The Onset, Maintenance and Retreat of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon Major: Tropical Climatology Name: Fong Soi Kun Superior: Prof. Wang An Yu Abstract The South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon is very important as an essential component of the Asian summer monsoon. It is greatly meaningful to the forecasts of the rainfall in southern China, the progression of the summer monsoon in eastern China, and floods and droughts. Observations and experimental studies on the onset and the effects of the East Asian summer monsoon, especially the effects of the SCS summer monsoon, were performed considerably in SCSMEX. This thesis shares the same purpose of the SCSMEX, as a near all-round study on climatic characteristics of the onset, maintenance and retreat of the South China Sea summer monsoon, as well as its intradecadal variations. Since dataset over 30 years is favorable for the climatic researches, the NCEP reanalysis for more than 40 years are used. The content of this thesis covers four areas: 1) climatic characteristics of the onset of the SCS summer monsoon; 2) climatic characteristics of the maintenance of the SCS summer monsoon; 3) climatic characteristics of the retreat of the SCS summer monsoon; and 4) the intradecadal variations of the SCS summer monsoon. The standards of the onset, maintenance, retreat, active periods, non-active periods and the monsoon rainfall are defined. The SCS summer monsoon is defined as the warm and wet southwesterlies, whose θse should be greater than 355 K and speed greater than 2 m/s, at 850-hPa in the lower troposphere at mean pentads. The pentad when the mentioned warm and wet southwesterlies control 40% or more of the area over the SCS region (105°-120°E, 5°– 20°N) is defined as the onset time of the SCS summer monsoon. The pentad right after the last pentad with the SCS summer monsoon covering 40% or more of the above area is defined as the ending time of the SCS summer monsoon. The maintenance period of the SCS summer monsoon is defined by the onset time and the ending time of the SCS summer monsoon. We define the active periods of the SCS summer monsoon as the time when the the onset v
condition of the SCS summer monsoon is satisfied in successive pentads, else the non-active periods when the onset condition is at fault. For the climatic characteristics of the onset of the SCS summer monsoon, results reveal: 1) the SCS summer monsoon brusts at the 4th pentad in May; 2) the onset of the SCS summer monsoon is closely related to the southwesterly monsoon over the eastern Bay of Bengal, as induced by the intensification and eastward advancement of the latter; 3) the rainy season of the SCS summer monsoon bursts after the onset of the SCS summer monsoon basically; and 4) the atmospheric circulations exhibit rapid changes at different heights over the SCS and its adjacent districts, during the establishment peroid of the SCS summer monsoon, these include: i) in lower troposphere, the southward expansion and deepening of the Indo-Burma trough; ii) in middle troposphere, the rapid easterward retreat of the western Pacific subtropicl high form the SCS region, iii) in upper troposphere, the fast radiation of the easterlies form the center of the SCS region to the whole of it apparently. For the climatic characteristics of the maintenance of the SCS summer monsoon, results show: 1) according to the 40-year means, the maintenance period of the SCS summer monsoon is around 25 pentads, i.e., approximately four months; 2) the active periods occur much longer than the non-active periods; the main climatic characteristics of the non-active periods, compared with the active periods, is weaker monsoon with westerlies at 850-hPa and easterlies at 200-hPa on the deviation fields of circulations over the SCS (active time minus non-active time); it is warmer in the active periods than in the non-active periods at lower and upper levels; 3) in most circumstances, the low frequency vibrations of the summer monsoon and its rainfall are quite in phase. For the climatic characteristics of the retreat of the SCS summer monsoon, results display: 1) the sequence of the onset the Asian summer monsoon is as follows: firstly the Bay of Bengal, secondly the SCS and finally India and the Arabian Sea; and vice versa in the retreat. 2) the retreat of the SCS summer monsoon is greatly affected by the Tibetan Plateau, with both the high level jet in the troposphere and the western Pacific subtropical high situated more to the north when compared with its onset, as the cold air south of the Tibetan Plateau moves southward quickly; 3) the retreat time of the SCS summer monsoon differs from that of the rainfall over the SCS region, with the latter being much later than the former. For the climatic characteristics of the intradecadal variations of the SCS summer monsoon, results display: the intradecadal variations of the SCS summer monsoon are greatly affected by the abrupt change of climate. Taking 1978 as the marginal year, vi
there are great differences between the first and the second two decades; in the first two decades, the summer monsoon exhibits later onset and earlier retreat, with less rainfall, weaker convective activities and milder monsoon; contrarily in the second two decades, the summer monsoon exhibited earlier onset and later retreat, with more rainfall, more violent convective activities and stronger monsoon. This abrupt change of climate seems to be related to El Nino and SST at the equator, owing to their great differences between the first and the second two decades, with both SST at the equator and El Nino index increasing sharply and obviously in the second two decades. Keywords: South China Sea summer monsoon, onset, maintenance, retreat, intradecadal variations. vii
具有自己独特的季风体系。 南海夏季风是亚洲夏季风系统的一个重要组成部分。它的建立、维持、撤退和变异对我国华南地区的降水、我国东部地区夏季风的推进以及洪涝的预报都有很重要的意义。 图1-4 6-8月亚澳季风区的示意图,图中等值线为垂直积分(地面-300hPa)的、用欧洲中心资料算出的平均水汽输送值;等值线间隔为100 kg m s-1. 5
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附 录 冯瑞权在核心刊物和国际会议上发表和已接收的文章(其中第一作者 11 篇) [1] 王安宇、吴池胜、林文实、冯瑞权、古志明、梁嘉静, 1999:关于我国东部夏季风进退的定义 高原气象 第 18 卷,第 3 期 [2] 吴池胜、王安宇、冯瑞权、古志明 1999:不同积云对流参数化方案在暴雨数值模拟中的作用 中山大学学报 第 38 卷 [3] 古志明、冯瑞权、吴池胜、王安宇、林文实、杨艳 2000:一次华南暴雨过程的数值模拟及结果分析 热带气象学报 第 16 卷,第 2 期 [4] 冯瑞权、候尔滨、林建恒、古志明、吴池胜、王安宇、林文实 2000:Numerical Prediction Experiment on Typhoon Maggie(9903) ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee Annual Review(第一作者) [5] 冯瑞权、古志明、候尔滨、王安宇、吴池胜、林文实 2001:Advance and Retreat of the Summer Monsoon in China Acta Meteorologica Sinica Vol.14 No.1(第一作者) [6] 林文实、冯瑞权、吴池胜、古志明、王安宇、杨艳 2001:A Simulating Study on Resolvable –Scale Microphysical Parameterization in a Mesoscale Model.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences Vol.17. No.3 [7] 冯瑞权、王安宇 亚洲夏季风图集 2001:澳门基金会,318pp(第一作者) [8] WANG Anyu, FONG Soi Kun, Ding Yihui, WU Chisheng, LAM Kin Hang, HAO I Pan, FAN Qi, KU Chi Meng, LIN Wenshi, and TAM Chi Man.2001: Onset, Maintenance and Retreat of Asian Summer Monsoon . Climatological Atlas for Asian Summer Monsoon:253-318 [9] 吴池胜、冯瑞权、古志明、王安宇、候尔滨、林文实 2001: 南海夏季风爆发的数值预报模拟实验气候与环境研究第 5 卷,第 4 期 [10] Lin Wenshi、 Wang Anyu 、Wu Chisheng 、Fong Soi Kun、 Ku Chimeng 2001: 130
A Case Modeling of Sea-Land Breeze in MACAO and its Neighborhood Advances in Atmospheric Sciences Vol.18 No.6 November :p1231-1240 [11] 吴池胜、王安宇、冯瑞权、古志明 2001: 1994 年南海夏季风爆发的数值模拟和分析研究 大气科学 第 25 卷 第 4 期 [12] 王安宇、丁一汇、冯瑞权、候尔滨、吴池胜、林建恒 2001:The Climate Characteristics of Summer Monsoon Onset in Asia . Dynamics of Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulations and Climate [13] 冯瑞权、王安宇、吴池胜、林建恒、古志明、林文实、谭志文 2001:南海夏季风建立日期 南海夏季风建立日期的确定与季风指数(第一作者) [14] 李江南、王安宇、蒙伟光、樊琦、冯瑞权、候尔滨 2002:广东省前汛期和后汛期降水的气候特征 中山大学学报 第 41 卷 第 3 期 [15] WU Chi shengAnyu WANG, Wenshi LIN, Soikun FONG, Chimeng LU & 1-PAN HAN . 2002: The Activity of South Asia Anticyclone and the onset of South China Sea Summer Monsoon in 1998 Journal of Geosciences of China Volume 4, Number 3-4 December :p62-73 [16] 李江南、蒙伟光、王安宇、刘黎明、冯瑞权、侯尔滨 2003:西太平洋副热带高压强度和位置的气候特征 热带地理 第 23 卷第 1 期:p35-39 [17] Meng Weiguang、Wang Anyu、Li Jiangnan、Fong Soi Kun(冯瑞权)、KU Chi-meng 2003 : Numerical Simulation of a Mesoscale Convective System(MCS)During the First Rainy Season Over South China. ACTA Meteorologica Sinica Vol 17 No.1 [18] 蒙伟光、王安宇、李江南、冯瑞权、梁嘉静 2003:华南前汛期一次暴雨过程中的中尺度对流系统 中山大学学报 第 42 卷、第 3 期:p73-77 [19] WU Chisheng、WANG Anyu, LIN Wenshi, JIAN Maoqiu , FONG Soikun, KU Chimeng and HAN I-Pan 2003: The Establishment of the South China Sea Summer Monsoon in 1998: The Northward Jump of South Asia Anticyclone and its Effect on the Onset of South China Sea Summer Monsoon . ACTA Meterologica Sinica Vol.17 Suppl. :p35-45 [20] 冯瑞权、吴池胜、王安宇、古志明、侯尔滨、唐天毅 2004:南海海温异常对 131
华南气候影响的数值研究 热带气象学报第 20 卷、第 1 期:p32-38(第一作者) [21] 林建恒、冯瑞权、王安宇等 2004:南海夏季风维持期的气候特征 I:40 年平均 热带气象学报(待发表) [22] 冯瑞权、王安宇、唐天毅等 南海夏季风维持期的气候特征 2004:Ⅱ.年代际变化 热带气象学报年(待发表)(第一作者) 会议论文: [23] 第 34 届台风委员会(世界气象组织与亚太经济委员会主席) 美国夏威夷 2001(第一作者) [24] 中葡澳气象技术会议(第二次)-葡萄牙里斯本 2002(第一作者) [25] 葡语国家气候暨环境事务局会议-葡萄牙 2002(第一作者) [26] WANG Anyu、FONG Soi Kun, TONG Tin Ngai, LI Jiangnan ,FAN QI,MENG Weiguang, HUANG Ronghui . 2003:Effects of abrupt climate change on droughts in North China in 1970’ abstract of international symposium on climate change (iscc)(第一作者) [27] 第 18 届粤港澳气象科技研讨会 2004(第一作者) 注: 1:冯瑞权在 2001-2002 年担任 ESCAP/WMO 台风委员会主席 2:冯瑞权 2004 至今担任 WMO 东亚季风委员 132