçesyqueestetestigoletieneyatodosavistoqueenestarepublicaletienenporjudiodenaçiondejudiosyqueunhijodeldichoRuiPerezquefuea[Nueva]españaenSanPabloyendoacavitecomestetestigotenyendoestetestigounaoleadecarnedebacaepuercoloconvidoestetestigoacomerconmaliçiaynoquisocomerconeltestigoydeapocomandoelsusodichoasarunascostillasdepuercoenuncaratrayyconvidoestetestigoacomerdelleyestetestigorindoseledixoquierevuestramercedhazerespiriençiardemysisoyjudiodixoquenoqueagorameadadoganasdecomerydeantesnolateniayestetestigonocomyocomelsinoqueestuboalamizaybidoquelepusieronlascostillasdelpuercoenlamesaysepusoamorderdeunaynolatragoylaechoaparteydixoguardaldoqueestacrudoycomiopansoloyestoesloquesaveylaverdadyfirmoloencargoseleelsecretoconpenadeduzientospesos,fraiJuanMaldonado,Migueldelosaca,antemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaenelconvento————[fol.464]deSantoDomingoaçincodejunyodemyllequinientosenoventaysieteañosfrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantoofiçiodestasislasdixoqueasunoticiaesbenidoquedespuesdelaprisiondeManuelGildelaGuardiaqueestapressopormandadodeldichosantooficioalgunosdelosqueestansospechosdejudaizantescontraquienayhechasynformaçionesandanencogidosyracatadosenformaquequandobenalgunoficialdelsantooficioseescondendelyprocuranquenolosbeanydestoydequeestastaleslesesmuyfaçildehuirzeporavermunchosnaviosparamunchaspartes
  • 194TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)queestanysalenmandosehagaynformaçíonyparaellotomoyrreçivyojuramentoenformadederechodeBenitodeMendiolanoticiadelsecretodestetestigoeofiçioyaviendoloffechoeprometidodedezirverdadysiendopreguntadoporlocontenidoarivadixoquestetestigoayerquesecontaronquatrodestepresentemesdejunyobeniaenconpaniadeIsidroSanchezdeharoaguazildesteSantoOficioporlacalledondeviveRuiPerezportuguesquebinodexaponaestaçiudadelqual————Luegoquebioaestetestigoyaldichoalguazilmayorloecharondeverqueestavaparadoasubentanayseescondiotanapriesaqueeltestigoyeldichoaguazilmayorloecharondeveryelpussosospechaqueelaysaveestetestigopormuyçiertoquequalquieraculpadoquesequierahuirdestaciudadlopodrahazercontodalafaçilidaddelmundoporlagrandisimacomodídadqueparaelloaydemunchosnaviosquecadadiaentranysalenymunchospuertoseyslasdondepuedanhuirzeainsidepoblazonyreinosdeynfielescomodeportuguesesloqualeslaverdadporeljuramentoquetieneffechoyfirmoloyquesdeedaddemasdequarentaycincoaños,fraiJuanMaldonado,BenitodeMendiola,antemyJuandeYcoasaEnlaçiudaddeManilaaonzedestemesdejunyodemyllequinyentosynoventaysieteañosfrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantooficiodestasyslasporlosynquisidoresdelanuebaespañadixoqueporquantoasunoticiaesbenidoque————[fol.465]estanochepasadaquesecontarondiezdejunyodosnaviosdexaponesqueestavansurtosenlabaiadestaciudadymandandoseporlapersonaquelosdespachanosaliesendeladichabayasinliçençiasefueronsinellaycadadialosuelenhazerylosportuguesessebansinlicenciaporlagranfaçilidadqueayyaparejoprestoenestaçiudadbayaepuertoeenlascomarcaspordondeentierradeynfieleseotraspartes
  • 195Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)nopodranserávidosporproveerencosasquemandohazeryhizolaynformaçionsiguientefrayJuanMaldonadoantemyBenitodeMendiolaEnlaçiudaddeManilaeneldichodiaencontinenteeldichocomysariotomoereçiviojuramentoenformadederechodelfatorDonLorençodeFigueroayaviendojuradoepreguntadoporelautodearivadixoqueestamañanallamoelgovernadordestasyslasaestetestigoylemandoaperçivirdosfragatasoenbarcaçionesporquefuesenporlacostaguardandoladecosariosdelamarporqueestanochepassadaseavianhuidodelabayasinliçençiadosnaviosjaponesesesospechavadelloshariandañoyestoenlaçiudadpublicoe————notoryoymassaveestetestigoquelloesmuyfaçilylohazerendiahuirsedesterioybayanaviossinliçençiayqualquierhombremalhechorsepuedeyrenqualquierdellosporlafaçilidaddepoderseyrymunchosnaviosymunchospuertoseyslasçercanasdeynfielesdondeacoherseyestaeslaverdadporeljuramentoquetieneffechoyesdeedaddequarentaañosporarivayfirmolofrayJuanMaldonadodonLorençodeFigueroaantemyBenitodeMendiola.EluegoencontinenteeldichopadrecomysariotomoereçiviojuramentodePabloGarçescapitandesunavyoydelfuereçividojuramentoenformadederechoeprometiojuramentoenformadederechoeprometiodedezirverdadepreguntadoporestacaveçadeproçesodixoqueestanocheestavaestetestigoensunavyoenlabayaybioqueestavandosnaviosjaponeshurtosenlabayaçercadelsuyoealamaneçerlebantosseestetestigodixoquefuealasnueveediezdelanochelosbidoqueseybanlebandolosdichosdosnaviosjaponesyrsealomaryhazerruído————[fol.466]comosuelenquandosequierenlebarydieronlabelaysefueronhuyendoyes
  • 196TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)publicoquesefueronsynliçençiayahoraestaproveidosoldadosygeneralquebantrasellosysaveestetestigoquequalquiernaviosdelabaiaedelriosequisierehuirsynliçençiasepuedehuiryestomyfacilmenteyqualquierdelinquentemeterseenelyhuirseamunchasyslasqueaycercadeynfielesyotrasprovinçiasyreinosdeenemygosyestaeslaverdadylofirmoyesdeedaddeveinteycincoaños,frayJuanMaldonado,PabloGarçes,antemyBenitodeMendiola.EluegoencontinenteparaladichaynformacioneldichopadrecomysariotomorereçiviojuramentodeManuelLuisestanteenestaçiudadydelreçiviojuramentoenformadederechoeprometiodedecirverdadydixoquestamañanalosjaponesdelnaviodestetestigoledixeronqueestanochealasdiezpocomasdelavayaseabianlebadodosnaviosdejaponesyhuidoseporqueselebaronsinsalomarsynhazerruidoyespublicoenotorioquebantrasellosgentequeseproveyopor[...]destasyslasestamañanaysaveestetestigoquequalquiernaviosepuedehuirdelabaya————odelrioyqualquierdelinquentesepuedeyrenlosnaviossinqueseloquitenporqueaymunchasyslasypuertosçercanosaestayslaymunchosnaviospequeñosenquealcançaralosgrandesparahuirseynosepodranaverporquesepuedenyrarreinosdeynfielesyestaeslaverdadparaelejuramentoquehizoyesdeedaddemasdecinquentaañosylofirmofraiJuanMaldonado,antemiBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaaonzedeJunyodemyllequinientosenoventaysieteañosfraiJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantooficiodestasislasaviendobistoestosautosynformaçioneiligençiasffechascontraRuiPerezportuguêsquebinoaestaçiudadhuidodeJaponyvistalaynformaçiondelosubçedidoenlahuidadeotrosportuguesessynliçençiayascondidamenteylosdichosnaviosquestanochepasadasesalieronsinliçençiaytodolodemasqueberconvinoenestacausacomaquerdoypareçerdeldotorAntoniodeMorgaconsultordelsantoofiçiodestasyslasdixoquemandavaymandosedemandardeprisioncontraeldichoRuiPirez
  • 197Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)[fol.467]ysepongapressoeabuenrecaudoelqualytodoslosbienesquesuyosfuerenhalladosypapelessellebenalsantoofiçiodelaynquisiçiondelaNuevaEspañaparairenestasprimerasnaosqueestandepartidaylosbienesqueestubierenencosasdechinaseenplenenrropayenbarquenyllevenaldichosantoofiçioyporesteautoasilomandoefirmofraiJuanMaldonadodotorMorgaantemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaaçincodestemêsdejunyodemyllequinientosenoventaysieteañosenlascasasdeRuiPirezYsidroSanchezdeHaroexecutordelsantooficioencompañiadeJuanRuizdeLoasa,AlonsoHernandez,JuanLucasdellotayenpresençademyelnotariodelsantoofiçioprendiolapersonadeldichoRuiPerezencumplimentodelmandatoqueparaellotieneydixosetubiesseporpressoporelsantoofiçioelqualdixoqueovedecirenloqueselemandavaeasiaviendoseeldichoexecutorhechocargodeldichopressoseenpeçoahazerelsacrestroenlaformasiguiente.1-Primeramenteunesclavoporañosxapondeedaddeveynteaños————[fol.467v.]2-OtroesclavoJaponporañosdeedaddev.teaños3-OtroesclavoJaponporañosdeedaddediezynueveaños4-Unataçadeplatapequeñadepie5-Unacaxaconlosiguiente:quatrobarasyterçis[sic]dettafetaparda6-UnenboltoriodeabaloriocomunletreroquedizeparaAntonioRodriguesescripto7-Unapieçadedamascoazul8-Unapieçadesinnegro9-Cincomantasdechincheo
  • 198TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)10-Unapieçadesinazul11-Quatromantasdegodosdecordonçilloydoscrudos12-Unapieçaderrasonegro13-Çincopieçasdelençocuelo14-Dospieçasdemantasangastas[sic]15-MediapieçadeCansanazul16-Unbonetedepranacolorada17-UnosCaraguelesdeçafiçira18-UnJubondem.tacruda19-Quatrocamysasdelençeçuelo20-Dozecamysasdemanta21-Unamantaamarilladelayndiaparajubons22-Trescatisdehiloblancopoçomasomenos.————[fol.468]23-Otropapelcommédiocatidehilodechina24-Otropapelcomquatromadexasdedesedamoradatorcida25-Unpedaçodecamanguiandemedialibrapocomasomenos26-Unpeinadorparaafeytar27-Trescavayasdesamuçadexapon28-Unlibrodetablascomllave29-Unacavayadedamascoviejodechina30-Unfruteropequeñodedeshiladoyres31-Quatropañitosdetapaderadegorgoreto32-Unaalmohadayahericodemantadechinadeshilada33-Unaalmohadaderredcomdosazericas34-Unpanolabradodesedamorada35-Unaalmohadalabradadesedaazul36-Unpedaçilloderasonegroyoutrodetafetan
  • 199Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)37-Uncaxotedepanoverdeguarnecidocomrassonegro38-Unatallguíleacomsietepedaçosdequesasdebada39-Otratallguileadentrodellacomsangredebada40-Unhilocomseispedrezuelasquetiranapardos41-Unpedaçillodepalocoloradoyoutro————[fol.468v.]……blancoquedizenespalodeculeber42-Unaropilladerraxacolorada43-Dosgorrasylanesasdetafetan44-Unapeçeçueladedamascocolorada45-Dosmantasy[...]deppapeldexaponblanco46-Unapieçademantaberde47-Uncapotillonegroviezo48-Ochosyaapellea[sic]defigurasdeChina49-Otroboneteviejodegrana50-Unamonteraazul51-Unamantadelençeçuelocruda52-Unataleguillacon...[sic]53-Dosrosáriosunopardoyoutronegro54-Sietemadexasdealgodon55-Unpedaçodeligaencarnadadechina56-Quatroescudillasdeboticáriodehazerpurgas57-Mediocatidehiloazul58-Cantidaddepanezillosdetinta59-SieteplatillosdeyerbadeChina60-Uneslabon61-Unamanodealmires62-Seiscucharasdeaçofaryquatronegros
  • 200TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)63-UnaCainacon...[sic]64-DieztenedoresdeChina————[fol.469]65-Trespiedrasdeestancarsangre66-Quatroramalesdequenlezillasredondasquedijesondelechecomquarentaequatroq.tas67-Unpocodepalodelaguila68-Unpapelilloconunpocodealmizquerebueltoenunpanoazul69-Cientoyçinquentayseispesosenunatalega70-Enoutrataleguillasietetostones71-Trescavosdecuchillosdepeator[sic]72-Pareçioelnegropabloeynbentariose73-Dosescopetasydoscanoneslaunasesecrestaporquelaoutraesdesuhijo74-Unbordoncomunaespadadentro75-Quatroalavardasyunchuçopequeño76-Unapetacayenellaquarentaenuevemantasdechincheo77-Otrapetacacomotrasquarentaenuevemantasdelasdichas78-Otrapetacacomdiezysietecatisdehiloyunpapelconunpocodehilomas79-Enladichapetacaquarentaeunamantas80-Uncaponçillodechinaconseislimetaslascincochiquitasylaunagrande81-Unalimetadeestaniotodoeneldichocaxon82-Otrapetacapequeñacomsietecamysasnuebasporcoser————[fol.469v.]83-Unamantadeylocos
  • 201Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)84-Unacanyllacoloradadeperçintales85-Uncolchoncitopequeño86-Cincosillaseunbanquillo87-DostinasdeBorneyyunabaçia88-Dossavanos89-Unaalmohadadeliençoazul90-Unaalmohadablancayhuazerico91-Unasobrecamadetafetanazul92-Uncaxonnelodemaderadecab.ra[sic]93-Conparbançoselanrejos94-Unliachuelodepabondecastilla95-Çincotaleguillasdelegumbres96-Quatrocajetasdeconservas97-Dosbarriletesdeaçucarrosado98-Diezynueveçestosdearrozlimpio99-Trestiboresdeazeitedecocos100-Unabotijadecastillacombinagre101-Unaboborecononzequesos102-UnapetaquiellacondosbotijasdeazeitedeCastilla103-Dosbaçiosmedianos104-Dostinajasgtandes105-QuatrotinajasdeBorneybaçias106-Quatrotinajasdesangleydebinolaunaenpecada————[fol.470]107-Çincocangas108-UnaymagendenuestraSeñoranueva109-Unalecrínaniscompapeles110-Untalegonçillocomseispesos
  • 202TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)111-UnaservasqueestarianenunaescribaniadeManuelFernandezescritoqueldichoRuiPerezdixosersuyas.YconestoquedoacavadoeldichosacrestoyyoelpresentenotáriotomeerreçivijuramentodeldichoRuiPirezelquallohizoenformadederechoaperçiviendolequenoencubravienesnengunosdeclarequeotrosbienesfueradelosynbentariadostieneenqualquierapoderocasaoquemonedaootracosalebieneporregistroeenconfiançadixoqueenpoderdeDiegoFernandezVitoriatieneseisfardoslostressuyosylostresdesuhijoManuelFernandezconpradosdelahaziendadeldichosuhijonoenbargantequetodosestandeunamarcaquelosdeldichosuhijoosonnumerosquatroyçincoyseis.YdeclaromasqueporviadelpadreAntonioLopezdelaCompañiadeJesusenelxaponlebienençientoycinquentapesosquelosdioaCristovaldeMercadomaridodedoñaFranciscadeGuzmanyporelrregistrodelgaleonSantaMargaritalebienen————otroscientoycinquentapesosquenoarrecividoyquenoseacuerdadeoutracosadepresenteyquedeloqueseacordarelodeclarara.YestandopresenteelcapitanGasparesoryodeMoyareçeptorydepositáriodelosbienesdelSantoOficiolorreçiviotodoslosdichosbienessecrestadosysehizoocargodellosporlapancadaquefueremandadoylofirmoytodoslosdemastestigosJusepeXimenezyJuandeMoya,GaspareSoryodeMoya,RuyPerez,YsidrodeHaro,JuanRuizdeYcoasa,AlonsoHernandez,antemyBenitodeMeniola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaentrezedeJunyodemyllyquinientosenoventaysietaañoselpadrefrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantooficiodestasyslasmandoaEsidrodeHaroexecutordelsantoofiçiodestasyslasqueconformealadeclaraçiondeRuiPirezpidaaDiegoFernandezVitoriaregidordestaçiudadçientoycinquentapesosqueenpartidasuyabienenporeldichoRuyPirezyeldichoexecutordixoquetraiaallylosdichosçientoycinquentapesosporqueeldichoDiegoHernandezVitoriaselosentregodeclarandolosténiadelsusodichoyasieldichopadremandoquese
  • 203Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)ponganconlosdemasqueseandeemplearysemandodarrecaudodestoaldichoDiegoHernandez————[fol.471]VitoriaparasudescargoylofirmofrayJuanMaldonadoantemyBenitodeMenidola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaencatorzedeJunyodemyllequinientosenoventaysietaañosfuellamadoanteelpadrecomysariofrayJuanMaldonadoaManuelFernandez,hijodeRruiPerez,presoparaquedeclareçercadelosbienesqueayfueradelynventarioydeclaraçiondeldichosupadreydelfuerreçividojuramentoenformadederechoeprometiodedecirverdadypreguntadoçercadetodolosusodichodixoquestedeclarantenosavequeasupadreleayavenidofueradelosecrestradoydeclaradomasdequinzepesosqueRuyLopezSalgadoletraeynoseacordosupadrededeclaralloporlanochedelsacrestroyqueestaeslaverdadporeljuramentoquetieneffechoylofirmofrayJuanMaldonado,ManuelFernandezantemyBenitodeMendiola.DeveelaRuyPireztrespesosMiguelMartinezescribanoyJuandeVillaLobosdosEnlaçiudaddeManilaentrezedestemesdeJunyodemyllequinientosenoventaysieteañosantefrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantooficiodestasyslasseleyóestapersonaDiegodeBocaNegradigoque[sic]pormandadodeVuestraPaternidadseprendioRuiPerezcomocomysariodelSantoOfiçio————elqualenlascasasquebibiasonmyasymelasteniaarrendadasporcinquentapesoscadaañoyalpresentemeesdeudordecatorzepesosmenosloquedeclareen
  • 204TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)aderecaralgunacosaenladichacasaporloqualavuestrapaternidadpidoysuplicomandesemepagueloquepareçieredevermeysiesneçesariojuroadiosquemesondevidosyporpagarypidojusticia,DiegodeBocaNegra.Eporsu…[sic]vistamandoqueldichoRuiPirezcomjuramentodeclarelocontenidoenlapetiçionantemyBenitodeMendiola.EnManilaacotorzedeJunyodemyllequinientosynoventaysieteañostomeerreçivyjuramentoenformadederechodeRuiPerezysiendopreguntadoporeltheordelapetiçiondeatrasdixoqueseabiagastadoenelrrepararlacasaochopesosyquetienememoriasuhijoyelladaráylodemasquepideelrrestaylofirmoRruiPerez,antemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaatrezedeJunyodemyllquinientosenoventaysieteañosantemyfrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantoofiçiodestasyslasseleyoestapersonaManuelFernandezdigoqueanocheque————[fol.472]secontarononzedelmesdeJunyoestandoyoencompañiadeRuyPerezmypadreenlascasasdesumoradapormandadodevuestrapaternidadcomocomysariodelSantoOfiçiofuepresoeldichomypadreysesecrestaronsusbienesentrelosqualessesecrestaronlosqueyoteniaquesontresfardosnumeros4,5,6destamarcaytrespetacascommantasblancasyunpocodehiloenlaunadellasyuncapotenegroqueyotraiayotrapetacacommenudençiasenespeçialseiscamysasporcoserdeliençotodoloqualconotrosvestidosquebanenunacapagrandemyos.Juroadiosyaestaquelcruznosondedichomypadrenengunacosadelasaquireferidaporloqual.AVuestraPaternidadpidoysuplicopuesyondedelinquidosencossanengunaosememandenentregaratentoaquenotengooutrahaziendayserdeseparadadeladeldichomypadrecomoellodeclararayestopidojustizayparaellosuplicaManuelFernandez.
  • 205Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)EposupaternydadvistamandoquedeclareconjuramentoeldichoRuiPerezantemyBenitoMendiola.EnManilaeneldichodiamesyañotomeerreçivyjuramentodeRruiPerezpressoeaviendojuradoesiendopreguntadoporlocontenidoenladichapetiçiondixo————questedeclarantetiene[sic]asuhijoManuelHernandezylostresfardosnumerosquatroecincoeseisylasmantasqueestavanenlastrespetacasessuyoemaslascamysaserropaquepideeasilodeclaroelofirmoRuiPerezantemyBenitodeMendiola.EnManilaacatorzedestemêsdejunyodemyllequinientosenoventaysieteaños,antefrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantoofiçiodestasislassepresentoManuelFernandezdigoqueRuiPirez,mypadrepressoporvuestrapaternidadcomocomysariodelsantoofiçioparaenbiarlealanuebaespañayporeldichoefetoesnecesariohazermatalotajeparaeldichoviajeyporsermypadremuybiejoenopodercomerdetodoyocomosuhijoypersonaquesaveloquecomeyamenestermeprofieroahazereldichomatalotajeparaloqualavuestrapaternidadpidoysuplicomandesemedeeldineroqueparalosusodichofueremenesterconformealamemoryaqueyodieredeloqueseadecompraryasimysmosemedeliçençiaparahablarconeldichomypadreportratarlocontenidoenestapetiçionypidojustiza————[fol.473]Otrodigoqueldichomypadreamenesterropablancaparaelviajecomosoncamysascalçonespanosdecaveçaydemanoseotrascossas.ManuelFernandezEporsupaternidadvistaysuplicoquedelamemoriaeldichoManuelFernandezdeloquedizeyconformeaellaseprovera,antemyBenitodeMendiola.Memoriadeloqueamenestermypadreenelsacrestaçion
  • 206TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)1-Unahanegadegarvançoylantexa2-Quatrocaxetosdemenbrillo3-Doustiposdeazeite4-Dosbarrillesdeaçúcarrosado5-Onzequesos6-Unatinasademyel7-Trestinoresdebinagre8-Diezyseisentosdearroz9-Quatrotinasasdevino10-Unenboltoryocomxabon11-Çincotalesascomlegumbres12-Dostinasasmartavanosgrandes13-Seistinasasdeborney14-Çincolençeçuelosparacamysas15-Cincomantasparacamysasysavanosyotrascosas16-Quatromantasdecordonçileoydoscrudas17-Unabas[sic]mohados18-Quatrocarasyterçiodejerguetes[sic]19-UncaxonChicocomloçaparasuserviçio————20-Seiscamysasporcosermyas.FrayJuanMaldonado,ManuelFernandesEnlaçiudaddeManilaacatorzedeJunyodemyllequinientosenoventaysieteañosantefrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantooficiodestasislaspareçiosiendollamadounhombrequedixollamarseDiegoJorgeedeLisboanaturaldeedaddetreyntayochoañospocomasomenosyaviendojuradoenformadederechoprometiodedecirverdadyelfuepreguntadolosiguiente.Preguntadosisavesospechaentiendeparaquepuedeaversidollamadosaeste
  • 207Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)tribunal.Dixoquenossavenyentiendeporqueynoquesequierequedeclaresisavealgodelosqueestanpresosporestesantoofiçio.PreguntadoqueesloquesavedelospresossusodichosdixoqueloquesavedeManueldeFariasqueabradosotresañosquebinonuebaaestaçiudadqueenelsantoofiçiodeGranadaavianpresoasumugeryhijosporeldichosantoofiçioyeldichoFariadixoaeltestigoqueaviatenydonuebaquesumugerehijoslosaviansoltadoconpenytençiamoderadaynosaveotrascosasydeclaramasqueldichoManueldeFariaenbiaenlanãodezibu466seisfardosencaveça————[fol.474]yconfiançadestetestigoporquemandavaencomenderoybandirigidosaMéxicoaGarçiadeQuadrosyqueestedeclarantelehizoaldichoManueldeFariaunadeclaraçionanteMelchiorRamirezcomoerandeldichoFariaselosdichosseisfardosyunodestedeclaranteynosavedestopresooutracossa.YtendixoestedeclarantequeabraseisdiaspocomasomenosquetratandoestetestigoydeclaranteconManuelHernandez,hijodeRuiPerez,dixoaestedeclarantequesuHermanoAntonioRrodriguezqueestaenMexicohijodeldichosospechoRruiPerezaviaenbiadoesteañoaldichosupadreochoçientosytantospesosynolodixoporquemanoybialosenbioyloqueadichoeslaverdadparaeljuramentoquetieneffechoencargoseleelsecretoconpenadeexcomunyonmayorydetrezientospesos,fraiJuanMaldonado,DiegoJorge,antemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaadiezysietediasdelmesdejunyodemyllquinientosenoventaysieteaños,fraiJuanMaldonadocomysariodeelsantoofiçiodestasyslasfilipinasaviendovistolosmemorialespresentadosporManuelFernandez,hijodeRuyPerezquestapressoporelsantoofiçioparaalllebaraldichosantoofiçiodelaNuevaEspaña466Cebu.
  • 208TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)consusbienesaçercadelmatalotajeyvestidosylodemasquepidendixoparalacomodidaddelospresosaacordadoelqueldichoManuelFariasyRuiPerezpresosporeldichosantoofiçiobayanenlanaoNuestraSeñoradelRrosariodondesepidaalgovernadorycapitangeneraldestasyslaslesdeuncamaroteconquebayanacomodadosatentoquesonombresbiejosyenfermosyconellosbayunManuelHernandezhijodeldichoRuiPerezqueseaofreçidoayrmirandoporsupadreyllevenlosdichosesclavosquetienenparasuservyçioporrazondequeallatendranmasbalorysedeparaelmatalotajedelossusodichos,quatropicosymediodevizcocho,seisxamonesdechinayjapon,çientoyvintegallinasendosgallineros,trespicosdepescadodetodassuertes,dosnovillos,untibordemantecacondostinasasdeazeitedeajonjoeydelsacrestodeManuelFariasdostinasasdemarquesolesydosquetes[sic]seiscaxetasdecarnedemenbrilloymaslasquatroquesesecrestraron,aRuyPirezdostiboresdeconserva,dostiboresdealfasor,unahanepadegarbançoylantexaquesesacrestoaRuiPerezunabotijadellasdosdeazeite————[fol.475]sedealdichoManuelHernandezçientoquarentapesoserealesparaquecomçientoqueareçividoAlonsoHernandezcomysariodigofamiliardelsantoofiçioparaayudaacomprarestematalotaje.EntranboslocomprencomquentayrazonedenquentadelloyelcapitanGasparOzoriodeMoyadealdichoManuelHernandezlosdichosçientoyquarentapesosqueselerreçiviranenquentadelosqueentraronensupoderdeldichoRuiPirezenelsacrestollebandotestimonyodesteautoycartadepagodeldichoManuelHernandezyansilomandoefirmo,frayJuanMaldonadoantemyBenitodeMendiola.EnlaçiudaddeManilaaveynteyochodejunyodemyllyquinientosenoventaysieteañosRuiPirezpresoporelsantoofiçiopidioalpadrefrayJuanMaldonadocomysariodelsantooficiodestasyslasenbieamyelpresentenotarioporquequierehazerçiertasdeclaraçionesquesuderechoyjustizaconvieneeporeldichopadre
  • 209Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)comysarioviotomandoamyelpresentenotaryobayaalacarçeeyprisiondondeeldichoRuyPirezestayletomedeclaraçiondeloquedixereylofirmo,frayJuanMaldonado,BenitodeMendiola.Eneldichodialuegoencontinenteporelpresentenotárioencumplimentodelomandadoporeldichopadrecomysariofuyalaprisiondondeestava————[fol.476]eldichoRuiPerezyledixecomoybaatomarlesudeclaraçionelqualdeclaroedixoquesetentamantasdexaponquesuhijoAntonioRrodrigueztieneenMéxicoaunquedizeensucartaqueenbiaraeldineroporelnavioquebienedeclaraquesondeldichosuhijoyqueldecomedidodizequeenbiaraeldineroyansilodeclaro.QueunsoldadoGuillermodeLemusquebinodeCambojaesteañoquenoleentravaensucasaaviamunchosdiaslebinoadezirdosotresdiasantesqueprendiesensunegroquehablandelmuchosqueleaviandeprenderporelsantoofiçio,yqueaellepesavamunchoydizequessuenemigoyelfueelprimeroquelefueaacusarantesquefuesesunegroacasadeldotorAntoniodeMorgacomotrosdeconsultaquesteconoçeporquetienemunchosenemigosaquisoldadosycasadosqueloenvieranmuertosinoubierajustiza.DixoquesunegrolotubopresounañocomhierrosenlospiesydenocheesposasenlasmanosycomtudoessosehuiaylequieremalelnegroyquelosxaponeslehurtaronsesentapesosdeuncaxonyquelostomaronylequierenmalynoasavidodesusdineroyquelosaçotavamunchasvezesesonsusenemigoscomocoprovaraypornoavertiemponoaffechopermissionalcomysariodestoydeotrascosasquesondesujustizaRuiPirez,antemyBenitodeMendiola.FrayJuanMaldonadoAntemyBenitodeMendiola.————
  • 210TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)CulpasdeRuiPerezquevapresoaelSantoOffiçio————[fol.477]MuyIll.osS.esManuelFernandezhijonaturalylegitimodeRuyPerez,naturaldelaçiudaddeBisêo467enelReynodePortugaldigoqueabratiempodeçincoañospoçomasomenosqueeldichoumpadrefuepresopormandadodelsanctooffiçioenlaçiudaddeManiladelasYslasPhilippinasyselesecrestaronsusbienesysetrujeronaestanuevaEspañayjuntamentecomellosotrosqueyoténiadivisosyconosçidospormioscomoloeranylostratabayocomoexemploqueestavadelapátriapotestadporemançipaçionydeclaradoassiporsentenciadelarealJustizadelasdichasyslasyviniendoeldichomiPadreenladichaprisionmurioenlamar:acuyacausaenlasuyanosesiseaproçedido,niloqueseahecho,alomenosnoseapublicadosudeterminaçion.Respeitodeloqualporloquemetocaycomounodesushijosyherderosquerepresentosupersona,enaquellaviayformaquemasmeconvengaydederecholugarayapidoysupplicoaVuestraSeñoriamemandedardeliçençiaparaquesalgaalacausaydefiendalafamadeldichomipadreyloquemasmeconvengajuridicamenteyconformealrectostiloyordendestesantooffiçioyalqueVuestraSeñoriamemandaresiga.Pusenellosemeharamuchobienymerçedcomoafielcatholicochristianoquesoyypidojustizayparaelloenlonecessário.DoctorGarçiadeCarvajalEnlaçiudaddeMexico,miercolestrezediasdelmesdefebrerodemillyseisçientosdosaños,estandolosseñoresinquisidoresliçençiadosdonAlonsodePeraltayGutierreBernardodeCuirosensuaudienciadelamañanaparesçioenella467Viseu.
  • 211Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)ypresentolapetiçiondestaoutraparteypidioloenellacontenidounhombrequedixollamarseManuelFernandez.EvistaladichapetiçionporlosdichosseñoresunquisidoresdixeronquesepongaenelproçessodeRuyPerezdequieneenladichaapelaçionsehazemençionparaqueasutiemposeprovealoquefuerajustiza.PassoanteumB.ºdeManoza
  • 212TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Document3Document:GasparFernandes,fromJapan,againsttheProsecutoroftheTreasuryfortheAssetsSeizedinManilatothePortugueseRuiPerez,Deceased.Archive:ArchivoGeneraldelaNación,RealfiscodelaInquisición,1599,vol.8,exp.9,fls.262-271.Originaltitle:GasparFernandez,originariodejapon,contraelprocuradordelrealfiscoporlosbienessecuestradosenmanilaalportugues,ruyperez,difunto.————[fol.262]1599GasparFfernandezXaponContraElprocuradordelfiscoybienessecrestadosenManilaaRruiPerezportuguêsdifunto–declaroseserpersonalibreyquefuesesujetoyperlibrealrreceptorenquantoaesto————[fol.263]GasparFernandeznaturaldelasislasdelxapondigoqueabracatorzeañospoçomasomenosqueRuyPerezportuguesyadifuntoquemurîoenlanaonuestraSeñoradelRosariovíníendocomoveníapresocomsecrestodesusbienesporordeny
  • 213Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)mandadodelcomisariodeManilaestandoeldichoRuiPerezenlaçiudadquellamanNagasaquídelasdichasislasdelxaponunpadreteatínoquerecidíaenladichaciudadenunacasaqueloshermanosdelacompañiatíenenenellaqueladichacasasellamaS.PabloyeldichopadreteatínosellamaAntoñoLopezmedioyentregoaldichoRuyPerezparaquelesírbíeseporsíertoterminolímítadoporraçonqueeldichoRuyPerezdizoaldichopadreteatínosietepesosdeochorealesendíneroysiendocomosoipersonalibréhíjodepadreymadrelibresenosujetoaserbidumbreyqueminaçímientofueenlaçiudaddebungodelxapondeadondemetruxeronurtadoaNagasaquíeldichoRuyPerezsesírbiodemímunchotíempoastaquesusedíosupríçionypormandadodeldichocomísaríovínejuntamentecomeldichoRuyPerezremitídoaesteSanctoOffíçíopretendíendosequemefaltabadeserbíralguntíempoyqueestepertenesíaaldichosecrestoycomestaocaçíoneestadodeposítadoenestaçíudadenunvecinodellaquesellamaTomasdelRíoaquieneserbidomasdeotrosdosañosqueportodosherancatorçeconquequedamuysatísfecho————losdichossietepesosqueeldichoRuyPerezdíopormíyparaaberleserbidodosotresañosynotantos.VuesaSeñoriasuplicoquedeclarandomeporpersonalibrecomolosoysealceenloqueamítocaqualquíersecrestoenbargoquedemiseubíerehechoporbíenesdeldichoRuyPerezparaquedemipersonapuedahaçerloquequísíeryenelentretantoqueestosedetermínaseaquitadodepartedeldichotomasdelriopoquemetratamalypidojustíciaGasparFernandezEnlaçiudaddeMéxicoaochodiasdelmêsdejulliodemillyquinientosenoventaynuebeañosanteelseñorynquisidorliçençiadodonAlonsodePeraltaestandoensuaudiençiadelamañanaadondedepresenteasistesoloseleyoestapetiçioneporelseñorynquisidorvistamandodartrasladoalprocuradordelfiscorrealdesteSanctoOffiçioparaquerrespondaecomloquedixeredesdeluegorreçibioesta
  • 214TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)causaapruevacontrariodenuevediasprimerossiguientesparaquedentrodellos:GasparFfernandezpruevelosladichapetiçioncontenidoenlapartedelProcuradordelRrealFiscolocontrarioemandoquelaspartessecitenenformaparaelberpresentarjurarconoçerdelostestigoseporocupaçionesfezcosasdelseñorynquisidorcometioeljuramentoyesamendelostestigosalpresentenotário.Yeldichonotariopasadoquede[…]detestigosylacausaconclusaLicenciadoDonAlonsodePeraltaAntemyCristobaldeVega————[fol.264]EnlaçiudaddemexicoanuebediasdelmêsdejulliodemillyquinientosenoventaynueveañosnotifiqueelautoesentenciadepruebaatrasanhenidadelseñorynquisidorlicenciadodonAlonsodeperaltaaJuanPerezdeayangurecomoaprocuradordelfiscorrealensupersonayleciteparaelberpresentarjuraryconoçerdelostestigosqueenestacausasepresentarenelqualdixoquelooyeEnlaçiudaddeMéxicoadocediasdelmêsdejulliodemilyquinientosenoventaynueveañosnotifiqueelautoesentenciadepruevaatrásahenidoaGasparFfernandezxaponladinoenlalenguacastellanayleciteparacevirpresentarjurareconocerdelostestigosquesepresentaremedixoquelooyotestigosaAntonioRrodriguez.AntedeVejaelmoçoCristobaldeVejaEnlaçiudaddeMexicoadocediasdelmesdejulliodemillyquinientosenoventaynuebeañosGasparFfernandesXaponparalaprovançaqueelestamintiendoporautodelseñorynquisidordarenraçondeserpersonalibrepresentoportestigoa
  • 215Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)unombrequedixollamarseAntonioRrodriguezdenaçionportuguesenaturaldelaciudaddeViseoenelrreinodePortugalyestandoenestaçiudaddeMéxicoadondevinodelaciudaddeManilaavraquatroocincoañoselqualaviendojuradopordiosnuestroseñoreporelseñaldelacruzprometiodedecirverdad.AntemiCristobaldeVeja————[fol.265]EnlaçiudaddeMéxicoadocediasdelmesdeJulliodemilyquinientosenoventaenuebeañosgasparffernandezxaponpresentoportestigoaunombrequeaviendojuradopordiosnuestroseñoreporlaseñaldelacruzenformadederechoprometioddeçirverdaddeloquesupiereelefuerepreguntado.EldixollamarseAntonioRodriguesresidenteenestaciudadalaqualvinodeladeManilaavraquatroocincoañosyqueestratanteebivealbarriodelasantisimatrinidadequeesportuguesnaturaldelaciudaddeViseoenlosrreinosdePortugalequeesdehedaddeveinteyochoañospocomasomenos.PreguntadosiconocioaRruiPerezyadifuntoquemurioenlanaonomeadanuestraseñoradelrrosarioviniendoenellapresoaestesanctoofficioconsecrestodesusbienesporordendelcomisariodeldichoSantoOffiçiodeManilaysiconoçealdichoGasparFfernandezxaponporcuyapartevieneadecirsudicho.DixoqueconoçioaldichorruiperezyadifuntoporqueerasupadredestetestigoyelsuhijolixitimoyestandoestetestigoenestaçiudadtuvonoticiadecomoveniapresoydesumuerteenladichanaoequeconoçealdichoGasparXapondeonçeadoçeañosaestapartepoçomasomenosqueestavaenserviçiodeldichosupadre.FueleleidalapetiçionpresentadaporeldichoGasparFfernandezxaponepreguntadoporeltenordella.DixoqueabratiempodedoceañospocomasomenosqueestandoestetestigoenlasyslasdelxaponadondeaviaydodesdelaçiudaddemacanencompañiadeldichoRruiPerezsupadredestetestigo
  • 216TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)yestandoenunpueblooçiudaddelasdichasyslasdelxaponquesellamanangasaqueeldichosupadrevioecomprodeunxaponnaturaldeaquellatierraaldichoGasparFfernandezxaponporpreçioaloquesequiereacordardediezaonçepesosenplataqueeslamonedaqueallicorreyestetestigoeoutrohermanodestetestigoquesellamaManuelFfernandezsehallaronpresentesalpagarelpreciodeldichoGasparXaponearreçibirleeldichosupadreensuserviçioyeldichoGaspareraenaquellasaçonmuchacho.PreguntadodemanerayenqueformacomproeldichoRruiPerezsupadrealdichoGasparXaponsufueporesclavoperpetuooportiempolimitadoequetituloorrecaudoentregoelxaponvendedordeldichoGasparDixoqueelXaponvendedornoentregoasupadredestetestigoninguntitulonirrecaudodeldichoGasparporqueenaquellatierraseusavenderunosxaponesaotrossindarrrecaudoalgunoequealoquesequiereacordarladichacompradeldichoGasparXaponnofueportiempoperpetuosinoportiempolimitadoetiempoporelaunquenoseacuerdaquantofueeldichotiempoetratoyqueeldichoRruiPerezsupadredestetestigodespuesdeavercompradocomodichotienealdichoGasparXaponlollevoalospadresteatinosquerresideneneldichopueblooçiudaddenangasaqueyaviendolevistoeesaminadounpadreteatinodelacompañiadeJesusnombradoAntónioLopezdixoeldichopadreAntonioLopezquesesirviesendeldichoxapondoceañospoçomasomenosquenoseacuerdabienaljustosifuemasomenosydellodiounaçedulafirmadadesunombrequeldicho————[fol.266]RruiPerezpadredestetestigorreçibioetieneensupoderalqualserremiteyqueentendequeladichaçedulaestariaentrelospapelesquelethomaronysecrestaronaldichopadreyquealdichoGasparFfernandesxaponestetestigonolotieneporesclavosinoporpersonalibreyquesialgunotiempolequedaporservirdelqueasentoepusoenlaçeduladeldichopadreteatinoAntonioLopezheramuipoco.Equeestaeslaverdadparaeljuramentoquetienehechoequenoletocanlasgeneralesdelaleiquele
  • 217Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)fuerondeclaradasmasdeamuchotineserhijolixitimodeldichorruiperzdifuntoypretendersusodichoefirmolodesunombreAntonioRodriguezAntemiCristobaldeVegascrivanoEnlaciudaddeMéxico,aquincediasdelmesdeJuliodemilyquinientosenoventaynueveañosGasparFfernandezXaponpresentoportestigoaManuelFfernandezestanteenestaciudad,naturalquedijoserdelaciudaddeViseoenelrreinodePortugal,elqualjuroaDiosNuestroSeñoreporlaseñaldelacruzenformadederechodedecirverdaddeloqueenelcasosupiere.PreguntadosiconoçioaRruiPerez,portuguesyadifuntoquemurioenlamarenelnavioNuestraSeñoradelRrosarioviniendopresoconsecrestodesusbienesaestesanctoofficiodellaynquisiçiondestadichaçiudaddeMéxicoavradosañospocomasomenosporordenemandadodelcomisarodeManila————[fol.266v.]DixoqueconocioaldichoRruiPerezyadefuntoporqueerapadredestetestigoyestetestigo,erasuhijolixitimoavidodelixitimomatrimonyoysabequeenlaciudaddeManilalemandaronprenderelcomisariodestesantoofficioysecrestarsusbienesyestetestigosehallopresentealtiempoquefuepresoyselesecrestaronlosbienesyleviovenirpresoenlanaoNuestraSeñoradelRrosarioporqueestetestigoseembarcoconelysehallopresenteasumuerte.PreguntadoseconoçeaGasparFfernadezXaponporquienasidopresentadoparatestigoydequetantotiempoycomoeselconocimento.DixoqueconocealdichoXaponquesellamaGasparFfernandezporquienestedicho,alqualconocedeonceañosaestapartepocomasomenosporqueaestetiemposabeevioestetestigoqueRruiPerez,padredesteestandoenlasyslasdelXapon,ensupueblo,nombradoNangasaquecomproenpresenciadestetestigoaldichoGaspar
  • 218TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)XapondeotroXaponquelotraiaavenderporpreciodediezooncepesosenplatamenudillaqueeslamonedaquecorreenaquellatierra–yleentregoaldichoGasparXaponparaquesesirviesedel.PreguntadodequemanerafuelacompraeventadeldichoGasparXapon,sifueatitulodeesclavoperpetuo,hoparaquesirviesealdichoRruiPerez,supadre,poralguntiempolimitado,equetituloocausaentendiotuvieseelXaponvendedorparavenderalXaponGasparFfernandezequeesloqueentendioysupodestopuesdicesehallopresente.DixoqueenlasdichasyslasdelXaponseusavenderalgunosxaponesaotrosxaponesquetraendeotrospuebloshurtados,opresosenguerrasydiferençiasqueunosyotrostienen————[fol.267]YenlatalventanoentregantitulonirrecaudoalgunoyaloqueestetestigoentendionofueladichaventadeldichoGasparXaponatitulodeesclavoperpetuoporqueluegoeldichosupadredestetestigollevoaldichoGasparXaponalpadreAntonioLopezdelaCompañiadeJesusquetienencasaenladichaciudaddeNangasaqueparaqueesaminaseelderechoqueteniaalserviciodeldichoGasparXaponyeldichopadreAntonioLopezdiounaçedulaformadadesunombreparaqueeldichoRruiPerez,padredestetestigo,sesirviesedeldichoGasparXapontiempodediezodoceañosyladichacédulalateniasupadredestetestigoensupoderylathomaronconlosdemaspapelesquelefueronsecrestadosalaqualdichacédulaserremitehordendeparecer.FueleleidalapeticionpresentadaporeldichoGasparFernandezXaponypreguntadoporeltenordella.DixoquediceloquedichotieneyqueeldichosupadredestetestigonodioledinerodelpreçiodelxaponcomolapetiçiondicealpadreAntonioLopezsinoalXaponquelovendiocomotienedeclaradoyqueelpadreAntonioLopezsoloesaminoydeclarocomorrelixiosoyletradoeltiempoqueabiadeservireldichoGasparXapon
  • 219Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)yquetieneestetestigoaldichoGasparXaponporpersonalibreyquelepareceaestetestigoconformealtiempoqueaqueldichosupadrelecomproqueabrayaacabadoeltiempoquedeclaroeldichopadreAntonioLopezqueaviadeserviroquelefaltaramuipocodelporserviryqueestestigoquedichotieneeslaverdadparaeljuramentoquetiene.Fechoenloqualseafirmo————[fol.267v.]erratificosiendoleleidoydeclaradoserdehedaddeveinteseisañospocomasomenosequenoletocanlasgeneralesmasdecomodichotieneserhijolixitimodeldichoRruiPerezsupadreypretendercomopretendelosbienesquelefueronsecrestadosporquealgunosdelloserandestetestigoyalosdemaspretendeeldinerodeherederoyfirmolodesunombreManuelFernandezAntemiCristobaldeVega————[fol.268]<23deAgostode1591>JoanPerezprocuradordeldiscoRealenprendiendoaunademandapuestaaldichoRealFiscoporGasparFernandezXaponquefuesecrestadoporbienesyesclavodeRuiPerezPortuguezdifuntoquemurioenlanaoNuestraSeñoradelRosarioviniendodeManilaenlaqualdichademandapresenteeldichoGasparFernandezdelJaponserdeclaradoporpersonalibreparaquepuedahazerdesiloquequisiereyquesealcedelelsecrestosustenidodeladichademandaentodoresumidodigoquenoprocededeladichademandaentodoresumidodigoquenoprocedeni[ha]lugardederechoyalomenosadeserabsueltoelRealfiscodeclarandonoaverlugarloporel
  • 220TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)dichoJaponpedidoeponiendoleperpetuosilençioporlosiguinte.LounoporlogéneroyporqueladichademandanoespuestaporpartenicontraparteentiemponienformaniçiertaRelaçionniegolapetición.LooutroporqueeldichoGasparFernandezXaponerasclavodeldichoRuiPerezportuguezqueloveioycomproenlaçiudaddeNangasaquedeotroJaponavidodebuenaguerraeporesclavocautivocomperpetuydadportodasuvidaynoportiempolimitadosegunelpreçioqueporelledioquefuerononzeodozepesosenplataqueesteeselcommunvalordelossclavosdealliydestamaneraelsecrestocayobienynosepuedealçarsingraveprejuizodelRealfisco.LooutroyalodichonoobstalaprovançaqueeldichoGasparFernandezXaponapretendidohazer————[fol.268v.]conAntonioRodriguezyManuelFernandezporquenidizencossaçiertanicontestannidanrrazonysonhizosdeldichoRuiPerezportuguezynoselesdevedarfeenicreditoypretendenlosbienesdeldichosupadreenprejuízodelRealFiscoysindudaescoluçionentreellosyeldichoJaponparadeufraudaraldichofiscoRealydiscrepanenmuchodelaRelaciondeladichademanda.PortantoaVuestraSeñoriapido[...]absuelvaedeporlibrealdichoRealfiscodeladichademandayhagasegundesusopido[sic]yparaeloyenlonecesarioettª[sic]ypidojustizia.DotorGarcíadeCarvajalLaciudaddeMexicoavienteytresdiasdelmesdeAgostodemillyquinienctosenoventaynueveañosanteelseñorynquisidorlicenciadodonalonsodeperaltaestandoensuaudiênciadelamañanaadondedepresenteasistesoloseleyoestapetiçioneporelseñorynquisidorvistamandodartrasladoaGasparFfernandezXaponparaquerresponda.AntemiCrixtobaldeVega
  • 221Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)[fol.269]GasparFernandezJaponlibreenelpleytocomJuanPerezprocuradordelfiiscosobremilibertad.Respondiendoasupetiçiondeeçepçionesdijoquesinenbargodeloqueaugasedeveyhademandarsaberyprovercomotengopedidoporloquedelproçesoresueltaenmifabor.Yporlogeneralysiguiente.LootroPorqueyosoypersonalibréynosujetaacaptiverionyservidumbreyansilotengoaveriguadoylaprovançaquehizecomAntonioRodriguezyManuelFernandezHijosdeRuiPerezdiffuntoporcuyosbienesfuisecrestadoytraydoaestacorteesbastanteyconcluyenteaunencassodemayorrigorymenosfaborablequeesdelalibertadpreesdeponencontrasimesmosporelynteresquepodriontenersialgunofueseenlosbienesdesupadrecomoherederosoporotracausayelhechodesunaturalezadescubreestaverdadyquenoaylacõclusionenelcomodecontinuosepresuponeyquieredaraentenderfueradecuelapresumpçiondelderechoestapormípuestodossepresumenserlibresnoprobandoselocontrariomedianteloqualansiladichaprobançaquehizeteniaytengofundadomiderechoylacargadelapruevapassaenelcontinuoqueesteesunodelosprevilegiosdelalibertadypuesnoaycontramyprobançanytituloquecontengaseresclavonoayporquesemehagoncontradiçionsemejantefueradequelosdeminaçionyjaponesnosonesclavosnyportalessetratannycontratanenlaspartesdelayndianyenoutraalgumanyaydeclaraciondequeayandesersujetosacaptiverio,nyhavidosdebuenaguerraqueesprinçipalrequissitoparaesclavonia.YsieldichoRuiPerezmehubodealgunJapon,odeoutrapersonaYasedizequefueporviadedepossitoelqualhandicholos————[fol.269v.]Testigosafirmandoestaracavadoyquandonoloestuviesenomepuedeserdeperjuyzioenmipretençionpuestanpocoparesceleayanyqueestatenganyayatenidojustificaçion.Ycomoignoranteynosavidordemidefensaypersonamiserableydespojadodemilibertadantetodascossasedeserrestituydoyamparado.
  • 222TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)PortantoaVuestraSeñoriapidoysupplicosinembargodelodichoyalejadoencontinuomandehazeryproveerenestacausasigunquetengopedidoconjusticiaypidoyparaelloyenlonecessarioenjusticia.OutrosidigoqueelterminoprobatorioespassadoyatentoquefuecomcalidaddepublicaçionyconclusionsupplicoaVuestraSeñorialomandedeverydeterminar.Doctor[…]————EnlaçiudaddeMéxicoatresdiasdelmesdeseptembredemillyquinienctosenoventaynueveañosanteelseñorynquisidorlicenciadodonAlonsodePeraltaestandoensuaudiênciadelamañanaadondedepresenteasistesoloseleyoestapetiçionevistaporelsenorynquisidormandosepareelprocesoysetrayoparadeterminar.AntemiCristobaldeVega————[fol.270]MuyIllustrissimoSeñorBenturayGasparyndiosJaponespresosenestacarseldelaçiudaddesimosquenosotrosbenimossirviendodelaçiudaddeManilaaRuyPerezdifuntoalqualnostrujeronpresosalSantoOfficioynosotrosfuimosentregadospormandadodeVuestraSeñoriaamim[sic]aBirviescaRoldanreseptordestesantoofficioelqualnopresentoenestadichacarselyporunautodeVuestraSeñoriamandaseamosentregadosaloserederosdeldichoRuiPerezlosqualeslesnoestanenestacorteniparesenynosotrospedesemosenestacarselysomoslibressinqueningunapersonatengaderechocontranosotros.AV.Señoriapedimosysuplicamosatentoaloqualnosmandedarsumandamientoparaque[…]destacarselnosechenlibresysincostasparaningunapersona,nieldichoreseptornospuedadetenerpedimosjusticiayenlonesesarioeyusticia
  • 223Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)BenturayGaspar————[fol.270v.]EnlaciudaddeMexicoacincodiasdelmesdeJuniodemillyseiscientosequatroanosantelosseñoresynquisidores,liçençiadosdonAlonsodePeraltaeGutierreBernardodeQuizos,estandoensuaudiênciadelatardeseleyoestapetiçionevistamandaronqueGasparyndioXaponquetienedadaynformaçiondeserlibresesuelteelibrementeycontestimoniodestoayacumplidoelrreceptordesteSantoOfficioyVenturaJaponseentreguecomoestamandadoalosherederosdeRruiPerezysinosehallarensesueltecomunafiançadelahaziendadeestasderechoconlosdichosherederosyasilomandaronefirmaron.AntemiCristobaldeVega
  • 224TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)Document4Document:LetterfromtheFirstBishopofJapantotheMexicanInquisition,December8,1601.Archive:ArchivoGeneraldelaNación,Inquisición,1601,vol.263,exp.1U,fls80.Originaltitle:Diligenciasdelobispodelxapon(japon)contraruipoysushijos,portuguesessospechososdejudios.Content:NameNationalityAgeProfessionPlaceSoinToméJapanese44Otona/MerchantNagasakiSalvadordeFigueiredoPortuguese57MerchantNagasakiJorgeDurõisFlemish?52MerchantNagasakiAmbrosioFernandesPortuguese50SocietyofJesus/PriestNagasakiManuelRodriguesPortuguese54MerchantNagasakiTakakiLuísJapanese47Otona/MerchantNagasakiAntónioGarcêsPortuguese60MerchantNagasakiLuísdeCerqueiraPortuguese49BishopNagasakiRafaeldaCostaPortuguese67MerchantNagasakiMoroJoanJapanese45Otona/MerchantNagasakiTakakiAntónioJapanese60HouseOwner/MerchantNagasakiFranciscoRodriguesPortuguese50MerchantNagasakiPintoFranciscoRodriguesPortuguese41SocietyofJesus/PriestNagasaki
  • 225Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)[fol.66]R.daen8deDezembrode1601anosenelnavioS.taPotencianaCap.nColmeneroDelComis.ºdeManilaSobreDiferentescossasEncumplimentodeloq.V.S.Ordenaymandaporquatrocartassufechade28y29defebrerode1599sehizoloseguiente.HizejuramentodesecretoyfidelidadcomoV.S.mandadeloqualdiofeelsecretarioBenitodeMendiola.Entregaronsemelospapeles.Puselosenordenyporsuabecedario,qeralastimaqualestavãqparabuscarqualquierpapeleranecessariorebolverlostodos;agoracõladiligênciahechaacudiendoalatablacomfacilidadsehallaqualquiercosa.DioseuntresladodeledictoquesepublicaenesearzobispadodeMexicoalsecretariodestearzobispadoparaqnosepubliquemcosastocantesaesseSantotribunalyansilaquaresmapasadanoexcedieronencuja;siguiendoentodoeldichotresladocomoV.S.ordenaymandayporestacausanouvonecesidaddemostrarlaceduladeSuMagt.qvinocõeledictoladelaciondelJaponcontraciertosportuguesesenbieporduplicadoalbispodeljaponqueassisteennangasaquiporqtengorelaciondeqenaquellatierranoaycomissario,siendoansiqesmuynecessarioaverleypersonapuestapormanodeV.S.porqsediceaymuchascosasdignasderemedio.AtodoslosministrosyofficiallesdeV.S.estandojuntosselesnotificoloqueV.S.mandavayordenavayselesdixoelsentimientoqV.S.teniadelpocosecretoynotantoexemplodealgunosenparticularaYsidroSanchezfamiliardevaraselediolareprehensioncomoV.S.mandavayaunque————[fol.66v.]porentonceslosentionoporesouvoenmiendacomoV.S.veraporloqcontrael
  • 226TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)seaescritoquevaconesta[carta].EncumplimientodeloqueV.S.memandaeacudidoyacudoalosnegociosdelcapitanXpõvaldeMercadoyconocequelevieneporordendevestraseñoriaaquien[sic]parabiendesuyglesia.deManilayJulio12de601fr.Bern.doStaCat.————[fol.136]MuyReverendissimoenChristoPadreRda.en2deDez.ede1602DelBispodelXapon1ªviaRuiPerezportuguesysushijosSospechososJudiosPaxChristiConstavaladiligenciaqueV.P.mehaencomendadosehiziessesobreelnegociodeaquelastrespersonas,yhizoseconformelaordendadoporV.P.ycomoesteañonovinolaNaodaChinanoaviaacaPortuguesesquepodiessenconocerlassusodichaspersonasenlaspartesdelaChinayJndia.Acaquedaunacopiaautenticadestamismadiligenciaquesehizoparaseenbiarporla2.ªviapues,cõformealosnaviosacaerimientosdelamarpoedefacilmentesucedernollegarlaprimeraviacõesseOriginal.La2ªviavaenMarçopornotenerporseguroelotroNavioqueaorasale.YporquelosSeñoresInquisidoresholgarandesaberlaqualidaddelostestigosquehandepuestolosapuntarebrevemente.1-ElprimeiroesRafaeldaCostaPortuguesyhombredebienydeverdad.2-ElsegundollamadoMoroJoanesdeNacioJaponyunodelosOtonasocabeçasdestaCiudaddeNãgasaqy,hombredebienymuchaverdad.3-EltercerollamadoTacãquyAntoniodenacionJaponparecehombredeverdad
  • 227Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)yquenodexariadehablarla.4-ElquartollamadoFran.coRoizPintoPortuguesytenidoporhombredelaNacion,aunqueesdemuchohablar,eshombredebienyquenodexaradehablarverdadeennegociodejuramento,especialmenteeneltribunaldelSantoOfficioyaunqueesteeshombredelaNacionselehaperguntadoporqestossabemejordestenegocioquesepesquisa.5-ElquintoeselP.eFran.coRoizPortuguezReligiosodelaComp.ªdeIESU.6-ElsextoSôynThomeJapondenacion,unodelosOtonasdestaciudadyhombredebienymuchaverdad.7-ElseptimoesSalvadordeFigueiredoPortuguesyhombredebienydeverdad.8-EloctavoesJorgeDurõiselqualestenidoporPortugues,algolibreenelhablar,especialmentecontralosJudiosdenacion,peronodexariadehablarverdad.9-ElnonollamadoAmbrosioFrzesReligiosodelaCompañiadeIESUS.10-EldecimollamadoManoelRoizPortuguesyJudiodenacion,perohombredebienydeverdad.11-ElundecimoTacaquyLuisJapondenacionyunodelosOtonasdestaCiudadhombredebienydeverdad————[fol.136v.]12-ElduodécimollamadoAntonioGarcesPortugueshombredebienydeverdadEstoquantoaloquetocaalnegocioqueV.P.mehaencomendadoynosolamentealoquepertenecieraalSantoOfficioacuyascosastodostenemostantaobligacion,pesotãbienlasqtocarenalserviciodeV.P.siempreharecontodavoluntadquandoenellouviereporbiendeocuparme.ConestaoccasiondeescreviraV.P.mehaparecidosignificarlecomoesteañode1601havenidoamismanoshunlibrointituladoRelaciondelMartyrioqueseisP.esdescalçosFranciscoyveinteChristianosJaponeshanpadecidoenJapon,compuestoporelP.efrayJuandeSantaM.ProvincialdelaProvinciadeS.
  • 228TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)JosephdelosdescalçosinpressoenMadridenelañode99.Heleleydotodo,yallendealgunascosasmordacesynoconformesalaverdaddelasqualesaoranohablohalléqueserefierenenelmuchosmilagrosqdizeaveracontecidoenJapon:ycomoyoobligadodadeloqordenaelsagradoConcil.deTrentoenlasess.25dejnuocationeetreliquyaeSanctorumhesacadosobreellodossumariosdemuchostestigosfidedignos,yhizelasdemasdiligenciasqelsusodichoConcilioordenoysetieneaverigoadomanifestam.teenningunamaneraaveracontecidotalesmilagres,pronunciandosesobreellosentenciaauthoritateOrdinary,yprohibiendoseqnosepubliquenlossusodichosmilagrosenestaIglesiadeJaponporlosinconvenientesqdelcontrariosepodrianseguirenestanuevaChristandadcommenospreciodenuestraSantaFeydelosverdaderosmilagrosdeXnuestroSõr,ydelosSantos,yaundelaveneraciondelosmismossiervosdeDiosdequenserifiren:ComoestoansiseahameparecidoquedeviaavisardestoaV.P.paraquesesepalaverdaddeloquepassayconformeeella(siacasoaessatierravinierenestoslibros)hagaloqlepareciereobligaciondesuofficioymaiorserviciodeDiosyesciertoqelSõrnoesnadaservidodelapublicaciondesemejantesmilagrosqnotienenfundamentodeverdad;laqualseenCastillasesupiera,comoyaoutraseavrasabidoporlospapelesautênticosquetengoembiado,ciertoesqnoseuvieracompuestotallibro,nimenossedexavanimprimirnicorrertalesmilagros.AcaenesteObispadoyotrabajarèqno[sic]conelos.ConsidereV.P.quemenosprecioyescandaloseseguiriasiantreestosnuevosXpianosdeNãgasaqysepublicasseporlibroimpressoenEspañaqueelcuerpo(paradexarotrosmilagrosdestasuerteqenelmismolibrosecontienen)delP.eComissariofrayP.oBaptistadesapareciohundiadelaCruzenqueestavacrucificadodesdelasochodeldiahastalasdozedelanoche,yqueporsimismosebolvioelmismocuerpoaponerenlaCruzcomodenocheestava;siendoverdadqnoaypersonaenNãgasaqyqtalcosasepa,niaunrumordessoayavido,conestarlascruzesdavistadestepueblo.DiosnuestroSõrtengaaV.P.siempredesudivinamano.DeNãgasqy22deOtubrede1601.DeV.P.SiervoenelSõrElOb.podeJappon————
  • 229Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)[fol.137]SummariodetestimunhasqsetirousobreocasodeRuyPizeseusfilhosFranciscoRoizeLuisRoizAosvinteequatrodiasdomesdeSetembrodemileseiscentosehudestacidadedeNangasaquiportodeJappãonaspousadasdomuyillustreeReverendissimoSõrDõLuisCerqueiraBispodeJappãoestandopresenteoditoSñormandouvirperantesiRafaeldaCostamoradornaditaCidadeaoqualoditoSñorBispodeujuramentodosSanctosEvangelhosemqueellepossuamãoporqueprometeodizerverdade,etersegredo,epreguntadoseconheceoouaquiemJappão,ounaspartesdaIndiaeChinaaRuyPizjadefuncto,easeusfilhosFranciscoRoizeLuisRoizrespondeoquesiosconheceraaquiemJappãoondeestiverãodousannospoucomaisoumenospousandotodostresemhuãcasadasportasadentro,masquelheparecequeosfilhossechamavãohumdellesAntonioRoizeooutroManoelFezequeporventuramudariãoosnomes.Epreguntandomaisdesuanaçãedecendençiadellesdissequeerãotidoseavidosporxpãosnovos,equenãosabiamaisdesuadecendençia.Preguntadodeseuscostumes,esevinhãoamissaecõtinuavãoosSacramentosdaIgreja,dissequenãosabiadeseuscustumes,masquequantoaodemaisqueerãomuitocontinuostodoselles,assiemviracasadaCompanhiadeIESUdestesNangasaqiondetratavãocomopadreAntonioLopezReitordella,comoemviraIgrejaeamissa,eporsinalaindaqueoditoRuyPizouviaMissalajuntodoaltarmor.Eperguntandosesabiad’algunsdelictosdestaspessoasquerfossempublicos,queroccultosespecialmenteemcousascõtranossaSanctafee,dissequesomentesabiaquesefalavanesteNangasaqinascendoaseupareceresterumordealgunsxpãosJappõesqueoditoRuyPizqueseriaentãodeidadepoucomais,oumenosdesesentaaños,comiacarneemdiasprohibidosequeperanãosesabermandabameteraspennasdasavesemhumsaco,masquenãosabecousadecerto.EperguntadoqueopiniãosetinhadellesedesuaXpãndadeemNangasaqiseerãotidosporjudeos,eassichamadosatedosmoços?Seandavãosoosnãoosadmitindoosoutrospurtuguesesemsuascasas?Sesabiaqueasditaspessoasvierãoa
  • 230TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)NangasaqifugindoporllosnãomandaremdeMacauaJndiaporjudeus,ousepollamesmacousafugirãodeNãgasaqiparaManilha?Dissequenãosabia,nemouviradizernadadisto.Preguntadodaidadedisseserdesesentaeseteanosmaisoumesnos.DocustumedissenadaeassinouaquicõoditoSõrBispo.Euop.eMatheusdeCourosNotarioEclesiasticoqueoescrevi.OBispodoJappãoRafaeldaCostaIIAosvinteesincodiasdomesdeSetembrodemilseiscentosehumnestacidadedeNãgasaqiportodoJappãonaspousadasdomuyillustreeReverendissimoSõrDõLuisCerq.raBispodoJappãoestandopresenteoditoSõrmandouvirperantesiaMoroJoãocazadoemoradornaditaCidadeaoqualoditoSõrBispodeujurame.toaosSanctosEvangelhosemqueellepossuamãoporqprometeodedizerverdadeetersegredo,eperguntadoseconheçeoaquiemJappãoaRuyPizeaseusdousfilhosFr.coRoiz,eLuisRoizdissequesi————[fol.137v.]oconheceoaquiemJappãoondeestiverãodousannospoucomaisoumenos;eperguntadosesabiadesuanaçãoedescendência?disseqnãosabiamaissenãoseremtidos,eavidosaquigeralmenteporxpãosnovoseperguntadoporseuscustumesdellessevinhãoaIgrejaeàmissa?dissequepostoqvinhãoaIgreja,eàmissa,Todavyaantreospurtugueses,eJappõessediziageralmentequeemsuacasanãoviviãoXpãamente,aindaquedehumdosditosdousfilhos,nãosabeoqualdestes,ouvioentãodizerqueviviamilhorqueopãyeIrmão.Perguntadoelletestemunhasesabiaalgunsdelictospúblicos,ouocultos,especialmentecõtraanossaSanctafeedissequenãosabiamaisqouvirfalarcomummenteassiantreosJappões,comoospurtuguesesqueRuiPizcomiacarneem
  • 231Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)diasprohibidospllaIgreja,eqassioouviratãbemdizerahumJappãocazeiroentãododitoRuyPizpornomeAntoniomoradornesteNãgasaqiemaruaXimabaramachi;equeelletestimunhavieradarcõtadistoquesediziadeRuyPizaop.eAntonioLopêzdaComp.ªdeIESUReitorentãodestacasadamesmaCõpanhia,oqualpareceoavisariaaelleRuyPizdisto,eassidizelletestimunhaquelheparecequeoditop.eoavisoumandandoochamar.PerguntadoseemNangasaqioschamavãotodosateosmeninosjudeosandandoellessoosenãoosadmittindoosoutrospurtuguesesemsuascasas?respondeoqueheverdadequelhechamavãoateosmeninoshomensdecastadejudeos,equeordinariam.teandavãotodostressoos,masquenãosabedizerseospurtuguesesosadmitiãoassuascasasounão.Eperguntadosesabia,ououviradizerq.asditastrespessoasvierãodeMachaofugidosparaJappão,edeJappãoforãofugindopªaManilhapornãolançaremmãodellesporviadaSantaInquisição,dissequenãosabianadadisto,masqueassioouviradizereassicorrianaterra,equeosobreditocazeiroAntºdisseraaelletestimunhaqquandodesteNãgasaquisepartirãopªFirandoparadahipartirempªaManilhasenãodespedirãodelle.Deidadedisseserdequarentaesincoannos.Docustumedissenada,eassinouaquicõoditoSñorB.po.Euop.eMatheusdeCourosnotárioEclesiasticoquaoescrevi.OBispodoJappãoMoroJoãoIIIAosvinteesincodiasdomêsdeSetembrodemileseisçentosehumnestacidadedeNagasaqinaspousadasdomuyIllustreeReverendisºSñrDomLuisCerqueiraBpõdeJappãoestandopresenteoditoSñormandouvirperantesiaTacaquiAntoniomoradordaditaCidadedeNangasaqienaruachamadaXimabaramachi,aoqualoditoSñrBispodeujuramentoaosSanctosEvangelhos,emqueellepossuamãoeprometeodefalarverdadenoquefosseperguntado,edetersegredo.Eporquepª.seentendercõoditoSñortinhaneçessidadedeinterpretequisqueofosseop.eFr.coRõizdaCompanhiadeIESUaoqualfoitambémdadojuramentopelloditoSñrBispo
  • 232TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)aosSanctosEvangelhosemqueellepossuamãoprometendodefazerbemefielmenteseuoffiçiodeinterpreteedetersegredonocaso.EperguntadoelletestªseconheçeoemJappãoaRuyPizeaseusdousf.ºsFr.coRõizeLuizRõiz?dissequeosconheçeraemJappãoondeestiverãodousannospoucomaisoumenos,equeseismesespousarãoemsuacasadelletestimunhaoditoRuyPizehumdosfºsomaismoçoqueorasenãolembracomosechamava.Eperguntadodanaçãoedescendênciadelles,dissequeouvianaterraseremxpãosnovos.Perguntadodeseuscustumes,esevinhaaIgrªaouvirMissa,ecõtinuavacõosSacramentos?dissequequantoaseuscustumesqviviabem,equenãoandavacõmolheres,eqcontinuavacõaIgrª————[fol.138]emissaesacram.tosdaIgrªmasqueouviradizer,eassicorriaaindap.llosmeninosdaterrraqoditoRuyPizcomiacarnealguãsvezesassestasfeiras,esábados,equeouvindotestimunhaisto,seforaaoditoRuyPiz,elhedisseraqlhediziãoqueelleeradacastadeJudeosequecomiacarneasçestasesabadosqueseassieraquelhenãopodiadarpouzadaemsuacasa,poisistoeracontraocustumedosxpãos,equeoditoRuyPizlheresponderaquelheagardeciamuitoavisallodisso,masqueaverdadeeraqueellecõservelho,edoente,eterlicençadeseocõfessor,nãocomiacarnenosditosdiasprohibidos,equelhepediaqueellemesmodahipordiante,poiseraseucazeiro,atentasseporisso,eovigiasse,oqueachariaqnãofaziatalcousaedisseelletestimunhaqueoditoRuyPizseriaentãodesesentaannosdeidade,equenaverdadelogopareçiahomemenfermo,equeporsinalhumdosf.ºsoajudavaavestirp.llanecessidadequedissotinha.Eperguntadosesabiaalgunsoutrosdelictosoccultos,oupublicosdestaspessoas,especialm.teaçercadanossaSanctafée?dissequenãosabianenhuãcousadisto,ãtesqueproçediãocomobõsxpãosdizendoqueosdousfilhoserãohomensdevotes,equeopayosencaminharabemajuntãdoqtambémofilhomaisvelhopouzouasuacasa,
  • 233Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)comohunsvinte,outrintadias.EperguntadoseemNangasaqilhechamavãocomummentejudeos,eseandavãososdemaneiraqueosoutrospurtuguesesosnãoadmitissememsuascasas?respondeoqgeralm.telhechamavãoJudeos,masqlhepareçeqlhechamavãoassi,nãopornãoviveremxpãmte,masporseremdaquellanação,eqquantoaodemaisqueacasadoditoRuyPizvinhãoalgunspurtuguesesacõversar,ejugarcõelle;equeosdousfilhoserãohomensrecolhidos,equenãocõversavãomuitocõagente,masqlhepareçiaqueonãofaziãocõnenhumruimintento,masp.llopaylhesdarbõsconselhos,eostrazerbemencaminhados.EperguntadosesabiaououviradizerqueasditastrespessoasvierãodeMacauaquiaJappão,edaquiseforãopªaManilhafugindopornãolançaremmãodellesporviadoSanctoOfficio?dissequenãosabemaissenãoquelhechamavãojudeos,nosentidoaseupareçerqassimoficadito.Daidadedisseserdesesentaannos.Docustumedissenada.EasinouaquicõoditoSñrB.po,Euop.eMatheusdeCourosNotarioEclesiasticooescrevi.AiuntouelletestimunhaaçercadoqasimaselhepreguntoudapartidadesteshomenspªaManilhaqhuãnoitederepenteoditoRuyPiz,cõseufilhomaismoçosedespedirãodelletestimunha,esepuzerãodefeiçãodeseembarcarempªFirando,comodefeitoembarcarão,pªdahiaseutemposepartirempªaManilha,comoemeffeitopartirão,oquevendoelletestemunhavieradaravizoaopadreAntonioLopêzdaCõpªdeIESUReitordestacasadaditacõpª,equeoditopadrelhemandaradizeraelletestimunhaqosdeixaseembarcarabera,equesenãoentrenetessenissoporqueaviacausapªseembarcarem.Eperguntadoelletestimunhasesabiaqcausaeraesta?disseqouviradizerporqueoCapitãomordospurtuguesesqueaquientãoestavacõsuanauosqueriaprender.Eperguntadosesabiaacausaporqueosqueriaprender?dissequeouviradizerqueestesdoushomenstiverãoemMacauhuãdemandaperãteoBispo,p.llaqualrezãosevierãoacolhendopªJapão.DigodissequeouviradizerqueacausaporqoCapitãoosqueriaprendereraporqueaviaordemdelReyoudoViserreidaIndiaqsemandassemirpªaIndia,oupªPortugaltodososxpãosnovosqandavãonestaspartesdaChina,eJappão.Declaroumaiselletestªqueoquetemditoacimaqueesteshomensestiverão
  • 234TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)dousannosemJappãopoucomaisoumenosoentendedeRuyPizedeseufºmaismoço,porqueofºmais————velhonotempoqueesteveemJappãofezviagempªMacauepªaManilha.EasinouaditatestemunhaaquicõosobreditoSñor.EporellenãosaberaletralatinavogouaoditopadreFr.coRizseassinasseporelleassinandosseelleditotestemunhaemJappão.OBispodoJappãoPadreFranciscoRodriguezTacaquiAntonioIVAos26domêsdeSetembrodemileseiscentosehumnestacidadedeNãgasaquiportodeJappãonaspousadasdomuyillustreeReverendissimoSñrDõLuisCerqueiraBispodeJappãoestandopresenteoditoSñrmandouvirperantesiaFranciscoRodriguezPinto,cazadoemoradoremaditacidade,aoqualoditoSñrdeujuramentoaosSanctosEvãgelhosemqueellepossuamão,porqueprometeodedizerverdadenoquefossepreguntado,edetersegredonocaso.EperguntadoelletestemunhaseconheciaaRuyPiz,eadousfilhosseusFranciscoRodriguezeLuisRodriguezeoquesabiadesuanação,edescendençia,edeseuscustumes,esevinhãoaIgrejaeouviãoMissa?Sesabiadellesalgunsdelictos,esppeçialmentecontranossaSanctafeequerfossempúblicos,queroccultos?DissequeeraverdadequeelletestimunhaveocõoditoRuyPiz,ehumseufºmaismoço,queseaffirmasechamavaManoelFernandez,deMacauparaJappãonanaodeJeronimoPereiracapitãomordaViagem,equeconhecerabememJappãoosditosRuyPizeManuelFernandezemaisoutroseufºquejaestavaemJappãopornomeAntonioRodriguez,equeporestesnomesosconhece,enãoporFranciscoRodriguez,nemporLuisRodriguez,equesecertificachamaremsseassi,equenãosabequetivesseoutrosfilhosoditoRuyPiz,aomenosaquiemJappão,equeestiverãoestastrespessoasemJappãopllomenostresannos,equeoditoAntonioRodriguezaviamaistempoque
  • 235Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)estavaemJappãonestacidadedeNangasaquiseremxpãosnovos,equeoditoJeronimoPereiraCapitãomor,oqualeranaturaldamesmaterradeRuyPizlhedisseraaelletestimunhaseremxpãosnovos,equenãosabiamaisdesuadescendençia.DissemaisquepublicamentesefalavaassientreosJappõescomoospurtuguesesnestacidadedeNangasaqiqueoditoRuyPizcomiacarnenosdiasprohibidospllaIgrejaoqueselheestranhavamuitoporelleserxpãonovo,masquenãosabeaverdadedisto,nemtambémseofaziapornecessidade,ouenfermidade,ajuntandoelletestimunhaquehuãmolherhonrrada,edasprincipaisdestapovoaçãopornomeJustajadefunta,cõquemelletestimunhatinhaalguãrezão,mãydehuãMariafilhadeJustino,emolherdeGuelhilmeoramoradoranestacidade,aqualeraacazeiradoditoReyPizporlheteralugadoascasasemqueellepousava,postoqueellaMarianãopousavanellas,lhedissera,fazendoqueixumedoditoRuyPizqueerahumjudeo,equecomiacarnenosdiasprohibidos,equelançavaaspennasnaslatrinas,equeistodaspennasouviraelletestimunhatambémdizeraoutraspessoas;equequantoaMissaquealguãsvezesosviranaIgrejaantesmuitas.EperguntadoseandavãosoosemNangasaqinãoosadmittindoosoutrospurtuguesesemsuascasaschamãdoosateosmeninosJudeos?DisseelletestimunhaqueemtodaaterralhechamavãoateosmeninosJudeos,masquepareceentenderiãoseremdacastadeJudeos,equenaverdadeporestacausalhechamavão.Equepostoquenãosabesealgunspurtugueseslheentravãoemcasa,todaviasabequeelleshiãoascasasdealgunspurtugueses.PerguntadoelletestemunhasesabiaacausaporquevierãodeMacauparaJappão,edeJappãoseforão————[fol.139]paraaManilha?DissequeouviradizeraRoquedeMeloCapitãomorentãodaViagemeaalgunsoutrospurtuguesesqueporquedoJappãoforaacusadooditoRuyPizaMacauporcomercarneemdiasprohibidosomandavãoirporpartedoSanctoOffiçioparaMacau,equeporissoseembarcaradeNangasaqiparaFirandoterrade
  • 236TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)gentios,edahiseembarcaraparaaManilha,masquenãosabeaverdadedistoequeporventuraerarumorfalso.Deidadedisseserdesincoentaaños.Docustumedissenada,eassinouaquicomoditoSñrBispo,Euop.eMatheusdeCourosNotarioEclesiasticooescrevienãosefaçacazodaentrelinha(pornomeJustajádefunta.)OBispodoJapãoFranciscoRodriguezPintoVAos26deSetembrodemileseiscentosehumnestacidadedeNãgasaqinaspousadasdomuyIllustreeReverendissimoSñrDomLuisCerqrªBispodoJappãoestandopresenteoditoSñrfezvirperantesiaopadreFranciscoRodriguezdaCompanhiadeIESUaoqualoditoSñrdeujuramentoaosSanctosEvangelhosemqueellepossuamãoprometendodefalarverdadenoquefossepreguntado,edetersegredonocaso.EperguntadoelletestemunhaseconheciaaRuyPiz,easeusdousfilhosLuisRodriguez,eFranciscoRodriguezdissequeosconheçeraaquiemJappão,aindaquesenãolembradosnomesdosfilhos.Perguntadodasuanação,edescendençia?DissequenãosabiamaisqueseremtidosemNãgasaqigeralmenteporxpãosnovos.Perguntadodeseuscustumes,esesabiadellesalgunsdelictosespecialmentecontranossaSanctaFee,oupublicos,ousecretos?DissequenãosabiamaissenãoterouvidodizeraseupareçerdelletestimunhaqueoditoRuyPizcomiacarneemdiasprohibidos,masqueaelletestimunhalhepareciaconformeaidadeeindesposiçãoefraquezaqueoditoRuyPizmostravaofariaporneçessidade,ecomlicençadeseuconfessor,equedofitoRuyPiz,selembraquecõtinuavacõaIgreja,ecõascõfissõesecomunhões,equedosdousfilhosnãoouviunemsabenadadesuavidanemcustumes,porquenãotinhaconversaçãocomelles.EperguntadoqueopiniãosetinhãodellesemNangasaqi,eseerãochamadosdetodo(s)atedosmeninosjudeus,seandavãosoosdemaneiraqueosnãoadimittissemospurtuguesesasuascasas?Dissequenãosabenemouvionadadisto.PerguntadosesabeououvioacausaporquevierãodeMacauaJapão,edeJappão
  • 237Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)seforãoparaaManilha?Dissequenãosabianada,equequandoseembarcarãoparaaManilhaelletestimunhanãoestavanestaspartesdeNangasaqi.Daidadedisseserdequarentaehumaños,docustumedissenada.EelletestimunhaasinouaquicomosobreditoSñrBispo.EuopadreMatheusdeCourosNotarioeclesiásticooescrevi.OBispodoJappãoPadreFranciscoRodriguezVIAos26deSetembrodemileseiscentosehumnestacidadedeNangasaqiportodeJappãonaspouzadasdomuyIlluestreeReverendissimoSñrBispoDõLuisCerqueiraBispodoJappãoestandopresenteoditoSñrmandouvirperantesiaSôinThomecasado,emoradornaditacidadedeNãgasaqi,aoqualoditoSñrBispodeujuramentoaosSanctosEvãgelhosequeellepossuamãoprometendodefalarverdadeetersegredonoquefossepreguntado,eporqueparaseentenderosobreditoSñrtinhaneçessidadedeinterpretequisquefosseseuopadreFranciscoRodriguesdaCompanhiadeIESUaoqualtambémoditoSñrdeujuramentoaosSanctosEvãgelhos,emqueellepossuamãoprometendodefazerbem,efielmenteseuofficiodeinterprete,edessesegredonocaso.EperguntadoelletestimunhaseconheciaaRuyPiz,easeusdousfilhosLuisRodrigueseFrancisco————Rodrigues?Disequesiconheçeoaopãy,eaofilhomaismoçonestacidadedeNãgasaqi,masquesenãolembradeseusnomes,postoquepouzavanamesmarua,edefrontedesuacasadelles.Eperguntadosesabiadesuanação,edescendençia?Dissequeerãotidos,eavidosemNãgasaqiporxpãosnovos.Eperguntadodeseuscustumes,sesabiaalgunsdelictosdelles,especialmentecõtranossaSanctafeee,eseviviãoXpaãmente?DissequecõtinuavãocõaIgreja,ecõaMissacomoosoutrosxpãos,equenãosabiamaisqueterouvidodizernãoselembraa
  • 238TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)quem,equeestapraticacorriaemNangasaqiquecomiãocarneemdiasprohibidospllaIgreja.Eperguntadosecorriaestapraticadeambospay,efilho?Dissequelhepareçequesefalavad’ambosecõfuso.EperguntadoseerãochamadosemNangasaqiatedosmeninojudeos,eseandavãosoosdemaneiraquenãoosadmitissemasuacasaosoutrospurtugueses?Dissequenãosabia,nemouviranadadisto.EperguntadosesabiaacausaporquevierãodeMacauaJappão,edaquisepartirãoparaManilha?Dissequenãosabiamaisacercadopreguntado,senãoqueouviradizeraseuparecer,queseforãodaquiparaaManilhapormedodoCapitãomordaViagem,ouporlheoditoCapitãomorquererimporalguãcousa.Daidadedisseserdequarentaequatro.Docustumedissenada,easinouaquicomoditoSñrBispo,eporquenãosabiaaletralatinaquisqueoseunomeseassinasseoditopadreFranciscoRodriguez,asinandosseelleemJappão.EuopadreMatheusdeCourosnotárioeclesiástico,oescrevi.OBispodoJappãoPadreFranciscoRodriguezSôinThomeVIIAoprimeirodomêsdeOutubrodemileseisçentosehumnestacidadedeNãgasaquinaspousadasdomuyIllustreeReverendis.oSõrDomLuisCerqueiraBispodeJappãoestandopresenteoditoSõrmandouvirperantesiaSalvadordeFigueredo,moradornestacidade,aoqualoditoSõrdeujuramentoaosSanctosEvangelhosemqueellepossuamãoprometendodefalarverdadenoquefossepreguntado,edetersegredonocaso.EperguntadoelletestimunhaseconheçeraemJappão,ounoutraparteaRuyPiz,easeusdousfilhosFranciscoRodrigueseLuísRodriguez,dissequeosconheceraemJapão,masquenãoselembraseerãoestesosnomesdosfilhos,eperguntadodesuanação,edescendençiadissequenãosabiamaisqueseremtidos,eavidosporxpãosnovos.
  • 239Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)Eperguntadosesabiadeseuscustumes,sevinhãoamissa,ecõtinuavãocõossacramentos;esesabiadealgunsdelictosseusespeçialmentecõtranossaSanctaFeequefossempublicos,queroccultos?DissequeasditastrespessoasvinhãoaMissa,ecõtinuavãocõaIgrejacomoosoutrosxpãos,somentequeouviradizeroqueeramuitocorrenteentreJappõesepurtuguesesqueoditoRuyPirezcomiacarneemdiaspellaIgrejaprohibidos,equealgunsdiziãoquequandoacomiasemetiaemhumgudãocõosfilhos,masquenãoouviodizerqueosfilhosacomessem,equeouvindoelletestimunhaouvieradizeraopadreAntonioLopezdaCompanhiadeIESU,Reitorqueentãoeradestacasa,dizendolhedoescândaloquedistorecebiãoosJappõesequeoditopadrelhedisseraqueellelhetinhadadolicençaparaissoporserhomemdemuitaidade,edoente,comorealmentedizelletestimunhaqueoeraoditoRuyPirez.Eperguntadoseerãochamadosjudeosatedosmininos,eseandavãosoosdemodoqueosoutros————[fol.140]Purtuguesesosnãoadmitissemasuascasas?Dissequenãosabesenãoseremtidosperxpãosnovos,geralmente,comoficadito,enãoseremhomensdemuitaconversaçãocõosoutrospurtugueses,masquenãosabequefizessemistopornenhumsinistrorespeitonemquesereparassenisso,equeoditoRuyPizgeralmenteerahomemdepoucaconversaçãoepratica.EperguntadosesabiaporquevierãodeMacaupara[o]JappãoedeJappãoparaaManilha,seporventuravierão,ouforãofugindoporcousasdaSanctaInquisição?Dissequealgunsdiziãoquevierãoeforãofugindoafastandosedofogo,masquesefalavanistolevemente,ecomoemcousaquenãotinhaoutrofundamentosenãodeseremestesxpãosnovos,dequemcomumenteospurtuguesesfalão,enãotembomconceito.Daidadedisseserdesincoentaeseteannos.Docustumedissenada,eassinouaquicomoditoSenhor.EuopadreMatheusdeCourosnotárioeclesiásticooescrevi.OBispodoJappão
  • 240TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)SalvadordeFigueiredoVIIIAoprimeirodeOutubrodemileseiscentosehumnestacidadedeNangasaqiportodeJappãonaspousadasdomuyIll.ºeReverendissimoSõrDomLuisCerqueiraBispodeJappãoestandopresenteoditoSenhormandouvirperantesiaJorgeDurõis,moradornaditacidadeaoqualoditoSenhorBispodeuJuramentoaosSanctosEvangelhos,emqueelleporsuamãoprometendodefalarverdadenoquefossepreguntadoedetersegredonocaso.EpreguntadoseconheciaaRuyPirezeaseusdousfilhosLuisRodrigueseFranciscoRodriguezaquiemJappãoounaChina,ounaIndia?DissequeosconheceraaquiemJappãosomentemasqueofilhomaispequeno,aseuparecer,sechamavaManoelFernandez,eooutroJoãoRodriguez.Eperguntadosesabiadasuanaçãoedescendência?DissequenãosabiamaisqueserempublicamentenesteNangasaqitidoseávidosporxpãosequeomesmoouviradizerelletestemunhaaoCapitãoMordaViagemJerónimoPereira.Eperguntadodeseuscustumesesesabiadasditaspessoasalgunsdelictospubblicos,ouoccultosespecialmentecontraanossaSanctaFee?DissequequantoaseuscustumesquecontinuavãoaMissacomoosoutrosxpãosecomosSacramentosdaIgrejamasquesefalavamuitoemNãgasaqiassientreosJappões,comoospurtuguesesqueoditoRuyPirezcomiacarneemdiasprohibidospellaIgrejaequelançavaaspennasnaslatrinas,equeomesmoseucaseirodelleRuyPirezovieraacusaraopadreAntonioLopezdaCompanhiadeIESUaquiReitor,segundoopadreAntónioLopezodisseraaelletestemunhacomotambémopadreGregoriodeCespedesdaCompanhiadeIESUlhedisseraqueeracousatrabalhosaserxpãonovo,porquecomelleterdadolicençaaRuyPirezparacomercarnenaQuaresmaporservelho,edoente,todaviaosJappõesseescandalizavãodisseelhovinhãoacusareajuntouelletestemunhaqueestandoemcasadoditoRuyFernandezesendohorasdecomerofizeravireentrarcomseusfilhosdentrodehumgudãoondecomiãosoos,semmoçosqueosserviçem,ecomasportasfechadasequeistoviraelletestimunhatresvezes,
  • 241Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)equeseestranhavapornãocustumaremassiacomerosoutrospurtugueses,masempublicoservindoososseusmoços.Eperguntadoseaquellestresdiaserãodecarne,ouemquesenãocomesse,dissequenãoeralembradodisso;masquenãolheparecendobemaquilloovieradizeraopadrePedroGomêzViceProvincialdaCompanhia,oqualresponderanãoseressaboaaddição.EperguntadosesabiaacausaporquevierãodeMacauparaJappãoedaquiseforãoparaManilha?DissequegeralmentesediziaqueacausaforaporqueavendoleydelReyquenenhunsxpãosnovospassassemaestaspartedoSul,Malaca,ChinaeJappão,elleRuyPirez————ForaacusadoemMacauperanteoouvidordelReyporhumBertolomeuJorge,perxpãonovo,aquemparaissoseretirarãoparaJappão,edaquiseacolheraparaFirandoparadahiseembarcarparaaManilhacomseusfilhos,pornãolançaremmãodellespornãoguardaremaleydelRey,EperguntadoseemNangasaqierãochamadosatedosmeninos,judeos,eseandavãosoosdemodoqueosoutrospurtuguesesosnãoadmittissemasuascasas?DissequeerãochamadosdosJappãos,judeos,porassicustumaremellesachamarquaisquehomensdanaçãoequecomummentenãotinhãomuitacomunicaçãocomosoutrospurtugueses,especialmentexpãosvelhos,masquecomunicavãomuitocomhumPauloGonçalvezpurtugues,etambémalguasvezes,antesmuitascomoutrosdouspurtugueses,asquaistrespessoassãotambémxpãosnovos,segundoelletestimunhadizsercousasabida.Daidadedisseserdesincoentaedousannos;docustumedissenada,easinouaquicomoditoSenhorBispo.Eu,opadreMatheusdeCourosdaCompanhiadeIESU,notárioeclesiásticooescrevi.OBispodeJappãoJorgeDurõins
  • 242TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)IXAoprimeirodeOutubrodemileseiscentosehumnestacidadedeNãgasaqiportodeJappãonaspousadasdomuyIllustrissimoeReverendissimoDomLuisCerqueiraBispodeJappão,estandopresenteoditoSenhorfezvirperantesioIrmãoAmbrosioFernandezdaCompanhiadeIESUaoqualoditoSenhorBispodeujuramentoaosSanctosEvangelhosemqueellepossuamãopromettendodefalarnadanoquefossepreguntado,edetersegredonocaso.EperguntadoseconheciaaRuyPirezeaseusdousfilhosFranciscoRodriguezeLuisRodriguez?DissequeosconheceraaquiemJappão,devista,masquesenãolembradeseusnomesdosfilhos.Eperguntadodesuanaçãoedescendençiadelles?Dissequeerãoaquitidoseávidosporxpãosnovos.EperguntadodeseuscustumessecontinuavãocomaIgrejaesesabiadellesalgunsdelictospublicos,ouoccultosespecialmentecontranossaSanctafee?DissequecontinuavãocomaIgrejacomoosoutrosxpãosequesóouviradizeraalgunsJappõesqueoditoRuyPirezdera,deixaiocoytadoquehejávelho,enãotemdentes,eterálicençadeseusconfessoresperacomercarne.EperguntadoseemNangasaqierãochamadosatedosmeninos,judeos,eseandavãosoosdemodoqueosoutrosportuguesesosnãoadmittissemassuascasas?Dissequenãosabeacercadistocousaemquesedevareparar.EperguntadosesabiaporqueesteshomensvierãoqueseacolherãodaquiparaFirando,edahiparaManilhaPollosnãoprenderoCapitãomormasquenãosabe,nemouviradizeroporqueosqueriaprender.Daidadedisseserdesincoentaannos.Docustumedissenada,easinouaquicomoditoSenhorBispo.Eu,MatheusdeCouros,notárioeclesiásticooescrevi.OBispodeJappãoAmbrosioFernandezXAosdousdiasdeOutubrodemileseiscentosehumnestacidadedeNãgasaqi
  • 243Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)[fol.141]portodeJappãonaspouzadasdomuyIllustrissimoeReverendissimoSenhorDomLuisdeCerqueiraBispodeJappãoestandopresenteoditoSenhormandouvirperantesiaManoelRodriguez,casado,emoradoremaditacidadeaoqualoditoSenhordeujuramentoaosSanctosEvangelhosemqueelleporsuamãoprometendodefalarverdadenoquefosseperguntado,edetersegredonocaso.Eperguntadoelletestemunhaseconheçeoaqui,ouemalguapartedaIndiaeChinaaRuyPirezcomseusdousfilhosFranciscoRodriguezeLuisRodriguez?DissequeosconhecerasomenteaquiemJappãomasquehumdosfilhos,omaisvalho,queouviodizerqueestavaagoranoMexico,sechamavaaseuparecerManuelFernandez,equeomaismoçonãosabecomosechamasse.Perguntadodesuadescendençia,enação,dissequeerãotodoseávidosaquiporxpãosnovosequeelletestemunhaouviradizerahumpurtuguespornomePeroRodriguezNaboentãoaquietambéméhoradiffuntoqueestastrespessoaserãodabeiraouasijuntodellePeroRodriguezequeosconheciamuytobemqueerãoxpãosnovos.EperguntadodesuscustumessevinhãoaMissaecontinuavãocomaIgrejaesesabiadellesalgunsdelictospúblicos,ouoccultos,especialmentecontranossaSanctaFee?DissequequantoaMissaemaiscousasdaIgrejacorriãocomoosoutrospurtugueses,masqueouviradizerqueoditoRuyPirezcomiacarneemdiasprohibidos,equesefalavaaquimuitonistoemNangasaqientreospurtugueses,mastambémouviradizerqueporvelhoedoentetinhalicençaparaisso,equetambémsediziaquequandoestastrespessoascomiãomandavãolevarapanellaparahumgudãoquetinhãolariba,equedentronellecomiãosoossemmoçonemninguémqueosservisseequedecontinoassicomião.Eperguntadoseerãochamadosatedosmeninos,judeos,eseandavãosoosdemaneiraqueosnãoadmittissemasuascasasospurtugueses?Dissequenãosabiadistomaissenãoquenãoerãotidosemboacontaporseremxpãosnovos,equeospurtuguesesassinperguntavãoahumseuescravo,quantossão?Equeellerespondia,tresjudeos,masqueistodiziaoescravopellospurtuguesestirarempalhacomelle,eperpassartempo;quequantoaodemaisqueseperguntavanãosabecousaemquesehadereparar.
  • 244TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)EperguntadosesabiaporquecausavierãodeMacauparaJappão,edaquiseforãoparaaManilha?DissequenãosabiamaissenãoquedepoisdellespartidosparaManilhaouviradizerquedePurtugalvinhãoembuscadellesporpartedaSanctaInquisiçãoequeistoouviraamuitaspessoasquepublicamentefalavãonisto.Daidadedisseserdaesincoentaequatroanos.DocustumedissenadaeasinouaquicomoditoSenhorBispo.Eu,opadreMatheusdeCouroscaCompanhiadeIESUnotárioeclesiásticooescrevi.BispodoJapãoManuelRodriguezXIAosdousdeOutubrodemileseiscentosehumnestacidadeNangasaqiportodoJappãonaspousadasdomuyillustrissimoeReverendissimoSenhorDomLuisCerqueiraBispodeJappãoestandopresenteoditoSenhormandouvirperantesiaTacaquiLuis,casado,emoradornestacidade,aoqualoditoSenhordeujuramentoaosSanctosEvangelhosemqueellepossuamãoprometendodefalarverdadenoquefossepreguntado,edetersegredonocaso,eporqueparaseentendercomoditoSenhortinhanecessidadedeinterpretequisquefosseseuopadreCelsoCõfalonerodaCompanhiadeJesu,aoqualtambémoditoSenhordeujuramentoaosSanctosEvangelhosemqueellepossua————mãopromettendodefazerbemefielmenteseuofficiodeinterprete.EperguntadoelletestemunhaseconheceraaRuyPirezeasusdousfilhos?DissequesiconheceuaquiemNangasaqi,equepousavãonamesmaruadelletestimunhapernomeXimabaramachiinaca-hádehumseuirmãoTacaquiAntonio,masquenãoselembravadosnomesdosfilhos.Eperguntadosesabiadequenaçãoedescendençiaerão?DissequeerãotidoseávidospublicamentenestamachiporXpãosnovos.EperguntadosesabiaalguacousadeseuscustumesesecomiãocomoosdemaisxpãoseiraIgrejaesesabiadellesalgunsdelictospúblicosouoccultoscontranossa
  • 245Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)Sanctafee?DissequequantoaMissaquevinhãoaellaecorriacomaIgrejacomoosdemaispurtuguese,equealguãsvezesosvioviramissaeháIgreja,equehuãvezviocomungaraofilhomaismoço,masqueouviradizer,equeassisepraticavacomummentequeoditoRuyPirezcomiacarneemdiasprohibidos,deteroditoRuyPirezlicençaparacomercarnenosditosdiasporservelho.Eperguntadosesabiaqueateosmeninososchamassemjudeus,ouesteshomensandassemdemaneiraqueosoutrosportuguesesosnãoadmitissemasuacasa?Dissequenãosabia,nemouviradizeracercadistocousaalguã.EperguntadosesabiaacausaporquesevierãodeMacauparaJappãoeseforãodaquiparaManilha?DissequenãoouviradizernadadacausaporquevierãodeMacauparajappão;masqueouviradizerqueseforãoescondidamenteparaaManilhaporoCapitãomordaViagemosesperarprenderporseremxtõas(cristãos)novos;poremperguntadodissequenãosabiaseosqueriaoCapitãomorprenderpornegoçeodafee,ouporaveralguãpregmaticaqueosxpãosnovosnãoviessemaestaspartes,afimquenãoouviradizermaissenãoqueosqueriaprenderporxpãosnovos.Daidadedisseserdequarentaesete.Docustumedissenada,easinouaquicomoditoSenhorBispoecominterprete,oqualseasinouaquiporelletestimunhaaletralatinaassinãndosseelleemJappão.Eu,opadreMatheusdeCourosdaCompanhiadeIESU,notárioeclesiástico,oescrevi.BispodoJappãoCelsoConfeloneroTacaguiLuisXIIAostresdeOutubrodemileseiscentosehumnestacidadedeNãgasaqiportodeJapãonaspousadasdeAntónioGarcês,moradornaditacidade,porordemdomuyillustrissimoeReverendissimoSenhorBispoLuisdeCerqueira,BispodeJappão,oReverendopadreDiogodeMesquitadaCompanhiadeIESU,provisorevigáriogeraldesteBispado,comparticularcomissãoqueparaissotinhadoditoSenhorBispofoiacasadoditoAntónioGarçesdoente,eahilhedeujuramentoaosSanctosEvangelhosemqueellepossuamãoprometendodefalarverdadeetersegredonocasodequefosseperguntado.
  • 246TheJewishDiasporaandThePerezFamilyCaseinChina,Japan,ThePhilippines,andTheamericas(16thCentury)EperguntadoelletestimunhaseconheciaaRuyPirezeseusdousfilhosFranciscoRodriguezeLuisRodriguezaquiemJappão,naChina,ouIndia?Dissequesi,conheceraoditoRuyPirezeaseusdousfilhosaquiemJappãoeemMacauequeosnomesdosseusfilhosnãolhelembrão.EperguntadodeseuscustumesseconviviãocomosdemaisxpãosemviaaIgrejaecontinuavãoedosSacramentosefinalmentesesabiadoditoRuyPirezedeseusfilhosalgunsdelictospúblicosouoccultosespecialmentecontranossaSanctaFee?DissequequantoaoiraIgrejacorrião————[fol.142]ComosdemaisxpãosequequantoaosdemaisheverdadequeouviodizerqueoditoRuyPirezcomiacarneemdiasprohibidos,equeellecomosfilhossemetiãoacomernogudão,masquedosfilhosnãosabequecomessemcarne,equedizendoistoalgunspurtuguesesaopadreAntonioLopezdaCompanhiadeJesu,elleresponderaquesenãoescandalizassemporqueellepadreAntonioLopezlhederalicençaaoditoRuyPirez,paracomercarneporservelhoedoente,comonaverdadedizelletestemunhaqueeraeasmático.EperguntadosesabiaacausaporquesevierãodeMacauparaJappãoedaquiseforãoparaosLuções,efinalmentesesabiaqueosmeninosaquiemNangasaqilhechamassempublicamentejudeos,esesandavãosoosdemaneiraquenãotratassemcomosdemaispurtugueses,nemosdemaispurtuguesesosadmitissemasuacasa?DissequenãosabianadadacausaporquevierãodeMacau,nemporquedaquiseforãoparaaManilha,equeheverdadequeoditoRuyPirezeseusfilhoserãotidoseávidosporxpãosnovos,equealgunsportuguesesportirarempalhacomdousmoçosJaosescravosdoditoRuyPirezlheperguntavão,quantossão?Equeosditosmoçosrespendiãotresjudeo[s],equeheverdadequeoditoRuyPirezcomseusfilhoscorriãocomummentecomosdemaispurtugueses.Deidadedisseserdesesentaannos.Docustumedissenada,easinouaquicomoditopadreProvisor.Eu,opadreMatheusdeCourosdaCompanhiadeIESU,notário
  • 247Part2:DocumentswithreferencetoJudeo-ConversoPresenceinIndia,China,Japan,thePhilippines,andMexico(1580-1605)eclesiástico,oescrevi.DiogoMesquitaAntónioGarçesEu,opadreMatheusdeCourosdaCompanhiadeIESU,NotarioEcclesiasticodesteBispadodeJapãodoufeecomooSumariodetestemunhasassinaescriptocosidocomlinhabrancaconteúdoemcincofolhasemeãfoytrasladodomesmooriginalfielmenteeconcertadocomellepormymcomomuyIllustrissimoeReverendissimoSenhorDomLuisCerqueiraBispodeJapão.Eenfeedistomeassiney,aquycomoditoSenhorBispooje26deOutubrode1601emNãgasaqy.OBispodeJappãoMatheosdeCourosRecaudosdelJapon,contraFranciscoRodriguezyManuelRodriguezTresladoautenticoElpadrefreyBernardodeSantaCathalinaComissariodelSantoOfficio,aquiensucargotuviereenlasPhilippinasManilhaDelobispodeIapon.
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