StateoftheEnvironmentReportonthe2003ofMacao

REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2003JointlypreparedbytheEnvironmentCouncilofMacaoandtheInstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugalundertheprovisionoftheco-operationagreementbetweenthetwoentities.ENVIRONMENTCOUNCILOFMACAO(ConselhodoAmbientedeMacau)VongManHungActingPresidentoftheExecutiveCommitteeoftheEnvironmentCouncilIeongKinSiSeniorOfficerFongWengChinSeniorOfficerMariadaConceiçãoCoelhoSeniorOfficerINSTITUTEFORTHEENVIRONMENTOFPORTUGAL(InstitutodoAmbientedePortugal)MargaridaMarcelinoHeadoftheEnvironmental&SustainableDevelopmentStrategiesUnitNélidaMiguensPrincipalOfficerCatarinaFreitasAlvesConsultantVitorGóisConsultantACKNOWLEDGEMENTAdministrationofAirportsLtd.(AdministraçãodeAeroportos,Lda.-ADA)Cartography&CadastreBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeCartografiaeCadastro)Civic&MunicipalAffairsBureau(InstitutoparaosAssuntosCívicoseMunicipais)CivilAviationAuthority(AutoridadedeAviaçãoCivildeMacau)EconomicServicesBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeEconomia)EducationandYouthAffairsBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeEducaçãoeJuventude)FinanceServicesBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeFinanças)GovernmentTouristOffice(DirecçãodosServiçosdeTurismo)GovernmentInformationBureau(GabinetedeComunicaçãoSocial)HealthBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeSaúdedeMacau)HovioneMacaoLtd.(HovioneMacauSociedadeQuímicaLda.)InternationalLegalAffairsOffice(GabineteparaosAssuntosdoDireitoInternacional)Lands,PublicWorks&TransportBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeSolos,ObrasPúblicaseTransportes)MacaoCustomsService(ServiçosdeAlfãndega)MacaoElectricCompanyLtd.(CompanhiadeElectricidadedeMacau,S.A.R.L.)MacaoProductivityandTechnologyTransferCentre(CentrodeProdutividadeeTransferênciadeTecnologiadeMacau)MeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureau(ServiçosMeterológicoseGeofisicos)OfficeforInfrastructuresDevelopment(GabineteparaDesenvolvimentodeInfraestrutureas)PortAuthority(CapitaniadosPortosdeMacau)PublicAdministrationandCivilServicesBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeAdministraçãoeFunçãoPública)StatisticsandCensusServices(DirecçãodosServiçosdeEstatísticaeCensos)TheMacaoWaterSupplyCompanyLtd.(SociedadedeAbastecimentodeÁguadeMacau,S.A.R.L.)UniversityofMacao(UniversidadedeMacau)2ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003

3INDEXReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003OpeningNote5Foreword6Editorial7Introduction9AtmosphericEnvironment122.1AirQuality132.2AtmosphericEmissions162.3GlobalIssues192.4Energy212.5Transport22WaterSupply263.1DrinkingWater273.2BathingBeachesandCoastalWater303.3WastewaterManagement35Waste404.1WasteGenerationandTreatment414.2WasteComposition434.3IncinerationBy-products444.4SanitaryLandfill444.5TheBaselConventionontheControlofTransboundaryMovement45ofHazardousWasteandtheirDisposal4.6WasteManagementStrategy45NaturalConservation485.1GreenAreas495.2ForestFire505.3ImplementationofConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangered50SpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES)5.4EcologicalZone515.5MangrovesinMacao51AcousticEnvironment526.1NoiseMonitoringandAmbientNoise536.2NoiseAssessmentofHelicopterOperationinMacao596.3NoiseComplaints606.4NoiseAbatementMeasures61EnvironmentalManagement627.1InvestmentandExpensesonEnvironmentalManagement637.2EnvironmentalAwarenessandEducation647.3PublicParticipation677.4RegionalCo-operationandInternationalExchange677.5EnvironmentManagementSystemsandGreenEnterprisesPlatform687.6InternationalConventionsandProtocols69AnalysisandRecommendations70Annex-AcronymsandSymbols75References76

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20034

OpeningNoteDoeconomicgrowthandsocialdevelopmentbringnegativeeffectstotheenvironment?Dourbanization,modernizationandacomfortablelivingenvironmentleadtoanoverconsumptionofnaturalresourcesandresultinanunbalancedecologicalenvironment?Dopeople'slifestyle,livinghabitsandconsumptionbehavioraffecttheirveryownlivingenvironment?Peoplecouldeasilyfindanswerstothosequestions.However,athoroughandcomprehensiveanalysisandresearchonenvironmentalprotectionshouldbecarriedouttoserveasthebasisfortheestablishmentofmeasuresandsolutions-whetheritiscarriedoutinascientificandsyntheticapproach,undercontinuousmonitoringandwithapracticalattitude.TheenvironmentofMacaoisstillatanacceptablelevelatthismomentbutweshouldenvisagetheissuesothatwewillbereadyforthepossibleupcomingchallengesresultingfromeconomicconstructionandurbandevelopmentofthePearlRiverDeltaregion.Weshouldfacilitatebetterinvestigationandresearchandbeprepared.Comprehensivestatistics,conditionsandtrendsofvariousareasregardingtheenvironmentofMacaoarecollectedandevaluatedinthe"ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao".ThereportservesasareferencefortheSARgovernmentasitestablishesmeasuresandimplementationpoliciesforeconomicandsocialsustainabledevelopmentofthecity.ItalsoservesasadrivingforceforthedevelopmentoftheenvironmentalprotectionofMacao.Asamatteroffact,throughthepublicationofthisreport,thesociety'sunderstandingabouttheenvironmentisgraduallystrengthened.Besides,ithelpsenhancingthegeneralpublic'sawarenessofenvironmentalprotection,whichisoneofthemajorelementsthatleadstothesuccessofenvironmentalprotectioninMacao.MayItakethisopportunitytoexpressmysinceregratitudeonthepublicationof"ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003".SecretaryforTransportandPublicWorksAoManLongReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20035

WiththeliberalizationofgamingindustryandtheestablishmentofCloserEconomicPartnershipArrangement(CEPA)withthemainland,Macaowillbefacingacrucialmomentofeconomicandsocialdevelopment.Inordertoachievesustainabledevelopment,oneofthekeyissuesistohaveafirmgraspofthestateofenvironmentofMacaosoastocoordinateandbalancetheeconomic,socialandenvironmentaldevelopment."ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003",whichisthefifthenvironmentalreportpublishedbytheEnvironmentCouncil,evaluatesaseriesofsustainabledevelopmentindicatorsobjectivelyandanalyzescertainpossibleenvironmentalproblemsthatMacaowillbefacing.ItishopedthatthereportcouldbeservedasanimportantreferenceforthegovernmentofMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionwhenitplansforshort,mediumandlongtermdevelopmentstrategies.Meanwhile,asthepublicandthesocietypaymoreattentiontothequalityandproblemsoftheenvironment,itisalsohopedthatthisreportcouldbeservedtothepublic'sinterestsintheenvironmentsothattheirunderstandingandawarenessoftheenvironmentofMacaowillbeenhanced."ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao"isanimportanttoolthatevaluatestheenvironmentofMacao.Asthepublicationimproves,thereportisservedasabasisofreferenceforthesustainabledevelopmentstrategiesofMacao.PresidentoftheGeneralCounciloftheEnvironmentCouncilVaiTacLeongForeword6ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003Thepublicationof"ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003"isanimportantdutyoftheEnvironmentCouncil,inaccordancewithLawNo.2/98/Mof1stJune1998.Ourgoalistopublishareportwithcomprehensivedataandcontents,whichisonlymadepossiblewithcontinuousexploration,collectionofsuggestionsandimprovementsinthepastfiveyears.ThereportdoesnotonlyreviewthetrendofenvironmentalchangesthattookplaceinMacaoinpreviousyears,butalsoexploretheproblemsandchallengesthatMacaoisfacingnowandinthefuture.Itisourpleasuretoseethatthereportisbecomingwidelyacceptedbythepublicandthesociety.Italsoservesasanimportantenvironmentalinformationchannel.Takingthisopportunity,Iwouldliketoexpressoursincerethankstoallorganizations,enterprises,governmentdepartmentsforprovidingusvaluableinformationanddataforthisreport.SpecialthankstothestaffofInstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugalandtheEnvironmentCouncilofMacaoastheyhavebeenworkingsohardforeditingthereport.Thankforyoursupportandwewelcomeallopinionsandsuggestionsforfurtherimprovements.ActingPresidentoftheExecutiveCommitteeoftheEnvironmentCouncilVongManHungEditorial7

IntroductionReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200318

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20039IntroductionThepublicationoftheReportontheStateofEnvironmentofMacaointhese5yearsisonlypossiblewiththegeneroussupportfromvariousorganizations,theirprecioussuggestionsandcomments.Thepublicationofthereporthasbeenimprovingintermsofdataanalysisandintegration.TheholisticsituationoftheenvironmentofMacaoisreflectedwithmoreaccurateandprecisecontentsandmaterials.BesidesservingasanimportantreferenceforthegovernmentoftheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegioninunderstandingtheenvironmentandsustainabledevelopmentofMacao,italsoservesasachanneltoprovidetheMacaocitizensinformationregardingtheenvironment.ThisreportmainlyfocusesondiscussingthestateoftheenvironmentofMacaothroughdifferentsustainableindicators,evaluatingthechangesandtrendsoftheatmosphericenvironment,watersupply,waste,naturalconservation,noiseenvironmentandenvironmentalmanagementwithanincreasingpopulationandeconomy.Meanwhile,variousenvironmentalpressuresarealsodiscussedinordertoprovidemoresystematicandcomprehensiveinformationforthegovernmenttoestablishenvironmentalprotectionpoliciessoastoadoptappropriateandeffectiveresponses.Atpresent,thesustainabledevelopmentconceptisbeinginternationallyrecognized.Moreover,thedevelopmentofthethreedisciplines-economy,societyandenvironmentalprotection,thethreeindependentyetinterdependentpillarsshouldbewellcoordinated.Thesocialdevelopmentandtheeconomicgrowthshouldnotcauseharmtonaturalresourcesandtheenvironment.Infact,oneofthemajorreasonsofenvironmentdeteriorationistheunsustainablestyleofproductionandconsumptionbehavior.Asworldpopulationgrows,consumptionanddemandsasaresultofhumanactivitiesfornaturalresourceshavebeenincreasing.Ontopofthat,pollutioncausedbyindustrialactivitiesalsoproducestremendouspressuretothelivingenvironment;forinstance,soildamages,seriousconsequencesofgreenhouseeffects,declinationofbiologicaldiversityandforestareas,freshwatershortages,chemicalpollutantsaccumulation,marineresourcesabuse,coastalareapollutionandozonelayerdepletionetc.Meanwhile,rapidurbanizationalsocausesvariousproblemstomanycities.Forexample,trafficcongestion,lackofcleandrinkingwaterandsanitaryfacilities,air,waterandnoisepollution;solidwastesandhazardouswastesaccumulation,epidemicdiseasesthreateninghumans'healthandsoon.Itisnodoubtthatjustlikeanyothercity,Macao'ssustainabledevelopmentisalsoundertheconstraintsoftheaboveelements.1

Index(1993=100)Whenanalyzingtherelevantstatistics,itisobservedthatthevolumeofwastegenerated(volumethatisbeingtreatedbytheMacaoIncinerationPlant)hasincreasedby53%inthepastdecade,whichexceedsthepopulationandtheGDPgrowthrates.Infact,theamountofwastesgeneratedpercitizenalsoexceedsthanthatof2001,reaching1.51kgperday.ThisrevealsthatwastemanagementisstillaveryimportantissueintermsofenvironmentalmanagementofMacao.Thereisalsoanapproximateincreaseof14%inwaterconsumptionandthisincreasecomplieswiththetrendsofpopulationgrowth.Electricityconsumptionalsoincreasesby50%andgreenhousegasemissionsbyhumanactivitiesalsoincreaseby24%;allthesefiguresexceedthepopulationandtheGDPgrowthrate.After1999,theelectricitygenerationandtheGDPhavebeenincreasinginlinebasically,yetthevolumeofgreenhousegasemissionstendstoremainsteady.Introduction10ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003TheSituationofMacaoIn2002,theareaofMacaois26.8km2withapopulationof441,637.Astheareaincreasesduetolandreclamation,thepopulationdensitydecreasesby2.6%whencomparedtothatof2001.TheactualGDPgrowthof2002is10.1%,whichismoresignificantthanthe2.2%growthof2001.Figure1.2Evolutionofsocio-economicandenvironmentalparameters(Source:SCS,OIDandEC,2003)PopulationGDPWastegenerationElectricitygenerationEmissionofGHGsWaterconsumptionVisitors2101901701501301109019931994199519961997199819992000200120021Withthe1993statisticsasareference,thepopulation,theGDPandthenumberofvisitorstoMacaoincreaseby13%,16%and93%respectively.Amongall,thenumberofvisitorsvisitingMacaohasbeenincreasingsharplysince1999.ThesestatisticsrevealthattheeconomyofMacaoismakingapositiveprogress.Figure1.1Evolutionoftheaverageannualpopulationgrowthrate(Source:SCS)8.0%7.0%6.0%5.0%4.0%3.0%2.0%1.0%0.0%1990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002Averagepopulationgrowthrate

PreliminaryanalysisresultshowsthattheenvironmentalpressureofMacaoisexpectedtoincreasewithrapidpopulationandeconomicgrowth.Therefore,middletolongtermsustainabledevelopmentstrategieshavetobeestablishedandtheissueofenvironmentalprotectionhastobetakenintoconsiderationwhendesigningandestablishingthesemeasuresandpolicies.Thiswillsurelyplayanimportantrolewhentryingtominimizetheeffectsontheenvironmentduetosocialandeconomicdevelopment.Macaoisgraduallyapproachingglobalwiththeliberalizationofthegamingindustry,theestablishmentoftheCloserEconomicPartnershipArrangement(CEPA)andtheintegrationofregionaleconomies.Asthisdenselypopulatedcityismarchingtowardsthegoalofsustainabledevelopment,besidesdevelopinglong-termsustainabledevelopmentstrategies,thepeoplealsohavetoparticipateandconcernmoreabouttheenvironment.Therefore,itisessentialtoencouragepeoplefromallwalksoflifetoparticipateactively,enhancetheirawarenessandresponsibilitiesofenvironmentalprotectionandespeciallytostartmakinggooduseofresources,reducewastes,savewater,recyclematerialsandconsumeenergyeffectivelysuchaseco-drivingandpurchasingenvironmentalfriendlyproducts.Withthepublic'sparticipationandaction,differentproblemsoftheenvironmentcouldbesolvedoreliminatedeffectively.In2003,theMacaoSARgovernmenthassubmitteditsapplicaiontotheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme(UNEP)forthe"ChampionsoftheEarth"awardof2004.Themajorobjectiveoftheapplicationfortheawardistoenhancepeople'sawarenessofenvironmentalprotection,aswellastoimprovetheoverallenvironmentalprotectionlevelinMacao.IntroductionAccordingtotheagreementsignedbytheEnvironmentCouncilofMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionandtheInstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugal,thisreportiswrittenandpublishedjointlybybothorganizations.WehopetocontinuouslyimprovethecontentofthereportsothatthiscanbeservedasanimportantreferencefortheestablishmentofsustainabledevelopmentstrategiesofMacaoandthepublic'sunderstandingoftheenvironment.ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003111

2ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200312AtmosphericEnvironment

AtmosphericEnvironmentTheMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauofMacao(MGB)isresponsibleformonitoringtheairqualityofMacao.Urbanization,recoveringofconstructionworks,high-energyconsumption,densepopulation,congestedroadtrafficandcompactregionalconditionsofMacaocanallbereflectedbytheairqualitymonitoringresults.TherearefourautomaticmonitoringstationsinMacao,locatedatTaipaGrande(AmbientStation),Laboratory(DenselyPopulatedStation),CalçadadoPoço(RoadsideStation)andDowntownofTaipa(DenselyPopulatedStation).Inaddition,2.1AirQualitytherearethreesemi-automaticstations,namely,TaipaGrande(AmbientStation),HortaeCosta(RoadsideandResidentialStation)andKáHó(RuralStation).Themonitoringresultsshowthatspecialattentionshouldbedrawntotheoccurrenceofacidrain,whichhasbeenoccurringcontinuouslyforyears;andtherelativelyhighvalueofrespirablesuspendedparticulates.ThesetwomajoratmosphericpollutionsaredefinitelyrelatedtothepollutionsourcesandtheatmosphericenvironmentofthePearlRiverDeltaRegion;however,localpollutionsources,suchas,thepowerplant,airandroadtransportandsoon,shouldalsobenoted.(See“AtmosphericEmissions”fordetails.)ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003132Semi-automaticStationsAutomaticStationsTaipaMacaoColoaneMapoftheLocationsoftheAirQualityMonitoringStationsLaboratoryCalçadadoPoçoHortaeCostaDowntownofTaipaTaipaGrandeKá-HóDowntownofTaipa(DenselyPopulated)CalçadadoPoço(Roadside)Laboratory(DenselyPopulated)TaipaGrande(Ambient)Moderate31%Unhealthy1%Good68%Moderate24%Unhealthy2%Good74%Moderate18%Unhealthy1%Good81%Moderate20%Unhealthy1%Good79%

AtmosphericEnvironmentReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003142Figure2.1Annualmeanvaluesofatmosphericpollutantsofautomaticandsemi-automaticstations(Source:MGB,2003)STATEINDICATOR2.32.01.81.51.31.00.80.50.30.0199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002STATEINDICATOR6543210199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002STATEINDICATOR250200150100500199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002STATEINDICATOR1008060402001999200020012002STATEINDICATOR1008060402001999200020012002*AutomaticstationsCalçadadoPoço*TaipaGrande*DowntownofTaipa*Laboratory*WHOguidelinevalueHKguidelinevalueRespirablesuspendedparticulates(PM10)(µg/m3)Sulfurdioxide(SO2)(µg/m3)Nitrogendioxide(NO2)(µg/m3)Acidityofprecipitation(pH)Lead(Pb)(µg/m3)AcidrainguidelinevalueKá-HóTaipaGrandeHortaeCostaTaipaGrandeEUguidelinevalueKá-HóHKguidelinevalueLaboratory**AutomaticstationsWHOguidelinevalueTaipaGrande*HKguidelinevalueLaboratory**Automaticstations(PM10)DowntownofTaipa*TaipaGrande*CalçadadoPoço*H.Costa

CalçadadoPoço(Roadside)Moderate31%Unhealthy1%Good68%Moderate20%Unhealthy1%Good79%TaipaGrande(Ambient)Moderate18%Unhealthy1%Good81%DowntownofTaipa(Denselypopulatedarea)Moderate24%Unhealthy2%Good74%Laboratory(Denselypopulatedarea)Annualmeanvalues(µg/m3)AtmosphericEnvironmentReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003152Figure2.4AQIclassificationspercentagein2002(Source:MGB,2003)STATEINDICATORFigure2.2Evolutionofsedimentaryparticulatesconcentrationsofsemi-automaticstations(Source:MGB,2003)Figure2.3Annualmeanpollutantsconcentrationofautomaticstations(Source:MGB,2003)MGBmonitorsconcentrationofairpollutantssuchasrespirablesuspendedparticulates(PM10),sulfurdioxide(SO2),nitrogendioxide(NO2),carbonmonoxide(CO)andozone(O3)andanalyzestheeffectsofthesepollutantstowardhumanhealth.Since1999,theAirQualityIndex(AQI)hasbeenreleasedtothepublic.WhenAQIisbelow100,itmeansthattheairqualitymeasuredatthatparticularmonitoringstationisnormal.However,iftheindexisabove100,itmeansthathumanhealthmaybeaffected.ToanalyzethemonthlyAQIrecordsof2001and2002inbrief,itisfoundthatforrainyandwetseason(fromApriltoSeptember),theindexvalueisrelativelylower.Thisshowsthatpollutantsconcentrationisgreatlyaffectedbythemeteorologicalconditionsofthecity,especiallyinwinterwhentheatmosphereisstableandinsummerwhentheverticalconvectionsarestronger.10090807060504030201001999PM102000200120021999200020012002199920002001200219992000200120021999200020012002SO2NO2O3COGuidelinevalueGuidelinevalueGuidelinevalueSTATEINDICATOR12,00010,0008,0006,0004,0002,0000199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002STATEINDICATORWHOguidelinevalue-ResidentialareaWHOguidelinevalue-HeavyindustrialareaSismoKá-HóFortalezaTaipaGrandeSedimentaryparticulatesconcentrationinsemi-automaticstations(mg/m2.30days)DowntownTaipaTaipaGrandeCalçadadoPoçoLaboratoryFigure2.5MonthlymeanAQIvaluesof2001and2002(Source:MGB,2003)STATEINDICATOR807060504030201002001CalçadadoPoço2002CalçadadoPoço(Roadside)(Roadside)2001Laboratory2002Laboratory(Denselypopulatedarea)(Denselypopulatedarea)2001TaipaGrande(Ambient)2002TaipaGrande(Ambient)2002DowntownofTaipa(Denselypopulatedarea)MonthlymeanvaluesofAQIDecNovOctSepAugJulJunMayAprMarFebJan

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200316AtmosphericEnvironment2TheatmosphericemissionsinventoryofMacaoisannuallyupdated.Therelevantdataisavailablefrom1990to2002.First,evaluationismadetotheemissionsofthefollowinggreenhousegases:carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4)andnitrousoxide(N2O).Evaluationisthenmadetotheemissionsofthefollowingacidicgasesandozoneprecursorgasesduringtheirformation:sulfuroxides(SOx),nitrogenoxides(NOx),non-methanevolatileorganiccompounds(NMVOC)andammoniagas(NH3).Finally,evaluationismadetotheemissionofparticulates(suchastotalsuspendedparticulates,respirablesuspendedparticulateswithdiameterlessthan10µmandlead).From1990to2002,themainsourcesofatmosphericpollutantscausedbyhumanactivitiesinMacaoarethevariouscombustionprocesses,especiallyelectricitygenerationusingpetroleumproducts,whichproducepollutantssuchasSOxandNOx.Theincinerationofurbansolidwastesforelectricitygenerationalsoleadstotheemissionofpollutants.Atmosphericemissionsfromthetrafficandtransportationindustryshouldalsobenoted,especiallygreenhousegasemissionsfromseaandairtransport,aswellasCO,NMVOCandPbemissionsfromroadtransport.CH4andNH3emissionsaremainlygeneratedduringwastewatertreatmentprocessaswellaslandfills.2.2AtmosphericEmissionsAsthetechnologyoftransportfacilitiesadvances,theemissionofNMVOCisgettingsteadyandtheemissionofparticulates(totalsuspendedparticulatesandrespirablesuspendedparticulateswithadiameterlessthan10µm)isimprovingaswell.However,theemissionsofSOx,NOx,N2O,NH3,CO2andgreenhousegases(CO2,CH4andN2O,expressedinCO2-equivalent)areincreasingcontinuouslyandthisisresultedfromtheincreaseinfossilfuelconsumption,electricitygenerationandwastewatertreatmentvolumeinMacao.AccordingtoExecutiveOrderno.49/2000,commercialsulfurcontentoflightdieselformotorvehiclesinMacaoshouldnotexceed0.05%byitsweight.However,thedecreaseinSOxemissionisnotassignificantasthatofPbsinceelectricitygenerationcontributesalottotheemissionofsuchpollutants.Duringtheabove-mentionedperiod,positivetrendsarerecordedfortheemissionsofPb,CH4andCOamongallthepollutants.Pbemissionhasbeendecreasingsignificantlysince1996andthisistheresultoftheimplementationofregulationsregardingthequalityoffuels.Meanwhile,CH4emissionhasalsobeendecreasingandthiscouldbeduetotheestablishmentoftheMacaoIncinerationPlant(MIP)in1992.COemissionhasbeendecreasingevidentlysince1999andthisisduetotheincreasingnumberofgasolinelightvehiclesinstalledwithcatalyticconverters.TechnicalinformationregardingatmosphericemissionsofMacaoareanalyzedbasedontheevaluationmethodologiesthatareadaptedtothefeaturesofMacaoaccordingtoseveraltechnicalsources:EMEP/CORINAIRAtmosphericEmissionInventoryGuidebook,IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories,USEPA"CompilationofAirPollutantEmissionFactors,AP-42"andPARCOM/ATMOSEmissionFactorHandbook.ThefollowingpointsdescribehowthesemethodsareappliedfortheevaluationofpollutantemissionsinMacao:Whenevaluatingemissionsduringtheprocessofelectricitygeneration(MECandMIP)aswellasemissionsfromindustries,serviceindustries,domesticconsumption,constructionindustriesandseatransport,eithermassbalancesforSOxandPbcontentsortheappropriateemissionfactorsforenergyconsumptionareappliedincalculation.Whenevaluatingroadtransportemissions,elementssuchasspecifications,models,annualmileage,velocity,theemissionfactorsandtheappliedtechnologyforgasemissioncontrol(especiallywhethercatalyticconvertersareinstalledandtheyearsofusage)ofmotorvehiclesareconsidered.EMEP/CORINAIRandCOPERTareadaptedasthemethodologyforevaluation.EmissionsfromawaitingvehiclesandNMVOCemissionatgasstationsfromvehiclesarealsoconsidered.

AtmosphericEnvironmentReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003172PRESSUREINDICATORFigure2.8CH4emissions(Source:IE,2003)LandtransportCommerce,domesticandservicesLandfillsMECOthers160140120100806040200199019921993199419951996199719981999200020012002PRESSUREINDICATOR1991LandtransportCommerce,domesticandservicesFigure2.7N2Oemissions(Source:IE,2003)WWTPOthersMECMIPFigure2.6CO2emissions(Source:IE,2003)2,0001,7501,5001,2501,0007505002500199019921993199419951996199719981999200020012002PRESSUREINDICATOR1991LandtransportCommerce,domesticandservicesMIPOthersSeatransportMECWhenevaluatingairtransportemissions,basedonEPA/FAEED,emissionsfromeachtakingoffandlandingplaneat1,000meteraltitudeaswellastherollingoftheaeroplaneontherunwaybeforetakingoffandafterlandingarethemajorfactorstobeconsidered.WhenevaluatingCH4,NH3andNMVOCemissionsatsanitarylandfills,theUSEPAandIPCCmethodsareadopted.Actualannualemissionsareestimatedfromthetime-seriesdecaymodelofwastesinaccordancewithpreviousyearswastedisposal.CO2,releasedfromdecomposingorganicsubstancesatthesanitarylandfillsandoriginatedfrombiologicalsources,isnotincludedintheemissioninventory.Finally,whenevaluatingN2OandNH3emissionsduringtheprocessofwastewatertreatment,theamountofnitrogenemissionfromthewastewatertreatmentplantiscalculatedbasedonIPCCmethods.ThefollowingfiguresdemonstratethechangesinatmosphericemissionsfromvariouspollutionsourcesofMacaothroughouttheyears.Figure2.10SOxemissions(Source:IE,2003)25,00020,00015,00010,0005,0000199019921993199419951996199719981999200020012002PRESSUREINDICATOR1991LandtransportCommerce,domesticandservicesFigure2.9COemissions(Source:IE,2003)20,00017,50015,00012,50010,0007,5005,0002,5000199019921993199419951996199719981999200020012002PRESSUREINDICATOR1991LandtransportSeatransportConstructionindustryCommerce,domesticandservicesMECOthersCO2(kt)N2O(t)CH4(t)CH4fromlandfills(t)16014012010080604020019901992199319941995199619971998199920002001200219919,0008,0007,0006,0005,0004,0003,0002,0001,0000CO(t)SOx(t)MIPIndustriesOthersSeatransportMEC

WWTPAtmosphericEnvironmentReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200318NOx(t)2Figure2.11NOxemissions(Source:IE,2003)30,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,0000199019921993199419951996199719981999200020012002PRESSUREINDICATOR1991Figure2.16Pbemissions(Source:IE,2003)12,00010,0008,0006,0004,0002,0000199019921993199419951996199719981999200020012002PRESSUREINDICATOR1991Figure2.15PM10emissions(Source:IE,2003)PRESSUREINDICATOR8007006005004003002001000LandtransportCommerce,domesticandservicesSeatransportMECIndustriesOthersMIP1990199219931994199519961997199819992000200120021991Figure2.14TSPemissions(Source:IE,2003)PRESSUREINDICATOR90080070060050040030020010001990199219931994199519961997199819992000200120021991LandtransportCommerce,domesticandservicesSeatransportMECIndustriesOthersMIPFigure2.13NMVOCemissions(Source:IE,2003)4,0003,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,0005000199019921993199419951996199719981999200020012002PRESSUREINDICATOR1991LandtransportLandfillsMECOthersSeatransportFuelsupplyFigure2.12NH3emissions(Source:IE,2003)1,4001,2001,0008006004002000199019921993199419951996199719981999200020012002PRESSUREINDICATOR1991LandtransportLandfillsMIPIndustriesOthersSeatransportMECLandtransportCommerce,domesticandservicesNH3(t)NMVOC(t)TSP(t)PM10(t)Pb(kg)MECOthersLandtransportMIP

AtmosphericEnvironmentGHGemissions(ktofCO2equivalent)ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003192ClimateChangeExtremeclimatechangesaroundtheworldleadtotheoccurrenceofheatwaves,floods,forestfiresandhumanhealthproblems,whichhavedrawnincreasingattentiontothenecessityofseekingsolutionstocombatclimatechanges.Sinceclimatechangehasbecomeaworldwidechallengeatthemoment,aresponseshouldbemade.TheKyotoProtocoloftheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeis,therefore,thefirststeptakenbytheentirehumanrace.Manycountrieshavebeenengagedinconstructiveeffort,dialogueandpolicies,tryingtoinvolvemorerelevantelementstoprotecttheenvironmenttowardsustainabledevelopment.Theparticipatingcountriesatthe"UNWorldSummitonWorldDevelopment"heldinJohannesburg,SouthAfrica,inSeptember2002,hasreaffirmedthiscommonpath.2.3GlobalIssuesFigure2.17EvolutionofGHGemissionsinMacao(Source:IE,2003)PRESSUREINDICATOR2,5002,0001,5001,00050001990199219931994199519961997199819992000200120021991The"FrameworkConventionofClimateChangeoftheUnitedNations"isapplicabletotheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionandthereforethegovernmentiscommittedtoendeavortowardsthecontrolofgreenhousegasemissions.MGBisnominatedasthefocalpointinMacaofortheconvention.CO2,CH4,N2OandhalogenatedcompoundssuchasHFCs,PFCsandSF6aregasesthatcontributesignificantlytogreenhouseeffects.Forquantifyingtheimpactsofgreenhousegasestoglobalwarming,thesegasesareusuallyexpressedinCO2-equivalentandbasedonGlobalWarmingPotential(GWP)calculatedovera100-yearperiod.TheGWPvaluesofCO2,CH4andN2Oareusuallycalculated.Thereisanincreaseof71%ofGHGemissionsbetween1990and2002.UVindex(Ultravioletindex)isameasurementofthedegreeofharmsofthesolarUVradiationintensitytohumanskin.ItiscalculatedaccordingtotheUVradiationintensityoftheincidentsunlightononehorizontalgroundlevelunderclearandcloudlesssky.UVindexcalculationalsoconsiders"ErythemalActionSpectrum"whichisadoptedbytheInternationalCommissiononIllumination(CIE)toassesstheaverageskinresponsetoUVradiation.UVindexiscloselyrelatedtotheincidentanglesofsunlight,theozonethickness,thepresenceofcloudsandsuspendedparticulates,aswellasaltitude.TheincidentUV-Bisusuallyabsorbedbythestratosphericozonelayeratanaltitudefrom10to50km.TheradiationintensityofUV-Bdependsonthechangesinthethicknessoftheozonelayerinstratosphereandsuchchangesarerelatedtothemechanismoftransportation,formationanddestructionoftheozone.ThedepletionoftheozonelayerresultsintheincreaseoftheintensityofUV-B.Thishasbecomeoneofthemajorconcernsoftheworld,leadingtoincreasinginterestinthemeasurementandpredictionofUV-Bradiationintensityaccordingtothespatialandtemporalchangesofozonelayer.

STATEINDICATORReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200320AtmosphericEnvironment1.1.1-trichloroethane(kg)2Figure2.19Annualimportandimportquotaof1,1,1-trichloroethane(Source:EC,2003)Energyandtransport,especiallyintermsoftheemissionsofairpollutantsandgreenhousegases,playanimportantroletotheairquality.Therefore,furtherdiscussionsreferringtothesetwoeconomicactivitiesarepresentedinthefollowingsections.ProtecttheOzoneLayerThestratosphericozonelayerisalsoknownasthe"goodozone"anditsdepletionisanotherissuethatcausesworriesandconcern.TheozonelayeristhefundamentalprotectionforlifeonearthbecauseitabsorbsmostoftheUV-Bradiation,whichmaycauseadverse,orevenfataleffectsonlivingorganisms.MGBhasbeenresponsibleforanalyzingtheUVradiationchangesofMacaosince2001.Thestrongest15-minutemeanUVradiationandthedailymeanUVindex(from7:00amto5:00pm)arereportedtothepublicdaily.AmongthecontrolledsubstancesstatedinDecreeNo.62/95/M,theimportof1,1,1-trichloroethaneisregulatedaccordingtoOrderNo.78/GM/95anditisexpectedthatimportsofsuchsubstanceswouldbeceasedby2005.PRESSURE/STATEINDICATOR180,000150,000120,00090,00060,00030,00001997199819992000200120022003200420051.1.1-trichloroethaneannualimportquotaPhotochemicalSmogPhotochemicalsmogcontainsacombinationofprimarypollutants(nitrogenoxides,hydrocarbonsandvolatileorganiccompounds(VOCs),etc.),emittedintotheatmosphere.Undersunlight,thesepollutantsreactthroughaseriesofcomplexchemicalreactionsandoxidation,formingthetroposphericozone,commonlyknownasthe"badozone".Thesecompoundsreactwithotheratmosphericpollutantsandformvariousharmfulsubstances(suchasnitricacid,peroxyacetylnitrates(PAN),formaldehydesandozoneetc.),whichcauseadverseeffectsonvegetation,eyeirritationandrespiratoryproblems.LowVeryhighHighModerateJulDecNovOctSepAugJunMayAprMarFebJanUVIndex(percentageofdays)Figure2.18UVindexof2002(Source:MGB,2003)100%80%60%40%20%0%1.1.1-trichloroethane

Index(1990=100)ElectricitysuppliedbyMIP(GWh)PercentageoftotalelectricitygenerationAtmosphericEnvironmentReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200321Index(1990=100)2SincefuelhasbeenadoptedasanessentialenergysourceinMacao,ithasalsobecomethemajorsourceofpollutantemissions.Theelectricityproductionhasbeendoubledinthepastdecadeinordertocopewiththeconsumptionneeds.Thecombinedcycletechnologyisadoptedinthenew"Coloane-B"plant.Withthistechnology,20timeslessofnitrogenoxidesareemitted,comparedwiththetechnologyofusingdieselascombustionfuel."Coloane-B"wasalsoequippedwithfacilitiesforcontinuouslymonitoringofatmosphericemissionsandcombustionefficiency.Moreover,MECandMGBsignedanagreementfortheexpansionofthepresentMacaoairqualitymonitoringnetwork.Accordingtotheagreement,twoadditionalairqualitymonitoringstationsandonemeteorologicalstationwillbeestablishedandintegratedintothenetwork,inordertocarryoutcontinuousmonitoringofSOx,NOx,CO,PM10andTSP.2.4EnergySince1992,heatgeneratedfromwasteincinerationinMacaoIncinerationPlant(MIP)hasbeenusedforthegenerationofelectricity.In2002,MIPsold59GWhofelectricitytoMEC,whichisequivalentto4%ofthetotalamountofelectricitygeneratedbyMEC.Figure2.22EvolutionofTECandGDP(Source:MECandSCS,2003)250200150100500PRESSUREINDICATORNote:1)GDP(GrossDomesticProduct)at1996consumerprice;2)TEC(TotalEnergyConsumption)includestheconsumptioninindustry,construction,transport,commerce,householdsandothersinadditiontoelectricityandtraditionalfuels1990199219931994199519961997199819992000200120021991Figure2.21ElectricitysuppliedtoMECbyMIP(Source:MEC,2003)RESPONSEINDICATOR7060504030201005%4%3%2%1%0%19971998199920002001200219921993199419951996Figure2.20EvolutionofelectricitygenerationandGHGemissions(Source:MECandIE,2003)22020018016014012010080PRESSUREINDICATOR1990199219931994199519961997199819992000200120021991ElectricitygenerationGHGemissionsbyMECTotalGHGemissionsTheinstallationofcontinuousmonitoringequipmentonallgeneratorsinthe"Coloane-A"plantbeganin2003.Theinstallationworkwillbecompletedin2004.AcontractregardingtheinstallationofSelectiveCatalyticReductionSystemonalllow-speeddieselgeneratorsat"Coloane-A"wassignedbytheendof2002inordertoreducenitrogenoxidesemissions.Analyticalresultsshowthattheincreaseintherateofelectricitygenerationishigherthanthatofmajorgreenhousegasesemissions.Thisindicatesthatthetrendsofthesetwoparametersarenotcorrelated.GDP1TEC2PercentageoftotalelectricitygenerationElectricitysuppliedtoMECbyMIP

280240200160120804001990199219931994199519961997199819992000200120021991PRESSUREINDICATORPRESSUREINDICATORDensityofvehiclesonroadsNo.ofvehiclesLengthofroads(km)No.ofvehiclesLengthofroadsIndex(1990=100)AtmosphericEnvironmentReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003222Infact,aseriesofmeasuressuchastheadoptionoflawsandregulationswhichstatethatcatalyticconvertershavetobeinstalledonvehiclesandthereductionofsulfurandleadcontentsinfuel,thenegativeimpactsofheavytrafficandtransportcausedtotheenvironmenthaveeitherbeendecreasingorgettingmorestable.Thiscouldbeprovedbytheanalyticalresultsregardingtheemissionsfromthetransportsector.Forinstance,COemissionisreducedandNMVOCsemissionisalsostabilized.However,allthesecouldnotcompensatethenegativeimpactstotheenvironmentcausedbytherapidgrowthinthenumberofmotorvehicles.Thetrafficandtransportsectorplaysoneofthecrucialrolesincontrolofatmosphericemissions,especiallyGHGs.Replacingoldvehicleswithvehiclesproducinglessemissionandencouragingtheuseofpublictransportareactivemeasuresforreducingemissionsinthisparticularsector.Thenumberofmotorvehiclesonroads,especiallylight-dutyvehicles,hasbeenincreasing.Itcertainlyproducespressuresontheenvironment,especiallyintermsofGHGemissionsandnoisepollution.Theincreaseofvehiclesonroadsleadstocongestionandothertrafficproblemssuchasincreaseinfuelconsumptionandpollutantemissionsbyvehiclesatlowspeed.2.5TransportFigure2.26Evolutionofvehicledensity(Source:SCS,2003)4003503002502001501005002002200120001999Figure2.23Eco-efficiencyofenergysector(Source:SCS,MEC,IE,2003)PRESSUREINDICATORGDP(at1996consumerprice)CO2emissionsfromMECSOxemissionsfromMECTSPemissionsfromMECNOxemissionsfromMECElectricityproductionFigure2.25Evolutionofnumberofmotorvehiclesonroadsandlengthofroads(Source:SCS,2003)2002200120001999124,000122,000120,000118,000116,000114,000112,000110,000108,000345340335330325320315310ThelengthofroadsinMacaoiseverincreasing.Thefollowingfigureshowstheevolutionbetween1999and2002.Figure2.24Evolutionofnumberofvehiclesonroadsandcorrespondingfuelconsumption(Source:SCS,2003)PRESSUREINDICATOR70,00060,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,0000140,000120,000100,00080,00060,00040,00020,0000198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022002No.ofvehiclesConsumption(TEP)Light-dutyvehicles45.62%Light-dutymotorcycles27.80%Heavy-dutyvehicles3.57%Heavy-dutymotorcycles23.01%No.ofmotorvehiclesperkmNo.ofheavy-dutyvehiclesperkmNo.oflight-dutyvehiclesperkmNo.oflight-dutyandheavy-dutymotorcyclesperkmLight-dutyvehiclesHeavy-dutyvehiclesFuelconsumptionHeavy-dutymotorcyclesLight-dutymotorcycles(TEP)

Figure2.29Percentageoftotalmileagefordifferenttypesofmotorvehicles(Source:EC,2002)Gasolinevehicles52.4%Schoolbuses0.2%Dieselvehiclesforotherpurposes(estimatedvalue)5.0%Trucks0.4%Touristbuses1.0%Publicbuses5.5%Taxis14.7%>50c.c.motocycles13.0%<50c.c.motorcycles7.8%Figure2.28Energyconsumptionofeachsector(excludingMEC)(Source:SCS,2003)Note:•Electricityandtraditionalfuelssuchascharcoal,logs,billets,branchesorfagotsarenotincluded.•"Trafficandtransport"onlyincludestheconsumptionoffuelsonroadandseatransportsincestatisticsonairtransportarenotavailable."Others"includesfishing,services,electricity(excludingconsumptionbyMEC)andwater.Note:Duringtheanalysisperiod,theconstantincreaseofthenumberofvehiclesdoesnotcorrespondtofuelconsumption.Itcouldbeconcludedthatasignificantquantityoffuelmaynotbetakenintoaccount.Datafrom2000includesthequantityoffuelthattheimporters/wholesalerssoldtotheoutlets(see"EnergyBalance",SCS,2000fordetails),whichjustifiesforthesharpincreasein2000.Figure2.27Eco-efficiencyinthetransportsector(Source:SCSandIE,2003)Index(1990=100)AtmosphericEnvironmentReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003232Nexttoelectricitygeneration,thetrafficandtransportsectoristheothersectorthathasgreatimpactontheenvironment.Energyconsumptionofthetrafficandtransportsectorrepresents54%ofthetotalenergyconsumptionofMacao(theconsumptionofMEC,whichisthemajorfuelconsumer,isnottakenintoaccount.)PRESSUREINDICATOR80070060050040030020010002002200120001999199819971996199519941993199219911990PRESSUREINDICATOR2002100%90%80%70%60%50%40%30%20%10%0%200120001999199819971996199519941993199219911990StudiesonVehicleEmissionsinMacaoInordertoevaluatetheeffectsofvehicleemissionstotheenvironment,theEnvironmentCouncilcarriedouttwoprojectsin2002.Thefirststudyistoassessvehicleemissionsthroughmathematicalmodelsusinginformationcollectedfromquestionnairesandfromvehicleemissionstesting.Thesecondstudyistodetectreal-timepollutantconcentrationbyinfraredremotesensingtechnologyunderstaticmodeofrunninggasolineanddieselvehicles.Datacollectedfromrespondedquestionnairesshowsthatgasolinevehiclesconstitutethehighestpercentage(52.4%)ofthetotalvehiclemileageinMacao.However,theannualaveragemileagepervehicleisthehighestfordieselvehiclesandbuses(109,500km/year/vehicleand65,172km/year/vehiclerespectively).HouseholdIndustriesOthersTrafficandTransportCommerceandServicesConstructionFuelconsumptionoflandtransportGDPVehiclesonroadsCOemissionsfromlandtransportVOCsemissionsfromlandtransportN2OemissionsfromlandtransportNOxemissionsfromlandtransport

PRESSUREINDICATORAtmosphericEnvironment2Figure2.30Failingratesofemissionsfromdifferenttypesofvehicles(Source:EC,2002)Basedonresultsgeneratedfromemissionsmathematicalmodels,gasolinevehiclesarethemajoremissionsourceofCO,NOxandSO2,representing40%,47%and66%respectivelyofthetotalemissions.The2strokesmotorcyclesarethemajoremissionssourceofNMVOCs,contributing57%oftotalemissions.Dieselvehicles(includingtaxis,publicbusesanddieselvehiclesforotherpurposes)arethemajoremissionssourceofparticulates,representing89%ofthetotalemissions.Accordingtothetestingresultsofemissionsfromatotalof1,156vehiclesofdifferenttypes,whencomparedtovehicleemissionsstandardsofHongKong,Taiwanandotherregions,thefailingratesofdifferenttypesofvehiclesaredescribedinthefollowingfigure.Itcouldbeobservedthatthefailingrateof2strokesmotorcyclesisthehighestasitreaches58%.20%40%60%80%0%27%35%58%24%4strokesmotorcycles2strokesmotorcyclesDieselvehiclesGasolinevehiclesReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200324Anotherstudywascarriedoutusinginfraredremotesensingtechnologytotestreal-timeemissionsfromrunninggasolineanddieselvehiclesat10differentstreetsintheMacaoPeninsulaandTaipa.Effectivedatafrom16,323vehicleswascollectedandresultsshowthatgasolineanddieselvehiclesproducedafter1992haveconsiderableimprovementsontheiremissionsperformance(includinghydrocarbons,carbonmonoxideandnitrogenoxides),whilethereareslightimprovementsfortaxisandheavy-dutydieselvehicles.Inaddition,basedonthestatisticalanalysis,itwasfoundthatmajorairpollutantswereemittedbythehighest10%ofvehiclesofremotesensingdata,whichcontribute60%ofCO,36%ofhydrocarbonsand37%ofNOx.Therefore,thelocalairqualitycouldbeimprovedconsiderablybyimprovingemissionsfromthis10%ofvehicles.Toconcludetheabovestudiesandtheexperiencesoftheneighboringregions,appropriatemeasurescouldbeadoptedinordertoimproveandcontrolpollutantemissionsinthefuture.Thesemeasurescouldinclude:•toimprovefurtherthefuelquality;•tostrengthenthemaintenanceofmotorvehicles,andtoeliminatethoseoldvehiclesofpoorperformance;•toestablishmorestringentvehicleemissionsstandards;•toimprovethevehicletestingmethods,forinstance,theadoptionofdynotesting.

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200325

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003326WaterSupply

Volumeofwaterbilled(m3)3WaterSupply27DrinkingWaterSupplyThesmallgeographicalareaandthelackofnaturalwaterresourceslimittheavailabilityandtheuseoffreshwaterinMacao.RawwaterisextractedfromModaomenCanalofGuangdongtoMacao.Itisthentransferredtothewatertreatmentplant(WTP)atIlhaVerdebygravityandthesurpluswaterisstoredattheOuterHarbourReservoir.Inaddition,rawwaterfromtheOuterHarbourReservoirisalsotransferredtotheSeacPaiVanReservoirinColoaneforstorage.TherearethreewatertreatmentplantsinMacao:theIlhaVerdeWaterTreatmentPlant,theOuterHarbourWaterTreatmentPlantandtheColoaneWaterTreatmentPlant.TheformertwoplantstreattherawwaterfromMadaomenCanalandOuterHarbourReservoirwhilethelattertreatstherawwaterfromSeacPaiVanReservoir.ThevolumeofrawwatercollectedfromModaomenCanalhasbeendecreasingsince2002andtherefore,additionalvolumeofwater(47,550m3)hastobeextractedfromtheOuterHarbourReservoir.3.1DrinkingWaterDrinkingWaterConsumptionThetreatedrawwaterissuppliedtocustomersthroughthewaterdistributionnetwork.Thepercentageofwaterlossinthenetworkisapproximately13%in2002.ThewaterconsumptionrateoftheMacaoPeninsulaisthehighest.However,thereisasharpriseinthewaterconsumptionrateinTaipaandthisindicatesarapidpopulationgrowthoftheisland.Figure3.2Volumeofwaterintroducedintothedistributionnetworkandbilled(Source:LCMAB,2003)2002200120001999199819971996199519941993199219911990Figure3.4Volumeofwaterbilledbygeographicalarea(Source:LCMAB,2003)PRESSUREINDICATOR05,000,00010,000,00015,000,00020,000,00025,000,00030,000,00035,000,00040,000,00045,000,000MacaoTaipaColoaneFigure3.3Percentageofwaterlossinthedistributionnetwork(Source:LCMABandMWSC,2003)45%40%35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%PRESSUREINDICATOR200220012000199919981997199619951994199319921991199019891988198719861985198419831982PRESSUREINDICATOR2002200120001999199819971996199519941993199219911990198919881987198619851984198319826050403020100WaterintroducedintothedistributionnetworkWaterbilledVolumeofwater(106m3)PercentageofwaterlossinthedistributionnetworkReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003TotalvolumeofrawwatersupplyandvolumeofwatersupplyfromModaomenCanal(1,000m3)Figure3.1VolumeofrawwatersupplyofMacao(Source:LCMAB,2003)PRESSUREINDICATORModaomenCanalOuterHarbourReservoirSeacPaiVanReservoirTotalvolumeofrawwatersupplyVolumeofwaterstoredinOuterHarbourReservoirandSeacPaiVanReservoir(1,000m3)1991199019931992199519941997199619982000199920022001-5,000,000-4,000,000-3,000,000-2,000,000-1,000,00001,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,00010,000,0005,000,000020,000,00015,000,00030,000,00025,000,00040,000,00035,000,00050,000,00045,000,00060,000,00055,000,000

Index(1990=100)MacaoTaipaColoaneIndex(1993=100)28ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20033WaterSupplyHousehold50.9%Government8.9%PublicFacilities2.7%HarboursandPiers0.4%Commerce31.4%Industries5.5%Figure3.7Evolutionofwaterconsumptionofdifferentsectorssince1993(Source:MWSC,2003)Figure3.5Evolutionofthewaterbilledvolumebygeographicalarea(Soure:LCMAB,2003)Similartopreviousyears,householdisthedominantsectorofthetotalwaterconsumption(approximately51%)oftheMSARin2002,followedbythecommercialsector(about31%).In2002,householdandcommercearethemajorwaterconsumptionsectorsintheMacaoPeninsula(54%and38%respectively).InTaipa,thecommercialsectorhasthehighestwaterconsumptionrateanditrepresentsover50%ofthetotalvolume,followedbythehouseholdsector,whichrepresents43%ofthetotalconsumptionvolumeofTaipa.Coloaneistheleast-populatedareaofMacaoandthecommercialsectormarksthehighestwatercomsumptionvolumeoftheisland.AlthoughthevolumeofwaterconsumedinrecentyearshasbeendecreasinginColoane,thecommercialsectorstillstakesup52%ofthetotalconsumption,followedbythegovernmentsector,whichtakesup22%ofthetotalvolume.QualityofDrinkingWaterTheLaboratoryoftheCivic&MunicipalAffairsBureau(LCMAB)monitorsandcontrolsthequalityofdrinkingwaterinMacao.Rawwaterandtreatedwateraresampledfromthethreewatertreatmentplantsandthedistributionnetworkformicrobiological,physicalandchemicalanalysis.Afteranalyzingtherawwaterqualityof2002,itisfoundthatthechlorideconcentrationexceedstheMaximumRecommendedValue(MRV)asstatedinDecreeNo.46/96/MofMacao.However,otherphysicalandchemicalparametersarebelowtheA1standardrequirements;andthemicrobiologicalparametersmeasureuptheA2standardrequirements.ItshouldalsobenotedthatthefluorideconcentrationisalsobelowthestandardrequirementasstatedintheDecree.Ingeneral,thequalityofrawwaterissatisfactoryin2002.ToevaluatethechlorideconcentrationindrinkingwaterwiththepresentstandardrequirementsstatedintheDecree,itisnotedthatduringdryseasons,statisticsobtainedfromeachWaterTreatmentPlantexceedthe25mgCl/l(MRV).However,thesestatisticsneverexceedthe200mgCl/lMaximumPermissbleValue(MPV).Notonlythatthealuminumconcentrationofdrinkingwaterexceedsthe0.05mgAl/l(MRV),butafewsamplesalsoexceedthe0.2mgAl/l(MPV).ThissimplyshowsthatspecialAfteranalyzingthewaterconsumptionratesofeachsectorforthepastnineyears,itisfoundthattheindustrialsectorwaterconsumptionhasbeendecreasingsharply;thepublicfacilitiessectorhasalsoconsumedlesswaterinthelastfouryears.Therehasbeennoobviouschangeinthevolumeofwaterconsumptioninthegovernmentsectorsince1998.Onthecontrary,inthepastnineyears,thevolumeofwaterconsumptioninthehouseholdandcommercialsectorshasbeenincreasing.Figure3.6WaterconsumptionofdifferentsectorsoftheMSARin2002(Suorce:MWSC,2003)STATEINDICATORSTATEINDICATOR180160140120100806040200GovernmentPublicFacilitiesCommerceIndustriesHousehold199319941995199619971998199920002001200250045040035030025020015010050PRESSUREINDICATOR2002200120001999199819971996199519941993199219911990

MPVMRVReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200329WaterSupplyattentionshouldbedrawntothedrinkingwatertreatmentprocess;forinstance,thepHlevelofthechemicalcoagulationprocessshouldberegulatedorexcessiveamountofcoagulantinputshouldbeavoidedinordertocontrolthealuminumconcentrationindrinkingwater.Asforthefluorideconcentrationindrinkingwater,statisticsshowthatallvaluesarebelowtheMinimumPermissibleValue(MPV)andtherearenosignificantchanges.ItshouldalsobenotedthatthetrihalomethaneconcentrationhasnotexceededthestandardrequirementsoftherelevantDecree.Figure3.8ChlorideconcentrationandaluminumconcentrationoftreatedwaterfromIlhaVerdeWaterTreatmentPlant(Source:LCMAB,2003)Figure3.10ChlorideconcentrationandaluminumconcentrationoftreatedwaterfromColoaneWaterTreatmentPlant(Soure:LCMAB,2003)Figure3.9ChlorideconcentrationandaluminumconcentrationoftreatedwaterfromOuterHarbourWaterTreatmentPlant(Source:LCMAB,2003)PRESSUREINDICATOR02-12-200202-11-200202-10-200202-09-200202-08-200202-07-200202-06-200202-05-200202-04-200202-03-200202-02-200202-01-20020.500.450.400.350.300.250.200.150.100.050.0008-12-200208-11-200208-10-200208-09-200208-08-200208-07-200208-06-200208-05-200208-04-200208-03-200208-02-200208-01-20021009080706050403020100MPVMRVMRVPRESSUREINDICATOR02-12-200202-11-200202-10-200202-09-200202-08-200202-07-200202-06-200202-05-200202-04-200202-03-200202-02-200202-01-200210090807060504030201000.500.450.400.350.300.250.200.150.100.050.0008-12-200208-11-200208-10-200208-09-200208-08-200208-07-200208-06-200208-05-200208-04-200208-03-200208-02-200208-01-2002MRVPRESSUREINDICATOR100908070605040302010002-12-200202-11-200202-10-200202-09-200202-08-200202-07-200202-06-200202-05-200202-04-200202-03-200202-02-200202-01-20020.500.450.400.350.300.250.200.150.100.050.0008-12-200208-11-200208-10-200208-09-200208-08-200208-07-200208-06-200208-05-200208-04-200208-03-200208-02-200208-01-2002MRVMPVMRVChlorideconcentration(mg/l)Aluminumconcentration(mg/l)Aluminumconcentration(mg/l)Chlorideconcentration(mg/l)Aluminumconcentration(mg/l)Chlorideconcentration(mg/l)3

3PRESSUREINDICATOR30ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003WaterSupplyMonitoringCoastalWaterQualityThePublicHealthLaboratory(PHL)oftheHealthBureau(HB)hasbeenresponsibleformonitoringcoastalwaterqualitysince1988.Since1995,thequalityofcoastalwaterismonitoredwiththeanalysisofsamplescollectedfromvarioussamplingpointsestablished.Regardingtheanalysisofmicrobiologicalparametersofthewaterdistributionnetwork,99.83%ofthesampleshavenotbeendetectedthepresenceofcoliform,exceptonesamplecollectedfromtheMacaoPeninsulanetwork.ThereisalsoonesampleintheColoanewaterdistributionnetworkthathasbeendetectedthepresenceofcoliform,buttheremaining98.73%ofthesamplescollectedinColoaneandallthesamplescollectedfromtheTaipanetworkarefreefromcoliform.Intermsofphysiochemicalparameters,theaverageamountofresidualchlorinefoundintheMacaoPeninsulawaterdistributionnetworkis0.7mg/landthatof0.6mg/lfortheTaipaandColoanenetworks.Duringthesalinityperiod,theamountofchlorineandconductivityfoundinthewaterdistributionnetworksoftheMacaoPeninsula,TaipaandColoaneexceedtheMRV,butstillbelowtheMPV.Althoughthequalityofdrinkingwaterisnotseriouslyaffectedbythesalinityperiodin2002,measuresandpoliciesshouldbeadoptedinordertosolvetheprobleminthelongrun.Meanwhile,attentionshouldbepaidforbettercontrolofaluminumconcentrationduringthecoagulationprocessofdrinkingwater.Toconclude,drinkingwaterfromthewaterdistributionnetworksoftheMacaoPeninsula,TaipaandColoanemeetstherequirementsofdrinkingwaterqualityin2002.Duringthewatertreatmentprocess,sludgeisfrequentlyproducedwiththeuseofcoagulantsanditcontainsvarioustypesofmicroorganismsandaluminumsalts.Thedailyamountofsludgeproducedis1.3tonin2002.Atpresent,owingtothelimitedspace,nospecificequipmenthasbeeninstalledforsludgedecantation,yetsludgetreatmentprocessesarebeingevaluated.TheMacaoWaterSupplyCompanycarriedoutanexperimentalstudyin2002inordertotackletheproblemthoughtheresultsarenotyetsatisfactory.However,throughvariousstudiesandexperiments,itisconcludedthatthesludgedoesnotcontainharmfulsubstancestotheenvironment.Figure3.11PercentageofexcessivecoliforminthewaterdistributionnetworkofMacao(Source:LCMAB,2003)Figure3.12Dailymeanvolumeofsludgeproducedinthewatertreatmentplants(Source:MWSC,2003)3.2BathingBeachesandCoastalWaterSTATEINDICATOR1.41.21.00.80.60.40.20.01990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002Dailymeanvolumeofsludgeproduced(t)1.5%1.2%0.9%0.6%0.3%0.0%19981999200020012002Percentageofviolation(%)WaterdistributionnetworkWaterdistributionnetworkWaterdistributionnetworkofMacaoPeninsulaofTaipaofColoane

ZoneIZoneIIZoneIIIZoneIVWaterSupply3ThePHLhasbeenusingthepollutionindexasthebasistoassesscoastalwaterqualitysince2000.Theobjectiveistoevaluatethewaterbodyqualityaccordingtocertainwaterqualitycriteriainordertodeterminethelevelofpollution,thesourcesandthemaintypesofpollutantsaswellastheirtrends.Thesamereferencestandardisusedtoassessthewaterqualityof2002.Thepollutionindexofeachparameter,theaveragepollutionindex,thenutrientindexandtheheavymetalpollutionindexaretakenintoconsiderationtoassessthewaterbodyquality.AveragePollutionIndexAveragepollutionindexiscalculatedbythearithmeticmeansofthepollutionindexofeachparameter.ThepollutionindexofeachparameterisdefinedastheclosenessorexceedingdifferencebetweentheactualmonitoringaveragevalueandtheMPV.AnalyzingparametersincludepHvalue,dissolvedoxygenconcentration,chemicaloxygendemand,5-daybiochemicaloxygendemand,nitrogenandphosphorus-containingnutrientpollutantsandheavymetalpollutants.Toassessthecoastalwaterquality,seawaterisclassifiedintofourclassesaccordingtotheaveragepollutionindex(I):•Class1:I<0.50goodwaterquality,waterisnotpolluted;•Class2:0.501.00pollutedwaterthatcausesadverseeffectsonpublichealth.Figure3.13Distributionofsamplingpointsofcoastalwatermonitoringnetwork(Source:PHL,2001)ReferencePointJFigure3.15Pollutionindexofeachsamplingpointin2002(Source:HB,2003)PollutionindexofeachsamplingpointTaipaSanitaryLandfillColoaneCheocVanHácSáAirportReferenccePointOuterHarbourPacOnAreiaPretaInnerHarbourPraiaGrandePraiadoBomPartoClassIVClassIIIClassIIClassISTATEINDICATOR0.00.51.01.52.02.5Figure3.14Annualmeanvalueofthepollutionindex(Source:HB,2003)PollutionindexSTATEINDICATOR1.21.00.80.60.40.20.0199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002WiththeapplicationoftheaboveindextoanalyzethecoastalwaterqualityofMacao,itisfoundthattheleveloftheaveragepollutionindexin2002isslightlylowerthanthatof2001.AnalysisshowsthatwaterqualityofZoneI(SanitaryLandfill,ColoaneandTaipa)isbetweenClass2toClass3.AlthoughwaterqualityofZoneII(CheocVan,HácSá,AirportandReferencePoint)isrelativelybetterthantheotherzones,waterqualityoftheReferencePointreachesClass3,whichisofcriticalpollutionlevel.AsforZoneIII(PacOn,OuterHarbourandAreiaPreta)andZoneIV(InnerHarbour,PraiaGrandeandPraiadoBomParto),thequalityofwaterreachesClass4,whichindicatesthatthepollutionlevelisquiteserious.Asinpreviousyears,thepollutionlevelofInnerHarbourisstillthehighestamongallthesamplingpoints.Itmeansthatwaterpollutionisthemostseriousinthisarea.However,thesituationbegantoimprovesince2000.Furthermore,theEnvironmentCouncilandMacaoWaterSupplyCompanyhavelaunchedastudyprojectin2003toidentifythemajorreasonsofwaterpollutionatInnerHarbourandOuterHarbouraswellastheinvestigationofthepollutionsources.ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200331ZoneIZoneIIZoneIIIZoneIVMACAOCOLOANETAIPAOuterHarbourLPacOnHAreiaPretaIInnerHarbourAPraiaGrandeBPraiadoBomPartoMTaipaCSanitaryLandfillDColoaneECheocVanFHácSáGAirportK

NutrientindexTaipaSanitaryLandfillColoaneCheocVanHácSáAirportReferencePointAreiaPretaOuterHarbourPacOnPraiaGrandePraiadoBomPartoInnerHarbour200220012000STATEINDICATOR501001502003500300250PollutionindexPollutionindex32ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003PollutionindexPollutionindex3WaterSupplyZoneI0.51.01.52.02.50.0ZoneIIFigure3.16Pollutionindexofdifferentsamplingpoints(Source:HB,2003)STATEINDICATORZoneIIISTATEINDICATORNutrientIndexNutrientindex(E)iscalculatedbasedontheanalysisofparameterssuchaschemicaloxygendemand(COD),phosphorousandinorganicnitrogen.Theindexrepresentstheeutrophiclevelofthewaterbody.WhenE>1,itmeansthattheconcentrationofnutrientsinthewaterbodyhasreachedaneutrophiclevel.AnalysisshowsthatthenutrientindexofcoastalwatersofMacaoismuchgreaterthan1.TheconditionatInnerHarbouristhemostseriousastheindexisashighas290.ItshouldbepointedoutthatthereisasharpdecreaseinthenutrientindexoftheAreiaPretasamplingpoint.ThisisduetotheoperationofthewaterstoragetankoftheMacaoWastewaterTreatmentPlant.Thisnewmeasureenabledthestorageofexcesswastewater,whichwouldbetreatedlater,avoidingitsdirectdischargeintothewaterenvironment.Eutrophicationofthewaterbodyprovidesmaterialsandconditionsfortherapidandexcessivegrowthofalgaeaswellasothertypesofplankton.Itmayalsoincreasethepossibilityofredtideoccurrence.Asinpreviousyears,redtidestookplaceinMacaoin2002andwerecausedbylocalpollutiontothewaterbodyaswellaswaterflowoftheupperstream,whichleadtoahighconcentrationofnitrogenandphosphoursinwater.ChlorophyllsTobetterunderstandtheoccurrenceofredtidesinMacao,PHLanalyzestheconcentrationofchlorophylla,b,candfeophitin-ainsamplescollectedfromvarioussamplingpoints.Theconcentrationofchlorophyll-aisfrequentlyusedasanindicatorofalgaegrowth.Resultsof2002revealthatchlorophyll-aconcentrationinallwatersamplesfromAirport,CheocVan,Coloane,ReferencePointandInnerHarbourexceeds6mg/l.Thechlorophyll-cconcentrationandfeophitin-aconcentrationinwatersamplesofColoaneandReferencePointalsoexceedthisvalue.Figure3.17Nutrientindexofdifferentsamplingpoints(Source:HB,2003)0.51.01.52.02.50.019951996199719981999200020022001199519961997199819992000200220010.51.01.52.02.50.0TaipaColoaneSanitaryLandfillAreiaPretaPacOnOuterHarbourCheocVanHacSaAirportReferencePointInnerHarbourPraiaGrandePraiadoBomParto0.51.01.52.02.50.0ZoneIV1995199619971998199920002002200119951996199719981999200020022001

PollutionindexofheavymetalsPollutionindexofheavymetalsConcentration(mg/l)ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003333WaterSupplyFigure3.18Concentrationofchlorophyll-a,chlorophyll-b,chlorophyll-candfeophitin-aofdifferentsamplingpointsin2002(Source:HB,2003)Sincethesecondhalfyearof2002,watersamplesfromthe13samplingpointsoftheMacaowatersarecollectedforheavymetalsanalysis.Inpreviousyears,only8samplingpointswerecoveredinthisstudy.Analysisresultsrevealthattheconcentrationofmercuryofthewaterbodyexceedsthelevelstatedinthe"SeaWaterQualityStandard"ofChina(GB3097-97).Sincethissubstanceishazardoustohumanhealth,itisnecessarytoidentifythecausesandmeasuresshouldbetakentosolvetheproblem.STATEINDICATOR200224681401210ChlorophyllaChlorophyllcChlorophyllbFeophitinaHeavyMetalsHeavymetalssuchasarsenic(As),cadmium(Cd),chromium(Cr),mercury(Hg)andlead(Pb)andtheirioniccompoundscanaccumulateinorganicbodiesandare,therefore,toxicandhazardoustohumanhealthandthewaterbody.STATEINDICATORFigure3.19Annualmeanvaluesofheavymetalconcentrationin2001and2002(Source:HB,2003)76543210HgAsCdPbCr20012002Figure3.20Pollutionindexofheavymetalsin2001and2002(Source:HB,2003)STATEINDICATOR20012002765432107654321076543210HgAsCdPbCrColoaneCheocVanReferencePointAreiaPretaAirportOuterHarbourSanitaryLandfillTaipaPraiadoBomPartoHácSáSanitaryLandfillCheocVanHácSáReferencePointAreiaPretaOuterHarbourInnerHarbourPraiaGrandeSanitaryLandfillCheocVanHácSáReferencePointAreiaPretaOuterHarbourInnerHarbourPraiaGrandeppbppbSanitaryLandfillCheocVanHácSáReferencePointAreiaPretaOuterHarbourInnerHarbourPraiaGrandeSanitrayLandfillCheocVanHácSáReferencePointAreiaPretaOuterHarbourInnerHarbourPraiaGrandeAsSeCdCuPbCrHgNiZnAsSeCdCuPbCrHgNiZn

CheocVan1CheocVan2HácSá1HácSá23WaterSupplyItcouldbeconcludedthattheriseinpollutionindexofthetwobeachesofMacaoismainlyduetotheincreasingconcentrationofnitrogenandcertainheavymetals,suchasmercuryandlead.Thisissueisalsorelatedtotheoccurrenceofredtidesbecausewhenthewaterbodyiseutrophicated,i.e.ahighconcentrationofnitrogenandphosphorus,redtidestendtooccureasilyandresultinariseinthepollutionindex.MicrobiologicalParametersMicrobiologicalparametersshouldbeanalyzedbythecomparisonoftheresultwiththereferencestandard.ItshouldbenotedthatthewaterqualityofCheocVanBeachdoesnotexceedthestandardin2002;however,ithadexceededthestandardforthreetimesin2001.AsforthewatersamplesofHácSáBeach,ithappensthattheconcentrationofEscherichiacoliexceedsthereferencestandardbuttheexcessivelevelisnothighwhencomparedwiththeresultsof2001.TheconcentrationofEscherichiacoliofthewaterbodyisthehighestinAugustof2002.ThiscouldbeduetothefactthatAugustisthemonsoonseasonandastheamountofrainwaterincreases,thequalityofwaterbecomesworse.DredgingSedimentationcausesaseriesofproblemssuchastheelevationofriverbedsandtheobstructionofwaterwaysinthePearlRiverDeltaregion.Therefore,severalmillioncubicmetersofsedimentsaretobedredgedannually.AstheconstructionindustryandbusinessactivitiesofMacaoimprove,seatransportationbecomesmorefrequent.Thisleadstotheincreasingdemandofdredgingworks.Statisticsshowthatthereisasignificantincreaseinthedredgedvolumein2002.STATEINDICATOR050010001500200025003000Figure3.23Monthlygeometricalmeanvaluesoffecalcoliformin2002(Source:PHL,2003)CoastalErosionInordertoidentifythecausesofcoastalerosionandtoadoptmorepracticalmeasures,thePortAuthority(PA)andtheMacaoCivilEngineeringLaboratory(MCEL)havecarriedoutaseriesofstudiesandpreliminaryresultshavebeenachieved.QualityofBathingWaterPHLisresponsibleformonitoringthewaterqualityofCheocVanBeachandHácSáBeach.Samplingandanalysisofphysical,chemicalandmicrobiologicalparametersarecarriedoutonceamonthatthetwosamplingpointsofeachbeach.PhysiochemicalParametersAccordingtothe"SeaWaterQualityStandard"ofChina(GB3097-97),pollutionindexofvariousphysicalandchemicalparametersisestablishedforthebathingwaterqualityofMacao.Fecalcoliform(CFU/100ml)SeptemberMayJuneJulyAugustOctober34ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003Dredgedvolume(m3)Figure3.21Dredgedvolumesince1985(Source:PA,2003)RESPONSEINDICATOR19901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120021987198819891986198501,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0002,000,000Pollutionindex*STATEINDICATORFigure3.22PollutionindexofCheocVanBeachandHácSáBeach(Source:HB,2003)0.00.20.40.60.81.01999200020012002*TheeffectofheavymetalpollutionisnotincludedintheindexCheocVan1CheocVan2HácSá1HácSá2

Rainfall(mm)ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003353WaterSupplyE.Coli(CFU/100ml)Figure3.26DailymeaninfluentvolumetotheWWTPs(Source:OID,2003)0406080100120140199619971998201999200020012002160180200STATEINDICATORAlthoughthereareseveralcasesofexceedinglimitsoftheconcentrationofEscherichiacoli,theColiformFecalUnit(CFU)ofthetwobeachesin2002isalreadylowerthanthatof2001.TherecordedannualgeometricalmeanvaluesofEscherichiacoliaresimilarinthesetwoyears.ThelaboratorymonitorsthequalityoftheinfluentandeffluentateachWWTP.ResultsshowthattheeffluentqualityofeachWWTPmeetthestandardrequirements.ConstructionofanotherWWTPhasalreadycommencedattheMacaoInternationalAirportsothatwastewaterproducedbytheairport,especiallywastewaterthatcontainsoilandgrease,canbepre-treated.Meanwhile,a10,000m3storagetankhasbegunitsoperationin2002,inordertoenhancethestorageandtreatmentcapacityoftheMacaoWastewaterTreatmentPlantduringpeakhoursandtodiminishthenegativeeffectsofthedirectdischargeofwastewatertothewaterenvironment.Sincethestoragetankbeganitsoperation,thepollutionindexandthenutrientindexoftheAreiaPretasamplingpoint,wherethewaterofWWTPisdischarged,havedecreasedsharply.(see"QualityofCoastalWater"fordetails).TheanalysisoftheaveragevolumeofeffluentineachWWTPshowsthatthetotalvolumeoftreatedwastewaterremainsbasicallyconstantbetween2001and2002.Ingeneral,aslightdecreaseisrecordedforthetotalvolumeofwastewatertreatedattheMacaoWWTPin2002whilea20%increasefortheTaipaWWTPanda30%decreasefortheColoaneWWTPwhencomparedwiththatof2001.STATEINDICATOR0100200300400500600400350300250200150100500199419951996199719981999200020012002199619971998199920002001200205001,0001,5002,0002,5003,000040,00060,00080,000100,000120,000140,000160,00020,000PRESSUREINDICATORFigure3.24MonthlygeometricalmeanvaluesofEscherichiacoliin2002(Source:PHL,2003)Inordertosolvetheenvironmentalproblemscausedbywastewaterandtoprotectthewaterqualityofcoastalareas,therearealtogetherthreewastewatertreatmentplants(WWTPs)intheMSAR.TheyarelocatedintheMacaoPeninsula,TaipaandColoane.Thedailymaximumtreatmentcapacityis234,000m3,whichcorrespondstothevolumeofwastewaterproducedbyonemillionpeople.ThisfigureshowsthatthewastewatertreatmentcapacityisabletomeetthepopulationandeconomicgrowthofMacaointhemiddletothelongrun.In2002,theaveragevolumeofwatertreateddailybythethreeWWTPsin2002is145,000m3.ThedrainagesystemcoversalmosttheentireMacaoPeninsula,theTaipaIslandexcepttheCheckKáVillage,aswellastheColoaneIslandexceptKáHóVillage.3.3WastewaterManagementE.Coli(CFU/100ml)CheocVan1CheocVan2HácSá1HácSá2MayJuneJulyAugustSeptemberOctoberCheocVan1CheocVan2HácSá1HácSá2Index(1996=100)Influentvolume(m3)MacaoWWTPTaipaWWTPColoaneWWTPRainfallFigure3.25AnnualgeometricalmeanvaluesofEscherichaicoli(Source:PHL,2003)MacaoWWTPTaipaWWTPInfluentvolumeRainfall

36ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20033WaterSupply199719981999200020012002Effluentlimitvalue(40mg/l)199719981999200020012002Effluentlimitvalue(150mg/l)199719981999200020012002Effluentlimitvalue(60mg/l)STATEINDICATOR010025040045035030020015050STATEINDICATOR0200500800900700600400300100STATEINDICATOR400010025035030020015050STATEINDICATOR4.50.01.02.53.53.02.01.50,54.0199719981999200020012002Effluentlimitvalue(2mg/l)Figure3.27Evolutionofbiochemicaloxygendemand(BOD5)ininfluentandeffluentvolumesoftheWWTPs(Source:OID,2003)Figure3.28Evolutionofchemicaloxygendemand(COD)ininfluentandeffluentvolumesoftheWWTPs(Source:OID,2003)Figure3.29Evolutionoftotalsuspendedsolids(TSS)ininfluentandeffluentvolumesintheWWTPs(Source:OID,2003)Figure3.30EvolutionofdetergentsininfluentandeffluentvolumesintheWWTPs(Source:OID,2003)BOD5(mg/l)Effluent(MWWTP)Influent(MWWTP)Effluent(TWWTP)Influent(TWWTP)Effluent(CWWTP)Influent(CWWTP)COD(mg/l)Effluent(MWWTP)Influent(MWWTP)Effluent(TWWTP)Influent(TWWTP)Effluent(CWWTP)Influent(CWWTP)TSS(mg/l)Effluent(MWWTP)Influent(MWWTP)Effluent(TWWTP)Influent(TWWTP)Effluent(CWWTP)Influent(CWWTP)Detergents(mg/l)Effluent(MWWTP)Influent(MWWTP)Effluent(TWWTP)Influent(TWWTP)Effluent(CWWTP)Influent(CWWTP)

TheCivicandMunicipalAffairsBureau(CMAB)isworkingonaprojectforthemonitoringoftheeffluentwaterqualityfromtheoutletoftheMacaoWWTPandtherainwaterdrainagesystemandpreliminaryresulthasbeenachieved.Referringtothe"SurfaceWaterQualityStandard"ofChina(GB3838-88),theconcentrationofpollutantsofeachsamplingpointareclassifiedintosixclasses(ClassAtoClassF)inordertoidentifythelevelofpollution.MonitoringparametersincludepHvalue,ammonia,nitrates,nitrites,totalphosphorus,dissolvedoxygen,chemicaloxygendemand,turbidity,conductivity,color,totalsuspendedsolids,chlorides,Escherichiacoliandfecalcoliform.Usingdifferentcolors,thefollowingfiguresdemonstratethepollutionlevelintermsofthesesevenparametersatdifferentsamplingpoints.Figure3.31EvolutionofoilandgreaseininfluentandeffluentvolumesintheWWTPs(Source:OID,2003)Figure3.32pHlevelofeachsamplingpointin2002(Source:CMAB,2003)Figure3.33Totalphosphoruslevelofeachsamplingpointin2002(Source:CMAB,2003)Figure3.34Nitrateslevelofeachsamplingpointin2002(Source:CMAB,2003)373WaterSupply01025353020155STATEINDICATOR199719981999200020012002Effluentlimitvalue(15mg/l)Effluent(MWWTP)Influent(MWWTP)Effluent(TWWTP)Influent(TWWTP)Effluent(CWWTP)Influent(CWWTP)OilandGrease(mg/l)ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003X<0.02mg/lP0.020.20mg/lPX<3.5mg/lNO33.525.0mg/lNO3pH<6.56.58.5

Figure3.35Nitriteslevelofeachsamplingpointin2002(Source:CMAB,2003)Figure3.36Ammonialevelofsamplingpointin2002(Source:CMAB,2003)Figure3.37Dissolvedoxygenlevelofeachsamplingpointin2002(Source:CMAB,2003)Figure3.38Chemicaloxygendemandlevelofeachsamplingpointin2002(Source:CMAB,2003)38ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003WaterSupply3X<0.06mg/lNO20.061.00mg/lNO2X<0.5mg/lNH40.52.5mg/lNH4X<15mg/lO21540mg/lO2X>7.5mg/lO27.5>X>5.0mg/lO25.0>X>4.0mg/lO24.0>X>3.0mg/lO23.0>X>2.0mg/lO2X<2.0mg/lO2

Solventsandwatersolutionsgeneration(t)Wastewatergeneration(m3)GroupIandGroupIIGroupIIIandGroupIVVolumeofwastewaterchanneledtoTaipaWWTP39WaterSupplyIndustrialWastewaterDuetotheimpactthatindustrialwastewatercouldcausetotheenvironment,effectivetreatmentofindustrialwastewaterisextremelyimportant.ThedatafromHovioneMacaoLtd.showsthatthevolumeofwastewaterproducedanddischargedduringtheproductionprocesshasbeenincreasing.Thewastewaterproducedcontainswater-solubleacidicsolutions(GroupsIandII)andmixedorganicsolvents(GroupsIIIandIV).ThesemixedWastewaterproducedby"Coloane-B"plantofMacaoElectricCompanyisnowtreatedbeforedischargeandsamplesareanalyzedinordertoguaranteethecompliancewithrelevantlawsandregulations.Figure3.39EvolutionofwastewaterandmixedorganicsolventsgeneratedbyHovioneMacaoLtd.(Source:HovioneMacaoLtd.,2003)STATEINDICATOR030,00040,00050,00060,00070,00020,00010,00002004006008001,0001,2001,400organicsolventsandotherwasteliquidsgeneratedduringtheproductionprocessshouldbetreatedcarefullyinordertoavoidnegativeimpactstotheenvironment.Therelevantinternationalconventionsshouldalsobefollowedduringthetreatmentprocess.19961997199819992000200120023ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003

40ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003Waste

PRESSUREINDICATOR5002,5001,50002,0003,0001,0003,5004,00019951996199719981999200020012002MacaoPowerPlantColoanePowerPlantNote:"Wastegeneration"indicatesthequantityofwasteincineratedintheMacaoIncinerationPlantFigure4.1EvolutionofseveralindicatorsofMacao(Source:SCS,OID,2003)Waste4ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200341ThewastemanagementofMacaohasbeenimproving.Thiscanbereflectedfromtheevolutionofindicatorsregardingsolidwaste,industrialwasteandhospitalwaste,aswellasfromtherecycling,reuse,incinerationandlandfillofcollectedwastes.FromFigure4.1,itcanbeseenthattheamountofwastesgeneratedinMacaohasbeenincreasing.4.1WasteGenerationandTreatmentIndustrialWastesIndustrialwastesarealsogeneratedinMacao.TheMacaoElectricCompany(MEC)producesindustrialwastessuchaswasteoil,sludge,slag,flyashandincombustiblesetc.ThereisadecreaseintheamountofthesewastesgeneratedbytheMacaoPowerPlantbutanincreaseintheColoanePowerPlantin2002.MECiscarryingoutawastemanagementprojectaimingatrecyclingorreutilizingwastethroughwasteclassification.Atpresent,mostmetallicwastesaretransferredtowastecollectioncompaniesforprocessingandthenforlaterrecycleandreuse.Inaddition,anewincineratorisinstalledatColoanePowerPlantinordertoreducethevolumeofwasteoilsediment.Thegaseousemissionsarebeingmonitoredcontinuously.TheWasteServiceCompany(WSC)hasbeenresponsibleforthecollectionofsolidwastesofMacaosince1992.Theamountofwastescollectedbythecompanyreaches243,151tonnesin2002,whichisequivalentto1.51kgperinhabitantperday.TheMacaoIncinerationPlant(MIP)hasbegunitsoperationsince1992andisresponsibleforincineratingsolidwastesandhospitalwastesofMacao.Owingtothepopulationgrowthandrapideconomicdevelopment,thequantityofwastesincreasesgradually.TheincinerationcapacityofMIPwillbesaturatedearlierthanexpected.Therefore,therelevantadministrativedepartmentsareseekingmiddletermsolutionstohandletheproblems.Figure4.2Evolutionoftotalamountofwastesincineratedandamountofdailywastesgeneratedpercapita(Source:SCS,OID,2003)Figure4.3SolidwastesgeneratedbyMEC(Source:MEC,2003)WastegenerationGDPPopulationVisitorsHouseholdwaterconsumptionWastesgeneration(t)PRESSUREINDICATORIndex(1993=100)0206080100120199319941995199619971998199920002001200240140160180200PRESSUREINDICATORDailymeanpercapita(kg/inhabitant/day)TotalwastesincineratedandcapacityofMIP(t)330,000300,000270,000240,000210,000180,000150,000120,00090,00060,00030,00002.01.81.61.41.21.00.80.60.40.20.01994199519961997199819992000200120021993TotalwastesincineratedDailymeanpercapitaMaximumcapacityofMIP

42ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003Waste4Wastescollectedfromthesea(m)3HovioneMacaoLtd.alsogeneratescertainamountofsolidwastesandwastewater(see"WastewaterManagement"fordetails)andtheamounthasbeenincreasing.ThesewastesareincineratedatMIPordisposedatlandfills.Statisticsforwastesdisposedatlandfillsareonlyavailablesince2002.WastesinCoastalAreaThePortAuthority(PA)isresponsibleforthedailycollectionofsolidwastesandwaterhyacinthsincoastalareas.Theamountofhyacinthscollectedin2002reached1,000tonnes,whichistwicetheamountof2001.Inordertosolvethewaterhyacinthsproblem,theMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegion(MSAR)governmenthaslaunchedacooperationmechanismwithGuangdong.Accordingtothemechanism,GuangdongwillinformtheMSARtheopeningtimeoftheupperstreamwatergate,sothatMacaocanclearuptheinflowhyacinthsatearliestconvenienceinordertoachieveamoreeffectiveresult.TreatmentofWasteOilRegardingthetreatmentofhazardouswaste,itisworthwhilementioningtheprojectonthetreatmentofwasteoilbytherelevantdepartment.Inordertoseekbettersolutionsforthetreatmentofvehiclewasteoil,theOfficeforInfrastructuresandDevelopment(OID)hasconductedastudyonthismatterandthefollowingconclusionsweremade:smallamendmentshavetobemadetothefacilitiesoftheMacaoWastewaterTreatmentPlantsothatwasteoilcanbetransferredtotheincineratorandbeingincineratedtogetherwiththesludgegeneratedthere.ThisprojecthasstartedsinceFebruaryof2003.Theadvantagesoftheabovementionedmethodincludereducingfuelcostforsludgeincineration,providingbetterhumidityconditionsfortheincinerationprocessandpreventingillegaldisposalofthesewastesdirectlytowatersordrainagesystem.Consequently,pollutiontothewaterenvironmentcouldbeminimizedwhileeffectsfromwasteoiltotheoperationofthewastewatertreatmentplantswouldbereduced.BasedonthetechnicalspecificationsandthefeaturesoftheincineratoroftheMacaoWastewaterTreatmentPlant,themaximumcapacityofwasteoiltreatmentis5m3perday.Atpresent,8to15m3ofwasteoilisbeingincineratedpermonth.TheWasteServiceCompanyisresponsibleofthewasteoilcollection.However,wasteoilgeneratinggaragesshouldkeepthesewastesinindividualcontainersandnotmixthemwithotherwastessuchaswastewater,solventsorsolidwastes.Furthermore,twocontainerswithacapacityof14m3eachareinstalledattheMacaoWastewaterTreatmentPlanttostoredailycollectedwasteoil.MedicalWastesAlthoughtherearenotyetlegislativeregulationstocontrolthecollectionandtreatmentofmedicalwastes,aseriesofoperationalproceduresareinplaceinordertonormalizetheprocessofproduction,collection,transportandtreatmentofmedicalwastes.Figure4.5Evolutionoftheamountofwastescollectedfromthesea(Source:PA,2003)RESPONSEINDICATOR4,5004,0003,5003,0002,5002,0001,5001,000500019921993199419951996199719981999200020012002Wastesgeneration(t)Figure4.4SolidwastesgeneratedbyHovioneMacaoLtd.(Source:HovioneMacaoLtd.,2003)PRESSUREINDICATOR12010080604020019951996199719981999200020012002WastesdisposedatlandfillsWastesincineratedatMIP

Waste4ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200343Medicalwastesgeneratedbyhospitals,clinicsandmedicalcentersshouldbesealedinspecialplasticbagsorcontainersandthenkeptinspecialmetalcontainers.ThesemetalcontainersarecollectedregularlybyWSCandthensenttothespecialunloadingareaformedicalwastesintheMacaoIncinerationPlant,wheretheyaredisposeddirectlyintotheincineratingchamber.Afterthedisposalofallthemedicalwastes,themetalcontainersarecleansed,disinfectedanddriedfornextuse.Theentirehandlingprocessisautomaticandthepossibilityofhumancontactsisverylow.Itisnecessarytopointoutthatwhenmedicalwastesareincinerated,thetemperatureoftheincineratorshouldreach850ºCoraboveandtheamountbeingincineratedineachincineratorwillnotexceedonetenthoftheirtreatmentcapacity.In2002,263tonnesofpathogenicwastesarerecordedbeingcollectedfromthetwohospitalsinMacaoandthevolumehasdecreasedconsiderablycomparedwiththepastyears.Ananalysisonthecompositionofsolidwastestreatedattheincinerationplantwascarriedoutin2003.Itshowsthataconsiderableamountofwastes,includingpaperandcardboard,plastic,metalandglassetc.,couldberecycled,recoveredorreutilized.Note:"Others"referstosubstanceswithadiameteroflessthan2cmandthosethatcanhardlybeclassifiedFigure4.7Physicalcompositionofurbansolidwastes(Source:OID,2003)Plastic17%Organics14%Others39%Glassandstones4%Metals1%Wood7%Paperandcardboard13%Textiles5%2003STATEINDICATORUrbansolidwastes(t)Pathogenicwastes(t)Figure4.6Evolutionofthegenerationofurbansolidwastesandpathogenicwastes(Fonte:OID,2003)PRESSUREINDICATOR350300250200150100500300,000250.000200,000150,000100,00050,00001994199519961997199819992000200120021993UrbansolidwastesPathogenicwastes4.2WasteComposition

Waste44ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20034Macao'sconstructionindustrybenefitsalotfromthegovernment'sinfrastructureinvestments,liberalizationofthegamingindustryandtheimprovementofMacao'seconomyin2002.ThesefavorableelementsofthedevelopmentoftheconstructionindustryenableMacaotoenvisagetheproblemofconstructionwasteshandling.Infact,theareaofMacaoissosmallthatthepracticeoflandfillhasalwaysbeenoneoftheproblemsthatMacaoneedstotacklesincetheverybeginning.Forthesakeofenvironmentalprotection,along-termsolutionshouldbeconcluded.InordertoachievesustainabledevelopmentofMacao,importantmeasuressuchaswastereduction,recyclingandreutilizationofcertainwastesshouldbeadopted.ThelandfillatSeacPaiVan,Coloanewasclosedin2001andafterthat,threetemporarylandfillsforconstructionwasteshavecomeintooperation.ThefirstonewaslocatedbesideRuadoPaiKokanditwasinoperationfromOctober2002toFebruary2003;thesecondonewaslocatedbesideEstradaNossaSenhora,KáHóanditwasinoperationfromFebruarytoJune2003;andthethirdoneislocatedatAvenidaWaiLong,TaipaandithasbeeninoperationsinceJune2003.4.4SanitaryLandfillBy-productsgeneratedduringtheincinerationprocessofurbansolidwastesincludegases,flyashes,incinerationresiduesandheat.Amongtheseby-products,heatisrecoveredandtransformedtobeelectricity.TheOfficeforInfrastructuresandDevelopment(OID)hascarriedoutacomprehensivetestingforgaseousemissionfromtheMacaoIncinerationPlantin2002.Resultsshowthatthemonitoringparametersareallwithintheplannedanddesignedregulatingvalues.Sincethepresenceofoxygenisfavorabletodioxinsreformationatthetemperaturefrom200to400ºC,itismanagedtoreducetheoxygenproportionfrom8-10%to6-8%withthepresentfacilitiesandavailabletechnologyoftheincinerationplant,inordertosuppressthereformationofdioxins.Inaddition,sincethecapacityoftheincineratorisestimatedtobesaturatedearlierthanexpected,in2003,theMSARgovernmentappointedaconsultantcompanytocarryoutastudyonfuturewastegenerationandfeasiblewastetreatmentsolutions.Ifincinerationwereretainedasoneofthetreatmentmethods,improvementongasemissionswouldbefurtherconsideredinthefeasibilitystudyoftheextendedconstructionoftheincinerator.Regardingtheevolutionoftheamountofincinerationresiduesandflyashes(by-productsofwasteincinerationandexhaustgasestreatment)producedbyMIP,therehavenotbeenanysignificantchangessince1995althoughtheamountofflyashesseemstobeincreasing.Since1998,theamountofferrouswastescollectedbytheMIPhasbeendecreasing.Asforitemsthatarenotsuitableforincinerationandwasteswithalowercalorificvalue(wastesnotyetbeentreated),suchasconstructionmaterials,air-conditioners,andrefrigeratorsetc.,theyaredisposedatlandfills.Theamountofthesewastesincreasedsignificantlyin2002andthiscouldbetheresultofthenumerousconstructionprojectsthataregoingoninMacaointhisparticularyear.4.3By-productsofIncinerationQuantity(t)Figure4.8IncinerationresiduesandflyashesgeneratedbytheMIP,recoveredferrousmetalsandnon-incineratedwastes(Source:OID,2003)Incinerationresidues(t)Flyashes(t)5,00025,00035,00045,00019941995199619971998199920002001200215,000199302,0004,0006,0008,0001,0003,0005,0007,000020,00030,00040,00050,00010,000PRESSUREINDICATOR10050070019971998199920002001200230019960400600800200Incinerationresidues(t)Flyashes(t)FerrousmetalsNon-incineratedwastes

20012002ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200345WasteConstructionwastesandtotalamountofwastes(m)3Flyashesandincinerationresidues(m)3TheMacaoJockeyClubisresponsibleforhandlingitsowndeadanimalbodieswhiletheCivicandMunicipalAffairsBureau(CMAB)isnolongerresponsibleforthistask.Thetotalamountofusedtyresdisposedatlandfillin2002goesupsignificantlycomparedwiththefigureof2001.Atotalnumberof115,302piecesoftyresaredisposedin2002anditiseighttimeshigherthanthatof2001.In2003,CMABhaspurchasednewfacilitiesforcuttingupdisposedtyresinordertoreducetheoccupiedlandfillspacesandtopreventtheoccurrenceofenvironmentalhygienicproblemsduetowateraccumulationwithinthetyres.CMABhascarriedoutananalysisonthetoxicityofflyashesin2002andtheresulthasnotexceededthestandard.Moreover,flyashesarenowdisposedatanewlandfillatthenorthColoaneinsteadoftheSeacPaiVanlandfillsiteinthesameyear.AfterAugustof2002,theOIDisresponsibleforflyashmanagement.Theaboveinformationshowsthatintermsofenvironmentalmanagement,strategicactionswithmiddletolong-termeffectsshouldbeapplied.Figure4.10Amountofusedtyresdisposedatlandfills(Source:CMAB,2003)Asstatedinlastreport,theBaselConventionontheControlofTransboundaryMovementofHazardousWasteandtheirDisposalisapplicabletotheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegion(MSAR).ThisconventionwassignedinBaselon22March1989andwasamendedlateraccordingtothedecisionsmadeintheconferenceoftheMemberStatesIII/1dated22September1995("BaselProhibition").ExecutiveOrderno.32/2002of5June2002(seeOfficialBulletinno.23,SeriesII)statedtheapplicationofthePeople'sRepublicofChinanotificationregardingtheenforcementoftheConventionintheMSAR.Inaccordancewithparagraph1ofArticle5oftheConvention,theEnvironmentCounciloftheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionisassignedasthecompetentauthority.Astrategicplanforwastemanagement(includinghazardouswastes)isurgentfortheMSARinordertofacilitatetheapplicationoftheBaselConvention.Atpresent,apreliminarystudyonthehazardouswastelistedintheappendixoftheBaselConventionisbeingcarriedout.4.5TheBaselConventionontheTransboundaryMovementofHazardousWasteandtheirDisposalInordertoachievethelong-termgoalofwastemanagement,thekeyfactoristohaveaccurateinformationregardingthequantity,qualityandsourcesofhouseholdandhazardouswastes.Accordingtothestrategicplansmentionedinpreviousreports,gradualprogressisnowbeingachievedinMacao.Forinstance,thegovernmentisworkingonafeasibilitystudyonthetreatmentoffuturesolidwastesandaninvestigationprojectregardinghazardouswastesisalsolaunched.4.6WasteManagementStrategyFigure.4.9Amountofwastesdisposedatlandfills(Source:CMAB,2003)PRESSUREINDICATORPRESSUREINDICATOR4Amountofusedtyresdisposedatlandfills(nº)600,000500,000400,000300,000200,000100,00005,00025,00015,000020,00030,00010,00035,00040,0001997199819992000200120022,00010,00014,0006,00008,00012,00016,0004,00018,000JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecConstructionwastesFlyashesIncinerationresiduesTotalamount

Waste4-budgetestimationforwastereutilizationandwastemanagement;-measuresthatencourageproperwastecollection,classificationandtreatment.WasteManagementStrategyOwingtothesmallgeographicareaandthehighpopulationdensityofMacao,especiallyintheMacaoPeninsula,thereareimportantenvironmentalproblemssuchashandlingtheincreasingwastesandtheimprovementofwastemanagementthatshoulddrawtheattentionofpolicymakersoftheMSAR.TheseshouldbetheprioritysubjectsthatneedtobehandledinMacaosincethevolumeofwastesgeneratedhasbeenincreasing,andthecapacityofthewastetreatmentfacilities(suchaslandfills)almostreachesitslimitandtheconstraintsofspacetoconstructnewfacilitiestohandlewastes.Severalotherfactorssuchastheliberalizationofthegamingindustry,theexpectedpopulationandeconomicgrowth,andthemobilityofgoodsandpeoplewithinregionwillbringpressureontheexistingresources,especiallyonthewastemanagementsystem,whichshouldbeagrowingconcernfortheenvironmentaldepartmentsofMacao.TheproblemsrelatedtowasteswillsurelybecomethefocusofsustainabledevelopmentofMacao.ToestablishaWasteManagementStrategicPlan(WMSP)andtohaveitapprovedisthereforeurgent.Thisstrategicplanshouldbebaseduponthetechnologiesofhighefficiencyandlesspollutioninordertopromotethereutilizingandrecyclingofwastes.Itshouldalsoincludethemanagementofdomestic,industrialandhospitalwastesaswellasthelicensingprocedureforindustrialplantsandotherenterprisesthatwillpossiblycauseimpactstotheenvironment.WMSPshouldincludethefollowing:-types,quantityandsourcesofwastesthatcouldbeeitherreutilizedorshouldbeminimizedinquantity;-generaltechnicalcriteria;-regulationsforspecialwastestreatment;-appropriatelocationorinstallationsforwastetreatment;Achangeinperspectivewillbebasednotonlyontheapprovalofthereferredstrategicplanbutalsoachangeonconsumers'behaviorandattitudeswhichhavedirectorindirectconsequencesontheproductionandwholesaleofproductsaswellasthegenerationofwastes.Inaddition,theestablishmentofaFrameworkforWasteRegulationisalsonecessary.Itshouldindicatetherelevantauthoritytodefineandimplementwastemanagementregulations.Amongthepreviouslyrecommendedmeasures,itisstillnecessarytoputemphasisonthefollowings:-tocarryoutadetailedassessmentonlandfilloperation;-tostudythefeasibilityofinerttreatmentofflyashesgeneratedbyincineration;-toassessthefeasibilityofincineratinghospitalwastesatatemperatureabove1,100ºC,asrecommendedbysomeinternationalorganizations;-toincludeassessmentonwastegenerationandtheirtreatmentintheindustriallicensingprocess;-toencouragethedevelopmentof"greenenterprises"bypromotingrecyclingandapplyinganti-pollutiontechnologiesinMacao;-tolookforpossibleregionalcooperationopportunitiesforwastetreatment,recyclingandreutilizing.46ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200347

548ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003NaturalConservation

1.000.0005.000.0003.000.00004.000.0006.000.0002.000.000199519961997199819992000200120021994CotaiMacaoTaipaandColoaneNaturalConservationReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003495Macaopossessesasmallgeographicalareaofapproximately26km2.Asthepopulationdensityishighandwithsomanyon-goinglarge-scaleprojects,itisextremelyimportanttohavegreenareas.TheMSARGovernmenthasbeenestablishingandlaunchingaseriesofnaturalconversationprojects.OneofthemostsignificantprojectsshouldbethenewlyconstructedEcologicalZoneinCotai.Theconstructionofthefirstphaseoftheprojectwasbasicallycompletedin2002,whiletheconstructionofthefacilitiesofthesecondphasewillbecarriedoutin2003.Thiszoneincludesa15-hectarebirdrestingzoneanda40-hectarebirdpreyingzone.5.1GreenAreasIn2002,thereareatotalnumberof5,775treesintheMacaoPeninsula,includingtheplantationof141treesandthereplacementof65oldones.AcaciaconfusaandAcaciaauriculaeformisarethemainspeciesinthereforestationareainTaipaandColoane.Figure5.1GreenareasofMacao(Source:CCB,2002)Figure5.2EvolutionofgreenareasofMacao(Source:SCS,2003)Similartothesituationin2001,Coloanestillpossessesthelargestgreenareas.However,theratioofgreenareastothetotalareasofMSARisstillreducing.ThisisduetothefactthatthetotalareaofMacaoisincreasingfasterthanthatofthegreenareas.Greenareas(m2)STATE/RESPONSEINDICATOR

PRESSUREINDICATOR1995199619971998199920002001200219941050300402006090301201501997199819992000200120021996TotalareaPopulationGreenareasSTATE/RESPONSEINDICATORMeanvalueoftheareaCotaiTaipaandColoaneMacaoSTATEINDICATOR081241620610214181997199819992000200120021996NaturalConservation50ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20035Improperhumanactivityisthemaincausefortheoccurrenceofmostfiresingreenareasandtheconsequentdamagesmade.However,thenumberofsuchfiresin2002islessthanthatofthepastfewyears.5.2FiresinGreenAreasInrecentyears,Macao,thePearlRiverDeltaaswellastheSoutheastAsiaregionhavebeenaffectedbyMikaniamicrantha,commonlyknownas"plantkiller".ThedangersthatitcancausehavealreadybeenpublicizedandtheCivicandMunicipalAffairsBureau(CMAB)hasbeenclearingupMikaniamicranthacontinuously.TheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES)isapplicabletotheMacaoSARandtheEconomicServicesBureau(ESB)isthemanagementauthorityoftheConvention.TogetherwiththeMacaoCustomsService(MCS),thesetwodepartmentsareresponsiblefortheinspectionandthemonitoringoftradeactivitiesinaccordancewiththeconvention.Atotalof34caseshavebeenprocessedbytheadministrativeandmanagementdepartmentofCITESinMacaoin2002.MCSisresponsiblefortheconfiscationofillegaltradeitems.TheseconfiscateditemsincludeArethusa,Aloe,Cactus,ivoryproductsandpartsoftigers,etc.5.3ImplementationofConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES)Figure5.3PercentageofgreenareasofMacao(Source:SCS,2003)Figure5.6Numberoffiresingreenareas(Source:FB,SCS,2003)Figure5.5Greenareaspercapita(Source:SCS,2003)Figure5.4Evolutionoftotalarea,populationandgreenareasofMacao(Source:CSC,2003)Greenareas(PercentageofgreenareasofMacao)Index(1996=100)Greenareaspercapita(m2/hab)No.offiresingreenareas(nº)5%25%15%0%20%30%10%35%40%1997199819992000200120021996STATE/RESPONSEINDICATOR

No.ofcases19951996200120021994515010ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200351NaturalConservation5Figure5.7NumberofillegalcasesprocessedbyMCSforimplementationofCITES(Source:MCS,2003)Partsofthemangrovelocatedoutsidetheecologicalzonewerefacingthethreatofurbanizationandthereforein2002,somemangroveshavebeentransplantedintotheecologicalzoneforpreservation.5.4EcologicalZoneThegeographicallocationandthewaterenvironmentofMacaoprovideafavorablehabitatforthegrowthofmangroves.Atpresent,fourmajortypesofmangrovescanbefoundinMacaoandtheyarepreservedintheecologicalzone.Theirbasicfeaturesaredescribedinthefollowingtable:5.5MangrovesinMacaoTheecologicalenvironmentofMacaoattractsvariousmigratorybirdstostayforwinter.TheyincludethepreciousandrarePlataleaminor.Therefore,despiteoflandshortages,theMSARgovernmenthasbeenendeavoringtocreatethefirstecologicalzonesince2001.TheecologicalzoneofMacaohasanareaof55hectares,locatedneartheLotusBridgeinCotai.Thefirstphaseconstructionoftheecologicalzonewasbasicallycompletedin2002.Variousspeciesofbirdscanbeobservedrestinginthezone,forinstance,ArdeacinereaLinnaeus,Ardeolabacchus,Bubulcusibis,Egrettaalbamodesta,Egrettagazetta,Plataleaminor,AnasacutaLinnaeus,AnascreccaLinnaeus,Milvusmigrans,Haliaetusleucogaster,CharadriusdubiusLinnaeus,andsoon.Kandeliacandel(L.)DruceNameFeaturesAegicerascorniculatum(L.)BlancoThisisoneofthemajortypesofmangrovesfoundinMacao.Theygrowinthehigherleveloftheintertidalareaswithlimiteddistribution.BlossomwhiteflowersinJuneorJuly.Theyhelptoprotectthecoastfromtidalwavesandwinds.AmajortypeofmangroveinMacao.Theygrowinmidtolowerregionsoftheintertidalareas.BlossomwhiteflowersinDecember.Theyserveastheprotectorofthecoast.AcanthusilicifoliusLinn.Theseplantsgrowintheupperpartoftheintertidalareas.Theyarenotsotall.Flowersarepurple.Theirfastgrowingfeaturemakesthemdifferentfromothertypesofmangrovesinnumber.Avicenniamarina(Forsk.)VierhCommonname:GreymangroveThisisalsoamajortypeofmangrovesinMacao.TheygrowinmidtolowerregionsoftheintertidalareasandtheyblossomyellowflowersinAprilorMay.Theyprotectthecoastfromwavesandwinds.Thisisaveryspecialspeciesastheirrootsgrowhorizontallyandtherearepneumatophores(respiratoryroots)growingtothesurface.PRESSUREINDICATOR

652ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003AcousticEnvironment

AcousticEnvironmentAutomaticStationsComparedwiththestatisticsobtainedin2001,theLeqrecordedattheHortaeCostastationandtheBragaStreetstationin2002areaboutthesame.ThedifferencebetweentheirmonthlyaverageLeqislessthan1dB(A).dB(A)JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecdB(A)JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003536MacaoEnvironmentalNoiseMonitoringProjectSince2001,theEnvironmentCouncilhasbeencarryingouttheMacaoEnvironmentalNoiseMonitoringProject,inordertoidentifythefeaturesofdifferenttypesofenvironmentalnoiseinMacao,soastoseekeffectivemethodstoreducetheimpactofnoiseandtoprovideeffectivestatisticsforfurtherimprovementofthenoiseregulations.Thisprojectcomprisestwomajorparts.Thefirstpartistoconductautomatically24-hourcontinuousnoisemonitoringataseriesofpermanentstations,includingHortaeCostaAvenue(forroadtrafficnoise),BragaStreet(forambientnoise)andVenceslaudeMoraisAvenue(forindustrialandresidentialnoise).Thesecondpartistocarryoutshorttermbutcomprehensive24-hourcontinuousnoisemonitoringbyamobilestationatvariouslocationsinMacao.6.1NoiseMonitoringandAmbientNoiseFigure6.1ComparisonofdailyLeq(monthlyaverage)betweenHortaeCostastationandBragaStreetstation(Source:EC,2003)STATEINDICATOR787674727068666462605856Figure6.2HourlyLeq(monthlyaverage)atHortaeCostastationin2002(Source:EC,2003)STATEINDICATOR79787776757473727170Figure6.3HourlyLeq(monthlyaverage)atBragaStreetstationin2002(Source:EC,2003)STATEINDICATOR68676665646362612001,HortaeCostastation2002,HortaeCostastation2001,BragaStreetstation2002,BragaStreetstation24hoursDaytime(8h-20h)Night-time(20h-8h)Evening(20h-24h)Midnight(24h-8h)24hoursDaytime(8h-20h)Night-time(20h-8h)Evening(20h-24h)Midnight(24h-8h)dB(A)JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

AcousticEnvironment54ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003Comparingwithstatisticsof2001and2002inFigure6.5,itcouldbeclearlynotedthattheLeqvaluesattheBragaStreetstationdropfrom24:00to06:00,yetriseattherestofthetimes.MobileStationIn2002,theEnvironmentCouncilhasbasicallycompletedthemeasurementat120locationsinMacaoPeninsulawiththemobilestation.ThemonitoringmethodistodivideMacaoPeninsulaintogridsof250mx250mandthemobilestationisplacedateachgridfor24-hourcontinuousnoisemonitoringoverseveraldays.TheMacaoPeninsulamonitoringresultsshowthattheaverageLeq(24hr)valueofthe120monitoringlocationsis66.3dB(A),L10(24hr)is68.3dB(A),L50(24hr)is61.1dB(A),L90(24hr)is51.8dB(A),andL95(24hr)is50.0dB(A).ItshouldbenotedthatsincetheaverageL95value(whichrepresentsthebackgroundnoise)is50dB(A),thereisadifferenceof16.3dB(A)comparedwiththeLeqof66.3dB(A).Thisrevealsthesoundpressurelevelof5%ofthetimeplaysasignificantroleinrelationtotheoverallambientnoiselevel.Figure6.4HourlyLeq(annualaverage)atHortaeCostastation(Source:EC,2003)STATEINDICATOR0:00-1:001:00-2:002:00-3:003:00-4:004:00-5:005:00-6:006:00-7:007:00-8:008:00-9:009:00-10:0010:00-11:0011:00-12:0012:00-13:0013:00-14:0014:00-15:0015:00-16:0016:00-17:0017:00-18:0018:00-19:0019:00-20:0020:00-21:0021:00-22:0022:00-23:0023:00-24:00807876747270686664620012002dB(A)TimeperiodsFigure6.5HourlyLeq(annualaverage)atBragaStreetstation(Source:EC,2003)STATEINDICATOR0:00-1:001:00-2:002:00-3:003:00-4:004:00-5:005:00-6:006:00-7:007:00-8:008:00-9:009:00-10:0010:00-11:0011:00-12:0012:00-13:0013:00-14:0014:00-15:0015:00-16:0016:00-17:0017:00-18:0018:00-19:0019:00-20:0020:00-21:0021:00-22:0022:00-23:0023:00-24:00686664626058565420012002dB(A)TimeperiodsFigure6.6AmbientnoisemonitoringresultsofMacaoPeninsula(Source:EC,2003)STATEINDICATOR00-0101-0202-0303-0404-0505-0606-0707-0808-0909-1010-1111-1212-1313-1414-1515-1616-1717-1818-1919-2020-2121-2222-2323-247570656055504540dB(A)TimeperiodsAverageLeqAverageL95

AcousticEnvironmentReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003556Figure6.7NoisemeasurementlocationofMacaoPeninsula(Source:EC,2003)KilometersMacaoPeninsulaHortaeCostaAvenueBragaStreetVenceslaudeMoraisAvenueLocationofMobileMonitoringStationTrafficAmbientTraffic/IndustrialLocationofAutomaticMonitoringStationsCharacteristics

56ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003AcousticEnvironment************Leq,T*************(T)*************************************L10*****10%***********************L95*****95%********************6Themeasurementresultsalsoshowthatatcertainmonitoringzones,nomatterindaytimeornighttime,thedifferencebetweentheL10andtheL90islarge.Thissuggeststhatthefluctuationoftransientnoiseisgreatandisfrequentlycausedbyroadtraffic.Moreover,thestatisticsobtainedfromboththepermanentorthemobilestationsindicatethattheambientnoisepatternofMacaoPeninsula-theLeqisrelativelylowerfrom2hto6h;whileitgetshigherandhigherrapidlyfrom7handremainssteadyafter9huntilapproximately19h.Thentheleveltendstodecreasegradually(Figure6.6).AnotherspecialfeatureofambientnoiseofMacaoPeninsulaisthatthedifferencebetweentheLeqatdaytimeandatFREQUENTLYUSEDAMBIENTNOISEPARAMETERSANDTHEIRINDICATIONSNoisemeasurementDefinitionsIndicationsparametersLeq,TLeq,TisthesoundpressurelevelofacontinuoussteadyIntensityofnoiseduringthesoundthat,withinameasurementtimeintervalT,hasmeasurementtimethesamemean-squaresoundpressureasasoundunderconsiderationwhoselevelvarieswithtime.L10Noiseexceedingthesoundpressurelevelfor10%ofNoiselevelwithrelativelyhigherthemeasurementtime.intensityduringthemeasurementtimeL95Noiseexceedingthesoundpressurelevelfor95%ofBackgroundnoiseduringthethemeasurementtime.measurementtimenighttimeisrelativelysmall.Thedifference(Ld-Ln)recordedatthe120monitoringpointsisapproximately4dB(A),whichisfarlowerthanthe10dB(A)differenceincomparisontosomeinternationalstandards.ThiscouldbeaccountedforthedensepopulationandthelivingenvironmentofMacaoPeninsula.Atnighttime,ambientnoisefromeveroperatingequipmentsanddenselylivingenvironmentstillremainatacertainlevelalthoughtheinfluenceoftrafficnoisedecreases.Forroughestimation,accordingtotheaverage24-hourLeq,23.3%oftheMacaoPeninsularesidentsliveundertheLeqof70dB(A):approximately43.3%atdaytime(8hto20h)and7.5%atnighttime(20hto8h)(Figure6.8).

Note:Type0Forrehabilitationareas,high-classvillas,hotelsandareasthatspeciallyrequirequietnessandtranquility.Forsuburbanandruralareas,astandardofless5dBwillbeimplemented.Type1Forresidentialquarters,culturalandeducationareas:Referencecouldbemadetothistypeforruralresidentialquarters.Type2Foramixtureofresidential,commercialandindustrialareas.Type3Forindustrialareas.Type4Forareasatbothsidesofmainroadsofacity,andareasatbothsidesofwaterwaysrunningthroughacity.Referenceshouldbemadetothistypeforbackgroundnoiselevel(noiselevelwhenrailwaysarenotinuse)ofareasatbothsidesofmainandminorrailwaysacrossthecity.STANDARDOFENVIRONMENTALNOISEOFURBANAREAOFTHEPEROPLE'SREPUBLICOFCHINA(GB3096-93)TypesDaytimeNight-timeLAeqdBLAeqdB0504015545260503655547055Figure6.8EstimatedpercentageofMacaoPeninsularesidentsexposedtovariousnoiselevelsatdifferenttime(Source:EC,2003)STATEINDICATORTime:Night-time(20hto08h)<75,>=70dB(A)23.3%<50,>=45dB(A)0.8%<55,>=50dB(A)1.7%<60,>=55dB(A)7.5%<65,>=60dB(A)23.3%<70,>=65dB(A)43.3%Time:Averagevalueof24hoursTime:Daytime(08hto20h)<75,>=70dB(A)40%>=75dB(A)3.3%<55,>=50dB(A)0.8%<60,>=55dB(A)7.5%<65,>=60dB(A)20.8%<70,>=65dB(A)27.5%<75,>=70dB(A)7.5%<50,>=45dB(A)1.7%<60,>=55dB(A)20.0%<65,>=60dB(A)25.8%<70,>=65dB(A)42.5%<55,>=50dB(A)2.5%<70,>=65dB(A)31.7%<75,>=70dB(A)3.3%<50,>=45dB(A)0.8%<55,>=50dB(A)7.5%<60,>=55dB(A)24.2%<65,>=60dB(A)31.7%<45,>=40dB(A)0.8%Time:Midnight(24hto08h)Time:Evening(20hto24h)<75,>=70dB(A)18.3%<50,>=45dB(A)0.8%<60,>=55dB(A)12.5%<65,>=60dB(A)25.8%<70,>=65dB(A)39.2%<55,>=50dB(A)3.3%NoiseMeasurementatDaytimeTheCivic&MunicipalAffairsBureau(CMAB)continuedtocarryoutshorttermdaytimenoisemeasurementat29pointsin2002.Accordingtotheinformationprovided,17pointsarerecordedwithanaverageLeqgreaterthan70dB(A)for2002.Thenumbergoesdownslightlyby2comparedwith2001.ItisonlyattheBombeirosSquareatTaipathattherecordedaverageLeqexceeds75dB(A),reaching77.2dB(A).ThedifferencebetweentheLeqandtheL95(backgroundnoise)levelisrelativelylarge(3.9dB(A)-16.7dB(A))atallmeasurementpoints.AcousticEnvironmentFigure6.9LeqandL95valueateachmonitoringpointin2002(Source:CMAB,2003)STATEINDICATOR80.075.070.065.060.055.050.045.040.035.061014224629132638182201516212312259191772724111528dB(A)MonitoringpointsReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200357L95Leq

58ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003AcousticEnvironment6NoiseMonitoringPoints(Source:CMAB,2003)MACAOTAIPA2528272226212324298121861654113191521317914171020COLOANEMonitoringPointsLocationCharacteristicsTaipaandColoane21Dr.CarlosA.C.PaesheavytrafficD'AssumpçãoRoundabout,Taipa22Dr.SunYatSenRoundabout,Taipaheavytraffic23OceanGardensAvenue,Taipaschool24BragançaStreet,Taipaschool25StadiumRoundabout,Taipaheavytraffic/residential26SengTouStreet,Taipaschool27OuvidorArriagaRoundabout,Taipaheavytraffic28BombeirosSquare,Taipaheavytraffic29PresidenteAntónioRamalhoEanesheavytrafficSquare,ColoaneMonitoringPointsLocationCharacteristicsM1VenceslaudeMoraisAvenueheavytraffic/industrial2IaoHonMarketGardenleisure/residential/commercial3GeneralCasteloBrancoAvenuecommercial/industrial/residential4CamõesGardenSquareleisure/residential/commercial5PonteeHortaSquareresidential/commercial/heavytraffic6SenadoPlazaleisure/commercial7CampoStreetheavytraffic/residential/commercial8AlmiranteCostaCabralAvenueheavytraffic/residential/commercial91stOctoberSquareresidential/commercial10PenhaGardenresidential/leisure11HortaeCostaAvenueheavytraffic/commercial/residential12AdolfoLoureiroRoadresidential/commercial131stMayAvenueheavytraffic/residential14Dr.CarlosD.AssumpçãoSquareresidential/commercial15LeiPouChônStreetresidential/heavytraffic/commercial16PraiaGrandeAvenueheavytraffic/leisure17AmizadeAvenueheavytraffic/commercial18IgrejadeS.LázaroStreetcommercial/residential19ConselheiroBorjaAvenuetraffic/school20BarraStreetresidential/leisure

MonitoringPointsComparedwith2001,anincreaseintheaverageLeqofover2dB(A)isrecordedat3monitoringpointsin2002,namelyIaoHonMarketGarden,PonteeHortaSquareandPraiaGrandeAvenue;whileadecreaseintheaverageLeqofover3dB(A)isrecordedatanother6monitoringpoints:AlmiranteCostaCabralAvenue,PenhaGarden,Dr.CarlosD'AssumpoSquare,LeiPouChônStreet,Dr.SunYatSenRoundaboutatTaipaandOceanGardensAvenueatTaipa.AcousticEnvironmentReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200359Figure6.10AnnualchangesofLeqvaluesatmonitoringpointsofMacaoPeninsula(Source:CMAB,2003)STATEINDICATOR807060504030201001234567891011121314151617181920Figure6.11AnnualchangesofL95atmonitoringpointsofMacaoPeninsula(Source:CMAB,2003)STATEINDICATORSTATEINDICATOR9080706050403020100ThereareregularhelicopterfleetsservingbetweenMacao,HongKongandShenzhendaily.Inanattempttoinvestigatethenoiselevelsofhelicopteroperations,in2002,theCivilAviationAuthoritycarriedoutanoiseassessmentforhelicopteroperationinMacaothroughaconsultantagency.TheassessmentwasconductedinNovember2002.A3-daynoisemeasurementwascarriedoutatthreelocationsneartheheliportduringservicehours.ThelevelsofAnnoyancefromAircraftNoisepublishedbytheUKCivilAviationAuthorityin1992wasadoptedintheassessment.AccordingtotheresearchbytheUKCivilAviationAuthorityin1992,theSoundExposureLevel(SEL)below90dB(A)producedbyaircraftpass-byeventsisunlikelytoproducesleepdisturbance.IfSELisbetween90dB(A)and100dB(A),thechanceoftheaveragepersonbeingawakeis1in75.SincetheSELvaluesrecordedforbotharrivalsanddeparturesofhelicoptersarelowerthan90dB(A)inthisstudy,itcouldbeconcludedthattherewasarelativelylowerprobabilityforhelicopterarrivalsanddeparturestocausesleepdisturbanceatthesethreeselectedmeasuringlocationsduringthemeasurementperiod.6.2NoiseAssessmentofHelicopterOperationinMacao212223242526272829Figure6.12AnnualchangesofLeqatmonitoringpointsofTaipaandColoane(Source:CMAB,2003)6Leq(1999)Leq(2000)Leq(2001)Leq(2002)L95(1999)L95(2000)L95(2001)L95(2002)Leq(1999)Leq(2000)Leq(2001)Leq(2002)dB(A)dB(A)dB(A)MonitoringPointsMonitoringPoints807060504030201001234567891011121314151617181920Figure6.13AnnualchangesofL95atmonitoringpointsofTaipaandColoane(Source:CMAB,2003)STATEINDICATOR706050403020100212223242526272829L95(1999)L95(2000)L95(2001)L95(2002)dB(A)MonitoringPoints

AcousticEnvironment60ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003increaseinthenumberofcomplaintsfor"Interiordecorativeworks"and"Constructionandengineeringworks"(Figure6.16).Ingeneral,thenumberofnoisecomplaintsfor"Musicandkaraoke"hasdroppeddramatically.Itshowsthattoacertainextent,thecontroloflicensingandthelegislationimplementingmeasuresoftheamusementsareeffective.However,itshouldalsobenotedthatastherecoveringofconstructionandtherealestateindustries,thenumberofnoisecomplaintsfor"Interiordecorativeworks"and"Constructionandengineeringworks"isincreasingandtherefore,appropriatecontrolmeasuresshouldbeadopted.Asforcomplaintsregarding"Conservation"and"Mahjong",whicharetypicalfeaturesofdenselypopulatedareas,promotionsandcivileducationforpublicawarenesstoreducenoiseshouldbeenforced.****Itshouldbenotedthatthereisasharpdecreaseinthenumberofcomplaintsabout"Musicandkaraoke"in2002;however,thenumberofcomplaintsreportedatnighttimefor"Conversationandshouting","Mahjong","Machines","Interiordecorativeworks","Constructionandengineeringworks"increasessignificantlywhencomparedwiththefiguresof2001(Figure6.15).Atdaytime,thereisalsoanobvious*"Musicandkaraoke"includeskaraokemusic,residentialmusic,commercialmusicandoutdoormusicFigure6.15Classificationofnoisecomplaintsatnighttime(20h-8h)reportedtoPDin2001and2002(Source:"Lotus"MagazineontheEnvironment,EC,2003)Thenoiseannoyancetopublicgenerallydependsonone'ssensitivitytodifferentnoisetypes.Therefore,itishelpfultocollectandanalyzethenoisecomplaintstovariousdepartmentsinordertorecognizetheconcernednoiseannoyancesorsourcesoftheresidentssothatappropriatenoiseabatementmeasuresmayalsobeadoptedtoimprovequalityoflife.In2002,thePoliceDepartment(PD),theEnvironmentCouncilandtheCivic&MunicipalAffairsBureaureceived2,155,31and78noisecomplaints(atotalnumberof2,264)respectively.PDhasreceived2,155noisecomplaintsin2002andisstillthemostpopularchannelfornoisecomplaints.Adecreaseof728complaints(about25%)wasrecordedincomparisonwiththe2,883complaintsin2001.Thecategoriessuchas"Musicandkaraoke"(including"Residentialmusic","Outdoormusic","Commercialmusic"and"Karaoke")havesignificantlydecreasedbyabout68%.Thisisprobablyduetoadropinnumberofrepeatedcomplaintstothesamekaraokebarorpub.82%ofthecomplaintsatnighttimearereportedfrom20hto8h,whichconstitutethemajorportion;showingadecreaseof30%whencomparedwiththefiguresof2001.Themajornoisecomplaintsinclude:"Conversationandshouting","Residentialmusic","Mahjong","Interiordecorativeworks","Commercialmusic",and"Karaoke".Atdaytime,mostnoisecomplaintsaredueto"Interiordecorativeworks","Constructionandengineeringworks","Residentialmusic",and"Mahjong",whichconstitute18%ofthetotalnumberofcomplaints,representinganincreaseof11%comparedtothefiguresof2001.6.3NoiseComplaints6NumberofComplaintsDaytimeNighttimeSTATEINDICATOR3000250020001500100050001996199719981999200020012002Figure6.14NoisecomplaintsreceivedbythePoliceDepartment(Source:"Lotus"MagazineontheEnvironment,EC,2003)STATEINDICATOR1,60080070060050040030020010005463052241098335252826314718301751813530322559111No.ofcasesin2001No.ofcasesin20024271,603*MusicandKaraokeConversiationandshoutingMahjongInteriordecorativeworksVehiclesAnimalsConstructionandengineeringworksTelevisionMachinesAlarmPlayingHemmeringGamblingWorkFirecrackersOthers471

AcousticEnvironmentReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200361*"MusicandKaraoke"includeskaraokemusic,residentialmusic,commercialmusicandoutdoormusicFigure6.16Comparisonofdifferentdaytime(8h-20h)noisecomplaintsreportedtoPDin2001and2002(Source:"Lotus"MagazineontheEnvironment,EC,2003)STATEINDICATOR25020015010050021718554715124201014852311621724TheEnvironmentCouncilreceived31noisecomplaintsin2002.Thereare10for"Air-conditioningandventilation",7arefor"Industrialworks",3for"Karaoke",3for"Constructionworks",2for"Mahjong",andtheremaining6for"Restaurants","Alarms","Neighbors"andsoon.Noiseisaphysicalpollution.Unlikebiologicalorchemicalpollutions,inwhichthepollutedenvironmentwillonlyberecoveredafteraperiodoftimeortheremovalofthesource,theimpactofnoisetotheenvironmentwillbeeliminatedoncethenoisedisappears.Therefore,itisnecessarytoanalyzethenatureofthedifferentnoisesourcesinordertohaveaneffectivecontrol.Frommostofthecomplaints,itisnotedthat"Musicandkaraoke","Mahjong","Conversationandshouting"andsoonarethemajorcausesofnoisecomplaints.Inordertoreducenoisepollution,long-termpromotionsofcivilandenvironmentaleducationshouldbecarriedoutforpublicawarenesstowardthenoiseproblems,toencouragepeopleandneighborstoadoptanunderstandingattitudeandtopursueaharmoniclivingenvironment.Noisepollutioncouldbesolvedeffectivelybytheadoptionoflawsandregulations,issuinglicensepoliciesandrigorousimplementationoflegislation.Fornoisecausedbycommercialandindustrialactivities,especially,ithasbeenprovedthatcontrolmeasuressuchaslicenseissuingandimplementationoflegislationareeffective.Throughtherevisionoflegislationforenvironmentalnoise,itisbelievedthattheproblemscouldbebettercontrolled.Moreover,astheconstructionindustryandtherealestateindustryprosper,thenumberofnoisecomplaintsfor"Interiordecorativeworks"and"Constructionandengineeringworks"willbeincreasing.Inthelongrun,gradualeliminationofmechanicalequipmentthatproducesloudnoiseshouldbeconsidered.Macaoisasmallanddenselypopulatedcitywithheavytrafficandhigh-risebuildingswherenoise,suchastrafficnoise,cannotbeeliminatedeasily.Thisphenomenoncouldberevealedfromthelong-termenvironmentalnoisemonitoring.Asidefrominstallingnoisebarriersandresurfacingstreetsandroadswithnoiseabsorbingmaterials,perfectingmeasuresformanagementandprovisionsoftrafficandvehiclescouldalsohelptoabatetheoverallnoisepollution.6.4NoiseAbatementMeasures6No.ofcasesin2001No.ofcasesin2002InteriordecorativeworksConstructionandengineeringworksMusicandKaraokeConversationandshoutingMahjongHammeringDogbarksMachinesPlayingAlarmOthersFigure6.18CategoriesofnoisecomplaintsreceivedbyPDin2002(Source:"Lotus"MagazineontheEnvironment,EC,2003)STATEINDICATORConversationandshouting28%Machinesandhammering3%Interiordecorativeworks15%ResidentialmusicandTV17%Others7%Outdoormusic1%Vehicles1%Animals1%Constructionandengineeringworks5%Commercialmusicandkaraoke7%Mahjong15%Figure6.17NoisecomplaintsreportedtoPDpermonthin2002(Source:"Lotus"MagazineontheEnvironment,EC,2003)STATEINDICATOR3503002502001501005001769516720313736124835236076699919202325333620924324071NighttimeDaytimeReportednumberofcomplaintsJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec

762ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003EnvironmentalManagement

3,0002,0001,00080070060050040030020010002,1161,000450,000400,000350,000300,000250,000200,000150,000100,00050,0000RESPONSEINDICATOR2,310,313330,7671,330,084828,081827,872835,334370,769816,070639,2081,289,189PhysicalPlanningandEnvironmentGeneralServicesofPublicAdministrationPublicSafetyEducationHousingSocialWelfareHealthOtherPublicandSocialServicesEconomyServicesOthers(exceptPlanningandEnvironment)RESPONSEINDICATOREnvironmentalManagementReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200363Figure7.2Evolutionofpublicexpenditurebysectorsince1990(Source:FSB,2003)In2002,investmentsspentonplanningandenvironmentamountedtoMOP$330,767,000,respresenting3.5%ofthetotalpublicadministrationexpenditure.7.1InvestmentsandExpensesonEnvironmentalManagementTheinputofhardwareandfacilitiesandtheperfectionofregulationsmaynotbeenoughtoachievethegoalofcontinuousimprovementontheenvironment.Inaddition,environmentaleducationshouldbecarriedouttoimprovepublicawarenessonenvironmentalprotection.Citizens'commentsandsuggestionsshouldbelistenedcarefully,inter-regionalandinternationalcooperationshouldbestrengthened,environmentalmanagementandgreenenterprisesshouldalsobeencouragedinordertoachievethegoal.Detailsoftheabovearediscussedinthischapter.%oftotalexpenditureExpenditure(thousandMOP)Figure7.3Publicexpenditure(inthousandMOP)in"PhysicalPlanningandEnvironment"(Source:FSB,2003)Figure7.1Publicexpenditure(inthousandMOP)bysectorin2002(Source:FSB,2003)Index(1990=100)PhysicalPlanningandEnvironmentIndustryCommunicationsTourismAdministration,RegulationsandResearchTransportInfrastructureTotalPhysicalplanningandenvironment%ofannualexpenditureonphysicalplanningandenvironmentRESPONSEINDICATOR

Inordertoraisepublicawarenessfortheenvironment,promotionalandeducationalactivitiesareorganized.Thegovernment'sultimategoalistoenhancecitizen'sconcernandsenseofresponsibilityforenvironmentalprotection.Applicationforthe"ChampionsoftheEarth"awardfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgram(UNEP)InordertouplifttheoverallenvironmentalprotectionlevelofMacaoandraisethepublic'sconcernandinvolvementinenvironmentalprotection,theMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionhasbeenendeavoringfortheapplicationforthe"Global500RollofHonor"awardfromtheUNEP."ChampionsoftheEarth",whichreplacesthe"Global500RollofHonor",isanewglobalenvironmentawardestablishedEnvironmentalManagement64ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200377.2EnvironmentAwarenessandEducationbytheUNEPin2003.Candidateswillberewardedfortheircreativity,visionandleadership,andthepotentialoftheirworkandideasforreplicationacrosstheglobe.The"ChampionsoftheEarth"awardwillbegrantedtowinnerswithoutstandingachievementsandleadershipinprotectingandimprovingtheenvironment.Throughtheapplicationfortheglobalenvironmentalprotectionaward,theMSARgovernmentintendstoenhancethegeneralenvironmentalprotectionlevelaswellastogathersupportandparticipationfromthewholesociety.Encouragementforpeople'sinvolvementinenvironmentalprotectionandeducationalactivitiesEnvironmentalstatisticsof2002showthat99,981participantshavetakenpartinatotalnumberof176activitieswith126co-organizingentities.

7ActivitiesGreenWeek•"GreeningEnvironmentCompetition2002"•Seminaron"NatureandEcology"•"EnvironmentandLove"campaign•TreePlantingDay:treeplantingandplantdistributioncampaignEarthDay•"ABrightFuture,Eco-Driving"campaign•"WalkforaCleanEnvironment"•"Green-family-funDay"campaign•"Let'sCometoKnowRecycledPaper"campaign•VisittoKáHópowerplant•"YouthAmbassadorsforEnvironmentalProtection"campaignWalkfor"WorldNoTobaccoDay"WorldEnvironmentDay•"GreenCommunity,EnvironmentallyfriendlyLife"campaignlaunchedinMacao,Zhongshan,HongKong,Guangzhou,Shenzhen,ZhuhaiandDongguan•"GreenCommunity,EnvironmentallyfriendlyLife"Games•CoverDesignContestforReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao•WorldEnvironmentDayOn-lineGame•Summercourseforteachersonenvironmentandeducation•EnvironmentandScienceSummerCamp"Macao,aCleanCity"campaignTable7.2Majoreducationalactivitiesonenvironment(Source:EC,CMAB,2003)ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200365No.ofparticipantsNo.ofactivities(n.º)Figure7.4EnvironmentaleducationactivitiesorganizedbyECandCMAB(Source:StatisticsontheEnvironment,SCS,2003)EnvironmentalManagementRESPONSEINDICATOR9008007006005004003002001000300,000250,000200,000150,000100,00050,0000200220012000199919981997Table7.2showssomeofthemajorenvironmentalactivitiesheldin2002.ActivitiesParticipantsReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002(BookandCD-Rom)Videoproductionof"MacaoEvolvingtoaSustainableDevelopment"(Cantonese,Mandarin,PortugueseandEnglish)Lotus,MagazineontheEnvironment-Volumes20and21:SustainableDevelopmentandGreenEnterprises-Volume22:PopulationandEnvironmentEnvironmentalSeries:AirQualityinMacaoReferencematerialsoninternationalconventionsandregionalagreementregardingenvironmentalprotection-extractsfromOfficialBulletinTable7.1PromotionalmaterialsandpublicationsofECin2002(Source:EC,2003)AfterthelaunchoftheEnvironmentCouncil(EC)Chinesewebsite,itisnowavailablethePortugueseandEnglishwebsitesin2002.ThaNatureWeboftheCivicandMunicipalAffairsBureau(CMAB)isalsopublicized.ThepubliccannowaccessthroughtheInternetforfurtherenvironmentalinformation.Basedonthevariousenvironmentalmonitoringtasksandprojects,theEnvironmentalGeographicInformationSystemofMacaoisbeingdevelopedandimprovedforthebetterenvironmentaldatacollectionandinformationmanagementinMacao.PromotionalMaterialsandPublicationsoftheEnvironmentCouncilin2002

EnvironmentalManagement66ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20037In2002,theMacaoProductivityandTechnologyTransferCenter(CPTTM)organized3seminarsandtrainingcoursesonenvironmentalmanagementsystemwithabout110participants.Inaddition,ECalsointroducesenvironmentallegislationsinMacaotolocalenterprisesanddepartments.In2002,theEnvironmentInformationCenteratFloraGarden,MongHáandTaipaGrandereceived82,352visitorswhiletheWastewaterTreatmentPlantsandtheMacaoIncinerationPlantreceived1,967visitors.Thesefacilitiesnotonlyplayanimportantroleinreducingpollutions,butalsoactasenvironmentaleducationcentersforthepublic.No.ofparticipantsNo.ofcoursesandseminarsFigure7.6Coursesandseminarsonenvironmentalmanagementsystem(Source:CPTTM,2003)Inordertohelpteacherscarryoutenvironmentaleducationandpromotionworkseffectivelyatschools,a"SummerCourseforTeachersonEnvironmentandEducation"isco-organizedbytheEducationandYouthAffairsBureau(EYAB)andtheECfortheteachersfromdifferentsecondaryschools,primaryschoolsandkindergartens.Besides,schoolsarealsoencouragedtopromotevariousenvironmentaleducationprojects.Itisreflectedthatcertainschoolsputenvironmentalprotectionastheircoreforeducationalprogramswhileothersintegrateenvironmentalprotectionintotheoriginalcurriculum.In2002,CMABorganizedactivitiesforwasteclassificationandrecycling.Atotalof53,755kgofpaper,3,175kgofplasticbottlesand9,471aluminumcansarereceivedforrecycling.Moreover,thereisagrowthinthenumberofparticipatingorganizationscomparedto2001.Thenumberofparticipatingresidentialbuildingsinthisactivityreaches105.RESPONSEINDICATOR108642030025020015010050020022001200019991998CoursesandseminarsNo.ofparticipantsRESPONSEINDICATORNo.ofvisitors1,8001,6001,4001,2001,0008006004002000Figure7.5NumberandtypesofvisitorstotheWWTPsandMIP(Source:GDI,2003)199920002001200219992000200120021999200020012002MacaoWWTPTaipaWWTPMIPAssociationsProfessionalsStudents

Publicawarenessandresponsibilitiesforthepursueofbetterqualityoflifemayberevealedthroughthesuggestionsandcomplaintsmadetorelevantdepartmetns.In2002,ECreceives31noisecomplaints,43airpollutioncomplaints(includingcookingfumeemissions),and4environmentalhygienecomplaints.AsforthecomplaintsreceivedbyCMAB,78complaintsarefornoise,83forcookingfumeemissions,14forwastewatereffluentsand605forwasteandrelatedmatters.Another1,586environmentalhygienerelatedcomplaints,suchasmice,publicwashrooms,anddenguefeverofvacantconstructionsitesarealsoreported.ItshouldbenotedthatthePoliceDepartmentisstillthemajorchannelfornoisecomplaints.Thenumberofnoisecomplaintsreceivedin2002is2,155,whichmarksadecreaseof728comparedtothe2,883complaintsreportedin2001.Thedecreaseisapproximately25%.(See"NoiseEnvironment"fordetails.)7.3PublicInvolvementCo-operationandexchangearelaunchedbothregionallyandinternationallyin2002inaspectofenvironmentalprotection.The"Joint-liaisonGroupfortheEnvironmentalCo-operation",agroupwithinthe"Joint-liaisonGroupfortheMacaoSARandGuangdongProvinceCo-operation",continuestodiscussextensivelyontheissuesregardingthepromotionandeducationofenvironmentalprotection,thetrainingofenvironmentalprotectionprofessionals,aswellasthecontrolofwaterpollutioncausedbywaterhyacinthsetc.RepresentativesoftheMSARhavejoinedtheChinaDelegationsandattendedtheWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmentheldatJohannesburg,SouthAfricainAugustof2002.TheEChaslaunchedthe"GreenCommunity,EnvironmentallyfriendlyLife"campaignin2002togetherwithShenzhen,HongKong,Guangzhou,Zhuhai,ZhongshanandDongguantostrengthentheenvironmentalprotectioncooperationbetweenMacaoanditsneighboringregions.Inaddition,the"ProtocolfortheCooperationbetweentheEnvironmentCounciloftheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaandtheInstitutefortheEnvironmentofMinistryofCity,TerritoryandEnvironmentoftheRepublicofPortugal"issignedinSeptember2002,aimingforbetterresourcesharingforenvironmentalprotectionprojects,especiallyintheexchangeofpublicationsandenvironmentalinformationdatabase,technicalassistanceforprofessionalreportsandresearchprojectsaswellastechnicaltrainingandsoon.ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003677.4RegionalCo-operationandInternationalExchangeNoise37%RESPONSEINDICATOROthers6%Environmentalhygiene5%Air52%Denguefeverofvacantconstructionsites29.5%Figure7.8DistributionofenvironmentalrelatedcomplaintsreportedtotheCMABin2002(Source:CMAB,2003)RESPONSEINDICATOROthers5.3%Mice15.2%Air-conditionerdrippings26.4%PublicWashrooms1.0%Cookingfume2.4%Noise2.3%Waste17.5%Wastewater0.4%Figure7.7EnvironmentalrelatedcomplaintsreportedtotheECin2002(Source:EC,2003)EnvironmentalManagement7

EnvironmentalManagementIn2002,thereare6enterprisesinMacaoawardedtheISO14001environmentalmanagementsystemcertification,whichisremarkableasitisthehighestnumberofcertificationsobtainedinoneyearsincethefirstcertificationobtainedin1999.Altogetherthereare9organizationsincludingindustrialproduction,construction,engineering,telecommunicationmaintenanceandservice,wastewatertreatment,garmentproduction,aviationmanagementthatareawardedwiththecertification.Meanwhile,severalenterprisesareintheprocessofapplication."MacaoGreenHotelsProject"Macaoisatourismcity.Iftheconceptandprincipleofgreenhotelsiswidelyadopted,impactsontheenvironmentwillbeminimizedandMacao'simageasahealthyandgreencitywillalsobeestablished.Therefore,ECinitiatedthe"MacaoGreenHotelsProject"in2002andthefirstphaseistocarryouttheMacaoHotelEnvironmentalSurvey.37hotelsandguesthousesweresurveyed.Thesurveywasmainlyconductedthroughpostalquestionnaireandsupplementedwithfieldinterviews,aimingatcollectinginformationonenvironmentallyfriendlymeasuresadoptedbyhotels,environmentalprograms,supportsneededinenvironmentalmanagementandhotels'interestinparticipationofenvironmentalevents.Theresponserateofquestionnaireswas78%and9ofthehotelsandguesthousesreturningquestionnaireswerefurthervisitedandinterviewed.7.5EnvironmentalManagementandGreenEnterprisesPlatform7cooperatewithenergyservicecompanytosaveupenergyexpensesforcompensatingtheirinvestment.Asforwatersaving,notmorethan45%oftherespondentsnotethattheyinstalledwater-savingfeaturesonfaucetsandtoiletryfacilities.Onerespondentreportedtheinstallationanduseofawastewatertreatmentsystem.Intermsofwasterecycling,52%oftherespondentsexpressthattheyrecyclepaper.Fewerrespondentsrecyclealuminumcans,carboncartridges,plasticproducts,plastics/styrofoam,oldfurnitureandsoon.However,norespondentsclaimthattheyrecyclefoodwasteorusedcookingoil.Asforairquality,theproblemstillliesinairemissionsassociatedwiththeuseofolderboilersutilizingheavyfueloil.Noisereductionorabsorptionfacilitiesareinstalledinsomehotels.48%oftherespondentsindicatethattheydonothaveanybudgetongreenpurchasing;27%revealthattheyspendapproximately10%orlessoftheirtotalpurchasingexpensesonenvironmentalproducts.Also,43%oftherespondentsstatethattheydonotinvestonanyenvironmentalprojectsin2002while40%ofthemclaimthatenvironmentalinvestmentstakeupabout10%orlessoftheirtotalexpenses.Accordingtothesurveyresult,nohotelhasyetimplementedtheenvironmentmanagementsystemaccordingtotheISO14001internationalstandards.Butthereare3%to28%oftherespondersindicatethatcertainmajorenvironmentmanagementelementssuchasallocatingenvironmentalresponsibility,carryingoutenvironmentalprotectionplans,evaluatingenvironmentalprotectionperformanceandsoonarealreadyimplemented.Invariousaspectsofenvironmentalprotection,hotelsinMacaomostlyadoptedenergyconservationmeasuresthatcouldreducecost.ThereportedaccumulatedsavingsfromadoptionofenergyconservationmeasuresrangedfromMOP$13to9,195perguestroom.OnephenomenonnotedwasthetendencyofhotelstoOver80%oftherespondentsrevealthatguidebooks,trainingcourses,listsofsuppliersandcontractors,consultancyservices,demonstrationhotels,subsidiesandspecialtaxoffersarethekeyelementstosupportenvironmentalprojectsinhotels.Meanwhile,76%oftherespondentsexpresstheirinterestsinjoiningrelevantenvironmentalseminarsandworkshops.Theabovesurveyshowsthatthehotelindustrygenerallypossessesapositiveattitudetowardsenvironmentalprotection.Someofthesehotelshavealreadytakenstepstominimizetheimpactsontheenvironmentand,inreturn,theyareenjoyingthemeritsoutofit.ItisbelievedthathotelsinMacaowillbemoreenvironmentalorientedwiththesupportslikerelevantguidebooks,trainingactivitiesandseminars.PlatformforGreenEnterprisesThedevelopmentofgreenenterprisesnotonlyprovidestechnicalandmaterialsupporttopollutionprevention,improvementofecologicalenvironmentandpreservationofnaturalresources,butalsocontributestoeconomicdevelopment.68ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003

SinceenvironmentalprotectionisadoptedasoneofthenationalpoliciesofChina,themarketforenvironmentalprotectionproductsishuge.Withtheuniqueculturalbackground,thegeographicaladvantagesandhistoricalfeatures,MacaoisstrivingtobecomeaplatformforChineseandforeigngreenenterprises,especiallyforthemediumandsmall-scaleenterprises.2.UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(1992)isappliedtotheMSARaccordingtoExecutiveOrderno.33/2002of5thJune2002.3.ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesonWildFaunaandFlora(1973)-CITESisappliedtotheMSARaccordingtoExecutiveOrderno.35/2002of5thJune2002.4.ConventiononBiologicalDiversity(1992)isappliedtotheMSARaccordingtoExecutiveOrderno.34/2002of5thJune2002.5.TheBaselConventionontheControlofTransboundaryMovementofHazardousWastesandtheirDisposal(1989)isappliedtotheMSARaccordingtoExecutiveOrderno.32/2002of5thJuneandtheAmendmentstotheBaselConventionisappliedtotheMSARaccordingtoExecutiveOrderno.52/2002of21stAugust2002.6.ThePlantProtectionAgreementfortheAsiaandPacificRegion(1956)isappliedtotheMSARaccordingtoExecutiveOrderno.30/2001of6thJune2001.7TheMSARgovernmenthasbeenactivelyparticipatingininternationalenvironmentalactivitiesandistryingitsbesttoassisttheimplementationoftheprotocolsandconventionsapplicableinMacao,whichincludethefollowings:1.ViennaConventionfortheProtectionoftheOzoneLayer(1985);MontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer(1987);AmendmentstotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer(1990)isappliedtotheMSARaccordingtoExecutiveOrderno.31/2002of5thJune2002.7.6InternationalConventionsandProtocolsReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200369EnvironmentalManagement

AnalysisandRecommendations870ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200371AnalysisandRecommendations8TheanalysisandrecommendationssectionofthisreportconcludesinbriefthechangesonthestateoftheenvironmentofMacao.Recommendationsforsustainabledevelopmentandenvironmentalqualityimprovementarepresented.Itisnecessarytoreducepollutionsandemissionsresultingfromelectricitygeneration.Inordertoreducenitrogenoxidesemission,itisscheduledtoinstallalllow-speeddieselgeneratorswithselectivecatalyticreductionsystemat"Coloane-A"plant;whereasthecombinedcycletechnologyisappliedat"Coloane-B"plant.Asconcludedfromfindingsofquestionnairesurvey,studyonvehicleemissionsatstaticmodeandusinginfraredremotesensingtechnology,itisfoundthatthetop10%ofvehiclestestedbytheremotesensingsystemproducemostoftheairpollutants.Ifmorestringentvehicleemissionsstandardsareadoptedandtheemissionsfromthetop10%ofthevehiclesarecontrolled,emissionsproblemcanbetackled.Thestudyalsosuggeststhatitisessentialtocarryoutregulartestsandmaintenance,especiallyformotorcyclesanddieselvehicles,soastoensurecomplianceofemissionsstandards.Appropriatemeasures,therefore,couldimproveandcontrolvehicleemissions.Somemeasuressuggestedinclude:•toimprovefuelquality;•tostrengthenthemaintenanceofmotorvehiclesaswellastoeliminateandfixvehiclesofpoorperformance;•toestablishvehicleemissionsstandards;•toimprovevehicletestingmethods,forinstance,theuseofdynotesting.AtmosphericEnvironmentAsinpreviousyears,thelevelofrespirablesuspendedparticulatesisconsiderablyhigh.Moreover,thelowpHvaluesindicatethecontinualoccurrenceofacidrain.Althoughlocalpollutionsourcescouldnotbeneglected,theairpollutionalsomainlydependsonthemeteorologicalconditionsaswellasthepollutantsfromthemainland.Intermsofatmosphericemissions,significantchangesareobservedfortheemissionsoflead,methaneandcarbonmonoxide.Theemissionofleadhasbeenreducingsharplysince1996.Thiscanbeaccountedfortheimplementationofrelevantregulationstoimprovefuelquality.Theemissionofmethanehasalsobeendecreasingsince1992duetotheestablishmentofthedomesticsolidwasteincinerationsystem.Inaddition,theincreasingnumberofgasolinelightvehiclesinstalledwithcatalyticconvertersalsoresultsinsignificantreductionincarbonmonoxideemission.Withadvancedtransporttechnology,theemissionofnon-methanevolatileorganiccompoundsisbecomingstableinrecentyears.Theemissionofparticulates(totalsuspendedparticulatesandrespirablesuspendedparticulateswithadiameteroflessthan10µm)hasalsoimproved.However,theemissionofsulfuroxides,nitrogenoxides,nitrousoxide,carbondioxideandgreenhousegaseshavebeenincreasingandthisisduetotheconsumptionoffossilfuel,theincreaseinelectricitygenerationandthewastewatertreatmentprocess.AccordingtoExecutiveOrderNo.49/2000of7thAugust,thesulfurcontentofthecommerciallightdieselformotorvehiclesinMacaoshouldnotexceed0.05%byweight.However,thedecreaseinsulfuremissionisnotassignificantasleademissionsinceatremendousamountofsuchpollutantsareproducedfromelectricitygeneration.ManagementofDrinkingWater,CoastalandBathingWaterandWastewaterChlorideconcentrationofdrinkingwaterdoesnotexceedtheMaximumPermissibleValue(MPV)standardof200mgCl/lin2002.Asforaluminumconcentration,severaldataexceedthe0.2mgAl/lMPV.Theresultshowsthatspecialattentionshouldbedrawntotheprocessofdrinkingwatertreatment,suchasadjustingthepHlevelduringchemicalcoagulationprocessoravoidingexcessivedosageofcoagulantsoastocontrolthealuminumconcentrationofdrinkingwater.Ingeneral,waterqualityofthedistributionnetworkofMacaoPeninsula,TaipaandColoanereachthepotablewaterstandardin2002.However,measuresandpoliciesshouldbedrawnouttosolvethelong-termproblemofsalinity.ThenutrientindexofthecoastalwaterofMacaoisconsiderablyhighin2002,especiallyattheInnerHarboursamplingpoint.ItshouldbepointedoutthatasharpdecreaseinthenutrientindexisrecordedattheAreiaPretasamplingpoint.ThisisprobablyduetotheoperationofthestoragetankintheWWTPofMacao,whichminimizesdirectdischargeofwastewaterintothewaterbody.RedtidesoccurinMacaoin2002.Theoccurrenceresultsfromlocalpollutionsourcesandtheupperstreamcurrentscarryingahighlevelofnitrogenandphosphorusconcentrationinwater.Intermsofheavymetalpollution,themercuryconcentrationinthewaterbodyexceedsthestandard(0.2mg/l)ofthe"SeaWaterQualityStandardofChina"(GB3097-97).Therefore,itisnecessarytoidentifythepollutionsourcesinordertoimprovethewaterenvironmentandrelevantstudyisbeingcarriedout.

AnalysisandRecommendations872ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003WasteAsthepopulationandtheeconomyofMacaogrowrapidly,thevolumeofwastesproducedinpreviousyearshassignificantlyincreased.TheincinerationcapacityofMacaoIncinerationPlantisgoingtoreachitssaturationearlierthanexpected.Therefore,inordertoachievethelong-termgoalofwastemanagement,thekeyistohaveaccurateinformationregardingthequantity,qualityandsourcesofhouseholdandhazardouswastes.Accordingtothestrategicplansmentionedinpreviousreports,gradualprogressisnowbeingachievedinMacao.Forinstance,thegovernmentisworkingonafeasibilitystudyonthetreatmentoffuturesolidwastesandapreliminaryinvestigationprojectregardinghazardouswastesisalsolaunched.Fromthetechnicalmeasuresthathavebeenrecommendedpreviously,emphasisshouldbeplacedonthefollowings:•Tochangeconsumers'behaviorandattitude;•Tocarryoutadetailedassessmentonlandfilloperation;•Tostudythefeasibilityofinactivetreatmentofflyashesgeneratedbyincineration;•Toassessthefeasibilityoftreatinghospitalwastesatanincineratingtemperatureabove1,100ºC,asrecommendedbysomeinternationalorganizations;•Toincludeassessmentonthequantityofwastesgeneratedbytheindustryandtheirrespectivetreatmentmethodsintheindustriallicensingprocess;•Toencouragethedevelopmentof"greenenterprises"bypromotingrecyclingandapplyinganti-pollutiontechnologiesinMacao;•Tolookforpossibleregionalcooperationopportunitiesforwastetreatment,recyclingandreusing;•Toestablishalegalframeworkforwastemanagement.NaturalConservationThegreenareasstaysimilarlikein2001andColoanestilloccupiesthelargestgreenareas.However,itcouldbeobservedthatthepercentageofgreenareasisdecreasingwhencomparedtothetotalareaoftheMSARbecausetheareaofthecityisincreasinginafasterpacethanthatofthegreenareas.TheMSARgovernmenthasbeendevelopingprojectsfornaturalconservation.OneoftheseistheestablishmentofthefirstecologicalzoneinMacao.The55-hectareecologicalzoneislocatedattheareaneartheLotusBridge.Thefirstphaseoftheconstructionisbasicallycompletedin2002andthesecondphaseofconstructionstartsin2003.Thisecologicalzoneincludesa15-hectarebirdrestingzoneanda40-hectarebirdpreyingzonefortheconservationofmangroveandendangeredbirdssuchasPlataleaminor.AcousticEnvironmentIn2002,theEnvironmentCouncilhasbasicallycompletedthenoisemonitoringat120locationsonMacaoPeninsulausingthemobilestation.PreliminaryresultsshowthattheoverallnoiselevelofMacaoPeninsulaisrelativelyhigh.Itisalsorevealedthatthesoundpressurelevelamong5%ofthemonitoringtimehassignificanteffectsontheoverallambientnoiselevel.Inaddition,astudyonhelicopternoiseiscarriedoutbyaconsultantappointedbytheCivicAviationAuthorityinthesecondhalfof2002.Resultsshowthatthenoisearousedduringlandingandtakingoffofhelicopterscauserelativelylowsleepdisturbancetopeopleatthemonitoringpoints.In2002,thePoliceDepartment,theEnvironmentCouncilandtheCivic&MunicipalAffairsBureaureceiveatotalnumberof2,264noisecomplaints.Mostofthesecomplaintsaresocialanddomesticnoiseproducedatnight,suchas,"Musicandkaraoke","Conversation"and"Mahjong"whereas"Interiordecorativeworks"and"Engineeringandcivilconstructionworks"arethemajortypesofdaytimenoisecomplaint.ThedrainagesystemalmostcoverstheentireMacao.Inaddition,anewWWTPisunderconstructionattheMacaoInternationalAirport,aimingatpre-treatingwastewatercontainingoilandgreaseproducedbytheairport,hencefurtherimprovingthewastewatertreatmentfacilitiesofMacao.Itisextremelyimportanttotreattheindustrialwastewaterasitcausesnegativeimpactstothewaterenvironment.Therefore,notonlytherelevantregulationsforindustrialwastewaterdischargeshouldbecomplied,thenecessarypre-treatmentfacilitiesshouldalsobeequipped.ThisdoesnotonlyreducetheburdenontheWWTPs;butalsoimprovestheenvironmentalperformanceofeachindustry.Asaresult,thenegativeeffectscausedtothewaterenvironmentcanbeminimized.

AnalysisandRecommendations8ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200373SinceMacaoisadenselypopulatedcitywithasmallgeographicarea,togetherwithheavytrafficandhigh-risebuildings,noisecannotbedispersedeasily.Theeffectoftrafficnoiseontheenvironmentisobviousandthisisshownfromtheresultsofthelong-termmonitoring.Inadditiontoimprovinglawsonnoisecontrol,installingnoisebarriersandresurfacingroadswithnoiseabsorbingmaterials,environmentalnoiseabatementmeasuresshouldrelatetotrafficplanningandmanagement.EnvironmentalManagementEnvironmentalmanagementinvolvespublicinvestmentsandexpenses,environmentaleducationandpromotions,regionalcooperationandenvironmentmanagementsystemsetc.Inordertoimprovetheenvironmentcontinuously,thegovernmenthastoinvestinthedevelopmentofenvironmentalfacilitiesandtheimprovementoftherelevantrulesandregulations.Inaddition,thepublic'sawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionhastobeenhancedthroughenvironmentaleducationinordertoraiseeachandeverycitizen'sattentionandresponsibilityfortheenvironment.Alltheseareconcludedastheultimategoalofthegovernment'senvironmentalprotectionpromotionalactivities.Regionalandinternationalcooperationandexchangesencouragethedevelopmentofenvironmentalprotection.Meanwhile,theMSARparticipatesinactivitiesorganizedbyinternationalorganizationsandassiststheimplementationofvariousinternationalconventionsofenvironmentalaspectinMacao.ToensurethesustainabledevelopmentofMacao,itisessentialtopromotetheenvironmentalmanagementsystem.Fromtheincreasingnumberoforganizationscertifiedwiththeenvironmentalmanagementsystem,itisreflectedthatindustrialandcommercialsectorsconcernmoreaboutenvironmentalprotection.Withtheuniqueculturalbackgroundandthegeographicaladvantagesandhistoricalfactors,MacaoisstrivingitsbesttobecomeaplatformforthepromotionofenvironmentalprotectionindustrybetweenChinaandotherregions,especiallyforthemediumandsmall-scaleenterprises.

74ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003

ACRONYMSANDSYMBOLSAADAAdministrationofAirportsAQIAirQualityIndexAsArsenicBBODBiochemicalOxygenDemandBOD55-dayBiochemicalOxygenDemandBSBlackSmokeCCCBCartography&CadastreBureauCdCadmiumCFCSChlorofluorocarbonsCFUColonyFormingUnitCH4MethaneCITESConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFloraCMABCivic&MunicipalAffairsBureauCOCarbonmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideCODChemicalOxygenDemandCOPERTComputerProgramtocalculateEmissionsfromRoadTransportCORINAIRCOREInventoryofAIRemissionsCPTTMMacauProductivityandTechnologyTransferCenterCrChromiumDdBDecibel,soundlevelDODissolvedOxygenEEEAEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyESBEconomicServicesBureauEGISEnvironmentalGeographicInformationSystemEMEPCo-operativeProgrammeforMonitoringandEvaluationoftheLongRangeTransmissionofAirPollutantsinEuropeEPAEnvironmentProtectionAgencyEUEuropeanUnionEYABEducationandYouthAffairsBureauFFAEEDFAAAircraftEngineEmissionDatabaseFBFireBrigadeFSBFinanceServicesBureauGGHGGreenhouseGasGISGeographicInformationSystemGDPGrossDomesticProductGWhGigaWattHourGWPGlobalWarmingPotentialHHBHealthBureauHCIHydrochloricAcidHFHydrogenfluorideHFCSHydrofluorocarbonsHgMercuryIIEInstitutefortheEnvironmentIPCCInternationalPanelforClimateChangeISOInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationKKtonnesThousandtonnesLL10SoundPressureLevelexceededfor10%ofthemeasuringperiodL95SoundPressureLevelexceededfor95%ofthemeasuringperiodLeqContinuousEquivalentSoundPressureLevelLdContinuousEquivalentSoundPressureLevelduringdaytimeLnContinuousEquivalentSoundPressureLevelduringnight-timeLCMABLaboratoryoftheCivic&MunicipalAffairsBureauMMCSMacaoCustomsServiceMEMinistryoftheEnvironment(Portugal)MECMacaoElectricCompanyMGBMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauMIPMacaoIncinerationPlantMPVMaximumPermissibleValueMRVMaximumRecommendedValueMSARMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionMWSCMacaoWaterSupplyCompanyNN2ONitrousoxideNGONonGovernmentalOrganisationNH3AmmoniaNMVOCNon-MethaneVolatileOrganicCompoundsNONitrogenoxideNO2NitrogendioxideNOxNitrogenoxidesOO3OzoneOECDOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOIDOfficeforInfrastructuresDevelopmentPPAPortAuthorityPbLeadPDPoliceDepartmentPFCsPerfluorocarbonsPHLPublicHealthLaboratoryPM10RespirableSuspendedParticles(<10µm)POPPersistentOrganicPollutantsppmPartpermillionppbPartperbillionpptPartpertrillionPRCThePeople'sRepublicofChinaSSCSStatisticsandCensusServiceSELSoundExposureLevelSF6SulphurhexafluorideSoERStateoftheEnvironmentReportSO2SulphurdioxideSOXSulphuroxidesTTECTotalEnergyConsumptionTHMTrihalomethaneTOETonnesofOilEquivalentTSPTotalSuspendedParticulatesTSSTotalSuspendedSolidsTTHMTotalTrihalomethaneUUNFCCCTheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeUSEPAUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyUSWUrbanSolidWasteVVOCVolatileOrganicCompoundsWWHOWorldHealthOrganisationWTPWaterTreatmentPlantWSCWasteServiceCompanyWWTPWastewaterTreatmentPlantReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200375

76ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003REFERENCESGeneralStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationofChinahttp://www.zhb.gov.cn/EnvironmentCouncilofMacaohttp://www.ambiente.gov.moInstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugalhttp://www.iambiente.pt/EnvironmentCouncil-ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmenthttp://www.ambiente.gov.mo/english/05/AdministrationofAirportsLtd.http://www.ada.com.mo/Cartography&CadastreBureauhttp://www.dscc.gov.mo/Civic&MunicipalAffairsBureauhttp://www.iacm.gov.mo/CivilAviationAuthorityhttp://www.macau-airport.gov.mo/EconomicServicesBureauhttp://www.economia.gov.mo/EducationandYouthAffairsBureauhttp://www.dsej.gov.mo/FinanceServicesBureauhttp://www.dsf.gov.mo/GovernmentTouristOfficehttp://www.macautourism.gov.mo/GovernmentInformationBureauhttp://www.gcs.gov.mo/HealthBureauhttp://www.ssm.gov.mo/HovioneMacaoLtd.http://www.hovione.com/InternationalLawOfficehttp://www.gadi.gov.mo/Lands,PublicWorks&TransportBureauhttp://www.dssopt.gov.mo/MacaoElectricCompanyLtd.http://www.cem-macau.com/MacaoProductivityandTechnologyTransferCenterhttp://www.cpttm.org.mo/MeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauhttp://www.smg.gov.mo/PortAuthorityhttp://www.marine.gov.mo/PublicAdministrationandCivilServicesBureauhttp://www.safp.gov.mo/StatisticsandCensusServiceshttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/TheMacaoWaterSupplyCompanyLtd.http://www.macaowater.com/UniversityofMacauhttp://www.umac.mo/Demography,EconomyandSocietyStatisticsandCensusServices-GrossDomesticProducthttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_pib_pub.htmlStatisticsandCensusServices-Census2001http://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_cen_pub.htmlStatisticandCensusServices-StatisticsontheEnvironmenthttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_amb_pub.htmlAtmosphericEnvironmentStatisticandCensusServices-StatisticsontheEnvironmenthttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_amb_pub.htmlMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureau-MacaoAirQualityIndexhttp://www.smg.gov.mo/ccaa/iqa/e_iqa.htm

WaterSupplyStatisticandCensusServices-StatisticsontheEnvironmenthttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_amb_pub.htmlHealthBureau-BeachWaterQualityinMacaohttp://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/news/document/e_lsp_waterquality.htmHealthBureau-ReportonMonitoringoftheMacaoCoastalWaterQuality(Chineseversion)http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/news/document/c_lsp_waterquality2002.htmHealthBureau-ReportontheWaterQualityofHacSaandCheocVanBeaches(Chineseversion)http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/news/document/c_lsp_wq2002.pdfTheMacaoWaterSupplyCompanyLtd.-DailyWaterTestingResulthttp://www.saam.com.mo/program/uploadfile/testresult/last_test_result.htmWasteStatisticsandCensusServices-StatisticsontheEnvironmenthttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_amb_pub.htmlNaturalConservationStatisticsandCensusServices-StatisticsontheEnvironmenthttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_amb_pub.htmlCivic&MunicipalAffairsBureau-MacaoNatureWeb(inChinese)http://nature.iacm.gov.moGeographicalInformationSystemofMacao-VegetationDistribution(inChinese)http://www.gis.gov.moCartography&CadastreBureau-MaponGreenSpaces(inChinese)http://www3.gis.gov.mo/dscc/chin/newthematic.htmNoiseEnvironmentEnvironmentCouncil-RecordedDataoftheNoiseMonitoringNetworkhttp://www.ambiente.gov.mo/english/06/InternationalConventionsConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesonWildFaunaandFlorahttp://www.cites.org/ViennaConventionfortheProtectionoftheOzoneLayer;MontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer;AmendmentstotheMontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayerhttp://www.unep.org/ozone/InternationalConventiononthePreventionofOilPollutionandOtherContaminantshttp://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_overview_convention.htmTheBaselConventionontheControlofTransboundaryMovementofHazardousWastesandtheirDisposalhttp://www.basel.int/ConventiononBiologicalDiversityhttp://www.biodiv.org/UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangehttp://unfccc.int/ThePlantProtectionAgreementfortheAsiaandPacificRegionhttp://sedac.ciesin.org/entri/texts/plant.protection.south-east.asia.pacific.1956.htmlOthersEnvironmentGeographicalInformationSystemofMacao(inChinese&Portuguese)http://www.dscc.gov.moGeographicalInformationSystemofMacaohttp://www.gis.gov.moEnvironmentCouncil-EnvironmentalLegislationofMacao(inChinese&Portuguese)http://www.ambiente.gov.mo/portugues/03/MacaoElectricCompanyLtd.-TheSafety,Health,EnvironmentandQualityAnnualReportshttp://www.cem-macau.com/english/en_reports.phpReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200377

FICHATÉCNICATitleReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao,2003PublishedbyEnvironmentCouncil,MacaoCoverandDesign2DimensionalAssociateLimited,MacauNo.ofcopies500ISSN1681-7443PublishedDateDecember,2003ENVIRONMENTCOUNCILRuadeSanchesdeMirandanº3-MacaoTel:(853)725134Fax:(853)725129E-mail:ca@ambiente.gov.mohttp://www.ambiente.gov.mo78ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2003