12345678REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:TABLEOFCONTENTSIntroduction[8]AtmosphericEnvironment[10]2.1AirQuality[10]2.2AtmosphericEmissions[16]2.3GlobalEnvironmentalIssues[20]2.4Energy[22]2.5Transportation[26]WaterResources[28]3.1DrinkingWater[28]3.2BathingBeachesandCoastalWaters[32]3.3WastewaterManagement[39]Waste[44]4.1MunicipalWasteGenerationandTreatment[44]4.2WasteComposition[45]4.3OtherSourcesofWasteandtheirTreatment[46]4.4SanitaryLandfills[47]4.5InternationalConventions[48]4.6ChallengesandResponses[50]NaturalConservation[52]5.1GeneralConditionsofGreenAreas[52]5.2PreservationofGreenAreas[53]5.3EcologicalZone[55]5.4ImplementationoftheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES)[55]AcousticEnvironment[58]6.1NoiseMonitoringandAmbientNoise[58]6.2NoiseComplaints[67]6.3NoiseAbatementMeasures[69]EnvironmentalManagement[70]7.1InvestmentandExpenditureonEnvironmentalManagement[70]7.2EnvironmentalAwarenessandEducation[71]7.3PublicParticipation[73]7.4RegionalCo-operationandInternationalExchange[74]7.5EnvironmentalManagementandEnvironmentProtectionIndustryPlatform[75]7.6InternationalConventionsandProtocols[75]AnalysisandRecommendations[76]Appendix-AcronymsandSymbols[81]References[82]Message[5]Preface[6]Editorial[7]TableofContents3

MessageREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:MESSAGEWhilstensuringsocialandeconomicprogress,andatthesametimeprotectingtheenvironmentandthenaturalresourcesthathumanbeingsrelyon,theissueofavertingdamagetoadevelopingenvironmenthasbecomeoneofthemajorconcernsamongthefamilyofnations.Allgovernmentsareactivelydevelopingstrategiesandformulatingappropriatemeasures.Protectingtheenvironmentmustbeamajortaskifadvancingthequalityoflifeisalong-termgoalforMacao.Macao'seconomyinrecentyearshasgrowninleapsandboundsandthenumberoftouristshasgrownexponentially,bothofwhichbringgreatchallengesinprotectingtheenvironment.Asithasinthepast,theMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionGovernmentwilldedicateitselftotheworkofenvironmentalprotectionbyimprovingenvironmentalinfrastructureaswellasreinforcingenvironmentalmeasuresinordertorespondtoemergingsocialandeconomicneeds.Theeffectiveformulationandimplementationofanypolicyshouldbeundertakenintheabsoluteknowledgeofactualcircumstances.ThepublicationoftheReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacaohasenabledustoestablishadatabaseofinformationontheenvironmentofMacaothattoucheseveryaspectofconcern;hence,thesesystematicandscientificresultswillserveaspreciousreferencematerialsfortheGovernmentinimplementingdifferentenvironmentalpolicies.IwouldliketoextendmywarmestcongratulationsforthepublicationofReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2004.Iwouldalsoliketoexpressmysinceregratitudetothosepersonnelinvolved,andtoorganizationsandinstitutionswhichhaveprovidedthenecessaryinformationincompilingthisReport.5SecretaryforTransportandPublicWorksAoManLong

Preface6WithtourismandgamingindustrydrivingMacao’seconomyinrecentyears,thebusinessenvironmenthasimprovedsignificantly,economicstructuresarediversifying,GrossDomesticProductisincreasingbyleapsandbounds,andunemploymentisdecliningaccordingly.Inaddition,thesigningoftheCloserEconomicPartnershipAgreement(CEPA)andtheestablishmentandformationofthethreeeconomicandtradecooperationplatformsheraldmajornewdevelopmentopportunitiesforMacao.Intandemwiththerapiddevelopmentoftheeconomyandsociety,theMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionGovernmenthasorientedpolicytowardstheenhancementofthequalityoflifeoftheresidents.Sincethequalityoftheenvironmentandpublichealtharecloselylinked,environmentalprotectionandthegradualestablishmentofenvironmentallyawaresocietyaremajorlong-termobjectives,andtherealizationoftheseobjectionsrequirescontinuousdatacollectionandanalysis.TheReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacaoseekstosystematicallycollectenvironmentalinformation,describerelevantchanges,analyzethesourcesofpollutionandsuggestremedialmeasures,whilstproposingfuturepoliciestoaddresstheactualcircumstances.TheReportalsocommunicatesenvironmentalinformationtothepublic,promotesenvironmentalawarenessandencouragesenvironmentalresponsibility.IbelievethatcollectiveeffortsbyallmembersofsocietywillbeanimportantelementinMacao’smarchtowardssustainabledevelopment.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:PREFACEPresidentoftheGeneralCounciloftheEnvironmentCouncilVaiTacLeong

EditorialREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:EDITORIALFormanyyears,thepublicationoftheReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacaohasbeenameaningfulandimportantresponsibilityfortheEnvironmentCouncil,inaccordancewithLawno.2/98/Mof1stJune1998.WhileanalysingandevaluatingeachaspectofMacao'senvironmentalindicatorsandtransformations,theReportalsoobjectivelyreflectsandrevealstheeffectivenessandweaknessofenvironmentalwork.Thevaluableopinionsanddatasuppliedbyresidents,organizations,enterprisesandgovernmentdepartmentshaveresultedinthesuccessfulcompletionofthisReport.Therefore,IwouldliketoextendmysincerethankstothoseorganizationsandespeciallytothestaffoftheInstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugalandtheEnvironmentCouncilofMacaowhohaveparticipatedinthepreparationofthisReport.Thekeytothesuccessofenvironmentalprotectionrestswithpublicconcern.IhopethisReportwillprovideeffectiveenvironmentalinformationtothecommunityandsincerelywelcomeallcommentsandopinionsforfurtherimprovement.7ActingPresidentoftheExecutiveCommitteeoftheEnvironmentCouncilVongManHung

Introduction1.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:INTRODUCTION8Humanbeingsandallothercreaturesrelyontheenvironmenttoflourishandsurvive.Freshair,cleandrinkingwater,fertilesoilandabundantnaturalresourcesseemtobeinexhaustibleandeasytoobtain.Nevertheless,ashumansocietyconstantlyevolves,andindustrializationandtheworld'spopulationrapidlyincrease,theenvironmentisgraduallybeingsubjectedtoimmensepressures.Inrecentyears,incessanthumanactivityandtheresultingconsumptionofnaturalresourceshasincreaseddramatically.Naturalresourcesareexcessivelyconsumed,exacerbatingenvironmentalproblemsandrestrictingthesustainabledevelopmentofhumanbeings,resultinginexhaustionofnaturalresources,frequentoccurrenceofnaturalhazardsandoutbreaksofepidemics...Macaoisatourismcitythatsupportsahighdensityofpopulation.ThegeographicalareaislimitedandMacaoisdependentonimportedresources.Itslocationandclimateformuniquecircumstancesfortheutilizationofresourcesandemissionofpollutants.Thequalityofthelocalenvironmentisareflectionofthesefactors.ThisfacttellsusMacaoisfacingaseriesofenvironmentalproblemswhichisnotequippedtofacealone.ThisreporthighlightstrendsintheanalysisofMacao'senvironmentandexaminesfactorswhichinfluencetheenvironment.Italsoevaluatestheeffectofthevariousresponsesundertaken.Atthesametime,thisreportidentifiestheenvironmentalaspectsaboutwhichMacaoshouldconcernsoastoseekappropriatesolutions.Macaoisengagingintheunprecedenteddevelopmentopportunityandthiswillhavebothapositiveandnegativeimpactontheenvironment.Howcanweutilizenaturalresourcesproperly,enhancethequalityoflifeandprotecttheecosystemwhileachievingsustainabledevelopmentatthesametime?Itdependsonsociety'sunderstandingandconcernforthestateoftheenvironment.TheconsumptionofallnaturalresourcesinMacaocontinouslyincreasedin2003.Althoughtheemissionofpollutantshasdeclinedafterimplementationofrelativemeasures,consumptioncontinuouslyincreasesandtheemissionofpollutantsispredictedtorise.Formulatinglong-termenvironmentalstrategy;improvementofenvironmentalmanagementsystems;reductionofpollutionatsource;optimisationofuseofnaturalresources;enhancementofefficiencyofresourceutilization;encouragementofenvironmentalmanagementsystemsforcontinuousimprovement;reinforcementofenvironmentalprotectioneducation;enhancementofresidents'environmentalawarenessandconsumptionbehaviouraremeasurestobeconsidered.

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:INTRODUCTION9TheSituationofMacaoIn2003,theareaofMacaototalled27.3km2andtheestimatedpopulationstoodat448,495habitantsattheendoftheyear.Populationdensitydecreasedslightlycomparedto2002andeachsquarekilometresupportedapproximately16,428habitants.GDPgrowthin2003was15.6%andGDPpercapita(atcurrentprices)reachedUSD17,782.Comparedto1993,thepopulation,GDPandnumberoftouristarrivalsincreased15%,35%and99%,respectively.However,growthinthenumberoftouristssloweddownduetotheoutbreakofSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome(SARS)inregionsnearMacao.TheGDPofMacaohassoaredsince2001.Analysisoftherelevantdatashowsthatthevolumeofwaste(treatedbytheMacaoIncinerationPlant)hasincreased57%inthepastdecade,whichfarexceedsthegrowthofthepopulationandGDPofMacao.Waterconsumptionhasincreasedbyapproximately20%,whichalsoexceedspopulationgrowth.The56%hikeinelectricityconsumptionexceedsthegrowthofthepopulationandGDPaswell.Itisnoteworthythatthegrowthofgreenhousegasemissionscausedbyhumanactivityhasbeensloweddown.EnvironmentCouncilofMacao,withthesupportoftheInstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugal,havejointlypreparedandpublishedthisreportinaccordancewiththeprotocolsignedbybothparties.WehopetocontinuouslyimprovethefindingsofthisreportsothatitmayserveasanimportantreferencefortheestablishmentofsustainabledevelopmentstrategiesforMacaoandenlightenthepublicabouttheenvironment.Thedisseminationofenvironmentalprotectioneducationtraditionallyadvancesindepthandindimensionwiththechangeoftheenvironment.In2003,Macao'sapplicationtoUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)fortheenvironmentalawardof"ChampionsoftheEarth",alarmarousedbytheoutbreakofSevereAcuteRespiratorySyndrome(SARS)anddenguefevertogetherwiththesocialandeconomicalimpactofthesalinityissuemadethecommunityrecognisetheessenceofgoodqualityofenvironmentforthesustainabledevelopmentandhealth,resultingpositivelyonthepublic'sconsciousnessandparticipationinenvironmentalissues.199319941995199619971998199920002001200220038010012014016018020060ElectricitygenerationFigure1.1Evolutionofsocio-economicalandenvironmentalindex(Datasource:DSECandGDI,2004)Index(1993=100)PopulationWastegenerationGreenhousegasemissionsGDPWaterconsumptionVisitors

AtmosphericEnvironment2.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENT2.1AirQuality10Table2.1AutomaticairqualitymonitoringstationsinMacao(Datasource:SMG,2004)StationSiteofInstallationAtmosphericPollutantsMonitoredFeaturesofSiteTaipaGrandeMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureau(Taipa)PeakAmbientNorthernDistrictRuadoCampoDistrictRoadsideCommercialResidentialAreaDowntownTaipaSchoolAnnexofUniversityofMacao(Taipa)SchoolHighDensityResidentialAreaRSP(PM10)SO2NO/NO2/NOxO3RSP(PM10)SO2NO/NO2/NOxO3CORSP(PM10)NO/NO2/NOxCORSP(PM10)NO/NO2/NOxO3COLaboratoryofIACM(MacaoPeninsula)CommercialHighDensityResidentialAreaCalçadadoPoço(MacaoPeninsula)TheMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauisresponsibleformonitoringtheairqualityofMacao,andhasinstalledaseriesofautomaticandsemi-automaticmonitoringstationsinrepresentativesitestomonitoratmosphericpollutants.Thefollowingtablesidentifytheatmosphericpollutantsmonitoredandthelocationofautomaticandsemi-automaticmonitoringstations:AirQualityMonitoringStationsinMacaoAtmosphericPollutantsMonitored:COCarbonmonoxideNONitrogenmonoxideNO2NitrogendioxideNOxNitrogenoxideO3OzonePbLeadpHpHvalueofPrecipitationRespirableSuspendedParticulates(Diameterlessthan10SO2SulfurdioxideSPSedimentaryparticulatesRSP(PM10)

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTSincethesemi-automaticmonitoringstationatHortaeCostastoppedoperatingin2002,monitoredresultsofthesemi-automaticmonitoringstationsmainlyreflecttheairqualityof"GeneralEnvironment"(TaipaGrande)and"RuralArea"(Ká-Hó).11Table2.2-Semi-automaticairqualitymonitoringstationsinMacao(DataSource:SMG,2004)MeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureau(Taipa)PeakAmbientPbPSpHTaipaGrandeKá-HóWeatherStation(Coloane)RuralAreaPbPSpHStationSiteofInstallationAtmosphericPollutantsMonitoredFeaturesofSiteFigure2.1LocationofairqualitymonitoringstationsinMacao(DataSource:SMG,2004)TaipaGrandeKá-HóAutomaticStationsSemi-automaticStationsDowntownTaipaLaboratoryofIACMHortaeCostaCalçadadoPoçoMACAOTAIPACOLOANE

StateIndicator19911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220030.00.30.50.81.01.31.51.82.02.3Pb(µg/m3)HortaeCostaKá-HóTaipaGrandeEUstandardvalueFigure2.2Pbannualmeanvalue(DataSource:SMG,2004)StateIndicator01234567NumberofweekswithpHvalueofprecipitationexceeding5.6TaipaGrandeKá-HóFigure2.4NumberofweekswithpHvalueofprecipitationexceeding5.6(DataSource:SMG,2004)19992000200120022003StateIndicator01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,000199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003TaipaGrandeKá-HóWHOstandardvalue-ResidentialareaFigure2.5AnnualmeanvalueofSP(DataSource:SMG,2004)StateIndicator0123456pHvalueofprecipitationAcidrainstandardvalueTaipaGrandeKá-HóFigure2.3AnnualmeanvalueofpHvalueofprecipitation(DataSource:SMG,2004)1991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTSedimentaryparticulates(mg/m2.30days)WHOstandardvalue-Lightindustrydistrict12ResultsofSemi-AutomaticMonitoringStationsWithallmonitoredresultscollated,Macao'spollutantconcentrationin2003wasdeemedtobebasicallylowerthantheannualmeanreferencevalue.AlthoughthenumberofweeksofpHvalueofprecipitationhigherthan5.6in2003exceededthatof2002,theoccurrenceofacidrainwasstillacommonphenomenon.(ApHvalueofprecipitationexceeding5.6isgenerallynotregardedasacidrain).Accordingtotheresultsoftheairqualitymonitoringstations,itisnoteworthythatthenumberofdaysthatthedailymeanconcentrationofrespirablesuspendedparticulatesin2003exceedingthereferencestandardhaveincreasedconsiderablycomparedwithpastyears.(Figure2.7)MonitoredResultsofAirQuality

StateIndicator020406080100NO2(µg/m3)TaipaGrandeLaboratoryCalçadadoPoçoWHOstandardvalueSMG/HongKongstandardvalueDowntownTaipaFigure2.8AnnualmeanvalueofNO2(DataSource:SMG,2004)1999200020012002200319992000200120022003StateIndicator0102030405060708090SO2(µg/m3)SMGstandardvalueWHOstandardvalueTaipaGrandeLaboratoryHongKongstandardvalueFigure2.9AnnualmeanvalueofSO2(DataSource:SMG,2004)StateIndicator010203040506070809019992000200120022003SMGstandardvalueTaipaGrandeLaboratoryDowntownTaipaO3(µg/m3)Figure2.10AnnualmeanvalueofO3(DataSource:SMG,2004)StateIndicator0.01.02.03.04.05.06.02000200120022003CO(mg/m3)SMGstandardvalueCalçadadoPoçoLaboratoryDowntownTaipaFigure2.11AnnualmeanvalueofCO(DataSource:SMG,2004)StateIndicator0102030405060708019992000200120022003LaboratoryTaipaGrandeCalçadadoPoçoDowntownTaipaFigure2.7DaysofdailymeanvalueofRSPconcentrationexceedingstandardvalue(DataSource:SMG,2004)Respirablesuspendedparticulates(µg/m3)StateIndicator0255075100125CalçadadoPoçoSMGstandardvalueLaboratoryHongKongstandardvalueTaipaGrandeDowntownTaipaFigure2.6AnnualmeanvalueofRSP(DataSource:SMG,2004)19992000200120022003REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTDaysexceedingstandardvalue13ResultsofAutomaticMonitoringStations

StateIndicator0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%Percentagesofdayswith"Poor"AirQualityIndexCalçadadoPoçoTaipaGrandeLaboratory/NorthernDistrictCalçadadoPoçoTaipaGrandeLaboratory/NorthernDistrictCalçadadoPoçoTaipaGrandeDowntownTaipaCalçadadoPoçoTaipaGrandeCalçadadoPoçoTaipaGrandeFigure2.12Percentagesofdayswithpoorairquality(DataSource:SMG,2004)19992000200120022003AQIclassificationpercentagesin2003(DataSource:SMG,2004)Figure2.13StateIndicator4%37%59%5%21%74%6%24%70%7%34%59%ModeratePoorGoodModeratePoorGoodModeratePoorGoodModeratePoorGoodCalçadadoPoço(Roadside)TaipaGrande(Ambient)Laboratory/NorthernDistrict(HighDensityResidentalArea)DowntownTaipa(HighDensityResidentalArea)REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTLaboratory/NorthernDistrictDowntownTaipaLaboratory/NorthernDistrictLaboratory/NorthernDistrict14TheMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureau,basedonthemonitoredresultsofPM10,SO2,NO2,CO,O3andtheimpactsofthepollutantstowardshumanhealth,hasreleasedinformationabouttheairqualityindexsince1999.Anairqualityindexlowerthan100indicatesthattheairqualityofthatspecificmonitoringstationisnormal.Indexover100indicatesahealthrisk.Thenumberofdaysrecording"Poor"airqualitybythosemonitoringstationsin2003increasedconsiderably.Roadsidestationsrecorded18days;HighDensityResidentialAreasinMacaorecorded21days;HighDensityResidentialAreasinTaiparecorded24days;andAmbientmonitoringstationrecorded14days,indicatingthattheoverallairqualityisdeteriorating.Inadditiontotheeffectsoftheatmosphericpollutantsemissioins,theairqualityofMacaoisalsoaffectedbylocalpollutionsources.Themonitoringoftheatmosphericenvironmentandthedeterminationofthecauseofairpollutionarenecessaryinordertoadoptsuitablemeasurestoimprovetheairquality.AirQualityIndex

0102030405060708090100JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecAQImonthlymeanvalue2002Laboratory(HighDensityResidentialArea)2002DowntownTaipa(HighDensityResidentialArea)2003Laboratory(HighDensityResidentialArea)2003DowntownTaipa(HighDensityResidentialArea)StateIndicatorFigure2.14ComparisonofmonthlymeanvalueofAQIin2002and2003(DataSource:SMG,2004)REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENT15AbriefanalysisofmonthlymeanvalueofAQIin2002and2003showsthatduringtherainymonthsofApriltoSeptembertheindexiscomparativelylower,indicatingthatthequalityofairisbetter.ThisalsodemonstratesthatweatherconditionsinMacaohaveaconsiderableimpactontheairqualityindex.2002CalçadadoPoço(Roadside)2002TaipaGrande(Ambient)2003CalçadadoPoço(Roadside)2003TaipaGrande(Ambient)

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENT162.2AtmosphericEmissionsAnevaluationoftheannualemissionofmajorpollutantsbetween1990and2003isincludedintheatmosphericemissioninventoryofMacao.Thesepollutantsinclude:●Greenhousegases:carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4)andnitrousoxide(N2O);●Acidicand/orozoneprecursors:sulphuroxides(SOx),nitrogenoxides(NOx),ammonia(NH3),non-methanevolatileorganiccompounds(NMVOC),methane(CH4)andcarbonmonoxide(CO);●Particulatepollutants:totalsuspendedparticulates(TSP)andrespiratorysuspendedparticulates(PM10);●Lead(Pb).In2003,themainsourceofgreenhousegasemissionscamefromlocalelectricitygeneration(52%),MacaoIncinerationPlant(17%)andtransportation(13%).Atmosphericpollutantsemittedbyindustry,construction,domestichouseholds,servicesandgovernmentinstitutions,togetherwiththosefromlandfillsandwastewatertreatmentplants(WWTP)accountfortheremaining9%oftotalemissions.Althoughthetotalemissionofgreenhousegasesin2003islessthanthatof2002andnearlydroppedtothe2001level,itisstill58%higherthanthatof1990.Between1990and2003,aconsiderableincreaseingreenhousegasemissionswasattributabletoairtransportation,landtransportationandelectricitygeneration.Since1995,theintroductionofwastewatertreatmentplantshasincreasedtheemissionofN2Oconsiderably.Conversely,greenhousegasemissionsfromcommercialenterprises,householdsandserviceindustries,aswellastheemissionofmethanefromlandfills,havegraduallydecreased.AcidicgasesespeciallySOxandNOx,aremainlydischargedbylocalelectricitygeneration.Inparticular,nearlyallSOxisdischargedintheelectricitygenerationprocessandrepresentsabout95%oftotalemissionsinMacao.However,between1990and2003theelectricitygeneratedinMacaoincreased129%,andrelatedSOxemissionsrose67%.TheemissionsituationofNOxandSOxissimilar.Althoughemissionfromtransportationaccountsfor17%,electricitygeneratedinMacaostillaccountsforsome73%ofthetotal.Basically,NH3isdischargedfromthewastewatertreatmentplantandaccountsfor94%ofMacao'stotalemissions.TheemissionsofCO,NMVOCandPbmainlyderivefromlandtransport.In2003,theemissionsofCOandNMVOCfromMacao'stransportaccountedfor63%and69%,respectively,ofthetotalemissionofthesetwogases.Between1990and2003,theemissionsofPbandCH4pollutantshaverecordedthemostpositivechanges.Thesignificantdropintotalemissionsofleadsince1996wasduetotheimplementationofregulationsregardingthequalityoffuels.Inaddition,theemissionofCH4alsodecreasedwiththeestablishmentoftheMacaoIncinerationPlantin1992.Accordingly,CH4fromlandfillsgraduallyreduced.TheemissionofCOandNMVOCdeclined,especiallysince1998,duetotheincreasednumberoflightdutyvehiclesthathaveinstalledcatalyticconverters.

GHGemission(kton)PressureIndicatorLandtransportationStationaryemissionsource(Industries,commerce,servicesanddomestic)SeaandairtransportationLocalelectricitygenerationLandfillsandWWTPsFigure2.15GHGemissions(DataSource:IA,2004)03006009001,2001,5001,8002,1002,40019901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003CO2(kton)PressureIndicator02505007501,0001,2501,5001,7502,00019901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003OthersCommerce,domesticandservicesLandtransportationSeatransportationFigure2.16EmissionsofCO2(DataSource:IA,2004)REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENT17WhenevaluatingtheatmosphericgasemissionsofMacao,analyticalmethodssuitableforMacaohavebeenadoptedpertechnicalguidelinesof:EMEP/CORINAIR"AtmosphericEmissionInventoryGuidebook";IPCC"GuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories";USEPA"CompilationofAirPollutantEmissionFactors";"AP-42"andPARCOM/ATMOS"EmissionFactorHandbook".ThefollowingoutlineshowthesemethodologiesandtechnicalinformationareappliedfortheevaluationofpollutantemissionsinMacao.●Inevaluatingemissionsfromelectricitygeneration,incineration,industries,services,households,constructionsandseatransportation,eithermassbalancesforsulfurandleadortheappropriateemissionfactorsforenergyconsumptionhavebeenappliedinthecalculation.●Estimationofroadtransportemissionsisbasedonthefeaturesofthemotorvehiclesandtheestimatedannualmileageofeachcarmodel.Thecalculationisalsomadeaccordingtoexhaustgasemissionfactor,velocity,carmodel,andemissioncontroltechnology(especiallyvehiclesinstalledwithcatalyticconvertersandyearsofinstallation).TechnologiesandanalyticalmethodologiessuchasEMEP/CORINAIRandCOPERTareusedfortheestimation.EmissionsrelatedtoidlingvehiclesandNMVOCdischargedinpetrolstationsarealsotakenintoconsideration.●Whenevaluatingairtransportemissions,amajorconsiderationisthefrequencyoftakingoffandlandingofairplanes.Emissionsat1,000metrealtitudefromtakingoffandlandingandtherollingofairplanesontherunwaysareincluded.EPA/FAEEDtechnologicalandanalyticalmethodologiesareusedforevaluationinthesecases.●TheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(USEPA)'stechnologicalandanalyticalmethodsadoptedbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)areusedtoevaluatetheemissionsofCH4,NH3andNMVOCdischargedfromlandfills.Estimatesofannualemissionsfromlandfillsarebasedonthetime-seriesdecaymodelofpreviousyear'swastedisposal.Theprocessofdecomposingorganicsubstancesinlandfillsdischargingcarbondioxideisnotincludedinemissioninventorysincetheyemanatefrombiologicalsources.●N2OandNH3emissionsoftheWWTParemainlyevaluatedbasedontreatednitrogenvolume,usingthetechnologyandanalysismethodsadoptedbytheIPCC.ThefollowingsdemonstratetheevolutionofatmosphericpollutantsemissionsfromvariouspollutionsourcesinMacaobetween1990and2003.MIPMIPLocalelectricitygeneration

PressureIndicator19901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003CH4(ton)CH4dischargefromlandfills(ton)LandtransportationLocalelectricitygenerationCommerce,domesticandservicesLandfillsOthersFigure2.17EmissionsofCH4(DataSource:IA,2004)02040608010012014016018001,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,0009,000PressureIndicator02040608010012014016019901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003N2O(ton)LandtransportationLocalelectricitygenerationCommerce,domesticandservicesWWTPsMIPOthersFigure2.18EmissionofN2O(DataSource:IA,2004)PressureIndicator02,5005,0007,50010,00012,50015,00017,50020,00022,50025,00019901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003NOX(ton)LandtransportationCommerce,domesticandservicesSeatransportationLocalelectricitygenerationOthersIndustryMIPFigure2.20EmissionsofNOx(DataSource:IA,2004REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTPressureIndicator1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200302,5005,0007,50010,00012,50015,00017,50020,000LandtransportationCommerce,domesticandservicesSeatransportationLocalelectricitygenerationOthersIndustryMIPFigure2.19EmissionsofSOx(DataSource:IA,2004)18SOX(ton)

PressureIndicator01002003004005006007008009001,00019901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003TSP(ton)IndustryOthersMIPLandtransportationCommerce,domesticandservicesSeatransportationFigure2.24EmissionsofTSP(DataSource:IA,2004)PressureIndicator1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200302,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,000Pb(kg)OthersMIPLocalelectricitygenerationLandtransportationFigure2.26EmissionsofPb(DataSource:IA,2004)PressureIndicator05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,00019901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003NMVOC(ton)LandtransportationLandfillsSeatransportationLocalelectricitygenerationFuelsupplyOthersFigure2.21EmissionsofNMVOC(DataSource:IA,2004)PressureIndicator1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200302004006008001,0001,2001,400LandfillsWWTPsLandtransportationNH3(ton)Figure2.22EmissionsofNH3(DataSource:IA,2004)REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTPressureIndicator199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220030100200300400500600700800PM10(ton)PressureIndicator18,00002,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,00016,000LandtransportationCommerce,domesticandservicesSeatransportationLocalelectricitygenerationConstructionIndustry19901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003CO(ton)Figure2.23EmissionsofCO(DataSource:IA,2004)19LandtransportationSeatransportationCommerce,domesticandservicesIndustryMIPOthersOthersLocalelectricitygenerationLocalelectricitygenerationFigure2.25EmissionsofPM10(DataSource:IA,2004)

PressureIndicator19901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003Figure2.27GHGemissionsinMacaobetween1990and2003(DataSource:IA,2004)05001,0001,5002,0002,500REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENT20SincethethirdworkingreportofIPCChasbeenpublished,globalconcernsaboutthenegativeconsequencesofemissionofgreenhousegaseshavesubstantiallyincreased.Manysuggestionshavebeenmadeonhowtorelievetheinfluenceofthisbuild-upandtoguaranteeappropriatemeasurestobetakeninvulnerableregions.AccordingtoUNEP,themeantemperatureofEarth'ssurfacehasrisenabout0.6ºCinthelastcentury.Itisestimatedthattemperatureswillrisebetween1.4ºCand5.8ºCfrom1990to2100.Increasingglobaltemperaturesandthenegativeimpactcausedbyclimatechangearearesultoftheemissionofgreenhousegases(mainlybyCO2,CH4andN2O)intheatmosphere.Energyproduction,thecombustionofmineralfuels,damagetoforestsandinappropriateagriculturalactivitiesaccountformostoftheseemissions."TheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChanges"(UNFCCC)appliestotheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionandthereforespecialattentionshouldbepaidtotheincreaseoffuelconsumption,wastegenerationandemissionofgreenhousegasesresultingfromtheeconomicgrowthofMacao.ThetotalemissionofgreenhousegasesinMacaoroseby58%between1990and2003.2.3GlobalEnvironmentalIssuesClimateChangeClimatechangehashadagreatimpactontheecosystem,onhumanhealthandoneconomicactivity-andisconsideredasoneofthemajorthreatstotheglobalenvironment.Asaconsequence,countriesallovertheworldconsideritacriticalissueforenvironmentalprotectionandsustainabledevelopmentdemandingparticularattention.TheUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgramme(UNEP)andtheWorldMeteorologicalOrganization(WMO)establishedtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)in1988todevelopin-depthglobalstudiesontheissue.In1992,attheSummitMeetingofHeadsofState,theUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)wassignedbythosecountries,followedbytheKyotoProtocolin1997.TheIPCChasrecruitedtoitscausemanycelebratedscientistsfromaroundtheworld.Theybelievethattheincreaseinconcentrationofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphereismainlycausedbyhumanactivity,andtheincreaseinconcentrationofgreenhousegaseshasledtoariseinmeantemperaturesonEarth'ssurfaceandintheatmosphere,andmaynegativelyimpacttheecosystemandmankind.Theseexpertsbelievethatthismayleadtothephenomenonofextremeclimatechange,resultinginheatwaves,floods,forestfiresandotherpublichealthrelatedproblems.GHGemissions(ktofCO2equivalent)

StateIndicatorUVIndexJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNov1,1,1-trichloroethane(kg)PressureIndicatorAnnualimportquotaof1,1,1-trichloroethane1,1,1-trichloroethane030,00060,00090,000120,000150,000180,000REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTDec21ProtectingtheOzoneLayerOzoneisagasthataccumulatesinthestratosphere,some10to50kmabovetheearth'ssurface.An"ozonelayer"of15kminthicknessisformed.Thisgasinthestratospherecanabsorbabout95%oftheultravioletradiation,andactsasaprotectiveshieldfororganismsonearth.Therefore,theozonewhichprotectsthestratosphere(alsoknownas"goodozone")isacrucialbarrierforlivingcreaturesonEarthbecauseitabsorbsmostoftheultravioletB(UVB)radiation,whichisapartofthesolarelectromagneticspectrumthatcanharmorganisms.Since2001,theMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauhasanalyzedtheultravioletradiationofMacao.Thestrongest15-minutemeanultravioletradiationandthemeanultravioletindex(calculatedfrom7:00amto5:00pm)areannounceddailytothepublic.Sincethe"ViennaConventionontheProtectionoftheOzoneLayer"andthe"MontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer"areapplicabletotheMacaoSAR,theimportandexportofsubstancesthatdepletetheozonelayerareregulatedbylaw.AmongthecontrolledsubstancesdetailedinDecreeno.62/95/Missuedon4thDecember1995,theimportof1,1,1-trichloroethanehasbeenregulatedsincetheissueofDispatchno.78/GM/95anditisanticipatedthatimportsofsuchsubstanceswillbeforbiddenin2005.Figure2.29Annualimportquotaof1,1,1-trichloroethane(DataSource:CA,2004)Figure2.28Dailymeanvalueofultravioletindexin2003(DataSource:SMG,2004)012345678199719981999200020012002200320042005

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTPressureIndicator1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200302,0004,0006,0008,00010,00012,00014,00016,000Totalfinalconsumption(Terajoules)GasolineKeroseneGasoil&dieselFueloilLPGElectricityFigure2.30Consumptionstructureoffinalenergysources(DataSource:Balanceofenergy,AGraphicReviewofMacao'sTransformation(1964-2003),DSEC)Fuelsconsumption(TJ)PressureIndicatorGasolineGasoil&dieselFueloilLPGKeroseneFigure2.31Fuelconsumption(DataSource:Balanceofenergy,AGraphicReviewofMacao'sTransformation(1964-2003),DSEC)05,00010,00015,00020,00025,000199519961997199819992000200120022003EnergyConsumptionFinalenergysourcesinMacaoincludegasoline,gasoil&diesel,fueloil,liquefiedpetroleumgas(LPG),electricity,andkerosene,etc.Theenergyconsumptionin2003wasabout15,000terajoules(excludingthekeroseneconsumptionofaviation),anincreaseof69%over1990.Electricityconsumptionin2003accountedforthebiggestshareofconsumptionat42%.222.4EnergyEnergyandenvironmentarecloselylinkedwitheachother.Humanactivitiesthatbringprimarynegativeimpactontheenvironmentareoftendirectlyorindirectlyrelatedtoenergyproductionandconsumption.Forexample,transportation,productionandvariousothereconomicactivitiesnotonlyrelyonenergybutalsoexertacertaindegreeofpressureontheenvironment.Macaoreliesmainlyonimportedfuelstomeetitsdemandsanddoesnothaveanymineralresourcesthatcouldbeexploited,nordoesitholdconditionsforrenewableenergy.Theconsumptionprocessoffuels,however,bringsproblemofpollutantemissions.Intermsoffuelconsumption,fueloilisthemostconsumedtypeoffuel,followedbygasoil&diesel.In2003,fueloilconsumptionstoodat12,000terajoules,or55%ofgrossinternalconsumption.Thesetwofuelsareusedmostlyforthegenerationofelectricity.

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTPressureIndicatorFigure2.33Finalenergyconsumptionstructurebysectorin2003(DataSource:DSEC,2004)Remarks:1)Otherssectorsincludefishery,serviceindustry,electricityandwater(excludingconsumptionofCEM)2)Balanceofenergy,DSEC:Forconfidentialreasons,figuresforaviationkeroseneconsumptionarenotavailable.Totalfinalconsumption(Terajoules)IndustryConstructionTransportation2)DomesticconsumptionCommerce,restaurantsandhotelsOthersectors1)ElectricityLPGFueloilGasoil&dieselKeroseneGasoline01,0002,0003,0004,0005,000PressureIndicatorFigure2.34EnergyintensitycalculationbasedonGDPatconstant(1996)prices(Datasource:DSEC,2004)Remarks:Balanceofenergy,DSEC:Forconfidentialreasons,figuresforaviationkeroseneconsumptionhavenotbeenreleasedsince1997.0123456719931994199519961997199819992000200120022003PressureIndicatorFigure2.35EvolutionofGDP,totalfinalconsumptionandenergyintensity(Datasource:DSEC,2004)Remarks:Balanceofenergy,DSEC:Forconfidentialreasons,figuresforaviationkeroseneconsumptionhavenotbeenreleasedsince1997.Index(1993=100)GDP(calculatedatconstant(1996)prices)Energyintensity50751001251501993199419951996199719981999200020012002200323Analysisbasedonthefinalenergyconsumptionbysectorshowsthat"transportation"and"commerce,restaurantsandhotels"arethetwosectorsconstitutedthegreatestpercentageofconsumption.Thiswasfollowedby"domesticconsumption","construction"and"industry".Forthe"transportation"sector,gasolineandgasoil&dieselarethemajorfuelswhileLPGandelectricityaremostlyconsumedby"commerce,restaurantsandhotels","domesticconsumption"and"othersectors".Energyintensityreflectsthefunctionsoftheeconomicsystem,andservesasanindicatorofsustainability.Thisindicatorreferstotheratioofenergyconsumption(primaryenergyorfinalenergy)toGDP.TheenergyintensityindexofMacaoisdevelopinginapositivemanner;thisinturnindicatesthatalthoughtheGDPofMacaoiscontinuouslyincreasing,energyconsumptionisstillinamoderatemanner.StateIndicatorRemarks:1)Othersectorsincludefishery,serviceindustry,electricityandwater(excludingconsumptionofCEM)2)Balanceofenergy,DSEC:Forconfidentialreasons,figuresforaviationkeroseneconsumptionarenotavailable.3%30%17%27%15%8%Figure2.32Energyconsumptiondistributionbysectorin2003(DataSource:DSEC,2004)3%30%17%27%15%8%ConstructionTransportation2)DomesticconsumptionCommerce,restaurantsandhotelsOthersectors1)IndustryEnergyintensity(equivalenttoonetonpetroleum/MOP1million)Totalfinalconsumption

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTFigure2.36EvolutionofannualelectricitysupplyinMacao(DataSource:Balanceofenergy,DSEC,2004)PressureIndicatorElectricitysupply(Millionkwh)NetelectricitysupplyImportedelectricityLocalpurchasedelectricity(ElectricitysoldbyMIP)05001,0001,5002,0001990199219941996199820002002PressureIndicatorFigure2.37Evolutionofelectricitygenerationcapacitybyfuelcategory(DataSource:CEM,2004)Capacityofelectricitygenerationbyfuelcategory(MW)FueloilDieselWaste0100200300400500600200020012002200324ElectricitySupplyTheelectricityconsumedinMacaoisderivedfromlocalelectricitygeneration,importedelectricityandelectricitypurchasedfromtheMacaoIncinerationPlant.Thetotalelectricitysupplyin2003accountedfor1,881millionkwh,withnetelectricitygenerationaccountingfor1,641millionkwhor87%.Importedelectricityamountedtoapproximately180millionkwh,andelectricitygeneratedbytheMacaoIncinerationPlanttotalled60millionkwh.Thesupplyofelectricityisincreasing,andasMacao'seconomyisdevelopingrapidly,itisestimatedthatelectricitydemandwillincreaseaccordingly.Fueloilanddieselareusedforthegenerationoflocalelectricity.In2003,theinstalledcapacitythatusedfueloilasfuelconstituted305megawattsanddieselconstituted183megawatts.AlthoughthenewpowerplantinColoanehasincreaseditsuseofdieselrecently,fueloilwhichcontainshighersulphurcontentisstillmainlyused.Theimprovementonfuelqualitycanhavedirecteffectsonairqualitybyreducingvehicleemissions.InaccordancewithExecutiveOrderno.49/2000issuedon7thAugust2000,sulphurcontentofallcommerciallightdieselformotorvehiclesinMacaoshouldnotexceed0.05%byweight.In2003,theEnvironmentCouncilconductedtwospecimentestsinallpetrolstationsinMacaoandtheoildepotinKá-Hó.Resultsshowedthatthesulphurcontentrangedbetween0.0043%and0.0071%,andconformedtotherelevantregulations.MonitoringofFuelQuality

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTPressureIndicator02004006008001,0001,2001,4001,6001,8002,000Figure2.38Evolutionoftotalfinalelectricityconsumptionandelectricityconsumedpercapita(Datasource:DSEC,2004)Electricityconsumedpercapita(1000kwh)Totalfinalelectricityconsumption(millionkwh)TotalfinalelectricityconsumptionElectricityconsumedpercapita199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220030.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5StateIndicatorFigure2.39Totalfinalelectricityconsumptionbysectorin2003(DataSource:Balanceofenergy,DSEC,2004)Remarks:Othersectorsincludefishery,serviceindustry,electricityandwater(excludingtheconsumptionofCEM)9%Industry26%Domesticconsumption31%Othersectors30%Commerce,restaurantsandhotels3%Transportation1%Construction1%30%31%26%9%3%PressureIndicatorFigure2.40Evolutionofelectricitygenerationandemissionofgreenhousegases(DataSource:CEMandIA,2004)Index(1990=100)TotalemissionofgreenhousegasesEmissionofgreenhousegasesbylocalelectricitygenerationElectricitygeneration801001201401601802002202401990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200325ElectricityConsumptionTotalfinalelectricityconsumptionandelectricityconsumedpercapitahasincreasedyearonyear.Between1990and2003,totalfinalconsumptionincreasedby132%andelectricityconsumedpercapitaincreasedby76%.Commerce,serviceindustryanddomesticconsumptionaccountedformostoftheelectricityconsumption.Inordertocontroltheatmosphericpollutioncausedbyelectricitygeneration,inadditiontotheintroductionofthenewlybuiltColoaneBPlantwhichhasimplementedlowerpollutantemissioncombinedcycletechnologyin2003,CEMhasgraduallyinstalledaSelectiveCatalyticReductionandChimneyExhaustGasMonitoringSystemforitsLowSpeedDieselGeneratorintheColoaneAPlant.Analysisshowsthattheincreasingrateinlocalelectricitygenerationishigherthanthatofthemaingreenhousegasesemission.Inaddition,emissionofmajorpollutantssuchasNOx,particulates,SOxandCO2droppedin2003,suggestingthatrelevantmeasureshavecontributedtothecontrolofpollutantsfromelectricitygenerationtoacertainextent.Furthermore,CEMandtheMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauhavecollaboratedininstallinganewairqualitymonitoringstationtocontinuallymonitorthepollutantssuchasSO2,NOx,CO,RSPandTSP.ReductionofAdverseEffectsofElectricityGenerationonAtmosphericEnvironment

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTPressureIndicatorFigure2.41Emissionindicatorsrelatedtolocalelectricitygeneration(DataSource:DSEC,CEMandIA,2004)Index(1990=100)GDP(Calculatedatconstant(1996)prices)EmissionofTSPfromlocalelectricitygenerationEmissionofCO2fromlocalelectricitygenerationEmissionofNOxfromlocalelectricitygenerationEmissionofSOxfromlocalelectricitygenerationElectricitygeneration507510012515017520022525019901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003PressureIndicator020,00040,00060,00080,000100,000120,000140,000010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,000198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003Light-dutymotorcyclesLight-dutyvehiclesHeavy-dutyvehiclesFigure2.42Evolutionofthenumberofvehiclesincirculationandfuelconsumption(DataSource:DSEC,2004)Vehicles(no.)Energyconsumption(TEP)Heavy-dutymotorcyclesLandtransport-fuelconsumption(TEP)Remarks:Correctedfuelconsumptiondatafrom1996to199926Macao'seconomicgrowth,combinedwithincreasedpassengerandcargoload,willleadtogreaterdemandsforenergy.Tocontrolthenegativeeffectsonenvironmentfromenergyconsumption,inparticularatmosphericpollution,continuousimprovementinfuelqualityandthecontainmentofallpollutantemissionsourcesareessentialtothemaintenanceofairqualityinMacao.Inregardsofelectricitygeneration,pollutionmitigationmeasuresshouldincludecontinualimprovementongenerationfacilities,improvementoffuelquality,introductionofenvironmentalfriendlyfuels,andreductionofhigherpollutingfuelusageinelectricitygeneration.Aswithenergyconsumption,multilateralwaysshouldbeadoptedtoreacttotheresultingimpactsontheenvironment.Proactivemeasuresaretopromoteenergysavingsandenergyefficiency.2.5TransportationPressureexertedontheenvironmentfromtransportismainlyreflectedintheincreasingconsumptionofenergy,emissionofatmosphericpollutants,trafficnoise,discardedvehiclesandpartsandtheincreasingoccupationoflandetc.ThefollowingtablesanalyzethenumberofmotorvehiclesinMacao,theenergyconsumption,thelengthofroadsandtheemissionofgases.Fortrafficnoise,pleaserefertoChapter6-AcousticEnvironment.

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ATMOSPHERICENVIRONMENTPressureIndicatorFigure2.43Percentageofvehiclesincirculation(DataSource:DSEC,2004)45.6%3.5%23.5%27.4%Light-dutyvehiclesHeavy-dutyvehiclesHeavy-dutymotorcyclesLight-dutymotorcycles45.6%31%3.5%23.5%27.4%PressureIndicatorFigure2.44Evolutionofthenumberofvehiclesincirculationandtotalroadlength(DataSource:DSEC,2004)Lengthofroads(km)NumberofvehiclesTotalnumberofvehiclesTotallengthofroads100,000105,000110,000115,000120,000125,000130,000135,00019992000200120022003305310315320325330335340345350TrafficdensityPressureIndicatorFigure2.45Evolutionoftrafficdensity(DataSource:DSEC,2004)05010015020025030035040019992000200120022003Numberofmotorvehicles/kmNumberofheavy-dutyvehicles/kmNumberoflight-dutyvehicles/kmNumberoflightandheavy-dutymotorcycles/km27Duetoalleviatingmeasuressuchasimposingtheinstallationofcatalyticconvertersforpetrolengines,regulatingthesulfurcontentoflightdieselandtheleadcontentofgasoline,thenegativeimpactcausedbytrafficontheenvironmenthavebeenpartiallyrelieved.ThisisclearlyrevealedthroughtheanalysisIn2003,transportoccupied30%oftotalfinalenergyconsumptionofMacao(excludingconsumptionoffuelintheaviationindustry).Between1990and2003,thetotalfinalenergyconsumptionoflandtransportincreasedbyapproximately82%andmarinetransportincreasedonlyby4%,indicatingthatinformulatingenvironmentalpolicies,considerationregardingthenumberofvehiclesandtheincreaseinfuelconsumptionarecritical.Torelieveenvironmentalstresscausedbytransport,theMacaoSARGovernmentisconsideringmeasuressuchasthecontinuousimprovementoffuelqualityandtheintroductionofregulationsthatfurtherrestrictmotorvehiclepollutantemissions.Othermeasuresincludetheenforcementofthemaintenanceofmotorvehiclesandtheeliminationofpoorlymaintainedandpoorperformanceoldvehicles.ofmajorpollutantscausedbythetransportsector.Forexample,analysisrevealsthereducedemissionofCOandthestableemissionofnon-methanevolatileorganiccompounds.However,thesemeasuresarenotenoughtocompensatefortheimpactofrapidvehiculargrowth.Meanwhile,catalyticconverterswillalsoincreasetheemissionofNOx(oneofthemaingreenhousegases).Onemajortargetforthecontrolofatmosphericpollutant(especiallygreenhousegases)isthetransportsector.Toadoptenvironmentalfriendlyvehiclesorvehicleswhichpolluteless,andtoencouragecitizenstoutilizepublictransportetc.willhaveapositiveeffectonthereductionofpollutantemissions.Inrecentyears,thelengthofroadsinMacaohasextendedinordertocopewiththeincreasednumberofvehiclesanddevelopmentofthecity.PressureIndicatorFigure2.46Evolutionofatmosphericemissionsbylandtransport(DataSource:DSECandIA,2004)199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220030100200300400500600700800900Index(1990=100)GDPNOxemissionsNMVOCsemissionsCOemissionsN2OemissionsVehiclesonroadsFuelconsumptionoflandtransport

Waterresourcesarecrucialtomankindandsocio-economicaldevelopment.AccordingtotheUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgramme(UNEP),onethirdoftheworld'spopulationlivesinregionswithshortagesorlackofwaterresources.InAfricaandWesternAsia,watershortage,whichbecomesathreatforsurvival,iscommon.Inotherregionsoftheworld(includingsomeareasoftheMainland),thescarcityofwaterhasrestrictedindustrialandsocio-economicdevelopment.Some98%ofMacao'swatercomesfromXijiang,flowingviatheZhujianginGuangdong.Waterresourcesinthisriverbasinarecurrentlyencounteringamajorchallenge.AsMacaodoesnothaveitsownwaterresources-andtheeconomyisrapidlydevelopingwithincreasingnumbersoftourists-integrationofwatersavingpolicyintheplanningofsocial-economicaldevelopmentiscrucial.WaterResources3.RELATÓRIODOESTADODOAMBIENTEDEMACAU2004:RECURSOSHÍDRICOSRELATÓRIODOESTADODOAMBIENTEDEMACAU2004:RECURSOSHÍDRICOSREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCESFigure3.2SourcesofrawwatersupplyofMacao(DataSource:DSEC,2004)StateIndicator2003ModaomenCanal97.9%1.8%0.3%SeacPaiVanReservoirOuterHarbourReservoir3.1DrinkingWaterSupplyofDrinkingWaterIn2003,theextractionofrawwaterfromtheModaomenCanalincreasedconsiderablyat56,708,732m3.InordertofulfilltheneedsofthewaterdemandofMacaoPeninsula,TaipaandColoane,167,389m3and1,068,778m3ofrawwaterwasextractedfromtheOuterHarbourReservoirandtheSeacPaiVanReservoir,respectively.2819901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003-5,000,000-4,000,000-3,000,000-2,000,000-1,000,00001,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,000PressureIndicatorTotalsupplyofrawwaterandsupplyfromModaomenCanal(m3)WaterstorageinOuterHarbourReservoirandSeacPaiVanReservoir(m3)ModaomenCanalOuterHarbourReservoirSeacPaiVanReservoirTotalsupplyofrawwater60,000,000Figure3.1TotalsupplyofrawwatertoMacao(DataSource:DSEC,2004)05,000,00010,000,00015,000,00020,000,00025,000,00030,000,00035,000,00040,000,00045,000,00050,000,00055,000,000

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCESIndex(1993=100)9010011012013014015019931994199519961997199819992000200120022003StateIndicatorPopulationDomesticwaterconsumptionvolumeGDP(atconstant(1996)prices)TotalvolumeofwaterconsumptionFigure3.3Evolutionofwaterconsumptionandindicators(DataSource:EnvironmentalStatistics,DSEC,2004)Watervolume(106m3)PressureIndicator0102030405060WaterbilledVolumeofwaterintroducedintosupplynetwork1982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003Figure3.4Volumeofwaterintroducedintothesupplynetworkandbilled(DataSource:DSEC,2004)PercentageofwaterlossinwatersupplynetworkPressureIndicator0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%1982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003Figure3.5Waterlossinwatersupplynetwork(DataSource:DSEC,2004)ConsumptionofDrinkingWaterIn2003,thedailyaveragewaterconsumptionpercapitawas340litre.Intermsofdomesticwaterconsumption,thedailyaveragewaterconsumptionpercapitawas163litre,withanapparentincreasecomparedtoprioryears.Percentageofwaterlosswasapproximately8%in2003,areductionof5%comparedwith2002.WaterconsumptioninTaipaandColoanehasincreasedsubstantiallymainlyduetotherapidgrowthintheseregions.Accordingly,waterresourcesmanagementandconservationplanshouldbeestablished.29PressureIndicator1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002200305,000,00010,000,00015,000,00020,000,00025,000,00030,000,00035,000,00040,000,00045,000,000PressureIndicator5010015020025030035040045050055019901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003Figure3.6Evolutionofwatervolumebilledbygeographicalarea(DataSource:IACMandDSEC,2004)Index(1990=100)MacaoPeninsulaTaipaColoaneTaipaColoaneMacaoPeninsulaBilledwater(m3)

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCESPressureIndicator0.4%9.3%2.8%30.3%GovernmentalDepartmentsHarboursandPiersCommerce2003010,000,00020,000,00030,000,00040,000,00050,000,00060,000,000199319941995199619971998199920002001200220035.4%IndustryHouseholds51.9%PressureIndicatorWaterconsumption(m3)IndustryHouseholdsCommerceHarboursandPiersPublicFacilitiesGovernmentalDepartmentsFigure3.7WaterconsumptionbysectorsinMacao(DataSource:MW,2004)PublicFacilitiesStateIndicator02040608010012014016018020019931994199519961997199819992000200120022003IndustryHouseholdsCommercePublicFacilitiesGovernmentalDepartmentsHarboursandPiersIndex(1993=100)Figure3.8Evolutionofwaterconsumptionofdifferentsectorssince1993(DataSource:MW,2004)In2003,householdconsumptionaccountedforapproximately52%ofthetotalvolume,followedbythecommercialsectoratapproximately31%.Thissituationhasnoobviouschangeinthepastdecade.Overthepastdecade,industrialwaterconsumptionhassharplydecreasedbutstabilizedin2003.Thewaterconsumptionoftheharboursandpiersisalsodecliningwhilethatofthegovernmentaldepartmentsandpublicfacilitiesincreasedthisyear.Astourismandgamingindustrydevelops,waterconsumptionwillalsorise.Therefore,waterconservationplansareofutmostimportance.30

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCESAnnualmeanprecipitation(mm)State/PressureIndicator200020012002200305001,0001,5002,0002,5003,000Figure3.9AnnualmeanprecipitationofMacaobetween2000and2003(DataSource:AnnualMeteorologicalObservationReports,SMG,2004)State/PressureIndicator010020030040050060070080090001-200004-200007-200010-200001-200104-200107-200110-200101-200204-200207-200210-200201-200304-200307-200310-2003Precipitation(mm)Figure3.10MonthlymeanvalueofprecipitationinMacaobetween2000and2003(DataSource:AnnualMeteorologicalObservationReports,SMG,2004)StateIndicator2000-1-32000-4-32000-7-32000-10-32001-1-32001-4-32001-7-32001-10-32002-1-32002-4-32002-7-32002-10-32003-1-32003-4-32003-7-32003-10-3050100150200250300Figure3.11EvolutionofchlorideconcentrationoftreatedwaterinIlhaVerdeWaterTreatmentPlantbetween2000and2003(DataSource:IACM,2004)DrinkingWaterQualityTheproblemofsalinitywhichoccurredduringthedryseasonin2003wasmostsevere.TheaverageprecipitationofMacaoanditssurroundingareashasdeclined,resultinginareductionofwaterfromXijiang,thesourceofMacao'srawwater.Consequently,theupwardintrusionofseawaterhascausedadrasticriseinsalinity.AccordingtotheMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureau,theannualprecipitationofMacaoin2003was1,490mm,areductionof633mmcomparedtothestandardvalueofthepastthreedecades(1971-2000);InDecember,itwasrecordedwiththelowestprecipitationat2.8mmandwhencomparedwiththeaverageofpastDecember,precipitationhasdroppedby32.4mm.Duringthedryseasonin2003,thechlorideconcentration(salinity)ofdrinkingwaterofeachwatertreatmentplantinMacaoshowedanapparentincrease,onsomeoccasionsexceedingthe200mg/lClMaximumPermissibleValue(MPV)statedbylaw.SalinityproblemshavecontinuouslyaffectedthequalityofMacao'sdrinkingwater,andmaynegativelyimpactthehealthofhumanbeingsandsustainabledevelopmentoftheeconomy.Along-termsolutionandcountermeasuresareurgentlyneeded.31ChlorideconcentrationoftreatedwaterinIlhaVerdeWaterTreatmentPlant(mg/l)

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCES199819992000200120022003StateIndicator0.0%0.3%0.6%0.9%1.2%1.5%1.8%Percentageofviolation(%)MacaopeninsulawatersupplynetworkTaipawatersupplynetworkColoanewatersupplynetworkFigure3.12PercentageofviolationoftotalamountofcoliformpresentinallwaternetworksinMacao(DataSource:IACM,2004)PressureIndicator199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220030.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.4Dailymeanproductionofsludge(ton/day)Figure3.13Dailysludgeproductionsintreatingdrinkingwaterfromallwaterplants(DataSource:MW,2004)Fluorideconcentrationindrinkingwaterindicatesthatitislowerthanthelowestacceptablevalue,andhasnoobviouschange.Inseveralparametersofexaminingtrihalomethaneconcentration,noresultexceedingtheregulationisrecorded.In2003,throughanexaminationofthemicroorganismparametersinthewatersupplynetwork,nocoliformwasfoundin99.66%ofthesamplesfromthewatersupplynetworkintheMacaopeninsula.ColiformwasfoundinonesamplefromthewatersupplynetworkinTaipa,butnoneintheremaining98.36%ofsamples.NocoliformwasfoundinthesamplecollectedinColoane.Intheprocessoftreatingdrinkingwater,sludgewillbeproducedbecauseoftheuseofflocculants.Dailysludgeproductionin2003stoodat1.3tons.Inordertodeterminethemaincategoriesandsourcesofpollutantsaswellasthetrendofcoastalwaterquality,theLSPhasadoptedseveralpollutionindicesforqualityassessment,includingpollutionindexofeachparameter,averagepollutionindex,eutrophicindexandheavymetalpollutionindex.32MonitoringofCoastalWaterQualityThequalityofcoastalwatersandbathingbeachesisanimportantindicatorinjudgingenvironmentalqualityandtourismdevelopmentpotential.Itisalsoamajorelementinevaluatingpublicsanitation.TheLSP(PublicHealthLaboratory)oftheSSM(HealthBureau)ofMacaohasbeenresponsiblefortheevaluationofthequalityofMacao'scoastalwaterssince1988.Startingfromtheyearof1995,12samplingpointshavebeenestablishedtomonitorthequalityofcoastalwatersofMacaosystematically.3.2BathingBeachesandCoastalWatersTaipaSanitaryLandfillColoaneHácSáAirportReferencepointPacOnAreiaPretaInnerHarbourPraiaGrandePraiadoBomPartoAMBLICHKGFEDJZone1Zone2Zone3Zone4OuterHabourCheocVanFigure3.14Locationofsamplingpointsofcoastalwaters(Datasource:SSM,2003)MACAOTAIPACOLOANECoastalWaters

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCES0.00.20.40.60.81.01.2StateIndicator1991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003Figure3.15AnnualaveragepollutionindexinMacao(Datasource:SSM,2004)StateIndicatorTaipaSanitarylandfillCheocVanHácSáColoaneAirportReferencepointOuterHarbourPacOnAreiaPretaInnerHarbourPraiaGrandePraiadoBomPartoPollutionindexofeachsamplingpoint0.00.51.01.52.02.5Figure3.16Pollutionindexofeachsamplingpointin2003(Datasource:SSM,2004)Class3Class2Class1Class4Zone1Zone2Zone3Zone4Pollutionindex33AveragePollutionIndexTheaveragepollutionindexiscalculatedbytakingthearithmeticalaverageofeachparameter'spollutionindex.Thepollutionindexofeachparameterisdefinedastheclosenessorexcessivenessbetweentheactualmonitoringaveragevalueoftheseawaterandthemaximumpermissiblevalueofthe"SeawaterQualityStandardofChina"(GB3097-97).AnalysisparametersincludepHvalue,dissolvedoxygen,chemicaloxygendemand,5-daybiochemicaloxygendemand,nitrogen,phosphorousandheavymetalconcentrations.Tomakeiteasiertoevaluatequalityofthecoastalwaters,seawaterisclassifiedintofourclassesaccordingtotheaveragepollutionindex(I):Inapplyingtheaboveindexinanalysingwaterquality,itwasdiscoveredthattheleveloftheaveragepollutionindexofallmonitoringsitesin2003wasthehighestinthelastdecade.Moreover,theindexhasriseninrecentyears.In2003,waterqualityinZone1(Sanitarylandfill,ColoaneandTaipa)wasbetweenClass3andClass4;in2002,thewaterqualitywasbetweenClass2toClass3.ExaminationofthewaterqualityinZone2(CheocVan,HácSá,AirportandReferencePoint)showsthattheaveragepollutionindexisthelowestofall,withallfiguresindicatingClass3(i.e.)thenegativeimpactonthewaterenvironmentandpublicsanitationofthatzoneisnottooserious.ItisnoteworthythatthepollutionlevelinthereferencesitenearlyreachesClass4,showingthatthequalityofwaterthereisdeteriorating.ThewaterofZone3(PacOn,OuterHarbourandAreiaPreta)andZone4(InnerHarbour,PraiaGrandeandPraiadoBomParto)showsthatthewaterqualityineachsamplingsitereachesLevel4,withapollutionindexhigherthanthatof2002.Thisindicatesthatthewaterenvironmentisseriouslypolluted.ThepollutionindexoftheInnerHarbourisstillthehighestofallsamplingsites,anditswateristhemostpolluted.ClassCharacteristicsClass1:I≤0.50Goodwaterquality,nopollutionClass2:0.501.00LevelofpollutionenoughtoharmtheexistenceofallorganismsandpublichealthYear

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCESPollutionindexPollutionindexPollutionindexPollutionindex199519961997199819992000200120022003StateIndicatorStateIndicatorStateIndicatorStateIndicatorTaipaSanitarylandfillColoaneReferencePointAirportHácSáCheocVanInnerHarbourPraiaGrandePraiadoBomPartoOuterHarbourPacOnAreiaPreta0.00.51.01.52.02.51995199619971998199920002001200220030.00.51.01.52.02.51995199619971998199920002001200220030.00.51.01.52.02.51995199619971998199920002001200220030.00.51.01.52.02.5Zone1Zone2Zone3Zone4Figure3.17Pollutionindexofeachsamplingpoint(Datasource:SSM,2004)ReferencePointAveragevalueexcludingReferencePointStateIndicatorEutrophicindexFigure3.19Evolutionofaveragevalueofeutrophicindexbysamplingpoint(DataSource:SSM,2004)0204060801002000200120022003EutrophicIndexTheeutrophicindex(E)iscalculatedaccordingtoparameterssuchaschemicaloxygendemand,phosphorusandinorganicnitrogen.Thisindexrepresentstheeutrophiclevelofwater.WhenE>1,thewaterhasreachedaneutrophiclevel.Accordingtoexaminationresults,theeutrophicindexofMacao'scoastalwatershasexceeded1toagreatextent.CheocVanandHácSá,withalowerlevelofpollution,alsoexhibitaneutrophicindexexceeding20.Eutrophicationofthewaterpromotestherapidandexcessivegrowthofalgaeaswellasotherplankton.Itmayalsoincreasethepossibilityofredtides.Macaodidnotencounteraredtidein2003,withtheexceptionofasmallareainSpring.34ThesituationisevenworseintheInnerHarbourwheretheindexexceeded550in2003.Inaddition,theeutrophicindexofthereferencepointincreasedin2003,indicatingthateutrophicationofthesurroundingwatersofMacaoisworsening.EutrophicindexStateIndicatorReferencePointTaipaSanitarylandfillCheocVanHácSáColoaneAirportAreiaPretaOuterHarbourPacOnPraiaGrandePraiadoBomPartoInnerHarbourFigure3.18Eutrophicindexbysamplingpoint(DataSource:SSM,2004)0100200300400500600200120022003

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCESStateIndicator20030123456789101112TaipaSanitarylandfillCheocVanHácSáColoaneAirportReferencePointAreiaPretaPraiadoBomPartoInnerHarbourChlorophyII-aChlorophyII-bChlorophyII-cPheophytin-aFigure3.20Concentrationsofchlorophyll-a,chlorophyll-b,chlorophyll-candpheophytin-aofsamplingpointsin2003(DataSource:SSM,2004)02468101214StateIndicator20022003Figure3.21Comparisonofchlorophyll-aconcentrationbetween2002and2003(DataSource:SSM,2004)TaipaSanitarylandfillCheocVanHácSáColoaneAirportReferencePointAreiaPretaPraiadoBomPartoInnerHarbourConcentration(mg/L)Concentration(mg/L)35ChlorophyIITheexaminationofchlorophyllconcentrationhelpsgaugethegrowthofalgaeinthewater.Consequently,theLSPanalysestheconcentrationofchlorophylla,b,candpheophytin-aatwatersamplingpoints.Theseparametersareimportantindicatorsofthegrowthofalgaeinwater.Chlorophyll-aisoftenusedasanindicatortomonitorthegrowthandreproductionofalgaeinwater.Overall,chlorophyll-aconcentrationdroppedin2003,andwashighestattheInnerHarboursamplingpoint.

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCESppbTaipaSanitarylandfillCheocVanHácSáColoaneAirportReferencePointOuterHarbourPacOnAreiaPretaInnerHarbourPraiaGrandePraiadoBomPartoStateIndicator012345678AsHgCdPbCrFigure3.22Annualaveragevaluesofheavymetalconcentrationsin2003(Datasource:SSM,2004)HeavyMetalsHeavymetalssuchasarsenic,cadmium,chromium,mercuryandleadandtheircompoundsarehighlytoxicandcanaccumulateinorganicbodies,whicharehazardoustohumanhealthandwaterbody.Theconcentrationofmercuryateachsamplingpointremainedhighin2003,andleadconcentrationinthemajorityofsamplingpointssoared.36TaipaSanitarylandfillCheocVanHácSáColoaneAirportReferencePointOuterHarbourPacOnAreiaPretaInnerHarbourPraiaGrandePraiadoBomPartoppbStateIndicator200220002001200300.20.40.60.811.21.41.61.8Figure3.23Annualaveragevalueofmercuryconcentrationbetween2000and2003(DataSource:SSM,2004)TaipaSanitarylandfillCheocVanHácSáColoaneAirportReferencePointOuterHarbourPacOnAreiaPretaInnerHarbourPraiaGrandePraiadoBomPartoppbFigure3.24Annualaveragevalueofleadconcentrationbetween2000and2003(DataSource:SSM,2004)StateIndicator2002200020012003012345678

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCESResponseIndicator01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,000Volumeofdredging(m3)2003198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002Figure3.25Volumeofdredgingbetween1985and2003(Datasource:CP,2004)0.00.20.40.60.81.019992000200120022003StateIndicator*ExcludingheavymetalpollutionindexFigure3.26PollutionindexofthetwobathingbeachesofMacao(Datasource:SSM,2004)Pollutionindex*CheocVan1CheocVan2HácSá1HácSá237ExaminationofChlorinatedOrganicPesticidesandHeavyMetalsIn2003,theCA(EnvironmentCouncil)andMacaoWaterSupplyCompanyLimitedlaunchedaninvestigationofthemajorpollutingsourcesintheInnerHarbourandOuterHarbour.Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane(DDT),aldrin,clordane,dieldrin,endrinandheptachlorepoxidewereexaminedintheInnerHarbourwaterbody,whileheavymetalssuchasmercury,arsenic,cadmium,leadandchromiumweretestedintheOuterHarbourwaters.ThestudywascarriedoutbetweenSeptember2003andAugust2004,revealingthattheconcentrationsofchlorinatedorganicpesticidesintheInnerHarbourwaterbodyandheavymetalsintheOuterHarbourwaterbodyaregenerallyhigh,withthehighestvaluesofpollutantsrecordedspeciallyduringtherainyseason.Afterpreliminaryanalysisoftheconcentrationofrelevantpollutants,itwasdiscoveredthatbesidesthepollutantimpactsresultedfromtheupperstreamfreshwater,thePearlRiver'shighturbiditywaterbody,whichexacerbatessurfacepollutantparticulates,alsoincreasedpollutioninthecoastalregion.DredgingSiltdepositscauseaseriesofproblemssuchastheelevationofriverbedsandtheobstructionofwaterwaysinthePearlRiverDeltaregion;consequently,severalmillioncubicmetresofsiltaredredgedannuallyintheregion.ThevolumeofdredgingofMacaoin2003droppedsignificantly.QualityofBathingWatersCheocVanBeachandHácSáBeachhaveawaterqualitymonitoringplaninplace.Duringtheswimmingseason,theLSPisresponsibleformonitoringphysiochemicalparametersandmicrobiologicalparameterseverymonth.PhysiochemicalParametersInaccordancewiththesecondclassofthe"SeaWaterQualityStandardofChina"(GB3097-97),theaveragepollutionindexofvariousphysicalandchemicalparametershasbeenestablishedforthequalityofbathingwaterinMacao.Laboratorytestsconcludethattheriseofpollutionindexofthetwobeachesiscausedbytheincreasingconcentrationofnitrogenandsomeheavymetals(mercuryandlead).Thishasadirectbearingontheoccurrenceofredtidebecauseoncethewateriseutrophic(i.e.)whentheconcentrationofnitrogenandphosphorousishigh,redtidecaneasilyoccur.Thiswillnaturallyincreasethepollutionindex.

RREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCES0100200300400500600MayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberStateIndicatorFecalcoliform(CFU/100ml)CheocVan1CheocVan2HácSá1HácSá2Figure3.27MonthlygeometricmeanvalueofFecalColiformin2003(Datasource:LSP,2004)StateIndicator050100150200250Escherichiacoli(CFU/100ml)MayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberCheocVan1CheocVan2HácSá1HácSá2Figure3.28MonthlygeometricmeanvalueofEscherichiacoliin2003(Datasource:LSP,2004)Escherichiacoli(CFU/100ml)1994199519961997199819992000200120022003100150200250300350400050StateIndicatorCheocVan1CheocVan2HácSá1HácSá2Maximumvalueofacceptablewaterquality(180)Figure3.29AnnualgeometricmeanvalueofEscherichiacoli(Datasource:LSP,2004)Maximumvalueofgoodwaterquality(50)MicrobiologicalParametersMicrobiologicalparametersareanalyzedbycomparingresultswiththereferencestandard.ThewaterqualityofbothCheocVanBeachandHácSáBeachdidnotexceededthestandardin2003.In2002,onlyonesampleofHácSáBeachexceededthestandardandthissuggeststhatthesituationisimproving.In2003,themaximumvalueofColiformFecalUnitandEscherichiacoliwas3100inevery100mland800inevery100mlrespectively.BothresultswerecollectedfromsamplesofHácSá2inOctober.ThemonthlymeanvalueofEscherichiacoliin2003sharplydecreasedcomparedtothatof2002.InaccordancewiththeclassificationofwaterqualityinHongKong,thewaterqualityofMacao'sbathingbeachesisatgenerallevel.38

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCESImplementationofInternationalConventionsAccordingtotheCP(PortAuthority),internationalconventionsonmarinepollutionapplicabletoMacaoinclude:"ConventiononthePreventionofMarinePollutionbyDumpingofWastesandOtherMatter,1972"(alsoknownastheLondonConvention)InaccordancewiththeconventionandMacao'srelevantlawsandregulations,dumpingofwastemustbeapprovedbypermitandundertakenindesignatedlocations."InternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShips(MARPOL),1973"Thisconventionnotonlystandardizesthecontrolofoilpollutionbutalsopreventsthepollutionbyotherharmfulpollutantsintheformofsolidorliquid.Commercialshippingmustadheretostricttechnologyrequirements,suchastreatmentofgreasydirt,chemicals,otherharmfulsubstances,rubbishanddailysewage.Everyshipwhichengagesininternationalmaritimeactivitymustbeequippedwithavalidpollutionpreventioncertificate.Moreover,theMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionhasagreedtobeboundbyannexIV"Regulationsforthepreventionofpollutionbysewagefromships"sinceDecember2003."InternationalConventiononOilPollutionPreparedness,ResponseandCo-operation(OPRC),1990"Theobjectiveofthisconventionistoestablishaglobalandregionalcooperationsystemtopreventandreducepollutionanditsthreats.Therewasnocross-regionalcollaborationonmarinepollutionincidenceinMacaoin2003.Ontheotherhand,inordertoconformtotheconventionsinpreventingpollutioninthemaritimegoverningareaandtostrengthenmaritimeenvironmentprotection,Decreeno.35/97/Mpreventsthedumpinganddisposalofharmfulsubstancesinthemaritimegoverningarea.In2003twopeoplewereprosecutedforviolationofthislaw.393.3WastewaterManagementCollectionandManagementofWastewaterTheratioofthecoverageofdrainagesystemtopopulation,andthetreatmentofwastewater,areimportantindicatorsoftheefficacyofbasicsanitaryfacilitiesofacountryoraregion.Therearethreewastewatertreatmentplants(WWTPs)intheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegion,whicharelocatedontheMacaoPeninsula,inTaipaandinColoanewithadailymaximumtreatmentcapacityof234,000m3,whichisbelievedtomeettheneedsofthemiddleandlong-termpopulationandeconomicgrowthofMacao.In2003,theaveragevolumeofwastewatertreateddailybythethreeWWTPsamountedto134,000m3,slightlylessthanthatofpreviousyear.ThevolumeofwastewatertreatedintheMacaoPeninsulaWWTPis80%ofthetotalvolumeofwastewaterofMacao.ThevolumeofwastewatertreatedintheTaipaWWTPincreasedthemost.From2001to2003,therewasa40%increaseinthevolumeofwastewatertreated.ThevolumeofwastewatertreatedinColoaneaccountedforonly3%ofthetotalvolumetreatedinMacao.

RREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCES020,00040,00060,00080,000100,000120,000140,000160,0001996199719981999200020012002200305001,0001,5002,0002,5003,00020033%PressureIndicatorPressureIndicator14%83%Influentvolume(m3)Precipitation(mm)MacaoPeninsulaWWTPTaipaWWTPColoaneWWTPPrecipitationTaipaWWTPColoaneWWTPMacaoPeninsulaWWTPFigure3.30DailymeaninfluentvolumetotheWWTPs(DataSource:GDI,2004)608010012014016018020019961997199819992000200120022003TaipaWWTPPrecipitationInfluentvolumeMacaoPeninsulaWWTPPressureIndicatorFigure3.31DailyinfluentvolumetotheWWTPs(Datasource:GDI,2004)Index(1996=100)ThequalityofwastewatertoandfromeachWWTPismonitoredinthelaboratoryaccordingtokeyparameters-biochemicaloxygendemand,chemicaloxygendemand,totalsuspendedsolids,detergents,oilandgrease.ThequalityofeffluentfromeachWWTPisexaminedinaccordancewiththeupperlimitofthestandard.Alltheeffluentmeetsthestandardrequirement.TheWWTPsituatedintheMacaoInternationalAirportwillpre-treatwastewaterproducedinsidetheairportandcommencedoperationin2005.ThedrainagesystemservesalmosttheentireMacaoPeninsula,TaipaIslandexceptCheckKáVillage,andColoaneIslandexceptKá-HóVillage.CentaindifficultiespersistinthebuildingofadrainagesysteminCheckKáVillageandKá-HóVillage.In2003,improvementsweremadetothenetworkofdrainagesysteminMacao,suchasreplacingpartofthecombinedsewersystemwithaseparatedsewersystem.Inaddition,specialtechniquesandinstrumentshavebeenadoptedtochannel,cleanandmonitorthenetworkinordertopreventobstructionsoccurringinthepipeline.NetworksofwastewaterandstormwaterdrainagesystemwerebuiltintheCotaiareasoastoequipthatareawithabasisofcleanandsanitaryenvironmentalinfrastructure.Inordertoreducetheproblemofblockagescausedbygreasedisposedbyrestaurants,thelicensinginstituterequiresrestaurantstoinstalloilandgreasetrapstohelpreducetheamountofsuchmaterialsdischargedintoeachWWTP.40

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCESFigure3.33Totalphosphoruslevelofeachsamplingpointin2003(DataSource:IACM,2004)41MonitoringofWaterEffluentQualityoftheMacaoPeninsulaIn2003,IACM(CivicandMunicipalAffairsBureau)monitoredthequalityofwatereffluentdischargedfromMacaoPeninsulaWWTPandthestormwaterdrainagesystem.Referringtothe"SurfaceWaterQualityStandardofChina"(GB3838-2002)(astricterstandardthanGB3838-88),IACMclassifiedtheconcentrationofpollutantsofeachsamplingpointintosixclasses.Resultsshowthatin2003theconcentrationsofphosphorus,ammoniaandchemicaloxygendemandinsomeofthesamplingpointswererelativelyhigh,exceedingtheconcentrationofclass5.Thefollowingfiguresdemonstratethepollutionlevelintermsofsevenparameters-(pHvalue,totalphosphorus,ammonia,nitrate,inorganicnitrogen,dissolvedoxygenandchemicaloxygendemand)atdifferentsamplingpoints.X≤0.02mg/I0.020.40mg/IFigure3.32pHvaluelevelofeachsamplingpointin2003(DataSource:IACM,2004)pH≤6.06.09.0Figure3.34Nitrateslevelofeachsamplingpoint(DataSource:IACM,2004)X≤2.5mg/I2.510.0mg/I

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCESFigure3.37Dissolvedoxygenlevelofeachsamplingpointin2003(DataSource:IACM,2004)42X≥7.5mg/I7.51.00mg/IFigure3.36Ammonialevelofeachsamplingpointin2003(DataSource:IACM,2004)X≤0.15mg/I0.152.0mg/IFigure3.38Chemicaloxygendemandlevelofeachsamplingpointin2003(DataSource:IACM,2004)X≤15mg/I1540mg/I

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WATERRESOURCESSolventsandwatersolutionsgeneration(ton)Wastewatergeneration(m3)StateIndicatorGroup1andGroup2Group3andGroup4VolumeofwastewaterchanneledtoTaipaWWTPRemarks:'Wastewater'includesindustrialwastewateranddomesticwastewater02004006008001,0001,2001,4001,6001,8002,00019961997199819992000200120022003010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,000Figure3.39EvolutionofwastewaterandmixedorganicsolventsgeneratedbyHovioneMacaoLtd.(DataSource:HovioneMacaoLtd.,2004)43IndustrialWastewaterDuetotheimpactofindustrialwastewaterontheenvironment,itseffectivetreatmentisextremelyimportant.Inordertoguaranteecompliancewithrelevantlawsandregulations,theMacaoElectricityCompanyhasestablishedawastewatermonitoringsystemwithwastewatertreatmentfacilitiesintheMacaoPlantandColoanePlant.ThevolumeofwastewaterproducedanddischargedduringproductionofthepharmaceuticalcompanyHovioneMacaoLtd.hasdecreasedtosomeextent.Ontheotherhand,themixedorganicsolventsgeneratedhaveincreased.Thatcompanyhastakenmeasurestorecyclesomeofitsorganicsolvents.

030,00060,00090,000120,000150,000180,000210,000240,000270,000300,000330,000199319941995199619971998199920002001200220030.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0PressureIndicatorFigure4.3Totalquantityofincineratedwasteanddailymeanquantityofwasteperinhabitant(Datesource:DSEC,GDI,2004)Dailymeanquantity(kg/inhabitant.day)TotalquantityofincineratedwasteinMIPandincinerationcapacity(ton)DailymeanquantityTotalquantityofincineratedwasteMaximumtreatmentcapacityofMIPFigure4.2Generationofmunicipalsolidwasteandmedicalandpathogenicwaste(Datasource:GDI,2004)Remarks:"Wastegeneration"referstothequantityofwasteincineratedintheMacaoIncinerationPlant050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000050100150200250300350PressureIndicator19931994199519961997199819992000200120022003Medicalandpathogenicwaste(ton)Municipalsolidwaste(ton)MunicipalsolidwasteMedicalandpathogenicwaste02040608010012014016018020019931994199519961997199819992000200120022003PressureIndicatorFigure4.1EvolutionofseveralindicatorsofMacao(Datasource:DSEC,GDI,2004)Remarks:"Wastegeneration"referstothequantityofwasteincineratedintheMacaoIncinerationPlantIndex(1993=100)WastegenerationPopulationDomesticwaterconsumptionGDPTouristsIncreasingglobalwastegenerationhasbecomeaninternationalissue,andMacaoisnoexception.Wastegenerationnotonlycreatesnewsourcesofpollution,itsmanagementandtreatmentalsodemandshighlevelofnaturalresourceconsumptionandeconomictrade-offs.4.1MunicipalWasteGenerationandTreatmentMacao'seconomyhasrecentlygrownrapidly.Whilebenefitingsociety,growthbringsnewchallengestothemanagementofwaste.In2003,Macaogenerated248,842tonsofsolidwaste,whichisequivalentto1.5kgperinhabitantperday.Moreover,308tonsofmedicalandpathogenicwastewereproduced,anapparentincreasecomparedto2002.Macaohasadoptedincinerationtotreatmunicipalsolidwastesince1992.Accordingtocurrentprojections,however,thetreatmentcapacityoftheMacaoIncinerationPlantwillreachsaturationpointaheadofschedule.Inaddition,thechemicalandphysicalnatureofthewasteinMacaohaschangeddramaticallyintherecentdecade,andthevolumeofhazardouswastehasbeenaccelerating.Macaoisconsideringacomparativelylong-termwastetreatmentpolicy.TheOfficeforInfrastructuresDevelopment(GDI)isworkingontheexpansionoftheMacaoIncinerationPlantandconstructionofanewhazardouswastetreatmentcentre,whichwillgreatlyimprovethewastetreatmentcapacityofMacao.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WASTEWaste4.44

Figure4.5Evolutionofphysicalcompositionofmunicipalwaste(Datasource:GDI,2004)Remarks:"Others"referstosubstanceswithadiameteroflessthan2cmandthosethataredifficulttoclassify0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%200220032004StateIndicatorMetalsPlasticsWoodPaperandcardboardGlassandstonesOrganicmatterTextilesOthersCompositionofmunicipalwaste(%)AnalysingthecompositionofwastetreatedinMIPinrecentthreeyears,itisidentifiedthatabigportionofwastearerecyclable,recoverableorre-useable.Thesemainlyincludepapers,cardboardpapers,plastics,metals,glassandorganicmatter.4.2WasteCompositionBy-productsproducedintheprocessofmunicipalwasteincinerationincludegaseousemissions,flyash,slagandthermalenergythatcanberecycledandtransformedintoelectricity.In2003,allmonitoringdataofthefluegasfromMacaoIncinerationPlantwerelowerthanthedesignstandard.Slagandflyashproducedaccountfor18.6%and2.3%ofthewastetreatedinMIP,respectively.Althoughthequantityofflyashhasincreasedslightlyinrecentyears,allparametersarebasicallyconsistentwith1995levels.FerrousmetalretrievedfromtheMacaoIncinerationPlant(MIP)roseslightlyin2003.WastetransferredtotheMacaoIncinerationPlant,whichwasnotsuitableforincinerationandoflowcalorificvalue,wasdisposedofinlandfillsandthequantitydecreasedin2003.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WASTEFigure4.4SlagandflyashgeneratedbyMIP,recoverableferrousmetalandnon-incineratedwaste(Datasource:GDI,2004)01002003004005006007008001996199719981999200020012002200305,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,00045,00050,0001993199419951996199719981999200020012002200301,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,000PressureIndicatorPressureIndicatorFlyash(ton)Slag(ton)Quantity(ton)SlagFlyashNon-incineratedwasteFerrousmetal45

ResponseIndicatorFigure4.6Evolutionofwastecollectedfromthesea(Datasource:CPandDSEC,2004)05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0004,500199319941995199619971998199920002001200220031992Wastecollectedfromthesea(m3)(ton)Waste(m3)Waste(ton)Waterhyacinths(ton)4.3OtherSourcesofWasteandtheirTreatmentWasteCollectedfromSeaDatarevealsthat80%ofglobalseapollutantsaredischargedfromland,andsome90%ofthesepollutantsaccumulateincoastalregions,resultinginnumerousandseriousenvironmentalandhealthproblems.ThePortAuthorityisresponsibleforthedailycollectionofwasteincoastalareas,with877tonscollectedin2003,ofwhichwaterhyacinthsconstituted800tons.Thetotalvolumecollectedamountedto3,678m3.ThePortAuthorityestimatesthat20,000tonsofwaterhyacinthsflowintoMacaocoastalareasfromupstreamannually.Waterhyacinthsarearegionalenvironmentalproblem.MacaoandGuangdongProvincehaveestablishedanenvironmentalcollaborationgrouptofindeffectivesolutions.Currently,waterhyacinthsareprimarilyclearedmanuallyfromthesea.TheEnvironmentCouncilhascollaboratedwiththeUniversityofMacaoandMacaoProductivityandTechnologyTransferCentre(CPTTM)inlaunchingapreliminarystudyintopossiblesolutionsofwaterhyacinthtreatment,buthasconcludedthat,atthepresentmoment,themosteffectivemethodisstillbymanualremoval.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WASTEfromwastewatertreatment.Some89m3ofwasteoilwascollectedandtreatedin2003.Themajoradvantagesofthismethodincludethereductionoffuelcostsforsludgeincineration,theprovisionofbetterhumidconditionsfortheincinerationprocessandthepreventionofillegaldisposalofwasteoildirectlyintocoastalwatersorthedrainagesystem.Consequently,pollutionofthewaterenvironmenthasbeenminimizedwhilenegativeeffectsontheoperationofthewastewatertreatmentplantshasbeenreduced.Exhaustgasemissionsfromthetreatmentofwasteoilarecomplianttodesignedstandard.46TreatmentofWasteOilStartingfromFebruary2003,thewasteoilfrommotorvehiclesinMacaocanbetransferredtotheincineratorintheMacaoWWTPwhereitismixedandincineratedwithsludgegeneratedMedicalWasteAlthoughthereisnolegislationinMacaothatregulatesthecollectionandtreatmentofmedicalwaste,aseriesofoperationalproceduresareinplacetoaccommodatetheproduction,collection,transportandtreatment(incineration)ofmedicalwaste.Allcollectedmedicalwasteisdirectlytransferredintothechamberofincineratorwherethetemperatureshouldbekept850ºCorabove.Itisalsoregulatedthatthequantityofmedicalwastetreatedineachincineratormustnotexceed10%ofthetreatmentcapacity.Macao'stwohospitalsproduced308tonsofpathogenicwastein2003.Itisthereforenecessarytoconsidertheissueofmedicalwasteandtheestablishmentofacomprehensiveandeffectivemanagementsystem.

Figure4.7SolidwastegeneratedbyCEM(Datasource:CEM,2004)PressureIndicator05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,000199519961997199819992000200120022003Wastegeneration(ton)MacaoPowerPlantColoanePowerPlant020406080100120PressureIndicatorFigure4.8SolidwastegeneratedbyHovioneMacaoLtd.(Datasource:HovioneMacaoLtd.,2004)Wastegeneration(ton)WastedisposedatlandfillsWasteincineratedinMIP200319951996199719981999200020012002Figure4.9Volumeofwastedisposedinlandfills(Datasource:IACM,2004)PressureIndicator0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,000199719981999200020012002200305,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,000Constructionwasteandtotalvolumeofwaste(m3)Flyashandslag(m3)ConstructionwasteFlyashSlagREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WASTETotalvolumeofwasteCEM(MacaoElectricCompany)isimplementingawastemanagementplanaimedatthecollection,storageandproperhandlingofallwastegeneratedbythepowerplant.Locallyfeasiblerecyclinginitiativesarebeingimplemented.OneexampleistosignanagreementwiththelocalcementmanufacturertouseashgeneratedbytheoilywasteincineratorofColoanePowerPlanttoproducecement.SolidwasteproducedbythepharmacyenterpriseHovioneMacaoLtd.istransferredtoMacaoIncinerationPlantordisposedinlandfillsaccordingtowastecharacteristics.HovioneMacaoLtd.didnotdisposeanywasteinlandfillsin2003.Thevolumeofconstructionwastedisposedinlandfillsin2003increasedby43%comparedtothatof2002duetoincreasedconstructionwork.Astheconstructionindustryisdevelopingrapidlyinlackofeffectivemeasurestoreduceandrecycleconstructionwaste,increasesarepredictedtocontinueinthefuture.Macaooccupiesonlyasmallgeographicalareaandthustheproperhandlingoflandfillworkshasalwaysbeenasignificantissue.Unrestrainedvolumeofconstructionwastematerialswillundoubtedlyposeanotherproblemthatrequiresasolution.Asaresult,theMacaogovernmentisplanninganewlandfill.InAugust2002,theresponsibilityofflyashhandlingwastransferredfromIACMtoGDI.ThelandfillforflyashisnowlocatedinColoanenearEstradadoIstmo.Sinceflyashcontainsheavymetalsandpertainstohazardouswaste,continuousmonitoringofairqualityandsurroundingwatersisnecessaryinpreventingpollutionofadjacentareas.4.4SanitaryLandfills47IndustrialWasteIndustrialwasteisalsogeneratedinMacao.MajorcategoriesofwastegeneratedbyMacaoElectricCompanyincludewasteoil,solidifiedoilresidue,ash,flyashandincombustibles.In2003,whiletheaforementionedwastewasreducedintheColoanePowerPlant,theamountincreasedintheMacaoPowerPlant.Theconditionwasexactlythereversein2002.

PressureIndicatorFigure4.10Numberofwastetyresdisposedinlandfills(Datasource:IACM,2004)020,00040,00060,00080,000100,000120,000140,000200120022003Numberofwastetyresdisposedinlandfills(nº)Thenumberofwastetyresdisposedinlandfillshasincreasedexponentially,with130,000tyresin2003.In2004,theIACMinitiatedtheshreddingofwastetyresinordertoreducetheamountofoccupiedlandfillspace.Studiesarealsobeingundertakenontheuseofshreddedtyres.4.5InternationalConventionsTheBaselConventionontheControlofTransboundaryMovementsofHazardousWastesandtheirDisposal(BaselConvention)wasadoptedinBaselin1989.Itsetsoutcriteriafortransboundarymovementsandmanagementofhazardouswastesaswellasotherwastestoprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironment.TheconventionalsoencouragestechnologytransferamongPartiessoastoensureproperandsafemanagementofhazardouswastes.ThemainobjectivesoftheBaselConventionaretoreducegenerationofhazardouswastesintermsofquantityandhazardousness,toencourageitsdisposalasclosetothesourceofgenerationaspossible,andtominimizethemovementofhazardouswaste.TheConventionhasbeenapplicabletotheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionsince2002.TheEnvironmentCouncilisthecompetentauthorityintheMacaoSARinordertocontrolthemovementofsuchwaste.TheEnvironmentCouncilcarriedoutastudyonhazardouswastethatarelistedintheannexoftheBaselConventionandthatmayexistinMacaoattheendof2004,withaimatcollectingnecessaryinformationfortheimplementationoftheconvention.BaselConventionontheControlofTransboundaryMovementsofHazardousWastesandtheirDisposalREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WASTE48

AnnexI:CategoriesofwastetobecontrolledWasteStreams:Y1Clinicalwastesfrommedicalcareinhospitals,medicalcentresandclinicsY2WastesfromproductionandpreparationofpharmaceuticalproductsY3Wastespharmaceuticals,drugsandmedicinesY4Wastesfromproduction,formulationanduseofbiocidesandphytopharmaceuticalsY5Wastesfrommanufacture,formulationanduseofwoodpreservingchemicalsY6Wastesfromproduction,formulationanduseoforganicsolventsY7WastesfromheattreatmentandtemperingoperationscontainingcyanideY8WastemineraloilsunfitfortheiroriginallyintendeduseY9Wasteoils/water,hydrocarbons/watermixtures,emulsionsY10Wastesubstancesandarticlescontainingorcontaminatedwithpolychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCBs)and/orpolychlorinatedterphenyls(PCTs)and/orpolybrominatedbiphenyls(PBBs)Y11Wastetarryresiduesarisingfromrefining,distillationandpyrolytictreatmentY12Wastesfromproduction,formulationanduseofinks,dyes,pigments,paints,lacquers,varnishY13Wastesfromproduction,formulationanduseofresins,latex,plasticizers,glues/adhesivesY14Wastechemicalsubstancesarisingfromresearchanddevelopmentorteachingactivitieswhicharenotidentifiedand/orarenewandwhoseeffectsonmanand/ortheenvironmentarenotknownY15WastesofanexplosivenaturenotsubjecttootherlegislationY16Wastesfromproduction,formulationanduseofphotographicchemicalsandprocessingmaterialsY17WastesresultingfromsurfacetreatmentofmetalsandplasticsY18ResiduesarisingfromindustrialwastedisposaloperationsWastehavingasconstituents:AnnexII:CategoriesofwastesrequiringspecialconsiderationY19MetalcarbonylsY20Beryllium;berylliumcompoundsY21HexavalentchromiumcompoundsY22CoppercompoundsY23ZinccompoundsY24Arsenic;arseniccompoundsY25Selenium;seleniumcompoundsY26Cadmium;cadmiumcompoundsY27Antimony;antimonycompoundsY28Tellurium;telluriumcompoundsY29Mercury;mercurycompoundsY30Thallium;thalliumcompoundsY31Lead;leadcompoundsY32InorganicfluorinecompoundsexcludingcalciumfluorideY33InorganiccyanidesY34AcidicsolutionsoracidsinsolidformY35BasicsolutionsorbasesinsolidformY36Asbestos(dustandfibres)Y37OrganicphosphoruscompoundsY38OrganiccyanidesY39Phenols;phenolcompoundsincludingchlorophenolsY40EthersY41HalogenatedorganicsolventsY42OrganicsolventsexcludinghalogenatedsolventsY43Anycongenorofpolychlorinateddibenzo-furanY44Anycongenorofpolychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxinY45OrganohalogencompoundsotherthansubstancesreferredtointhisAnnex(e.g.Y39,Y41,Y42,Y43,Y44)Y46WastescollectedfromhouseholdY47ResiduesarisingfromtheincinerationofhouseholdwastesREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WASTETable4.1AnnexIandIIoftheBaselConventionontheControlofTransboundaryMovementsofHazardousWastesandtheirDisposal49

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WASTE50Macao'seconomyhasbeenboominginrecentyears.Duetothedevelopmentofthegamingandtourismindustry,thereisalargeincreaseinthenumberoftourists.Togetherwiththeflourishinginfrastructureconstructionandprivateinvestment,alltheseactivitieshavecontributedtotheincreasingtrendofwastegeneration,puttingmuchpressureonthetreatmentcapacityofincinerationplantandlandfills.InordertoensurethesustainabledevelopmentofMacao'seconomyanditssociety,variousaspectsofwastehandlingcanbeconsidered.MunicipalsolidwasteinMacaoisbasicallytreatedbyincinerationatthemoment.Asthecapacityoftheincinerationplantisapproachingsaturation,theSARgovernmenthasalreadyplannedtheexpansionofthisfacility,whichwillalsocallforimprovementinincinerationfacilities,andfurthercontrolandimprovementinsecondarypollutionarisingfromtheprocessofincineration.Inadditiontogeneralmunicipalsolidwaste,itisanticipatedthattheamountofspecialorhazardouswastewillgraduallyincrease.Atthismoment,sinceMacaolackstheabilitytotreathazardouswaste,short-termstrategieslikeregionalcollaborationonenvironmentallysoundtreatmentwillbeconsidered.Inthelongterm,hazardouswastetreatmentfacilitieswillbebuilt,inanattempttoconformingtheprinciplesoftreatinghazardouswasteatthepointofproductiontoreducethepressureexertedontheenvironment.4.6ChallengesandResponsesPersistentOrganicPollutants(POPs)arebiotoxic,migratory,non-degradable(persistent)andbio-accumulatingchemicalsubstances,originatingfromindustrialandagriculturalactivities.Theyhaveextensivelyinfiltratedtheair,soil,riversandoceans,andmayseriouslyimpactandthreatenhumanhealthandtheentireecosystem.Inordertocontrolandfinallyeliminatetheproduction,utilization,releaseandstorageofthesetoxicchemicalsubstances,manygovernmentssigneduptheStockholmConventiononPersistentOrganicPollutantsin2001.Primarily,theConventioncontrols12toxicandpersistentorganicpollutantsincludingaldrin,chlordane,dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane-DDT,dieldrin,endrin,hexaclorobenzene-HCB,heptaclor,mirex,toxaphene,polychlorinatedbiphenyls-PCBs,dioxinsandfurans.InaccordancewithExecutiveOrderno.41/2004of3rdDecember2004,theStockholmConventiononPersistentOrganicPollutantsisapplicabletotheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegion.StockholmConventiononPersistentOrganicPollutants

Thethrivingpublicandprivatecivilconstructionhasapparentlyincreasedtheamountofconstructionwasterecently.Sinceconstructionwasteistypicallyproducedingreatvolume,Macaoisexperiencingimmensepressureonitslimitedlandfillcapacity.Long-termsolutionsarethereforecrucial.Themosteffectiveanddirectwayofreducingmunicipalwasteistocontrolitatsource.Consequently,promotionandeducationonwastereductionandproperresourcesutilizationisindispensable.Toreducetheuseofplasticbagsandtoreduceconsumptionofotherdisposableproductswillbethemosteffectivewaytoreducethepressurecausedbyincreasedwastegeneration.AstourismdevelopsandprivateenterprisesenterMacao,encouragingrelevantsectorstoimplementenvironmentalmanagement,thereductionofwastefromsourceorreutilizationofwastearealsopotentialmethodsofwastereduction.WithanincreasingnumberofvisitorsarrivinginMacaoeachyear,theamountofwastetheygenerateshouldnotbeneglected.Weshouldencouragerelevanttourismfacilitiessuchashotelsandtouristspotstoimplementenvironmentalmanagementprinciplesandreducethevolumeofwastegeneratedbyvisitors.Giventheshortageoflandresources,weshouldexpandthelocalcapacityforwastetreatment,improvethelawsandregulationsforwastemanagement,targetparticularwastecategoriestoestablishacomprehensivemanagementsystem,encourageindividuals,enterprisesandpublicadministrativedepartmentstoenhanceawarenessofenvironmentalmanagementandwastereduction.Inthelongrun,sustainableproductionandconsumptionbehaviouriscrucialtoMacao'sfuture.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:WASTE51

Figure5.2Greenareaspercapita(Datasource:DSEC,2004)0246810121416182019961997199819992000200120022003State/ResponseIndicatorGreenareaspercaptia(m2/capita)809010011012013014019961997199819992000200120022003TotalareaPopulationAreasverdesFigure5.1EvolutionofMacao'stotalarea,populationandgreenareas(Datasource:DSEC,2004)Index(1996=100)StateIndicatorEstablishinggreenareasiscrucialforimprovingtheurbanatmosphericenvironment.Macaoisasmallregionwhichoccupiesageographicareaofapproximately27km2.Ithasahighpopulationdensityandreceivesalargenumberoftouristsannually.Therearealsomanylarge-scaleprojectsunderway,makingtheexistenceandimprovementofgreenareasagenuineimperative.InMacaoSAR,theIACM(CivicandMunicipalAffairsBureau)isresponsibleforurbanplantation.In2003,thegreenareasofMacaototalled5,930,144m2,anincreaseof160,000m2comparedtothatof2002,or22%ofMacao'stotallandmass.ThetotallandareaofMacaohasincreasedinrecentyears,whichenablestheexpansionofgreenareasandconsequently,thepercapitagreenareascanstandatapproximately13.2m2.5.1GeneralConditionsofGreenAreasNaturalConservation5.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:NATURALCONSERVATION52(DataSource:DSCC,2004)

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%2000200120022003AveragepercentageofMacaoMacaoPeninsulaTaipaState/ResponseIndicatorFigure5.4PercentagesofgreenareasofMacao(Datasource:DSEC,2004)ColoaneCotaiColoanehasalwaysbeencoveredbythemostextensivegreenareasintermsofpercentageofdifferentregionsinMacao.In2003,therespectivegreenareaspercentagesofdifferentregionswere53.1%inColoane,12.9%intheMacaoPeninsulaand10.7%inTaipa.AsinfrastructuresandconstructionareunderwayintheCotaireclamationarea,thepercentageofgreenareasinthisregionremainedatlowlevel,i.e.,approximately2.1%.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:NATURALCONSERVATIONGreenareaspercentageofdifferentregionsinMacaoAccordingtoEnvironmentStatistics,theclassificationofgreenareasinMacaoincludesgardens/squares/parks,separationbelt/roundabouts,nurseries,cemeteries,plannedzones(MacaoPeninsula),replantationareasandothers(greenareasthatarenotadministeredbytheIACM).5.2PreservationofGreenAreas53Figure5.5DistributionofgreenareasinMacaoin2003(Datasource:DSEC,2004)StateIndicator12%8%1%1%69%5%4%69%8%1%5%1%4%12%Replantationareas(TaipaandColoane)Separationbelt/roundaboutsNurseriesOthersPlannedzones(MacaoPeninsula)CemeteriesGardens/squares/parksGreenareas(m2)Figure5.3EvolutionofMacao'sgreenareas(Datasource:DSEC,2004)State/ResponseIndicator01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0001994199519961997199819992000200120022003MacaoPeninsulaTaipaandColoaneCotai

In2003,atotalof120saplingswereplantedontheMacaoPeninsula,addinguptoatotalof5,866treeswith305species.AlongtheroadsinTaipaandColoanethereareabout2,626treesandthereplantationareaaccommodatesapproximately433,760trees.Inordertoimprovedthefunctionoftheecosystem,morespecieshadbeenintroducedbetweentheyears2001and2003.Withregardtopreservingparksandgardens,emphasishasbeenplacedonintroducingappropriateplantsandrenovatingfacilities.ThereisnosufficientspaceintheolddistrictofMacao,whichhampersthedevelopmentofnewgreenareas.Thus,thegovernmentfocusesonimprovingsupportingfacilitiessuchasirrigationsystemsandsoilqualityintheseparationbeltoftheolddistrict.Innewlyplannedornewlyconstructedareas,asgreenareaspacesarealreadyreserved,plantingcanbeconductedinamoreefficientmanner.NumberoftreespeciesNumberoftreespeciesalongtheroadsideonMacaoPeninsulaNumberofmaintreespeciesinreplantationareaFigure5.7NumberofthetreespeciesalongtheroadsideofMacaoPeninsulaandnumberofmaintreespeciesinreplantationarea(Datasource:DSEC,2004)050100150200250300350199819992000200120022003State/ResponseIndicatorREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:NATURALCONSERVATION54Replantationareasconstitute69%ofthetotalgreenareaofMacaoin2003.Theseareasareofsignificantvalueastheyservetotheconservationofbiodiversity,soilpreservationandtheimprovementofairquality.Theyarealsoimportantplacesforresidentstoengagewiththenaturalenvironment.Inordertobetterpreservegreenareas,thegovernmenthasadoptedavarietyofmeasureswhichincludereplacingdecayingoldtreeswithlocalspecies,introducingdiseaseandfireresistanttreesandeliminatingMikaniamicrantha,whicharecommonlyknownas"plantkiller"etc.051015202530354045501994199519961997199819992000200120022003PressureIndicatorFigure5.6Numberoffiresingreenareas(Datasource:CBandDSEC,2004)Numberoffiresingreenareas

In1972,theConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES)wassignedinWashingtonbymorethan160countriesincludingthePeople'sRepublicofChina.CITESregulatestheinternationaltradeinwildanimalsandplantspecies,regulatesexports,andissuespermitsandcertificatesforimportsandtransitsoftheirpartsandproductsasillegalhuntingandtradinginendangeredwildlifeescalatesthepossibilityofextinctionofmanyspecies.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:NATURALCONSERVATION5.4ImplementationoftheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES)ThefirstecologicalzoneinMacaolocatesneartheLotusBridgeinCotaiandoccupies55hectares.Thefirstphaseoftheconstructionofecologicalzonewascompletedattheendof2003,anddevelopmentofthesecondphasebeganconsequently.Theprimaryobjectiveofthefirstphasewastoconstructbasicfacilitiesincludingperchingareasforbirds,plantingtreesalongthemainroadsandestablishingwetlandsetc.Theseaimatprovidinggoodconditionsforthedifferentmigratorybirdsandbirdsinsearchoffoodandrestingplaces.Suchinitiativeiscrucialtoenhancingthebiodiversityoflocalareas.5.3EcologicalZoneSinceAugust2004,theCA(EnvironmentCouncil)hasappointedaconsultancytomanagetheecologicalzoneinordertomonitorandprotectthestateofenvironmentofthezone,andsystemicallycollectsdataofbenthons,plants,birds(includingendangeredspecies)andwaterqualityinthearea.AsanumberofconstructionprojectsintheCotaireclamationareahavealreadycommenced,theenvironmentneartheecologicalzonehasbeenexperiencingenormouschange.Itisthereforenecessarytostudyfurtherthepreservationandnursingofthiszoneinaccordancewiththeactualsituation.55

020406080199419951996200120022003Response/PressureIndicatorFigure5.8IllegalactivitiesinterceptedforimplementationofCITES(Datasource:SA,2004)No.ofcasesUptodate,some27,000endangeredspeciesofwildanimalsandplantsareprotectedbyCITES.TheCITEShasbeenapplicabletoMacaosince1986.InaccordancewithExecutiveNoticeno.35/2002of5thJune2002,thisconventioncontinuestobeapplicableinMacaoSAR.TheDSE(EconomicServicesBureau),whichisthemanagementauthorityoftheConventioninMacao,togetherwiththeSA(MacaoCustomsService)areresponsibleformonitoringtradingactivitiesinvolvedinthescopeoftheConvention.195caseswereprosecutedin2003.TheMacaoCustomsServiceinterceptedatotalof73illegaltradingcasesin2003,includingorchids,aloe,cacti,ivoryproducts,corals,andbodypartsoftigers.Traffickingin2003apparentlyincreasedoverthepastyears,indicatingthatenhancingpublicconsciousnessaboutprotectedandendangeredspeciesisvital.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:NATURALCONSERVATION56

ACOUSTICENVIRONMENT6.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ACOUSTICENVIRONMENTInadditiontomonitoringstationsontheMacaoPeninsula-HortaeCostastation(roadtrafficnoise),BragaStreetstation(ambientnoise)andVenceslaudeMoraisstation(industrialandresidentialnoise)-afixednoisemonitoringstationhasbeeninstalledinTaipatomonitorlong-termnoiseinurbanTaipa.In2003,thethreefixedmonitoringstationsrecordedsimilarannualhourlyaverageLeqpattern.ThehourlyaverageLeqatHortaeCostastationrangedbetween77.0and78.3dB(A)between8:00and20:00,andrangedbetween68.9and76.0dB(A)from20:00to8:00.ThedaytimehourlyaverageLeqatVenceslaudeMoraisstationrangedbetween75.4and76.1dB(A),andrangedbetween66.3and74.4dB(A)duringnight-time.ThedaytimehourlyaverageLeqatBragaStreetstationrangedbetween64.6and66.1dB(A)andrangedbetween56.7and64.4dB(A)duringnight-time.Thenoiselevelatthisstationdroppedconsiderablyatnight-time.AmbientNoise-Automaticstations6.1.1AmbientNoiseSurveyandMonitoringNetworkTheEnvironmentCouncilhasbeenmonitoringambientnoiseinMacaosince2001throughafixedmonitoringnetworkandmobilenoisemonitoringtechnology.Comprehensivenoisemonitoringcontinuestoimprove.6.1NoiseMonitoringandAmbientNoise58dB(A)StateIndicator0:00-1:001:00-2:002:00-3:003:00-4:004:00-5:005:00-6:006:00-7:007:00-8:008:00-9:009:00-10:0010:00-11:0011:00-12:0012:00-13:0013:00-14:0015:00-16:0014:00-15:0017:00-18:0016:00-17:0018:00-19:0019:00-20:0020:00-21:0021:00-22:0022:00-23:0023:00-24:000102030405060708090HorteeCostastationVenceslaudeMoraisstationBragaStreetstationdB(A)StateIndicator0:00-1:001:00-2:002:00-3:003:00-4:004:00-5:005:00-6:006:00-7:007:00-8:008:00-9:009:00-10:0010:00-11:0011:00-12:0012:00-13:0013:00-14:0014:00-15:0015:00-16:0016:00-17:0017:00-18:0018:00-19:0019:00-20:0020:00-21:0021:00-22:0022:00-23:0023:00-24:0050556065707580200120022003TimedB(A)StateIndicator0:00-1:001:00-2:002:00-3:003:00-4:004:00-5:005:00-6:006:00-7:007:00-8:008:00-9:009:00-10:0010:00-11:0011:00-12:0012:00-13:0013:00-14:0014:00-15:0015:00-16:0016:00-17:0017:00-18:0018:00-19:0019:00-20:0020:00-21:0021:00-22:0022:00-23:0023:00-24:0050556065707580200120022003TimeFigure6.1AnnualhourlyaverageLeqatHortaeCostastation,VenceslaudeMoraisstationandBragaStreetstationin2003(Datasource:CA,2004)Figure6.2AnnualhourlyaverageLeqatHortaeCostastationbetween2001and2003(Datasource:CA,2004)Figure6.3AnnualhourlyaverageLeqatBragaStreetstationbetween2001and2003(Datasource:CA,2004)

StateIndicator0:00-1:001:00-2:002:00-3:003:00-4:004:00-5:005:00-6:006:00-7:007:00-8:008:00-9:009:00-10:0010:00-11:0011:00-12:0012:00-13:0013:00-14:0014:00-15:0015:00-16:0016:00-17:0017:00-18:0018:00-19:0019:00-20:0020:00-21:0021:00-22:0022:00-23:0023:00-24:0040455055606570Figure6.5HourlyaverageLeqonMacaoPeninsula(120grids)(Datasource:CA,2004)dB(A)StateIndicator40455055606570Figure6.6HourlyaverageLeqinTaipa(58grids)(Datasource:CA,2004)0:00-1:001:00-2:002:00-3:003:00-4:004:00-5:005:00-6:006:00-7:007:00-8:008:00-9:009:00-10:0010:00-11:0011:00-12:0012:00-13:0013:00-14:0014:00-15:0015:00-16:0016:00-17:0017:00-18:0018:00-19:0019:00-20:0020:00-21:0021:00-22:0022:00-23:0023:00-24:00dB(A)StateIndicator404550556065700:00-1:001:00-2:002:00-3:003:00-4:004:00-5:005:00-6:006:00-7:007:00-8:008:00-9:009:00-10:0010:00-11:0011:00-12:0012:00-13:0013:00-14:0014:00-15:0015:00-16:0016:00-17:0017:00-18:0018:00-19:0019:00-20:0020:00-21:0021:00-22:0022:00-23:0023:00-24:00Figure6.7HourlyaverageLeqinColoane(61grids)(Datasource:CA,2004)dB(A)REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ACOUSTICENVIRONMENTdB(A)StateIndicator505560657075800:00-1:001:00-2:002:00-3:003:00-4:004:00-5:005:00-6:006:00-7:007:00-8:008:00-9:009:00-10:0010:00-11:0011:00-12:0012:00-13:0013:00-14:0014:00-15:0015:00-16:0016:00-17:0017:00-18:0018:00-19:0019:00-20:0020:00-21:0021:00-22:0022:00-23:0023:00-24:00Figure6.4AnnualhourlyaverageLeqatVenceslaudeMoraisstationin2003(Datasource:CA,2004)AmbientNoiseSurvey-MobileMonitoring59TimeTimeTimeTimeAsMacao'seconomyrapidlydevelops,studyofthestateandcharacteristicsofambientnoisewillcontributetowardsfindingmeasuresinreducingthenoiseimpactstothecitizensandwillalsoprovideusefuldataforimprovinglegislation.ThesurveydividesMacaoPeninsula,TaipaandColoaneintogridsof250mx250m.Amobilemonitoringvehiclewasplacedineachgridtoconduct24-hourcontinuousnoisemonitoringoverseveraldays.TheMacaoPeninsula,TaipaandColoanehavebeendividedinto120,58and61gridsrespectivelyfornoisemonitoring.Themonitoringbasicallycoversover90%ofmajorresidentialareas,industrialandcommercialareasandpublicactivitiesareas.

ItshouldbenotedthattheaverageL95valueislowinMacaoPeninsula,TaipaandColoaneduringthedaytimeandnight-time,indicatingthattheremaining5%ofthetimeimposessignificantimpactsontheoverallambientnoiselevel.Accordingtothenoiseclimatevalue(referstothedifferencebetweenL10andL90),itreflectsthattheinfluenceoftrafficnoisehasalargerimpactonoverallambientnoise.Moreover,monitoringresultsalsodemonstratethatthedifferencebetweentheLeqvalueofMacaoindaytimeandnight-timeisfarlowerthantheinternationalstandardof10dB(A).Thisindicatesthatthenoiseduringnight-timeremainsatacertainlevel.Itisestimatedthatwiththerapiddevelopmentofthetourismandgamingindustries,night-timeactivitieswillbecomemorecommonandthephenomenonmoreobvious.Table6.2showsthecomparisonbetweenthereferencevalueofbackgroundnoisefromtheannexof"AcousticsNorm"ofOrderno.241/94/Mwiththeambientnoisesurveyresult.•L95-referstonoiseexceedingthesoundpressurelevelfor95%ofthemeasurementtime.(Somecountriesusethistorepresentbackgroundnoise)REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ACOUSTICENVIRONMENTTable6.1AmbientNoiseSurveyMacaoPeninsula66.3149.9861.7246.6560.5842.1667.6958.0363.2153.3062.1646.9763.8048.9758.3645.5357.0742.2765.3854.7259.2849.9856.2944.4062.3048.4257.3045.1456.2042.16UrbanTaipaandsuburbsUrbanColoaneandsuuburbsLeqdB(A)L95dB(A)LeqdB(A)LeqdB(A)L95dB(A)L95dB(A)Daytime(8:00-20:00)Night-time(20:00-8:00)Evening(20:00-24:00)Midnight(24:00-8:00)24hours(0:00-24:00)AveragevalueResultsindicatethatontheMacaoPeninsula,TaipaandColoanethepatternoffluctuationofambientnoiseovera24-hourperiodissimilar.Noiselevelduringdaytimeishighandpersistsatacertainlevel,whichdropsslightlyatnoon.Ambientnoiseslowlydecreasesfromduskuntildawn(5:00).Between6:00and7:00,thenoiselevelusuallyincreasesdramatically.Generallyspeaking,theambientnoiselevelofMacaoishighatalltimes.TaipaandColoanearecomparativelyquiet.Atmidnight,thenoiselevelinColoaneisrelativelylow.Thissituationisbasicallyrelatedtopopulationdistributionandresidents'activities.Table6.1showsthemonitoredresultsonintegratednoiseatMacaoPeninsula,TaipaandColoane.60

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ACOUSTICENVIRONMENTTable6.2Comparisonbetweenthereferencevalueofbackgroundnoisefromtheannexof"AcousticNorm"ofOrderno.241/94/MwiththeambientnoisesurveyresultDaytimeNight-timeLocationReferencevalueofbackgroundnoiseof"AcousticNorm"(dB(A))6567.75563.86063.25058.46062.25057.7MacaoPeninsulaTaipaColoaneAmbientnoisesurveyresults*(dB(A))Referencevalueofbackgroundnoiseof"AcousticNorm"(dB(A))Ambientnoisesurveyresults**(dB(A))*theaveragevalueofLeqofeachgridduringdaytime**theaveragevalueofLeqofeachgridduringnight-time61Figure6.8MobilenoisemonitoringdistributionfigureofMacao(Datasource:CA,2004)MacaoPeninsulaTaipaColoane

Accordingtothesurvey,itisestimatedthat40.2%ofthepopulationisexposedtoambientnoiseexceeding70dB(A)duringthedaytime(8:00-20:00);7.9%ofthepopulationisexposedtoambientnoiseexceeding70dB(A)duringthenight-time(20:00-8:00).Similarly,16.5%ofthepopulationisexposedtoambientnoiseexceeding70dB(A)intheevening(20:00-24:00)and3.0%frommidnight(24:00-8:00)(Figure6.12).REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ACOUSTICENVIRONMENTEstimatedpercentagesofMacaoPeninsularesidentsexposedtovariousnoiselevelsatdifferentperiods(Datasource:CA,2004)Figure6.9StateIndicator<55,≥50dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<75,≥70dB(A)23.3%0.8%1.7%7.5%<65,≥60dB(A)23.3%<70,≥65dB(A)43.3%Period:24hours(Averagevalue)<70,≥65dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)≥75dB(A)<65,≥60dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<75,≥70dB(A)0.8%3.3%7.5%20.8%27.5%Period:Daytime(8:00-20:00)<60,≥55dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)<65,≥60dB(A)<75,≥70dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)18.3%25.8%0.8%3.3%12.5%Period:Night-time(20:00-8:00)<45,≥40dB(A)<75,≥70dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)31.7%<65,≥60dB(A)31.7%3.3%0.8%<50,≥45dB(A)0.8%<55,≥50dB(A)7.5%<60,≥55dB(A)24.2%Period:Midnight(24:00-8:00)<55,≥50dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)42.5%<65,≥60dB(A)25.8%<75,≥70dB(A)7.5%2.5%20.0%1.7%Period:Evening(20:00-24:00)40.0%39.2%62

EstimatedpercentagesofColoaneresidentsexposedtovariousnoiselevelsatdifferentperiods(Datasource:CA,2004)Figure6.11Period:24hours(Averagevalue)Period:Daytime(8:00-20:00)Period:Evening(20:00-24:00)Period:Midnight(24:00-8:00)Period:Night-time(20:00-8:00)<65,≥60dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)<75,≥70dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)18.0%9.8%1.6%23.0%24.6%23.0%<55,≥50dB(A)≥75dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)13.1%<75,≥70dB(A)19.7%<65,≥60dB(A)27.9%19.7%18.0%1.6%<60,≥55dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)<65,≥60dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)29.5%1.6%8.2%32.8%27.9%<50,≥45dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)<65,≥60dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)31.2%32.8%14.8%8.2%9.8%<75,≥70dB(A)3.3%<65,≥60dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<75,≥70dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)14.8%4.9%24.6%36.1%16.4%3.3%StateIndicatorREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ACOUSTICENVIRONMENTEstimatedpercentagesofTaiparesidentsexposedtovariousnoiselevelsatdifferentperiods(DatasourceCA,2004)Figure6.10Period:24hours(Averagevalue)Period:Daytime(8:00-20:00)Period:Evening(20:00-24:00)Period:Midnight(24:00-8:00)Period:Night-time(20:00-8:00)<60,≥55dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)<65,≥60dB(A)6.9%25.9%31.0%36.2%<65,≥60dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)<75,≥70dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)25.9%12.1%3.4%32.8%25.9%<65,≥60dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)27.6%17.2%1.7%20.7%32.8%<55,≥50dB(A)<65,≥60dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<75,≥70dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)24.1%27.6%12.1%3.4%32.8%<45,≥40dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)<65,≥60dB(A)25.9%8.6%1.7%5.2%27.6%31.0%StateIndicator63

PercentageofthelocalresidentsPeriod:Daytime(8:00-20:00)Period:Midnight(24:00-8:00)Period:Night-time(20:00-8:00)Period:Evening(20:00-24:00)<75,≥70dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)<65,≥60dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)≥75dB(A)<45,≥40dB(A)0%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%StateIndicatorFigure6.13EstimatedpercentagesofMacaoresidentsexposedtovariousnoiselevelsatdifferentperiods(Datasource:CA,2004)Period:24hours(Averagevalue)Period:Daytime(8:00-20:00)Period:Evening(20:00-24:00)Period:Midnight(24:00-8:00)Period:Night-time(20:00-8:00)EstimatedpercentagesofallMacaoresidentsexposedtovariousnoiselevelsatdifferentperiods(Datasource:CA,2004)Figure6.12<70,≥65dB(A)<65,≥60dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)<75,≥70dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)39.1%24.1%9.3%5.1%21.0%1.4%<70,≥65dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)<65,≥60dB(A)<75,≥70dB(A)≥75dB(A)37.2%27.3%21.4%10.0%1.2%3.0%<65,≥60dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)<75,≥70dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)36.8%16.5%5.2%14.5%26.0%<55,≥50dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)<75,≥70dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<65,≥60dB(A)<70,≥65dB(A)40.9%26.4%20.5%2.8%1.6%7.9%<70,≥65dB(A)<45,≥40dB(A)0.9%<65,≥60dB(A)<60,≥55dB(A)<55,≥50dB(A)<50,≥45dB(A)<75,≥70dB(A)29.4%30.9%24.5%9.9%1.3%3.0%1.0%StateIndicatorREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ACOUSTICENVIRONMENT64

010203040506070801234567891011121314151617181920MonitoringpointsStateIndicatordB(A)200120022003Figure6.16Evolutionofbackgroundnoise(L95)atmonitoringpointsofMacaoPeninsula(Datasource:IACM,2004)010203040506070801234567891011121314151617181920MonitoringpointsStateIndicatordB(A)200320022001Figure6.15EvolutionofLeqvaluesofeachmonitoringpointofMacaoPeninsula(Datasource:IACM,2004)REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ACOUSTICENVIRONMENTdB(A)1020281429262223182446138927163192115212172571115L95LeqStateIndicator01020304050607080Figure6.14LeqandL95valuesofeachnoisemonitoringpointin2003(Datasource:IACM,2004)6.1.2MeasurementofNoiseDuringDaytimeDataforshort-periodnoisemeasurementduringdaytimeat29pointsdesignatedbyIACMshowsthattheaverageLeqof13pointsexceeded70dB(A)in2003,aslightreductionfrom17pointsin2002.PonteeHortaSquare,HortaeCostaAvenueandVenceslaudeMoraisAvenuearethethreepointswhichrecordthehighestaverageLeq,at74.2dB(A),73.5dB(A)and73.0dB(A),respectively.PenhaGardenrecordedthelowestaverageLeqat56.8dB(A).65Monitoringpoints

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ACOUSTICENVIRONMENTStateIndicator01020304050607080212223242526272829Monitoringpoints200220012003Figure6.18Evolutionofbackgroundnoise(L95)atmonitoringpointsofTaipaandColoane(Datasource:IACM,2004)dB(A)StateIndicator01020304050607080212223242526272829MonitoringpointsdB(A)200120022003Figure6.17EvolutionofLeqvaluesateachmonitoringpointofTaipaandColoane(Datasource:IACM,2004)1092018178716651514431312211192122232425262728291312SitesCharactertisticsofnoiseMonitoringpointSitesCharactertisticsofnoiseMonitoringpoint1AvenidadeVenceslaudeMoraisHeavyTraffic/Industrial2IaoHonMarketGardenLeisure/Residential/Commercial3RuadoGeneralCasteloBrancoCommercial/Industrial/Residential4LuísdeCamõesGardenSquareLeisure/Residential/Commercial5PraçadePomteeHortaResidential/Commercial/HeavyTraffic6LargodoSenadoLeisure/Commercial7RuadoCampoHeavyTraffic/Residential/Commercial8RuadoAlmiranteCostaCabralHeavyTraffic/Residential/Commercial9Pracetade1deOutubroResidential/Commercial10PenhaHillGardenResidential/Leisure11AvenidadeHortaeCostaHeavyTraffic/Commercial/Residential12EstradadeAdolfoLoureiroResidential/Commercial13Avenida1odeMaioHeavyTraffic/Residential14AlamedaDr.Carlosd'AssumpçãoResidential/Commercial15RuadeLeiPouChônResidential/HeavyTraffic/Commercial16AvenidadaPraiaGrandeHeavyTraffic/Leisure17AvenidadaAmizadeHeavyTraffic/Commercial18CalçadadaIgrejadeS.LázaroCommercial/Residential19AvenidadoConselheiroBorjaHeavyTraffic/School20CalçadadaBarraResidential/Leisure21RotundaDr.CarlosAugustoCorreaPãesD’AssumpçãoHeavyTraffic22RotundaDr.SunYatSenHeavyTraffic23Av.JardinsdoOceanoSchool24RuadeBragançaSchool25RotundadoEstádioHeavyTraffic/Residential26RuadeSengTouSchool27RotundaOuvidorArriagaHeavyTraffic28LargodosBombeirosHeavyTraffic29LargoPres.AntónioRamalhoEanesHeavyTraffic1AvenidadeHortaeCostaHeavyTraffic2RuaCidadedeBragaAmbientNoise3AvenidadeVenceslaudeMoraisHeavyTraffic/IndustrialAutomaticNoiseMonitoringStationsinMacao(Datasource:CA,2003)MacaoPeninsulaMacaoPeninsulaNoiseMonitoringPoints(Datasource:IACM,2003)TaipaandColoaneSitesCharactertisticsofnoiseAutomaticmonitoringstationsMacaoPeninsulaTaipaColoane66

StateIndicator010020030040050060070080020032002Figure6.19ComplaintsreceivedbyPSPbetween2002and2003(Datasource:"Lotus"MagazineontheEnvironment,CA,2004)NumberConversation,shoutingandplayingInteriordecorativeworksResidentialandtelevisionmusicPlayingmahjongConstructionandengineeringworksCommercialmusicandkaraokeWorkshops,machinesandhammeringVehiclesOutdoormusicAnimalsAlarmOthersNight-timecomplaints(between20:00-8:00)constitutedabout81%ofthetotal,anincreaseof18%comparedtothatof2002.Themainsourcesofcomplaintinclude"Conversationandshouting","Residentialandtelevisionmusic","Playingmahjong","Interiordecorativeworks","Constructionandengineeringworks"and"Commercialmusic".REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ACOUSTICENVIRONMENTThenumberofnoisecomplaintsincreasedin2003comparedwiththatof2002.In2003,thePSP(PublicSecurityPoliceForce)received2,587complaints,whiletheCA(EnvironmentCouncil)received50andtheIACM(CivicandMunicipalAffairsBureau)received66.Numberofcomplaintstotalled2,703.ThePSPisstillthemostpopularchannelfornoisecomplaints.In2003,thePSPreceived2,587complaints,anincreaseof20%(432complaints)overthe2,155complaintsreceivedin2002.Theincreasehasmainlyarisenfrom"Conversation,shoutingandplaying","Interiordecorativeworks","Constructionandengineeringworks","Playingmahjong","Vehiclenoise",and"Residentialandtelevisionmusic".Complaintsabout"Commercialmusicandkaraoke"havereducedinnumber.6.2NoiseComplaintsStateIndicator200320020100200300400500600700800Figure6.20NoisecomplaintsreceivedbyPSPduringnight-time(20:00-8:00)between2002and2003(Datasource:"Lotus"MagazineonEnvironment,CA,2004)NumberConversation,shoutingandplaying67InteriordecorativeworksResidentialandtelevisionmusicPlayingmahjongConstructionandengineeringworksCommercialmusicandkaraokeWorkshops,machinesandhammeringVehiclesOutdoormusicAnimalsAlarmOthers

PressureIndicator5520116146402425824030138381232199359040133422123923181237050100150200250300350Night-timeDaytimeNumberofcasesJanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecemberFigure6.22MonthlynoisecomplaintsreceivedbyPSPin2003(Datasource:"Lotus"MagazineontheEnvironment,CA,2004)PressureIndicator05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,00019961997199819992000200120022003Night-timeDaytimeNumberofcomplaintsFigure6.23EvolutionofnoisecomplaintsreceivedbyPSP(Datasource:"Lotus"MagazineontheEnvironment,CA,2004)Daytime(8:00-20:00)complaintsaccountfor19%ofthetotal,a30%increasecomparedtothatof2002."Interiordecorativeworks"and"Constructionandengineeringworks"arethemajorcomplaints.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ACOUSTICENVIRONMENTItisnoteworthythatcomplaintshaveincreasedinrecentyears.Complaintsabout"Conversation,shoutingandplaying","Residentialandtelevisionmusic","Playingmahjong","Interiordecorativeworks"and"Constructionandengineeringworks"haveincreasedsharply.Urbanconstructionproducesnoisewhichaffectsnearbyresidentsandappropriatecontrolsshouldbeimplementedsuchasusingquietermachinery.Mutualunderstandingandrespectarenecessarytoreduceneighbourhoodnoiseinhigh-densityresidentialenvironments.68StateIndicator20032002050100150200250300350Figure6.21NoisecomplaintsreceivedbyPSPduringdaytime(8:00-20:00)between2002and2003(Datasource:"Lotus"MagazineontheEnvironment,CA,2004)NumberConversation,shoutingandplayingInteriordecorativeworksResidentialandtelevisionmusicPlayingmahjongConstructionandengineeringworksCommercialmusicandkaraokeWorkshops,machinesandhammeringVehiclesOutdoormusicDogsAlarmOthers

200315%7%4%3%3%2%2%1%4%15%16%28%3%15%2%28%16%15%7%4%3%2%1%4%StateIndicatorFigure6.24NoisecomplaintsreceivedbyPSPin2003(Datasource:"Lotus"MagazineontheEnvironment,CA,2004)REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ACOUSTICENVIRONMENTUndoubtedly,humanactivityproducesdifferentkindsofnoise.Withrapidurbandevelopment,heavytraffic,thefreeflowofpeopleandgoodsandincreasednight-timeactivitiesintandemwithdemandsforanincreaseinthequalityoflife,noiseisgraduallybecomingmorenoticeableinsmallanddenselypopulatedMacao.6.3NoiseAbatementMeasuresInrecentyears,byambientnoisemonitoring,noisesurveyresultandanalysisofnoisecomplaints,itcanbeseenthattransportation,constructionandengineeringworks,socialandcommercialactivitiesallcontributetoambientnoiseanddisturbance.Amongall,transportationexertscomparativelyalargerinfluenceonthegeneralambientnoiselevel.Ontheotherhand,"Constructionandengineeringworks","Conversation,shoutingandplaying","Residentialandtelevisionnoise","Playingmahjong"and"Commercialmusicandkaraoke"aresourcesofdisturbanceforsomeresidents.Withregardtotheabovecircumstances,intheprocessofimprovingthelawsandregulationsonambientnoise,standardsandrestrictionsshouldbeestablishedfornoisederivingfromvehiclesandconstructionsinordertominimizetheimpactandtoprotectthelifequalityofMacao'sresidents.Noisederivedfromcommercialactivitiescanbecontrolledbyformulatinglawsandregulations,issuinglicencesandrigorousenforcement.Inthelongrun,thesituationcanbeimprovedbyreconstructingtheoldareasofthecity,revisingpopulationdistribution,formulatingtransportationmanagementplans,introducingsustainabletransportationsystemsandusingmachinerywhichproducesminimalnoiseandenhancingenvironmentalrequirementinconstructionworks.Itisnoteworthytomentionthatnoiseofsocialactivitiesisthemainsourceofnoisecomplaintsduringnight-timeTherefore,inadditiontolegislationimprovement,allkindsoflong-termeducationalprogrammestonurturecivicconsciousnessandtoimprovetherequirementofqualityoflifeareimportant.TheEnvironmentCouncilreceived50complaintsin2003,ofwhich19caseswereaboutair-conditioningandventilationsystems,9aboutconstructionworks,7aboutworkshopsandfactories,4aboutneighbourhoodnoise,3abouttransportationand8aboutwastecollection,animalsandwaterpumpsinresidentialbuildings.69Conversation,shoutingandplayingInteriordecorativeworksResidentialandtelevisionmusicPlayingmahjongConstructionandengineeringworksCommercialmusicandkaraokeWorkshops,machinesandhammeringVehiclesOutdoormusicAnimalsAlarmOthers

ResponseIndicatorFigure7.3Publicexpenditureonphysicalplanningandenvironment(Datasource:DSF,2004)PhysicalplanningandenvironmentalPercentageofannualtotalexpenditureonphysicalplanningandenvironment050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000450,0001989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220030%1%2%3%4%5%Expenditure(MOP)Percentageofannualtotalexpenditureonphysicalpplanningandenvironment0200400600800100012001400160018002000220019901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003ResponseIndicatorIndex(1990=100)PhysicalplanningandenvironmentTransportationInfrastructureAdministration,physicalplanningandrescarchTotalamountCommunicationsIndustriesTourismFigure7.2Evolutionofpublicexpenditurebysectorsince1990(Datasource:DSF,2004)Figure7.1Publicexpenditurebysectorin2003(Datasource:DSF,2004)20033%23%12%13%8%7%1%12%10%11%11%12%23%3%8%13%12%1%10%7%ResponseIndicatorEnvironmentalManagement7.In2003,investmentonphysicalplanningandtheenvironmentamountedtoMOP350,702,000,anincreaseof600%over1990and3%oftotalpublicadministrationexpenditure.7.1InvestmentandExpenditureonEnvironmentalManagementREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTOnlyifconcernsabouttheenvironmentareintegratedintopoliciesortherelevantbodies-governmentdepartments,enterprises,non-governmentorganizationsandresidents-canthecommonobjectiveberealizedandsustainabledevelopmentpolicyimplementedeffectively.InordertocontinuouslypromotetheenvironmentalmanagementofMacao,thegovernmenthasimplementedaseriesofeffectivemeasuresinrecentyears,includingthelaunchofavarietyofeducationalactivities,encouragingresidentstoparticipateenthusiasticallyinpolicymaking,supportingandexecutingvariousvoluntaryparticipationpoliciesandincreasingtheinvestmentofcapitalintheenvironment.70PhysicalplanningandenvironmentGeneraldepartmentsofpublicadministrationPublicsafetyEducationHygieneSocialsecurityHousingOthercollectiveandsocialservicesEconomicservices(excludingphysicalplanningandenvironmental)Others

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT7.2EnvironmentalAwarenessandEducation71Bytheendof2004,statisticsshowthatmorethan100,000peoplehadpartakenintheactivityseries,indicatingthattheresidentsofMacaosupportedtheapplicationwithpassionandsincere.Inordertoraisethegenerallevelandpublicawarenessaboutenvironmentalprotection,theMacaoSAR,underthenominationoftheMinisteroftheStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationofChina,Mr.XieZhenhua,appliedtocompetefortheenvironmentalaward"ChampionsoftheEarth"inNovember2003.On7thDecember2003,Macaoheldtheopeningceremonyfortheapplication.Sincethen,Macaohasconductedaseriesofenvironmentalprotectionandeducationalactivitiesincludingthe"GreenCommitmentCampaign","CleantheEarth-CommunityPromotionalActivities","CleantheEarth-StridethroughtheSuburbs","EarthDay-PhotoExhibitionofEnvironmentalProtectionandWildlife","GreenDayforFamilyFun","ObservetheEnvironmentthroughCityOrientation","EnvironmentalE-card","CompetitionofGreenCommunity","CleaningBeachesAction"and"EnvironmentalBicycleTours".InordertofurtherunitetheenvironmentalpowerofMacao'sresidents,andexpressthedeterminationtowintheenvironmentalaward"ChampionsoftheEarth",theMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionheldthe"Applicationoftheenvironmentalaward"ChampionsoftheEarth"-EnvironmentalWeekActivitySeries"onthe20th-26thJuly2004.TheChiefExecutiveoftheMacaoSAR,CentralGovernmentOfficialsandthosefromtheMinistryofForeignAffairs,theDirectoroftheAsiaPacificRegionalOfficeoftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgrammehostedtheopeningceremonyandmorethan2,000residentsparticipatedintheevent.Applicationforthe"ChampionsoftheEarth"AwardfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme

Numberofparticipants01002003004005006007008009001997199819992000200120022003050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000ResponseIndicatorActivitiesParticipantsFigure7.4EnvironmentalprotectionandeducationalactivitiesheldbytheCAandIACM(Datasource:EnvironmentStatistics,DSEC,2004)REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTNumberofactivities•TheReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003(BookandCD-Rom)•Lotus,MagazineontheEnvironment－Volume23:GreenLife－Volume24:EnvironmentalConstruction•EnvironmentalSeriesofMacao-WastewaterTreatmentofMacaoTable7.2Majorenvironmentalprotectionandeducationalactivitiesin2003(Datasource:CA,IACM,2004)ACTIVITIES•ActivitiesheldbytheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionfortheapplicationoftheenvironmentalaward"ChampionsoftheEarth"ofUNEP.•GreenWeek•EarthDay－Designcompetitiononenvironmentalshoppingbags－Designcompetitiononradiobroadcast－Designcompetitiononenvironmentalwallpaper－"Macaotowardsasustainabledevelopment"-Environmentalphotosexhibition•WorldEnvironmentDay－Tocelebratethethemeof"Water-TwoBillionPeopleareDyingforit"oftheUnitedNations,Macao,Zhuhai,HongKong,Guangzhou,Shenzhen,ZhongshanandDongguanused"WeAllDrinkZhujiangWater,WeAllProtectTheMainRiver"astheirtopicandlaunchedtworegionsfivecitiesjointactivities－5thJune-WorldEnvironmentDay-WaterCarnival－Promotionalactivitiesfor"Maximizingresourcesandbringyourownshoppingbag"－EnvironmentalchildrenreportersplanofMacaoin2003•Summercourseforteachers-environmentandeducation•ActivitiesfortheInternationalOzoneLayerProtectionDay•GreenhotelspromotionalplanofMacao•InvestigationofancienttreesinMacaoandelectionforthekingoftrees•10thanniversaryof"Macao,aCleanCity"campaign72Table7.1PublicationsofCA(EnvironmentCouncil)in2003(Datasource:CA,2004)TheMacaoSARgovernmentcollaboratedwith79organizationsin2003andorganizedsome114environmentalprotectionandeducationalactivities,withanumberof82,912participants.EncouragementofResident'sInvolvementinEnvironmentalProtectionandEducationalActivities

Inordertohelpteachersimplementenvironmentaleducationandpromotionalworkseffectivelyinschools,a"SummerCourseforTeachersontheEnvironmentandEducation"wasco-organizedbytheDSEJ(EducationandYouthAffairsBureau)andtheEnvironmentCouncilin2003.Themaintargetswereteachersfromprimaryschoolsandkindergartens.Theywerealsoarrangedtovisitthemonitoringprocessformotorvehicleemission,theenvironmentandgeographicalinformationsystem,theNatureandAgricultureMuseumaswellasambientnoisemonitoringstationsandecologicalzone.In2003,theIACM(CivicandMunicipalAffairsBureau)organizedactivitiesforwasteclassificationand60,304kgofpapers,3,608kgofplasticbottlesand11,503aluminiumcanswererecycled.Therewere19publiccollectionsites,and268organizationsparticipatedintherecyclingactivity,whichhadincreased.CPTTM(MacaoProductivityandTechnologyTransferCentre)organized3seminarsandtrainingcoursesforthe"CertificationofEnvironmentalManagement",and90peopleparticipatedin2003.TheEnvironmentCouncilhadalsointroducedlawsandregulationsontheenvironmentofMacaotomeetthedemandsofindividualsandorganizations.Some68,375peoplevisitedtheEnvironmentInformationCentreinFloraGarden,MongHáandTaipaGrandein2003;while1,252peoplevisitedtheWastewaterTreatmentPlantsandMacaoIncinerationPlant,showingaslightdrop.NumberofparticipantsCoursesandseminarsResponseIndicator0123456789050100150200250300ParticipantsCoursesandseminars199819992000200120022003Figure7.6Coursesandseminarsrelatedtoenvironmentalmanagementsystem(DataSource:CPTTM,2004)MacaoWWTPTaipaWWTPMIPNumberofparticipantsResponseIndicatorFigure7.5NumberandtypesofvisitorstotheWWTPsandMIP(Datasource:GDI,2004)AssociationsProfessionalsStudents02004006008001,0001,2001,4001,6001,800199920002001200220031999200020012002200319992000200120022003REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT7.3PublicParticipationPublicparticipationisacrucialelementinprotectingtheenvironment.Inrecentyears,anincreasingnumberofenvironmentalprotectionactivitieshasbeenundertakenbycivilorganizations,whileatthesametime,relevantorganizationsconcernedwithenvironmentalprotectionhavebeenestablished,indicatingheightenedpublicawareness.Complainingisoneofthemostdirectwaystoreflectpublicconcernabouttheenvironment.In2003,some50complaintsweremadeaboutnoise,51aboutairpollution(includingemissionofcookingfumes)and8aboutenvironmentalhygienewerereportedtotheEnvironmentCouncil.AmongthecomplaintsaboutenvironmentalhygienereportedtotheIACM(CivicandMunicipalAffairsBureau),66wererelatedtonoise,85abouttheemissionofcookingfumes,505aboutwastewatereffluentand399aboutgarbage.Complaintsaboutenvironmentalhygienetotalled3,657andrelatedtoissuessuchasmice,publicwashroomsandthedangerofdenguefeverfromvacantconstructionsitesandhouses.ResidentscontinuedtomakemostcomplaintsaboutambientnoisetothePSP(PublicSecurityPoliceForce)andatotalof2,587complaintswerereceivedin2003(refertochapteron"AcousticEnvironment")..73

Duetoitsownspecialchararcteristic,MacaoactivelypursuesexchangesandconnectionsonenvironmentalprotectionwiththeMainland,nearbyregionsandcountriesaroundtheworld.7.4RegionalCo-operationandInternationalExchangeREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTInJuly2003,the"MacaoEnvironmentalProtectionPhotographExhibition"wasfirstheldintheOfficeoftheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegioninBeijing.TheEnvironmentCouncilalsoorganizedadelegationtoparticipateinthe8thChinaInternationalEnvironmentalProtectionExhibitioninDecember.Meanwhile,theJoint-LiaisonGroupfortheMacaoSARandGuangdongProvinceCo-operationcontinuestodiscussthepromotionofeducationofenvironmentalprotection,trainingofenvironmentalprotectionexperts,andcontrolofwaterhyacinthsamongstotherissues.The"Tworegions,fivecities"jointactivities-"WeAllDrinkZhujiangWater,WeAllProtecttheMainRiver"-wasinitiatedbyMacao,Dongguan,HongKong,Guangzhou,Zhuhai,ShenzhenandZhongshan,andMacaoorganizedthe"5thJuneWorldEnvironmentDay-WaterCarnival"in2003.Inordertopromoteenvironmentalmanagement,representativesoftheMacaohotelindustryvisitedhotelswithgoodenvironmentperformanceinHongKong.74InternationalExchangeAdelegationoftheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionattendedthe3rdWorldWaterForumandMinisterialConferenceinKyotoinMarch2003anddiscussedavarietyoftopicsincluding"Water,FoodandtheEnvironment","WaterandClimate","WaterandManagement"and"WaterandEnergy".InNovember2003,inthenameofMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionofthePeople'sRepublicofChina,MacaoappliedtotheUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgrammeforinclusionasacompetitorfortheenvironmentalaward"ChampionsoftheEarth"of2004.Inaccordancewiththeco-operationprotocolsignedwiththeInstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugal,theEnvironmentCouncilcontinuestheexchangeofpublicationsandenvironmentalinformationdatabase,technicalassistanceforprofessionalreportsandresearchprojectsandtechnicaltraining.The"MainlandandMacaoSARCo-operationArrangementontheEnvironment"wasinkedbytheDepartmentofInternationalCooperationoftheStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationofChinaandtheEnvironmentCouncilinJuly2003.Thisagreementhashelpedstrengthenco-operationonavarietyofaspectssuchastrainingandexchangeofenvironmentalexperts,environmentalandeducationalactivities,waterpollutioncontrolandmanagement,theenvironmentindustry,investmentpoliciesandresearch,etc.Co-operationandConnectionbetweentheMainlandandRegionsFigure7.8ComplaintsaboutenvironmentalhygienereportedtoIACMin2003(Datasource:IACM,2004)ResponseIndicatorOthersEmissionofcookingfumesNoiseMiceDenguefeverinvacantconstructionsitesPublicwashroomsGarbageWastewatereffluentAir-conditionerdrippings8%6%39%1%1%6%24%14%1%14%6%39%1%1%1%6%8%24%Figure7.7ComplaintsaboutenvironmentreportedtoCA(EnvironmentCouncil)in2003(Datasource:CA,2004)ResponseIndicator7%4%44%45%Others4%Noise44%Airpollution45%Environmentalhygiene7%

OneenterpriseinMacaowasawardedtheISO14001EnvironmentalManagementSystemCertificationin2003andthreeenterprisessucceededin2004.Altogether,thereare13organizations-includingindustrialproduction,construction,engineering,telecommunicationmaintenanceandservice,wastewatertreatment,garmentproduction,aviationmanagement,electricity,cleaningserviceandconsultancycompany-thathavebeenaccredited.TheMacaoFoundationandtheStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationofChinacollaboratedinpublishingthe"ResearchReportonDevelopmentPoliciesonEnvironmentalProtectionIndustryofMacaoandHighPriorityCo-operationFieldswiththeMainland".ThereportrecommendeddevelopmentpoliciesfortheenvironmentalprotectionindustryofMacao.Macaoisenthusiasticallystrengtheningitsfunctionasaregionaltradingplatform.Exhibitionsrelatedtotheenvironmentalprotectionindustry,exchangesandco-operationstillneedtobefurtherresearchedtoencourageandpromotetheroleofMacaoasanenvironmentalprotectionplatform.7.5EnvironmentManagementandEnvironmentProtectionIndustryPlatformAsthefollowinginternationalconventionsandprotocolsareapplicabletotheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegion,alargeamountofresearch,datacollection,environmentalmonitoring,lawsandregulationsmustbedeployedtoimplementsuchenvironmentalconventions.1.ViennaConventionfortheProtectionofOzoneLayer(1985);MontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer(1987);AmendmentstotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer(1990)-ChiefExecutiveOrderno.31/2002of5thJune2002.2.UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(1992)-ChiefExecutiveOrderno.33/2002of5thJune2002.3.ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(1973)-ChiefExecutiveOrderno.35/2002of5thJune2002.4.ConventiononBiologicalDiversity(1992)-ChiefExecutiveOrderno.34/2002of5thJune2002.5.BaselConventionontheControlofTransboundaryMovementsofHazardousWastesandtheirDisposal(BaselConvention)(1989)-ChiefExecutiveOrderno.32/2002of5thJune2002.AnamendmentwasalsoapplicablebasedonChiefExecutiveOrderno.52/2002on21stAugust2002.6.ThePlantProtectionAgreementfortheAsiaandPacificRegion(1956)-ChiefExecutiveOrderno.30/2001of6thJune2001.7.StockholmConventiononPersistentOrganicPollutants(2001)-ChiefExecutiveOrderno.41/2004of3rdDecember2004.Pleasereferto"Chapter3.2BathingBeachesandCoastalWaters"fortheinternationalmaritimeconventionsapplicabletoMacaoandrelatedtomaritimeenvironmentalprotection.7.6InternationalConventionsandProtocolsREPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT75

AnalysisandRecommendations8.REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ANALYSISANDRECOMMENDATIONSTheanalysisandrecommendationssectionoftheReportontheStateofEnvironmentofMacaoconcludesandanalyzesinbriefthechangesintheenvironmentofMacao.Recommendationsforsustainabledevelopmentandimprovementinthequalityoftheenvironmentarepresented.76AtmosphericEnvironmentTheairqualityofMacaoisnotonlyaffectedbytheemissionofatmosphericpollutantsintheambientatmosphereandmeteorologicalfactors,butalsobylocalsourcesofpollution.Theselocalsourcescannotbeneglectedandmustalsobecontrolled.In2003,eachmonitoringstationreportedaconsiderableincreaseinthenumberofdayswith"Poor"AirQualityIndexandinthenumberofdaysthatthedailymeanconcentrationofrespirablesuspendedparticulatesexceededthestandard,indicatingadecreaseinthegeneralqualityofair.Althoughthetotalemissionofgreenhousegaseshasslightlydecreasedin2003,theyarestill58%higherthanin1990.Increasedemissionsonairandlandtransportationandthegenerationofelectricityhaveaconsiderableimpactontheemissionofgreenhousegases.In2003,NOx,SOx,totalsuspendedparticulatesandrespirablesuspendedparticulatesdischargedintheprocessofelectricitygenerationdecreasedtosomeextent.Thismaybeattributabletotheinstallationofasystemthatreducestheemissionofexhaustgases.Althoughanincreasingnumberofpetrol-enginedvehicleshavebeeninstalledwithcatalyticconverters,thusstabilizingtheemissionofNMVOCandCO,thetotalexhaustemissionsofvehiclesdidnotdecreaseperceptiblyduetotherapidincreaseinthenumberofvehicles.Besidesmonitoringtheatmosphericenvironment,studyingthecausesofairpollutionandimplementingappropriatemeasureshavebeenindispensableinimprovingthequalityofair.Inadditiontotheconstantimprovingofelectricitygenerationfacilities,othereffectivestrategiesincludeimprovingthequalityoffuelusedandtheintroductionofmoreenvironmentallyfriendlyfuels.Thereductionofusinghighpollutionelectricitygeneratorswillalsohelptoreducetheemissionofpollutantgasesduringelectricitygeneration.Withregardtotransportation,thecontinuousimprovementoffuelqualityandappropriatelegislationcanfurtherreduceexhaustemissionsfrommotorvehicles.Withregardtoenergyconsumption,positiveactionshouldbetakentosaveenergyandmaximizeenergyefficiencysoastoresponsetheimpactofenergyconsumptionontheatmosphericenvironment.

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ANALYSISANDRECOMMENDATIONSWaterResourcesTheamountofwaterconsumedinMacaohasincreasedbyapproximately19%comparedto1993.Therapidgrowthoftheeconomyfuelledbygamingandtourismwillcontinuetoincreasethedemandforwaterconsiderably.SinceMacaodoesnothavewaterresources,andthatoflocalandnearbyregionsarechallengedbythesalinityproblemsresultingfromdroughtandsalinetidesinrecentyears,itisimportanttoimplementalong-termstrategywithwaterconservation.Inregardtocoastalwaters,theaveragepollutionindexofthemonitoringpointhasincreased.Theeutrophicindexandsomeheavymetalpollutionindexhavealsosoaredasaresultofpollutantdischargedfromlocalandnearbyregions,thegeographicenvironmentofMacaoandpollutantsfrombottomsedimentsinthecoastalregions.Moredataisrequiredinordertocreatealong-termstrategyfortheimprovementofcoastalwaterquality.Withregardtowastewater,theexpansionofthesewagenetworkanditsmanagementhasbeenimprovedcontinuously.TheoverallwastewatertreatmentcapabilityhasalsobeenreinforcedsincetheWaterTreatmentPlantofMacaoInternationalAirportcameintooperation.Industryandcommerceshouldimprovetheirownwastewaterrecyclingandpretreatmentabilityinordertoreducepressureonpublicwastewatertreatmentfacilities.77Macao'seconomy,whichisfuelledbythegamingandtourismindustries,hasbeendevelopingrapidlyinrecentyears,andthenumberoftouristsvisitingMacaohasincreasedsubstantially.Whileinfrastructureconstructionexpandsandprivateinvestmentsprosper,thevolumeofwastehasincreased.In2003,thevolumeofwastetreatedbytheMacaoIncinerationPlantamountedtoapproximately250,000tons,a57%increaseover1993.Torelievethepressureofaccommodatingtheincreaseingeneralsolidwastesandspecialhazardouswastes,theMacaoSARgovernmenthasapprovedtheexpansionandimprovementofincinerationfacilities,andhasdecidedtoconstructahazardouswastetreatmentcentre.Inaddition,itwillconsiderthepossibilityoftreatingspecialwasteinenvironmentallysoundmannerthroughregionalcollaboration.Theboominpublicandprivateconstructionandthequantityofconstructionwastegeneratedhasalsoincreasedconsiderably.ThissituationhascreatedpressureonthelimitedlandfillspaceavailableinMacao,andlong-termsolutionsarecalledfor.Inadditiontorelievingpressureimposedbywastethroughinfrastructures,publiceducationprogrammesaimedatwastereductionandutilizationofresources,reductionofwasteatsourceandadvancedrecyclingarealsocrucialfactors.Itisalsonecessarytorefinelegislationonwastemanagement,implementacomprehensivemanagementsystemofspecialwaste,andencourageindividuals,enterprisesandpublicdepartmentstostrengthenenvironmentalmanagementandenhanceconsciousnessofwastereduction.Inthelongrun,sustainableproductionandconsumptionmodesarecrucialforthefutureofMacao.Waste

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ANALYSISANDRECOMMENDATIONS78AcousticEnvironmentNaturalConservationMacaoisasmallanddenselypopulatedcity.Therefore,greenareasplayanimportantroleinimprovingairquality,maintainingthebalanceoftheecosystemandoptimisingthescenicbeautyofthecity.Inrecentyears,plantingonroadsandinparksinMacaohasincreasedintandemwiththegeographicalexpansionofMacao.However,thetotalgreenareahasdroppedasthetotalareaofMacaohasgrownfasterthanthatofthegreenareas.ThenewlyplannedareaofMacaoprovidesfortheexpansionanddevelopmentofgreenareas.ThegovernmentalsoplanstostrengthenandprotectMacaobyfocusingondifferentfeaturesofdifferentgreenareas.IntermsoftheecologicalzoneinCotai,uponcompletionofthefirstandsecondphaseofconstruction,thezoneisalreadymanagedbyaconsultantcompany.Dataonorganisms,plantsandthestateoftheenvironmentarenowsystemicallycollectedinthearea.Sincethesurroundingenvironmentoftheecologicalareahaschangeddramatically,itisnecessarytofurtherresearch,protectandconservethearea.Moreover,lawenforcementdepartmentshavebeenrestrictingtheimportandexportofendangeredspecies.In2003,thenumberofcasesofinterceptionsapparentlyincreasedcomparedtothatof2002andtherefore,itisimportanttoraisepublicconcernregardingendangeredspeciesprotection.Publicactivitiesproduceallkindsofnoise,thereforeitisnecessarytoemployeffectivemanagementmethodstoreducetheimpactofnoiseonresidents.Inrecentyears,ambientnoisemonitoring,collectionofmonitoreddataandnoisecomplaintsanalysisshowthatlandtransportnoise,constructionandengineeringworks,socialandcommercialactivitiesarethemainsourcesofambientnoiseanddisturbance.Withregardtotheabove,intheprocessofimprovingambientnoiselegislation,thegovernmentshouldestablishthestandardandlimitationofacceptablenoiseproducedbyvehiclesandconstruction.Bymeansoflegislation,licensingsystemsandlawenforcement,noiseproducedbycommercialactivitiescanbecontrolled.Inthelongrun,therenovationofolderdistricts,populationredistribution,trafficcontrol,asustainabletransportationsystem,adoptionofnoisereductionfacilitiesandenhancementoftherequirementsoftheconstructionappertainingtotheenvironmentalsohelpimprovethesituation.Socialactivityisthemainsourceofnight-timenoisecomplaints.Inadditiontorefiningrelevantlawsandregulations,constantpromotionandeducationonenvironmentalprotection,civiceducationandimprovementintheconsciousnessofthequalityoflifeareindispensablefactors.

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:ANALYSISANDRECOMMENDATIONS79EnvironmentalMangementSince2000,publicinvestmentinphysicalplanningandenvironmenthasbeenincreasingyearbyyear.Besideencouragingenterprisestoimplementenvironmentalmanagement,promotingtheenvironmentalprotectionindustryandenvironmentaleducationinrecentyears,theMacaoSARgovernmenthasalsoenthusiasticallyappliedtheenvironmentalaward'ChampionsoftheEarth'oftheUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgramme.Withregardtoregionalandinternationalco-operation,Macaoandvariousregionalorganizationshaveco-operatedindifferentdimensionstoenhancetheenvironmentalprotectionlevelofMacao.SincemanyinternationalconventionsandprotocolsforenvironmentalprotectionareapplicabletotheMacaoSAR,alargeamountofresearch,datacollection,environmentalmonitoringandlegislationarerequiredtomeettherequirementsfortheirimplementation.Regardlessoftheactivitiesundertakenbyindividuals,enterprises,civilorganizationsorgovernment,allhaveanimpactontheenvironment.Consequently,eachentityhastheabilityandobligationtoprotecttheenvironment.Therefore,sectorsshouldbedrivenwithinitiativesofpollutionpreventionandecologicalprotectioninthemanufacturingandconsumptionprocess.Thisistoensurethatenvironmentalmanagementisbeingincorporatedfromsourceandthroughouttheproductlifecyclesoastoreducepollutionandresourcesconsumptionforthesustainableimprovementofthesociety.Macaoisauniquetourismcity.Anexcellentenvironmentisveryimportanttoitsdevelopment.AsMacaoprospers,thedemandsonnaturalresourcesandpressureontheenvironmentincrease.Issuessuchasanexpandingpopulationandnumberoftourists;decliningatmosphericenvironment,unstablewatersourcequality,riseofpollutionincoastalwaters,increasedwasteandnoiseneedtobeaddressed.PositiveandeffectivemeasuresshouldbeadoptedinordertomaintaintheenvironmentalqualityofMacao,enhancequalityoflifeandenableMacao'ssustainabledevelopmentintermsofitseconomy,societyandenvironment.Consequently,inordertomeettheexpectationsforimprovedqualityofenvironment,matchingdevelopmentofthegamingandtourismindustryandenhancingthequalityoflifeoflocalresidents,itisimperativetocarefullyreviewtheframeworkandfunctionofenvironmentalorganizationandundertakecertainreformstomatchtheneedsofsocialdevelopmentinMacao.

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:LISTOFABBREVIATIONSListofAbbreviationsLNOPRSTUwM81AAQIAirQualityIndexAsArsenicBODBiochemicalOxygenDemandBOD55-dayBiochemicalOxygenDemandCEPACloserEconomicPartnershipAgreementCOCarbonmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideCH4MethaneCITESConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFloraCdCadmiumCFUColonyFormingUnitCFCsChlorofluorocarbonsCODChemicalOxygenDemandCOPERTComputerProgramtocalculateEmissionsfromRoadTransportCORINAIRCOREInventoryofAIRemissionsCrChromiumCEMCompanhiadeElectricidadedeMacau,S.A.R.L.(MacaoElectricCompany)CAConselhodoAmbiente(EnvironmentCouncil)CPCapitaniadosPortosdeMacau(PortAuthority)CBCorpodeBombeiros(FireServicesBureau)CPTTMCentrodeProdutividadeeTransferênciadeTecnologiadeMacau(MacaoProductivityandTechnologyTransferCentre)DDTDichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethanedBDecibelDODissolvedOxygenDSECDirecçãodosServiçosdeEstatísticaeCensos(StatisticsandCensusServices)DSFDirecçãodosServiçosdeFinanças(FinanceServicesBureau)EMEPCo-operativeProgrammeforMonitoringandEvaluationoftheLongRangeTransmissionofAirPollutantsinEuropeEPAEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEUEuropeanUnionFAEEDFAAAircraftEngineEmissionDatabaseGHGGreenhouseGasGDPGrossDomesticProductGwhGigawatthourGWPGlobalWarmingPotentialGDIGabineteparaDesenvolvimentodeInfraestrutureas(InfrastructuresDevelopmentOffice)HClHydrochloricacidHFHydrogenfluorideHFCsHydrofluorocarbonsHgMercuryIPCCIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIAInstitutodoAmbientedePortugal(InstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugal)CDEFGHIISOInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationIACMInstitutoparaosAssuntosCívicoseMunicipais(Civic&MunicipalAffairsBureau)LeqContinuousEquivalentSoundPressureLevelL95SoundPressureLevelexceededfor95%ofthemeasuringperiodL10SoundPressureLevelexceededfor10%ofthemeasuringperiodL90SoundPressureLevelexceededfor90%ofthemeasuringperiodLSPLaboratóriodeSaúdePública(PublicHealthLaboratory)MSARMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionMIPMacaoIncinerationPlantMPVMaximumPermissibleValuemg/LMilligramperLitreµg/LMicrogramperLitreMARPOLTheInternationalConventionforthePreventionofPollutionfromShipsNONitrogenmonoxideNO2NitrogendioxideN2ONitrousoxideNOxNitrogenoxidesNMVOCNon-methaneVolatileOrganicCompoundO3OzoneOPRCOilPollutionPreparedness,ResponseandCo-operationPOPsPersistentOrganicPollutantsPM10ParticulateMatterwithdiameterlessthan10µmPbLeadppbPartperbillionRSPRespirableSuspendedParticulatesSAAMSociedadedeAbastecimentodeÁguadeMacau,S.A.R.L.(TheMacaoWaterSupplyCo.Ltd.)SOxSulfuroxidesSO2SulfurdioxideSPSedimentaryParticulatesSMGServiçosMeterológicoseGeofisicos(MeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureau)SSMDirecçãodosServiçosdeSaúdedeMacau(HealthBureau)SAServiçosdeAlfândegadaRAEM(MacaoCustomsServices)TEPTonEquivalentPetroleumTSPTotalSuspendedParticulatesUNEPUnitedNationsEnvironmentalProgrammeUNFCCCUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangesUVBUltravioletBWMOWorldMeteorologicalOrganizationWWTPWastewaterTreatmentPlantB

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:REFERENCESReferences82GeneralStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationofChinahttp://www.sepa.gov.cn/EnvironmentCouncilofMacaohttp://www.ambiente.gov.moInstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugalhttp://www.iambiente.pt/EnvironmentCouncilofMacao-ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacaohttp://www.ambiente.gov.mo/tchinese/05/Land,PublicWorksandTransportBureauhttp://www.dssopt.gov.mo/CivilAviationAuthorityhttp://www.macau-airport.gov.mo/CivicandMunicipalAffairsBureauhttp://www.iacm.gov.mo/PublicAdministrationandCivilServiceBureauhttp://www.safp.gov.mo/MeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauhttp://www.smg.gov.mo/CartographyandCadastreBureauhttp://www.dscc.gov.mo/MacauGovernmentTouristOfficehttp://www.macautourism.gov.mo/MacaoCustomsServiceshttp://www.sa.gov.mo/MacaoEconomicServiceshttp://www.economia.gov.mo/FinanceServicesBureauhttp://www.dsf.gov.mo/EducationandYouthAffairsBureauhttp://www.dsej.gov.mo/InternationalLawOfficehttp://www.gadi.gov.mo/StatisticsandCensusBureauhttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/PortAuthorityhttp://www.marine.gov.mo/GovernmentInformationBureauhttp://www.gcs.gov.mo/HealthBureauhttp://www.ssm.gov.mo/UniversityofMacaohttp://www.umac.mo/MacaoProductivityandTechnologyTransferCentrehttp://www.cpttm.org.mo/TheMacaoWaterSupplyCo.Ltdhttp://www.macaowater.comCEM-MacauElectricityCompany,Ltdhttp://www.cem-macau.comHovionePharmaScienceLtdhttp://www.hovione.com/ADA-AdministrationofAirports,Ltdhttp://www.ada.com.mo/Demography,EconomyandSocietyStatisticsandCensusBureau-GrossDomesticProducthttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/c_index.asp?src=/english/pub/e_pib_pub.htmlStatisticsandCensusBureau-Demographyhttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/c_index.asp?src=/english/pub/e_dem_pub.htmlStatisticsandCensusBureau-2001OverallResultsofPopulationCensushttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/c_index.asp?src=/english/pub/e_cen_pub.htmlStatisticsandCensusBureau-EnvironmentStatisticshttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/c_index.asp?src=/english/pub/e_amb_pub.htmAtmosphericEnvironmentMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureau-MainpageontheAirQualityIndexofMacao(Database/AirQuality)http://www.smg.gov.mo/StatisticsandCensusBureau-EnvironmentStatisticshttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/c_index.asp?src=/english/pub/e_amb_pub.html

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004:REFERENCES83WaterResourcesHealthBureau-LabReportonBeachWaterQualityofMacaohttp://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/news/document/e_lsp_waterquality.htmHealthBureau-ReportonMonitoringandEvaluationofMacaoCoastalWaterQualityin2003(Chineseversiononly)http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/news/Document/Sea2003%20report.pdfHealthBureau-ReportonMonitoringofWaterQualityofHácSáandCheocVanBeaches(Chineseversiononly)http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/news/Document/Beach%202003%20report.pdfMacaoWater-DailyWaterTestingResultshttp://www.macaowater.com/program/uploadfile/testresult/last_test_result.htmStatisticsandCensusBureau-EnvironmentStatisticshttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/c_index.asp?src=/english/pub/e_amb_pub.htmlWasteStatisticsandCensusBureau-EnvironmentStatisticshttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/c_index.asp?src=/english/pub/e_amb_pub.htmlNaturalConservationCivicandMunicipalAffairsBureau-MacaoNatureWeb(Chineseversiononly)http://nature.iacm.gov.mo/main.htmGeographicalInformationSystemofMacao-DistributionofVegetation(Chinese&Portugueseversiononly)http://www.gis.gov.mo/green.htmCartographyandCadastreBureau-SpecialMaps-MapforGreenAreas(Chinese&Portugueseversiononly)http://www3.gis.gov.mo/dscc/chin/newthematic.htmStatisticsandCensusBureau-EnvironmentStatisticshttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/c_index.asp?src=/english/pub/e_amb_pub.htmlAmbientNoiseEnvironmentCouncil-AmbientNoisehttp://www.ambiente.gov.mo/english/06/InternationalConventionsConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlorahttp://www.cites.org/ViennaConventionfortheProtectionoftheOzoneLayer;MontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer;AmendmentstotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerhttp://www.unep.org/ozone/InternationalConventiononthePreventionofOilPollutionandOtherContaminantshttp://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htmBaselConventionontheControlofTransboundaryMovementsofHazardousWastesandtheirDisposalhttp://www.basel.int/ConventiononBiologicalDiversityhttp://www.biodiv.org/UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangehttp://unfccc.int/ThePlantProtectionAgreementfortheAsiaandPacificRegionhttp://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/plant.protection.south-east.asia.pacific.1956.htmlOthersEnvironmentGeographicalInformationSystemofMacao(Chinese&Portugueseversiononly)http://www2.dscc.gov.mo/website/ambiente/macau.htmGeographicalInformationalSystemofMacao(Chinese&Portugueseversiononly)http://www.gis.gov.moEnvironmentCouncil-EnvironmentalLegislationofMacao(Chinese&Portugueseversiononly)http://www.ambiente.gov.mo/tchinese/03/CEM-MacaoElectricityCompany-CEMSafety,Health,EnvironmentandQualityActivityReport2003http://www.cem-macau.com/download/SHEQ_Statistics_2003.pdf

2REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2004ThisreporthasbeenjointlypreparedbytheEnvironmentCouncilofMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionandtheInstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugalundertheprovisionoftheco-operationagreementbetweenthetwoentities.ENVIRONMENTCOUNCILOFMACAOVongManHung-ActingPresidentoftheExecutiveCommitteeoftheEnvironmentCouncilIeongKinSi-ConsultativeSeniorTechnicianFongWengChin-PrinicipalSeniorTechnicianMariadaConceiçãoCoelho-ChiefSeniorTechnicianINSTITUTEFORTHEENVIRONMENTOFPORTUGALReginaVilão-HeadoftheEnvironmentalandSustainableDevelopmentStrategiesDivisionMargaridaMarcelino-AdvisorCatarinaFreitasAlves-EnvironmentalengineerVitorGóis-EnvironmentalengineerACKNOWLEDGEMENT-DATASOURCESAdministrationofAirportsLimitedCartographyandCadastreBureauCivilAviationAuthorityCivicandMunicipalAffairsBureauMacaoCustomsServicesEducationandYouthAffairsBureauFinanceServicesBureauGovernmentInformationBureauHealthBureauHovioneMacaoLimitedInfrastructureDevelopmentOfficeInternationalLawOfficeLands,PublicWorksandTransportBureauMacaoEconomicServicesMacaoElectricityCompanyLimitedMacauGovernmentTouristOfficeMacaoProductivityandTechnologyTransferCentreMacaoWaterSupplyCompanyLimitedMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauPortAuthorityPublicAdministrationandCivilServiceBureauStatisticsandCensusBureauUniversityofMacau

TitleReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao,2004PublishedbyEnvironmentCouncil,MacaoTranslatedbyEnglishforAsiaLtd.DesignandPrintingTopDesignAdvertisingCompanyNumberofcopies500ISSN1681-7443DateofPublicationDecember2004EnvironmentCouncilRuadeSanchesdeMirandano.3-MacaoTel:(853)725134Fax:(853)725129E-mail:ca@ambiente.gov.moWebsite:http://www.ambiente.gov.mo