ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20021ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20022REPORTONTHESTATEOFTHEENVIRONMENTOFMACAO2002JointlypreparedbytheEnvironmentCouncilofMacaoandtheInstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugalundertheprovisionoftheco-operationagreementbetweenthetwoentities.ENVIRONMENTCOUNCILOFMACAO(ConselhodoAmbientedeMacau)VongManHungActingPresidentoftheExecutiveCommitteeoftheEnvironmentCouncilIeongKinSiSeniorOfficerFongWengChinSeniorOfficerINSTITUTEFORTHEENVIRONMENTOFPORTUGAL(InstitutodoAmbientedePortugal)NélidaMiguensPrincipalOfficerMargaridaMarcelinoOfficerCatarinaFreitasAlvesConsultantVitorGóisConsultantACKNOWLEDGEMENTAdministrationofAirportsLtd.(AdministraçãodeAeroportos,Lda.)Civic&MunicipalAffairsBureau(InstitutoparaosAssuntosCívicoseMunicipais)CivilAviationAuthority(AutoridadedeAviaçãoCivildeMacau)EconomicServicesBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeEconomia)EducationandYouthAffairsBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeEducaçãoeJuventude)FinanceServicesBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeFinanças)GovernmentTouristOffice(DirecçãodosServiçosdeTurismo)GovernmentInformationBureau(GabinetedeComunicaçãoSocial)HealthBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeSaúdedeMacau)HovioneMacaoLtd.(HovioneMacauSociedadeQuímicaLda.)InternationalLegalAffairsOffice(GabineteparaosAssuntosdoDireitoInternacional)Lands,PublicWorks&TransportBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeSolos,ObrasPúblicaseTransportes)MacaoCustomsService(ServiçosdeAlfândega)MacaoElectricCompanyLtd.(CompanhiadeElectricidadedeMacau,S.A.R.L.)MacaoProductivityandTechnologyTransferCentre(CentrodeProdutividadeeTransferênciadeTecnologiadeMacau)MeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureau(ServiçosMetereológicoseGeofisicos)MappingandLandRegistryBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeCartografiaeCadastro)OfficeforInfrastructuresDevelopment(GabineteparaDesenvolvimentodeInfraestrutureas)PortAuthority(CapitaniadosPortosdeMacau)PublicAdministrationandCivilServicesBureau(DirecçãodosServiçosdeAdministraçãoeFunçãoPública)StatisticsandCensusServices(DirecçãodosServiçosdeEstatísticaeCensos)TheMacaoWaterSupplyCompanyLtd.(SociedadedeAbastecimentodeÁguadeMacau,S.A.R.L.)UniversityofMacao(UniversidadedeMacau)

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20023INDEXOpeningNote5Foreword6Editorial71Introduction92AtmosphericEnvironment132.1AirQuality132.2AtmosphericEmissions162.3ClimateChange,AcidRain,ProtectionoftheOzoneLayerandPhotochemicalSmog182.4EnergySector212.5Transport223WaterSupply253.1DrinkingWater253.2BathingBeachesandCoastalWater293.3WastewaterManagement344Waste384.1QuantityofGeneratedWaste384.2CompositionofWaste404.3IncinerationBy-products414.4SanitaryLandfill424.5TheBaselConventionontheControlofTransboundaryMovementofHazardousWasteandtheirDisposal434.6WasteManagementStrategy435NaturalConservation465.1GreenSpaces465.2EcologicalInvasion485.3ForestFire495.4ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES)505.5EcologicalReserve515.6OtherInitiatives516NoiseEnvironment536.1NoiseMonitoring536.2NoiseComplaints586.3NoiseAbatementMeasures597EnvironmentalManagement607.1InvestmentandExpensesonEnvironmentalManagement617.2PublicParticipation627.3EnvironmentalAwarenessandEducation627.4Inter-regionalCooperation667.5ImplementationofEnvironmentalManagementSystem677.6InternationalConventions678AnalysisandRecommendations69AnnexI-AcronymsandSymbols73AnnexII-References74

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20024

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20025OpeningNoteThehighpopulationdensityaswellasthousandsoftouristsposeagreatchallengetotheenviron-mentalprotectionoftheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegion,particularlyinhandlingthreetypesofpollution(gaseousemissions,solidwasteandwastewater).Thegovernmentcontinuestotakeappropri-atemeasuresinordertoimproveandstrengthentheenvironmentalprotectionworkthroughpromotionandcooperationwithotherentities.Infact,environmentalprotectionisasubstantialandlong-termtask.Theincreasedawarenessanddemandofthepubliconenvironmentalprotectionissuesarethedrivingforcesforthegovernmenttoconstantlyimproveherworks.Environmentalprotectionworkisnotonlyasloganorapolicy,butalsodependsuponthemutualparticipationandeffortsofboththegovernmentandthecitizensingeneral.In2002,Macaostartedherapplicationforthe“Global500”LaureateawardedbytheUnitedNations.Oneoftheapplicationaimsistoincreasethepublicconcerntowardsenvironmentalprotection,soastocreateagoodqualitylivingenvironmentandtoconfirmsustainabledevelopment.Asinpreviousreports,thepublishoftheReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002revealsenvironmentaldataandinformationofdifferentaspects,inordertoofferthepublicabetterknowledgeandunderstandingofourenvironment.Furthermore,thisreportalsoaimstoprovideholisticandsystematicreferencesandsuggestions,whichwillfacilitatethegovernmentinestablishingenviron-mentalprotectionpolicies.Iwouldliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressmybestwishesforthepublishofthisreport.SecretaryforTransportandPublicWorks,AoManLong

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20026ForewordSustainabledevelopmentisdefinedasthe“developmentwhichmeetstheneedsofthecontempo-rarieswithoutcompromisingtheneedsoffuturegenerations”.Itemphasizesthebalanceamongeconomy,societyandenvironmentalprotection.Macaoismakinghergreatefforttomovetowardsthisdirection.Withtheadviceandthevaluablesuggestionsprovidedbydifferententities,theEnvironmentCouncilelaboratedthefourthannualreportonthestateoftheenvironment–ReportontheStateoftheEnviron-mentofMacao2002whichmakesuseofnumerousindicatorsofsustainabledevelopmentfortheassess-mentandtheobjectiveanalysisofthestateoftheenvironmentandproblems,hopingtoprovideanimportantreferenceinmakingthesustainabledevelopmentstrategyoftheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegion.WehopethatthepublishofthisannualreportonthestateoftheenvironmentwillcontributetowardsabetterpublicknowledgeandunderstandingoftheenvironmentalqualityinMacao.Withallthese,wefurtherhopetoencouragethepublictoawareenvironmentalprotection,andtoactivelypar-ticipateintherelatedwork,thereof,andthepreservationofresources.Macaoisstillatherdevelopingstagebothbythereadjustmentofherinternaleconomicstructureaswellasbyunificationtotheexternaleconomy.WesincerelyhopethattheReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacaocanbeimprovedonthecourseoftimeandbecomesanimportantreferencetoolforboththeassessmentonthestateoftheenvironmentandthepolicymakingoftheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegion.PresidentoftheGeneralCommitteeoftheEnvironmentCouncil,VaiTacLeong

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20027EditorialAccordingtotheLaw2/98/Mdatedon1stJune1998,theEnvironmentCounciltakesherrespon-sibilityfortheelaborationandapprovalofthe“ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao”.AtatimewhenMacaoregardssustainabledevelopmentasthemainprincipleinordertobeabletoexploreneweconomicaldevelopments,wehopethatthepublishofthe“ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002”maypresentthegeneralpublicwithupdatedandrelevantinformationonthestateoftheenvironment,aswellasanimportantreferenceforthesustainabledevelopmentstrategyofMacao.Wewouldliketotakethisopportunitytoexpressoursinceregratitudeforthecooperationofvariousassociations,companiesandgovernmentdepartmentsinprovidingvaluableinformationforthisreportandtheInstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugal,whichcollaborateswithusinelaborationofthisreport.Wewelcomeforalltheopinionsandsuggestionsofthepresenteditionfortheimprovementoffutureeditions.ActingPresidentoftheExecutiveCommitteeoftheEnvironmentCouncil,VongManHung

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20028

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002920021Introduction1IntroductionThepublishofthefourthReportontheStateoftheEnvi-ronmentofMacaoindicatesamaturestageofthereport.ThereportbecomesanessentialinstrumentforthediagnosisoftheenvironmentalsituationandofthedegreeofthesustainabilityoftheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegion(MacaoSAR).ThisreportmainlyfocusesonthediscussionofthestateoftheenvironmentalofMacaoin2001.Itseeksonceagaintodescribedifferenttypesofcorrelationbetweenthepopulation,economicaldevelopmentandtheenvironmentandpresentssomeofthemainchallengestobefaced.Thereportalsotriestoidentifythemanagerialneedswhichcomethereofwithintheframeofanintegratedanalysisofthethreepillarsofsus-tainabledevelopment:social,economicalandenvironmentalaspects.Asinotherpartsoftheworld,theMacaopopulationhasbeenincreasinginpacewithhereconomicgrowth(asre-flectedintheGDP).Theeffectofthistrendisanincreasedpressureuponthequalityandquantityoftheavailablenatu-ralresources,whichshouldbefacedandovercomewiththeappropriatemeasures.Throughanalyzingthecorrelationbetweeneconomicdevelopmentandenvironmentalconditionsintheworld,itisbeingobservedthattheaspectonwater,air,landandthewholeecosystemarecontinuouslyaffectedbyhumanactivi-tiesdespitetheeffortsmadebycountriesinbalancingthem.However,thecorrelationbetweeneconomicdevelopmentandenvironmentalconditionsisnotalwayslinear.Innumer-ouscasesanincreaseinsomeeconomicandsocialindicatorscanalsoreleasethepressureuponthenaturalresourcesandtheimpactsontheenvironment.Thisprocessisknownasthe“dematerializationoftheeconomy”,meaningthatsocialandeconomicaldevelopmentdoesnotnecessarilyhappenattheexpenseoftheenvironmentandofwhichmanycountrieshavebeenadoptedasanobjectiveforthemodernsocietyinpar-ticularaftertheUnitedNations’ConferenceonEnvironmentandDevelopmentheldinRiodeJaneiro,Brazil,in1992.Adecadeafterthe“EarthSummit”,alltheseconcernsandexperienceswerebroughtforwardintheWorldSummitforSustainableDevelopmentheldbytheUnitedNations,whichtookplaceinJohannesburg,SouthAfrica,inAugust/September2002.TheSecretaryforTransportandPublicWorksandamemberoftheGeneralCommitteeoftheEnvironmentCouncil,followedtheChina’sdelegation,hadattendedthisconference.Aseriesofconclusionshasbeendrawnafterthisimportantconference,whichmightbeconsideredaspartofthepoliciesandactionstobedevelopedinMacaointhecom-ingyears,aimingatimplementationofglobalization.Theseinclude:•Toconfirmsustainabledevelopmentasthemainpotentialcommitmentintheinternationalagenda,strengtheningglobalactionagainstpovertyandencouragingthepro-tectionoftheenvironment;•Towidenandreinforcetheconceptofsustainabledevelopment,particularlyintheconnectionthathasbeenestablishedbetweenpoverty,environmentandtheuseofnaturalresources;•Toreachanagreementandreinstatementamonggov-ernmentsonalargenumberofengagementsandcon-cretetargetsestablishedinthe“PoliticalDeclaration”

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20021020021Introductionandinthe“ImplementationPlan”,inordertoachievetheobjectivesofsustainabledevelopmentmoreeffectively;•Tosupportthecreationofaworldfundasavisiblesteptowardstheeradicationofpoverty;•ToacknowledgethatAfricaandtheNEPADStrategyde-servethespecialattentionandsupportoftheinternationalcommunityinordertogatherallthenecessaryeffortstofacedevelopmentneedsinthiscontinent;•Toreachrelevantconclusionsintheareaofenergyandbasicdrainagesystem;•Toacknowledgethekeyroleplayedbycivilorganizationsintheimplementationoftheconclusionsreachedinthesummitaswellasinthepromotionofpartnerships;•Toreinforcetheconceptofpartnershipamonggovernments,companiesandassociationsintheSummitandinthe“ImplementationPlan”.TheSituationofMacaoAccordingtothelatestcensus(August2001),Macaohasapopulationof435.235,95%ofwhichareMacaoresidentsandarounda5%(21.188)floatingpopulation.Between1990and2001,theaverageannualpopulationgrowthratewas2.31%,showingaslightdeclinealongtheyears.ThenumberofvisitorstoMacaohasbeenincreasedsince1999afterthehandover.Inthislastdecadeimmigrationhassignificantlycontrib-utedtoincreasethepopulationwhencomparedtothenatu-ralgrowthrate.AccordingtotheCensus2001,11.5%ofthepopulationnowlivinginMacaowereresidentsfromChina,HongKongorTaiwanfiveyearsago.Figure1.1Evolutionoftheaverageannualpopulationgrowthrateinthelast10years(Source:SCS)GDPgrowthrateinMacaohasreacheditspeakin1992(withanincreaseof14.6%)andithasbeenfallingsincethen,withconsecutivedecreasesfrom1996to1999.However,anincreaseof4.6%and2.1%hasbeenshownin2000andin2001respectively.Inabriefanalysisoftheevolutionofsomeofthesocio-economicandenvironmentalvariablesinthepastdecadebytaking1993asareference,itisfoundthattheincreaseintheproductionofgreenhousegases(GHGs)–whichreflectsthepressureofhumanactivities–isgreaterthanthepopulationgrowthandtheGDPgrowth.Meanwhile,thereisalsoasig-nificantincreaseintheamountofwastegeneratedduringthisperiod.Figure1.2Evolutionofsomesocio-economicandenvironmentalparameters(Source:SCS,OIDandEC,2002)Naturalresourcesandthequalityoftheenvironmentareessentialfactorsforthesocio-economicdevelopmentandthequalityoflifeinanycountryorregion.Peoplearethekeyplayerswhomayormaynotleadtowardssustainabledevelopment.AsMacaoiswell-knownasoneofthemostdenselypopu-latedplacesallovertheworld,thekeyfactortoimprovetheenvironmentalqualityofMacaoistodeepentheresidents’awarenessoftheirresponsibilitytowardsenvironmentalpro-tectionandtomanageappropriatelythebalanceamongeco-nomicdevelopment,theimprovementofqualityoflife,theintelligentuseofresourcesandthediminishingofthepollution.Throughdataanalysis,itshowsthatenvironmentalpres-sureinMacaohasbeenincreasingwiththeincreaseinpopu-lationandsocialdevelopment.Infact,thereisroomforim-provementinenvironmentalmanagementandthesustain-ableuseofresources.So,amiddleorlong-termstrategyiscrucialtoensureasustainabledevelopmentinMacao,ofwhichallsocialandeconomicsectorsinMacaoshouldtakepartinthedevelop-mentoftheirorganizationalformat,soastoimprovethewa-terusage,wasteproductionandutilizationofenergy.0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001AverageGrowthRate90100110120130140150160170180199319941995199619971998199920002001Index(1993=100)PopulationGDPWastegenerationEnergyconsumptionEmissionofGHGsWaterconsumptionVisitors

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20021120021IntroductionThepopulationanddifferenteconomicagenciesorenti-tieshavelongbeenencouragedtoreacttoenvironmentalissues,suchassavingwater,reducingwaste,recyclingmate-rialsandeffectivelyusingenergy,etc.Itiscrucialtoeducateandtomotivatedifferentsocialclassestoparticipateinsolv-ingenvironmentalproblemsanditisessentialfortheimple-mentationofdifferentmeasuresonenvironmentalprotection.Sinceinternationalcooperationonglobalenvironmentalproblemsismeaningfulandpositive,itisworthwhiletomen-tiontheCo-operationProtocolsignedon11thSeptember2002betweentheInstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugal(representedbythePresident)andtheEnvironmentCounciloftheMacaoSAR(representedbytheActingPresidentoftheExecutiveCommittee)inaceremonyhostedbytheSecretaryforTransportandPublicWorksoftheMacaoSARandbytheMinisteroftheCities,TerritorialPlanningandEnvironmentofPortugal.

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200212

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20021320022AtmosphericEnvironment2.1AirQualityThedominanturbancharacteristicsofacity–denselypopulatedandwithintenseroadtraffic–canbereflectedbytheairqualitymonitoringresultbytheMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauofMacao(MGB)asshowninFigure2.1-2.3.Thelocationandthenumberofmonitoringstationshasbeenmodified(refertoSoER1999andSoER2000)andfourautomaticstationsarenowinoperation,whicharelocatedatTaipaGrande(AmbientStation),Laboratory(DenselyPopu-latedStation),CalçadadoPoço(RoadsideStation)andDown-townofTaipa(DenselyPopulatedStation).Therearealsothreesemi-automaticstationsnamelyTaipaGrande(AmbientStation),HortaeCosta(RoadsideandResidentialStation)andKa-Hó.Theresultobtainedinthosemonitoringstationsarecom-paredwiththestandardsofChina,theUSA,Portugal(EU),HongKongandWHO(WorldHealthOrganization)etc.inordertoanalysetheairquality.Asinthepreviousyears,highsuspendedparticulatesandthelowpHvaluesareverified.Althoughtherearelocalpollu-tionsourcessuchastheproductionofelectricityandvehiclesemissions(refertoemissioninventory),theeffectsfromtheemissionsourcesinthePearlRiverDeltaRegiontothelocalsuspendedparticulatesshouldnotbeneglected.2AtmosphericEnvironmentLaboratoryHortaeCostaCalçadadoPoçoTaipaGrandeAutomaticStationsSemi-automaticStationsDowntownofTaipaKá-HóMapoftheLocationsoftheAirQualityMonitoringStations

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002142AmbienteAtmosférico20022AtmosphericEnvironmentFigure2.1Annualmeanvaluesofatmosphericpollutantsofsomeautomaticandsemi-automaticstations(Source:MGB,2002)TaipaGrande*Laboratory*CalçadadoPoço*DowntownofTaipaHKguidelinevalueWHOguidelinevalue*automaticstationsSTATEINDICATORNO2(µg/m3)0102030405060708090199920002001H.CostaKa-HóTaipaGrandeEUguidelinevalueSTATEINDICATORPb(µg/m3)0,00,20,40,60,81,01,21,41,61,82,01991199219931994199519961997199819992000200105010015020025019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001H.CostaTaipaGrande*Laboratory*CalçadadoPoço*DowntownofTaipa*HKguidelinevalue*automaticstations(PM10)STATEINDICATORPM10(µg/m3)*automaticstationsTaipaGrande*Laboratory*HKguidelinevalueWHOguidelinevalueSTATEINDICATORSO2(µg/m3)0102030405060708090199920002001199119921993199419951996199719981999200020010123456Ka-HóTaipaGrandeAcidrainlimitSTATEINDICATORAcidityofprecipitation(pH)

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20021520022AtmosphericEnvironmentFigure2.2EvolutionofPSconcentrationinsemi-automaticstations(Source:MGB,2002)Figure2.3Annualmeanconcentrationofsomepollutantsinautomaticstations(Source:MGB,2002)SinceMacaoisasmallgeographicalareasurroundedbywater,meteorologicalfactorscandeeplyaffecttheairquality.Especiallyinwinter,theconcentrationofpollutantscanvarytremendouslyfromplacetoplaceinthesameperiod.Thus,besidesthepermanentmonitoringstations,theMGBalsomakesuseofamobilestationforshorttermmonitoringatdifferentlocations.FromNovember2000toMay2001(AutumntoSummer),measurementshadbeenmadeinPe-kingRoad,Mong-HáGymandHortaeCostanearRedMarket.Theobtainedresultleadstothefollowingpreliminaryconclusion:theconcentrationofpollutantsiscomparativelyhigherinwinterduetometeorologicalconditions,suchashighpressure,stableatmosphereandtheprevailingnorthwindsthatcarrypollutantsfromthemainland.TheMGBhavedevelopedtheAirQualityIndex(AQI)sinceAprilof1999andtheforecastoftheAQIhasbeguninMarch2001.TheMGBdefinedtheAQIbasedonthemonitoringofPM10,SO2,NO2,CO,O3pollutantsconcentrationandthein-fluentialextentofthesepollutantstowardshumanhealth.Anindexbelow100meansthattheairqualityofstationisnor-malwhileanindexover100meansthathumanhealthmaybeaffected(refertoSoER2000).PSconcentrationinsemi-automaticstations(µg/m2.30days)FortalezaKa-HóSismoTaipaGrandeWHOguidelinevalue-ResidentialareaWHOguidelinevalue-LightindustrialSTATEINDICATOR01.0002.0003.0004.0005.0006.0007.0008.00019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001Annualmeanvalues(µg/m3)TaipaGrandeLaboratoryCalçadadoPoçoDowntownofTaipaSTATEINDICATOR0102030405060708090100110199920002001199920002001199920002001199920002001199920002001PM10SO2NO2O3*COMacaoguidelinevalueMacaoguidelinevalueMacaoguidelinevalueHKguidelinevalueHKguidelinevalue*CO(mg/m3)MacaoandHKguidelinevalueAnanalysisismadeonthevariationofthemonthlyAQIaveragesin2000and2001,itisfoundthatmostofthecon-centrationofpollutantsarerelativelylowerduringthewetseasons(ApriltoSeptember).Thisshowsthatthepollutants’concentrationisgreatlyaffectedbythemeteorologicalcondi-tionsofMacao,forexampletheinfluenceofastableatmo-sphereduringwintermonthsandthestrongverticalatmo-sphericmotioninsummer.Figure2.4PercentageofoccurrenceofdifferentAQIclassificationsin2001(Source:MGB,2002)Figure2.5MonthlymeanvaluesofAQIin2000and2001(Source:MGB,2002)Unhealthy4%Moderate37%Good59%Unhealthy3%Moderate42%Good55%Unhealthy2%Moderate37%Good61%Unhealthy3%Moderate27%Good70%TaipaGrande(Ambient)DowntownofTaipaLaboratory/NorthZone(Denselypopulated)CalçadadoPoço/RuadoCampo(Roadside)STATEINDICATOR010203040506070JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecMonthlymeanvaluesofAQI2000CalçadadoPoço/RuadoCampo(Roadside)2000Laboratory/NorthZone(Denselypopulated)2000TaipaGrande(Ambient)2001CalçadadoPoço/RuadoCampo(Roadside)2001Laboratory/NorthZone(Denselypopulated)2001TaipaGrande(Ambient)STATEINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002162AmbienteAtmosférico20022AtmosphericEnvironment19901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200102004006008001.0001.2001.4001.6001.8002.000LandtransportSeatransportCommerce,domesticandservicesMECMIPOthersPRESSUREINDICATORCO2(kt)020406080100120140199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001N2O(t)LandtransportCommerce,domesticandservicesMECMIPWWTPOthersPRESSUREINDICATOR2.2AtmosphericEmissionsThemainsourcesofatmosphericpollutantsbyhumanactivitiesinMacaoarecombustionfacilitiessuchaspowerstations,industrialboilers,incinerationplant,transportandmanufacturingindustries,etc.Someofthedevelopmenttrendwithintheseindustriesisnotoptimistic.TheatmosphericemissioninventoryofMacaoisannuallyupdatedandisavailablefrom1990to2001.Theinventoryisbaseduponthestatisticaldataaswellasappliesthosemeth-odologieswhichbestfittothecharacteristicsofMacao.Theyaretheresultofthecompilationofseveraltechnicalsources:EMEP/CORINAIRAtmosphericEmissionInventoryGuidebook;IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories;USEPA“CompilationofAirPollutantEmissionFactors,AP-42”;PARCOM/ATMOSEmissionFactorHandbook.ThefollowingchartsshowtheevolutionofatmosphericpollutantsofMacaoandtheemissionofeachpollutantwillbeassessedannually.Theupdatingoftheemissionsowingtothemainhumanactivitiesshowsthat,sameasthepreviousreport,thepowerstationsandroadtrafficarethemainsourcesofemissioninMacaoSAR.PowergenerationisthedominantpollutionsourceofSOx,NOx,particulatesandCO2.Roadtrafficaccountsformostoftheleademissions,NMVOC(Non-meth-anevolatileorganiccompounds)andCO.CH4emissionscomemostlyfromthelandfilloftheurbansolidwaste,whereaswastewatertreatmentplants(WWTPs)arethemainemissionsourcesofNH3andN2O.Itisworthwhiletomentiontherecentdeclineinleadandsulphuremissions.LeademissionshavedeclinedobviouslysincetheintroductionoftheunleadedgasolineinMacao.Sulphuremissionshavealsodecreasedin2001astheExecu-tiveOrderno.49/2000hasbeeninplacesincethe7thofAu-gustof2000,whichsetsthelimitsofthecommercialsulphurcontentoflightdieselformotorvehiclesanditshouldnotmorethan0.05%byitsweight.Thedecreaseinsulphurox-ideemissionshasdecreasedlessthanthatofleadduetothecontributionofMECtowardssulphuremissions.Withanincreasingnumberofgasolineenginevehiclesusingcatalyticconverters,thereisafallintheemissionsofCOandVOC,afteramaximumvaluein1998and1999.However,theeffectofcatalyticconvertersonreducingSOxemissionsisnotsoobviousduetolargequantityofMEC’semissions.Figure2.6CO2emissions(Source:IE,2002)Figure2.7N2Oemissions(Source:IE,2002)

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20021720022AtmosphericEnvironmentFigure2.8CH4emissions(Source:IE,2002)Figure2.9COemissions(Source:IE,2002)Figure2.10SOxemissions(Source:IE,2002)Figure2.11NOxemissions(Source:IE,2002)Figure2.12NH3emissions(Source:IE,2002)Figure2.13NMVOCemissions(Source:IE,2002)CH4(t)CH4RSU(t)LandtransportCommerce,domesticandservicesMECOthersLandfillanddumps02040608010012014016019901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200101.0002.0003.0004.0005.0006.0007.0008.0009.000PRESSUREINDICATOR02.0004.0006.0008.00010.00012.00014.00016.00018.000199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001CO(t)LandtransportSeatransportCommerce,domesticandservicesConstructionMECOthersPRESSUREINDICATOR05.00010.00015.00020.00025.000199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001SOx(t)LandtransportSeatransportCommerce,domesticandservicesIndustryMECMIPOthersPRESSUREINDICATOR05.00010.00015.00020.00025.000199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001NOx(t)PRESSUREINDICATORLandtransportSeatransportCommerce,domesticandservicesIndustryMECMIPOthers02004006008001.0001.2001.400199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001NH3(t)LandtransportWWTP(wastewatertreatmentplant)LandfillanddumpsOthersPRESSUREINDICATOR05001.0001.5002.0002.5003.0003.5004.000199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001NMVOC(t)LandtransportSeatransportLandfillanddumpsSupplyofcombustibleMECOthersPRESSUREINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002182AmbienteAtmosférico20022AtmosphericEnvironment02.0004.0006.0008.00010.00012.000199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001Pb(kg)LandtransportMECMIPOthersPRESSUREINDICATORFigure2.14TSPemissions(Source:IE,2002)Figure2.15PM10emissions(Source:IE,2002)Figure2.16Leademissions(Source:IE,2002)2.3ClimateChange,AcidRain,ProtectionoftheOzoneLayerandPhotochemicalSmogTheconcentrationofpollutantsintheatmospheremainlydependsontheemissionsandontheexistingmeteorologicalconditions.Insomecases,thesepollutantsarebeingtrans-portedthroughlongdistancesbeforetheyreachtheground.Atmosphericpollutionmainlyaffectsurbanareas,likeMacao,buttheproblems,whichcomethereofhavenofrontiers.Thisisthereasonwhysuchproblemsbecomethemainconcernsindifferentinternationalagreementsandconventions.Climatechangeisoneoftheglobalenvironmentalprob-lemsandhasgraspedtheattentionofgovernmentsandsci-entificsectorsallovertheworld.MacaoisamemberoftheFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeoftheUnitedNationsandthereforecommitstoendeavourtowardsthecontrolofgreenhousegasesemission(GHG).TheMeteoro-logicalandGeophysicalBureau(MGB)isnominatedasthefocalpointinMacaoforthisconvention.Carbondioxide(CO2),methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O)andhalogenatedcompoundssuchasHFCs,PFCs,andSF6aregasesthatcontributemostsignificantlytothegreenhouseeffect.Forquantifyingtheeffectofgreenhousegasestoglobalwarming,thesegasesareusuallyexpressedinCO2equiva-lentandbasedonGWP(GlobalWarmingPotential)calcu-TSP(t)LandtransportSeatransportCommerce,domesticandservicesIndustryMECMIPOthersPRESSUREINDICATOR01002003004005006007008009001990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020010100200300400500600700800199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001PM10(t)PRESSUREINDICATORLandtransportSeatransportCommerce,domesticandservicesIndustryMECMIPOthers

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20021920022AtmosphericEnvironmentlatedovera100-yearperiod.CO2,CH4,andN2Oaregener-allyconsideredaspossessing“globalwarmingpotential”greenhousegases.Between1990and2001,thetotalGHGemissionshaveincreased66%.Figure2.17EvolutionofGHGemissions(Source:IE,2002)AcidrainoccursinthePearlRiverDeltaregion,mainlyduetoexcessiveconcentrationsofsulphuroxidesandnitro-genoxides;smokeanddustgeneratedbylocalorregionalindustriesandbysuspendedparticulatesemittedinthead-joiningareasandintheMacaoSAR.Theyarethentransportedbywindalonghundredsofkilometres.ThesefactshavebeenconfirmedthroughthesurveyscarriedoutbytheMacaoMGBinco-operationwiththeUniversityofMacao.Therefore,Macaosharesitsresponsibilitytotheregionwhereitislocated.Depletionofthestratosphericozonelayer(generallyknownas“goodozone”)isanotherissuewithinternationalsignificance.Thislayeristhefundamentaltoprotectlifeonearthbecauseofthefactthatstratosphericozonehastheabilitytoabsorbultraviolet-Bradiation(UV-B),whichmaycausead-verse(orevenlethal)effectsonlivingorganisms.AmongthechemicalsubstancessubjecttothereductionmeasuresestablishedintheExecutiveLawno.62/95,theim-portof1,1,1-trichloroethaneisnowbeingcontrolledac-cordingtoOrderno.78/GM/95anditisexpectedthatnoneofthemcanbeimportedby2005.05001.0001.5002.0002.500199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001GHGemissions(ktofCO2equivalent)PRESSUREINDICATORFigure2.18Theformationoftheacidrain(Source:USEPA,2002)AnthropogenicSOURCESVOCVOCDryDepositionDryDepositionSO2NOXNOXWetDepositionHgNaturalRECEPTORSGaseousPollutantsinAtmosphereParticulatePollutantsinAtmospherePollutantsinCloudWaterandPrecipitation

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002202AmbienteAtmosférico20022AtmosphericEnvironmentFigure2.20Theformationofthephotochemicalsmog(Source:USEPA,2002)Figure2.19Importsandannualquotaof1.1.1-trichloroethane(Source:EC,2002)Smogisanenglishtermtodescribethecombinationofsmokeandfog.Photochemicalsmogcontainsacombinationofprimarypollutants(nitrogenoxides,hydrocarbonsandvola-tileorganiccompounds,etc.)emittedintotheatmosphere.Thesepollutantsreactthroughaseriesofcomplexchemicalreactionstogetherwithoxidationbysunlight,formingthetroposphericozoneandcommonlyknownas“badozone”.Thesecompoundsreactwithotheratmosphericpollutantsandendupformingagroupofharmfulsubstances(HNO3,PAN,formaldehydes,O3…)whichcauseadverseeffectsonvegetation,eyeirritationandrespiratoryproblems.Althoughthisphenomenonalmosttakesplaceineverycityintheworld,itoccursquiteofteninurbancenterswithheavytraffic,industrialareasandspecificclimateconditionssuchasahotclimate,stagnantairflowandthermalinversions,whichobstructtheairexchangeandthepollutants’removal.TheUniversityofMacaoandtheMGBofMacaocollabo-rateinthestudyofphotochemicalsmogandthepreliminaryresultshowsthattemperature,sunlightandrelativehumidityaresomedeterminedfactorsforphotochemicalsmog.ThestudyalsopredictsthatphotochemicalsmoginMacaowillhappenwhentherelativehumidityisbelow40%insummerorwhenthetemperatureisover28oCinwinter.Basedontheabovetwometeorologicalconditions,theprobabilityoftheoccurrenceofphotochemicalsmoginMacaoiscomparativelylow.03000060000900001200001500001800001997199819992000200120022003200420051.1.1.-trichloroethane(kg)1.1.1.-trichloroethaneAnnualimportquotaof1.1.1-trichloroethanePRESSUREINDICATOR48km16kmSMOGEARTHProtectiveOzoneLayerTroposphereStratosphere

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20022120022AtmosphericEnvironmentDuetotheimportanceoftheenergyandthetransportsectorsregardingtheatmosphericenvironment,forexampletheemissionofpollutantsandgreenhousegases,ananalysisofthesetwoeconomicsectorsishereafterpresented.2.4EnergySectorIntheMacaoSAR,sincethereisnoalternativeenergysource(suchaswindorsolarenergy)thatcanbeused,fuelcombustionbecomesthemainsourcetomeettheenergyneedsaswellasthemajorsourceofpollutantemission.ThisactivityiscarriedoutbytheMacaoElectricityCompany(MEC)anditsproductioncapacityhasincreasedremarkablyinthepastdecadeinordertofulfiltheincreasingelectricitycon-sumptiondemand.Anewpowerstation“Coloane-B”beganitsoperationon2001.Thestationusescombinedcycletechnologywhichemits20timeslessNOxthandieselwhenusedasthecombustionfuel.MECisthemainsourceofatmosphericemissionsaswellasgreenhousegasesandthiscanbereflectedthroughtheportionofenergygenerationoverthewholeindustrialsectorofMacao,thetypeofequipmentusedinthestationsaswellasthelackoffacilitiestocontrolthepollutantemissionsintheMacaoPowerStationandinColoane-APowerStation.However,MEChasbeenendeavouringtoreduce,controlandimplementmeasuressoastoreduceatmosphericemissions.Analysingbothfactors,itisfoundthattheincreaseinthepowerproductionhasbeenhigherthantheemissionsofthemainGHGs–CO2,NOxandCH4.Itshowsthatthereisnocorrelationbetweenthesetwoparameters.Figure2.21EvolutionofpowergenerationandGHGemission(Source:MECandEC,2002)Since1992theheatgeneratedduringtheincinerationofthewasteinMIPhasbeenusedfortheproductionofelectri-calpower.In2001,MIPhadsold56GWhofenergytoMEC.Figure2.22EnergysuppliedtoMEC(Source:MEC,2002)Note:Totalenergyconsumption,GDPat1996consumerpriceItincludesconsumptioninindustry,construction,transport,commerce,householdsandothersinadditiontoelectricityandtraditionalfuels.Figure2.23EvolutionofthetotalenergyconsumptionandGDP(Source:MECandSCS,2002)80100120140160180200220199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001Index(1990=100)PowerproductionGHGemissionbyMECTotalGHGemissionPRESSUREINDICATOR01020304050601992199319941995199619971998199920002001PowersuppliedbyMIP(GWh)0%1%2%3%4%5%%oftotalpowergenerationPowersuppliedtoMECnetworkbyMIP%oftotalpowergenerationPRESSUREINDICATOR5075100125150199319941995199619971998199920002001Index(1993=100)GDPTECPRESSUREINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002222AmbienteAtmosférico20022AtmosphericEnvironment50100150200250300350400450500550600650199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001Index(1990=100)FuelconsumptionoflandtransportGDPRegisteredvehiclesCOemissionsfromlandtransportVOCemissionsfromlandtransportN2OemissionsfromlandtransportNOxemissionsfromlandtransportFigure2.24Eco-efficiencyoftheenergysector(Source:SCS,MEC,IE,2002)2.5TransportNexttoelectricityproduction,thetransportsectoralsohasgreatimpactupontheenvironment.Overthelastde-cadesasharpriseinthedevelopmentoftransportoccurred,especiallyinroadtransport,andthishasdecisivelycontrib-utedtotheincreaseofGHGs.InMacao,about46%ofthetotalenergyconsumedre-ferredtotheenergyconsumptionofthetransportsector(thistotalenergyconsumptiondoesnottakeintoaccountthecon-sumptionofMEC,thesupplierofenergy).Thelargenumberofmotorvehiclesincirculation(themajoritybeingprivatelyownedcars)causesundoubtedlyenvironmentalimpactssuchasairandnoisepollution.Note:Thisaccountdoesnotincludeneitherelectricitynortraditionalfuelsconsumption(charcoal,logs,billets,branchesorfogots).Thetransportsectorincludestheconsumptionoffuelsonroadandseatransportonly,sincedataonairtransportareclassified."Others"includesfishing,services,electricity(excludingconsumptionbytheMEC)andwater.Figure2.25Energyconsumptionofeachsector(excludingMEC)(Source:SCS,2002)Infact,theadvancedtechnologiesintheautomobilein-dustry(suchastheintroductionofcatalyticconvertersin1995andthereductionofsulphurandleadcontentinfuels)havereducedsomeofthenegativeeffectsontheenvironment(suchasparticulates,NOx,VOCandCOemissionsetc.).However,thesemeasuresarenotenoughtocompensatethegrowingtrafficintensity.Note:Duringthemajorpartoftheanalysedperiodoftimetheconstantincreaseofthenumberofvehiclesdoesnotcorrespondtothefuelconsumption.Itcanbeconcludedthatasignificantquantityoffuelmaynotbetakenintoaccount.Datafrom2000includesthequantityoffuelthattheimporters/distributorssoldtooutlets(refertoEnergyBalance,SCS2000),whichjustifiesforasharpincreasein2000.Figure2.26Eco-efficiencyinthetransportsector(Source:SCSandIE,2002)TheEnvironmentalCouncilhasstartedasurveyaboutthe“StudyofVehicleEmissions”in2002,aimingatgatheringmorepreciseinformationregardingthedistancecompletedbyve-hiclesthroughaquestionnaireinordertoevaluateandto6080100120140160180200220240199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001Index(1990=100)GDP(baseyear1996)CO2emissionsfromMECNOxemissionsfromMECSOxemissionsfromMECTSPemissionsfromMECElectricityproductionPRESSUREINDICATOR0%20%40%60%80%100%199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001IndustryConstructionTransportHouseholdCommerceandservicesOthersPRESSUREINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20022320022AtmosphericEnvironment020.00040.00060.00080.000100.000120.000140.0001989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001010.00020.00030.00040.00050.00060.00070.000LightvehiclesHeavyvehiclesMotorcycles50ccmotorcyclesFuelconsumption(TOE)Vehicles(nº)Consumption(TEP)PRESSUREINDICATOR2001Lightvehicles45%Heavyvehicles4%Motorcycles23%50ccMotorcycles28%PRESSUREINDICATORcharacterizetherespectiveemissions.Inaddition,analysisofthevehiclesemissionatalowspeedisalsoconductedandtheresultshavebeencomparedwiththeemissionstandardsoftheneighbouringregions,inordertoassesstheactualsitua-tionoftheemissionofvehiclesinMacao.AlthoughcertainkindsofmeasureshavealreadybeenimplementedinMacaoinordertoalleviatetheimpactscausedbytheincreasingnumberofvehiclestowardstheenvironment,healthandqualityoflife,roadscontinuetobeheavilycongested.Figure2.27Evolutionofthenumberofvehiclesincirculationandthecorrespondingfuelconsumption(Source:SCS,2002)

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200224

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20022520023WaterSupply3.1DrinkingWaterWaterSupplyWithasmallgeographicalareaandthelackofnaturalwaterresourceslimittheavailabilityandtheuseoffreshwa-terinMacao.RawwaterisextractedfromtheMadaomenCanal(PRC)andthenconveyedbygravitytotheIlhaVerdeWaterTreatmentPlant.SurpluswaterisdeliveredandstoredintheOuterHarbourReservoirinMacao.Inaddition,theSeacPaiVanReservoirandtheKa-HóandHac-SáDamscollectandstorerainwater.TherawwaterabstractedfromMadaomendecreasedin2001comparedto2000.Unlikethelastthreeyears,in2001thereisnoneedtousethewaterintheOuterHarbourReservoir.Hence,itsvalueiszeroasshownFigure3.1.Figure3.1VolumeofrawwatersuppliedtoMacao(Source:CMAB/MLM,2002)In2001therewasnosalinityproblemandtherefore,itisnotnecessarytousethewaterintheOuterHarbourReservoirforsalinewaterdilution.However,theMacaoWaterSupplyCompany(MWSC),whoisresponsibleforthesupplyofdrink-ingwaterinMacao,withthesupportofthePearlRiverWaterResourcesCommittee,hadappointedaconsultantcompanytoconductastudyinsolvingthehighsalinitylevelsusuallyformedinrawwaterbasedontheirexperiencesofpreviousyears.Theresultsofthestudyindicatedthattorelocatethepointofwaterabstractionupstreammightbeabettersolution.WaterConsumptionTherawwateraftertreatmentisthensuppliedtothecus-tomersthroughthewaterdistributionnetwork.Figure3.2Volumeofwaterintroducedinthesystemandbilled(Source:CMAB,2002)010.000.00020.000.00030.000.00040.000.00050.000.00060.000.000VolumeoftotalwaterandofMadaomen(m3)-5.000.000-4.000.000-3.000.000-2.000.000-1.000.00001.000.0002.000.0003.000.0004.000.000VolumeofwaterfromOuterHarbour,SeacPaiVanandHacSa(m3)OuterHarbourReservoirModaomenSeacPaiVanReservoirKa-HóandHacSáDamsTotalvolumeofrawwaterabstracted199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001PRESSUREINDICATOR3WaterSupply010203040506019821983198419851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001Volumeofwater(106m3)WaterintroducedintothesystemWaterbilledPRESSUREINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20022620023WaterSupplyFigure3.3Percentageofwaterlossinthewaterdistributionnetwork(Source:CMAB,MWSC,2002)ItisshownthatmorewaterwasconsumedintheMacaoPeninsula.WaterconsumptioninTaipahasalsoshownasharpincreaseinpercentage.ThisindicatestherapidgrowthofpopulationinTaipa.InfactthenumberofresidentsinTaipahasincreasedaboutsixtimesduringthepastdecade.Figure3.4Volumeofwaterbilledbygeographicalarea(Source:CMAB,2002)Figure3.5Evolutionofthewaterbilledvolumebygeographicalarea(Source:CMAB,2002)Similartopreviousyears,householdisthedominantsec-torinwaterconsumptionintheMacaoSARin2001(about50%ofthetotalconsumption),followedbythecommercialsector(about30%ofthetotalconsumption).Figure3.6Typesofwater-usedistributionintheMSARin2001(Source:MWSC,2002)In2001,householdandcommercearethemajorwaterconsumptionsectorsintheMacaoPeninsula.InTaipa,thereisasignificantincreaseinwaterconsumptioninboththecom-merceandhouseholdsector,especiallyintheformer.InColoane,alesspopulatedareaofMacao,waterconsumptioninthecommercesectorhasbeenincreasinginrecentyears,whiletheconsumptionofhouseholdsectionisrelativelylow.198219831984198519861987198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020010%5%10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%PercentageofwaterlossPRESSUREINDICATOR05.000.00010.000.00015.000.00020.000.00025.000.00030.000.00035.000.00040.000.00045.000.000199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001Volumeofwaterbilled(m3)MacaoTaipaColoanePRESSUREINDICATOR50100150200250300350400450199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001Index(1990=100)MacaoTaipaColoanePRESSUREINDICATORCommerce30.9%Industry6.2%Household50.1%Publicfacilities3.2%Maritimeterminal0.4%Government9.1%STATEINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20022720023WaterSupplyAfteranalyzingthewaterconsumptionineverysectorandcomparingtheresultssince1993,itisfoundthatwatercon-sumptionhassharplydecreasedintheindustrialsectoraswellasinthepublicfacilitiesinthelasttwoyears.Thedropofwaterconsumptionintheindustrialsectorismainlycausedbythedecreaseinthewaterconsumptionoflaundrysector,theconstructionsectorandtheleatherindustry.Thewaterconsumptioninthegovernmentsectorhasthegreatestincrease(70%),whichisduetotheincreaseofurbanwaterconsumptionintheMacaoPeninsula.Figure3.7Evolutionofthewaterconsumptionbydifferentsectorssince1993(Source:MWSC,2002)QualityofDrinkingWaterTherawwaterqualityatMadaomenCanalcorrespondstotheA2waterstandard,i.e.,whichmeansthewaterrequirestheusualphysical,chemicalanddisinfectiontreatmentbe-foreitcanbeconsumed.TheCMAB,throughtheMunicipalLaboratoryofMacao,monitorsandcontrolsthequalityofthedrinkingwaterofMacao.Rawwatersamplesandtreatedwatersamplesfromthethreewatertreatmentplants(WTPs),locatedatIlhaVerde,OuterHarbour,Coloaneanddistributionnetworkarenormallycollectedinordertoproceedbacteriological,physicalandchemicalanalysis.As2000,thechlorideconcentrationdidnotexceedtheMaximumPermissibleValue(MPV)in2001.Thisparameternormallyreachesrelativelyhighervaluesduringthedryseason.ThefluorideconcentrationisstillbelowtheMinimumPermissibleValue.Thelackofprecisedatalimitsacompleteanalysisofrel-evantparametersinthevariousWTPs.Thechlorideconcen-trationintheIlhaVerdeWTPisshowninFigure3.8.Figure3.8ChlorideconcentrationintheIlhaVerdeWTPin2001(Source:MLM,2002)Regardingtheanalysisofthemicrobiologicalparametersinthewaterdistributionnetworks,thereisnoavailableinfor-mationreferredtotheviolationofstandards.Theresultsofthetotalnumberofbacteriaandcoliformin2001wasnotfoundinboththeMacaoPeninsulaandTaipanetworks,butitisregisteredonceintheColoanenetwork.Regardingtheto-talnumberofbacteria,thepercentageoffinding10orabovebacterialcountinnetworkisthelowestinTaipawhileitisthehighestintheMacaoPeninsula.406080100120140160180200199319941995199619971998199920002001Index(1993=100)GovernmentPublicfacilitiesCommerceIndustryHouseholdSTATEINDICATOR05010015020025002-01-0117-01-0101-02-0116-02-0103-03-0118-03-0102-04-0117-04-0102-05-0117-05-0101-06-0116-06-0101-07-0116-07-0131-07-0115-08-0130-08-0114-09-0129-09-0114-10-0129-10-0113-11-0128-11-0113-12-0128-12-01Cl(mg/L)MRVMPV

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20022820023WaterSupplyTable3.1AnalysisofthetotalcountofbacteriaandcoliformintheMacaonetworksin2001(Source:CMAB/MLM,2002)ParametersClassificationMacaoPeninsulanetworkTaipanetworkColoanenetworkgroupPercent(%)Percent(%)Percent(%)Countofbacteria37oC<167.380.3721-927.818.226.510-493.51.50.850-990.500>1000.800.8Totalcoliform37oC<110010099.21-9000.810-4900050-99000>10000000,20,40,60,811,21,4199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001Dailymeanvolumeofsludgeproduced(t)Inthewatertreatmentprocess,sludge,whichusuallycontainsmicroorganismsandaluminumsalts,isnormallypro-ducedbecauseoftheuseofcoagulants.In2001,thedailyamountofsludgeproducedhasreached1.3ton.Thecom-poundcontainsmostlyofmicroorganismsandaluminumsalt.Atpresent,owingtothelimitedspace,nospecificequipmenthasbeeninstalledforsludgedecantation.Meanwhile,pro-cessesofsludgetreatmentarebeingstudied.Figure3.9Dailymeanvolumeofsludgeproducedinwatertreatmentplants(Source:MWSC,2002)

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20022920023WaterSupplyTAIPAILJKHABCMDEFGAreiaPretaReferencepointOuterHarbourInnerHarbourPraiaGrandePraiadoBomPartoTaipaPacOnAirportSanitarylandfillColoaneHácSáCheocVanZoneIZoneIIZoneIIIZoneIV3.2BathingBeachesandCoastalWaterFactorsaffectingthecoastalwaterqualityThewaterqualityofthecoastalareasinMacaoisaffectedbybothinternalandexternalfactors.Regardinginternalfactors,thepresentdrainagesystemofMacaoconsistsboththecombinedandtheseparatesewers.Thewastewatercol-lectedbytheseparatesewersistransferredtothethreewaste-watertreatmentplants(WWTPs)forsecondarytreatmentbe-foredischarge.Partofthewastewatercollectedbythecom-binedsewersisbeingdischargedtothecoastpriortotreatment.Inaddition,therearealsodirectdischargesofrainwater,whichcarryterrestrialandatmosphericpollutantsintotheestuaryduringtherainyseasonandhenceaggravat-ingwaterpollutioninthecoastalareas.Regardingexternalfactors,asMacaoislocatedinthesouthwestofthePearlRiverDeltawhereseveralriverbranchesflow,thequalityofcoastalwatersisnotonlyaffectedbylocalpollutionsourcesbutalsobypollutionfromupstreamandneighboringtidalflows.SincethePearlRiverDeltapossessesanactivelydevelopingeconomyaswellasarapidlyincreas-ingpopulation,thetremendousamountofdomestic,indus-trialandagriculturalwastewaterimposesheavyimpactsonthewaterenvironment.DuringtherainyseasonfromApriltoSeptembereachyear,waterfromupstreamflowsintotheseathroughthecoastalzonesofMacaoandthecoastalwaterqualityisobviouslyaffectedbytheupstreamflowsduringthisperiod.MonitoringthequalityofcoastalwaterInordertoprotectthecoastalwaterinMacao,monitor-ingandassessmentofwaterqualityarecarriedout.ThePub-licHealthLaboratory(PHL)oftheHealthDepartment(HD)isresponsibleforthemonitoringofcoastalwatersince1988.ThesamplingpointsofthecoastalwaterareshowninFigure3.10.AssessmentofwaterqualitySince2000thePHLstartedtousethepollutionindextoassessthecoastalwaterquality.Theobjectiveistoevaluatetheutilizationofwaterbodyaccordingtocertainwaterqual-itycriteriainordertoassessthedegreeofpollution,thesourcesandthemaintypesofpollutantsaswellastheirtrends.SincetheMacaocoastalwaterpossessesseawatercharacteristics,thePHLhasbeenreferringtotheClass2parametersforwaterqualityestablishedintheSeawaterqualitystandardofChina(GB3097-97).AccordingtotheClass2standard,thewaterqualityisappropriateforaquiculture,bathing,sportsorrecre-ationinwhichthehumanbodyisindirectcontactwithseawater;itisalsoconsideredtobeappropriateforfoodindustry.DifferentparametersareshowninTable3.2.Thepollutionindexofeachparameter,theaveragepollutionin-dexandthenutrientindexareadoptedfortheanalysisofthewaterenvironment.Table3.2MaximumpermissiblevaluesforClass2waterqualityparametersestablishedbytheSeawaterqualitystandardofChina(GB3097-97).ParameterMaximumpermissiblevalue(mg/l)pH7.8-8.5Dissolvedoxygen>5Chemicaloxygendemand≤3Biochemicaloxygendemandin5days≤3Inorganicnitrogen(intermsofN)≤0.30Non-ionicnitrogen(intermsofN)≤0.020Activephosphate(intermsofP)≤0.030Mercury≤0.0002Cadmium≤0.005Lead≤0.005Totalchromium≤0.10Nickel≤0.010Copper≤0.010Zinc≤0.050Selenium≤0.020Arsenic≤0.03Figure3.10Locationofthesamplingpointsofthecoastalwatermonitoringnetwork(Source:PHL,2001)

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20023020023WaterSupply0.00.51.01.52.02.5PollutionIndex2001ClassIClassIIIClassIIClassIVTaipaSanitarylandfillColoaneCheocVanHacSáAirportReferencepointOuterHarbourPacOnAreiaPretaInnerHarbourPraiaGrandePraiadoBomPartoZoneIZoneIIZoneIIIZoneIVSTATEINDICATOR0.00.20.40.60.81.01.219911992199319941995199619971998199920002001PollutionIndexSTATEINDICATORAveragePollutionIndexTheaveragepollutionindexiscalculatedbythearith-meticmeansofthepollutionindexofeachdifferentparameter.Thepollutionindexofeachparameterisdefinedasthediffer-encebetweentheactualmonitoringaveragevalueandthemaximumpermissiblevalue.AnalyzedparametersincludepH,dissolvedoxygen,chemicaloxygendemand,biochemicaloxygendemandin5days,nitrogenandphosphorus-contain-ingnutrientpollutantsandheavymetalspollutants.Tofacilitatetheassessmentofthecoastalwater,seawatersareclassifiedinto4classes,accordingtotheaveragepollu-tionindex(I):•Class1:I≤0.50goodwaterquality,waterisnotpolluted;•Class2:0.501.00pollutedwaterthatcausesad-verseeffectsonpublichealth.WiththeuseoftheindextoanalyzetheMacaocoastalwater,itisfoundthatallthecoastalzonesinMacaoareclas-sifiedasbetweenClass2and4,e.g.whichmeansthatthewaterhasbeenpollutedtodifferentextent.ZoneII(CheocVan,HácSá,AirportandReferencePoint)showsbetterwaterquality,althoughboththeairportandthereferencepointhavealreadyreachedpollutionlevelofClass3,whichisacriticalpollutionlevel.RegardingZoneIII(PacOn,OuterHarbourandAreiaPreta)andIV(InnerHarbour,PraiaGrandeandPraiadoBomParto),allsamplingpointshavereachedClass4whichindi-cateaseriouspollutinglevel.AlthoughthepollutionleveloftheInnerHarbourstillreachesthehighestpollutionlevelamongallthesamplingpoints,thepollutionindexatthispointhasincreasedlinearlysince1996to2000.However,thereisaslightdecreaseinthepollutionlevelin2001.In2001,thewaterqualityofthesamplingpointsinZoneI(Taipa,SanitaryLandfillandColoane)isbetweenClass2and3asinlastyear.Figure3.11Pollutionindexofeachsamplingpointin2001(Source:HB,2002)Figure3.12EvolutionoftheannualmeanvalueofthepollutionindexofthecoastalwatersinMacao(Source:HB,2002)

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20023120023WaterSupplyZone11995199619971998199920002001PollutionIndexTaipaSanitarylandfillColoaneSTATEINDICATOR0.000.501.001.502.002.50Zone2PollutionIndex1995199619971998199920002001CheocVanHacSáAirportReferencePointSTATEINDICATOR0.000.501.001.502.002.50Zone3PollutionIndex1995199619971998199920002001OuterHarbourPacOnAreiaPretaSTATEINDICATOR0.000.501.001.502.002.50Zone4PollutionIndex0.00.51.01.52.02.51995199619971998199920002001InnerHarbourPraiaGrandePraiadoBomPartoSTATEINDICATORFigure3.13Pollutionindexofdifferentsamplingpoints(Source:HB,2002)

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20023220023WaterSupplyNutrientindexThenutrientindexiscalculatedbasedontheanalysisofparameterssuchasCOD,phosphorousandinorganicnitrogen.Itrepresentstheeutrophiclevelofthewater.WhenE>1,itmeansthattheconcentrationofnutrientsinwaterhasreachedaneutrophiclevel.Thefollowingfigureshowsthatallsamplingpointsatdif-ferentMacaocoastalzonehavethenutrientindexgreaterthan1.ThemostcriticalzonesareAreiaPretaandInnerHarbour,whosevalueshavereached200and300in2001atthesamplingpointsrespectively.EveninthelesspollutedzoneofCheocVanandHácSá,thenutrientindexisgreaterthan10atthesamplingpoints.Itisworthnoticingthatthevalueoftheinorganicnitro-genpollutionindexisgreaterthan2.0inallsamplingpoints.IntheInnerHarbour,theindexiscloseto7.0.ItshowsthatthepollutionlevelofinorganicnitrogenisratherhighintheMacaowater.Eutrophicationofthewaterbodyprovidesthematerialsandconditionsfortherapidandexcessivegrowthofalgaeaswellasothertypesofplanktonandmayincreasethepossibil-ityofredtideoccurrence.Atthebeginningof2001,2redtideswithdinoflagellates,atypeoftoxicalgae,hadtakenplace.Figure3.14Nutrientindexofdifferentsamplingpoints(Source:HB,2002)ChlorophyllsInordertodeepenitsknowledgeabouttheredtidesintheMacaowaters,thePHLbegantoanalyzethechlorophylls-a,b,c,andthefeophitin-afromthewatersamplesofthe6samplingpoints,namelyHácSá,CheocVan,ReferencePoint,AreiaPreta,ColoaneandInnerHarboursince2000.Thecon-centrationofchlorophyll-aisfrequentlyusedasanindicatorofalgaegrowth.Thecontentofchlorophylls-a,b,andchelpstoassessthetypesofalgaeandplanktonofthewaterbody.Theanalysisrevealsthatinthefirstquarterof2001,thecon-050100150200250300350Nutrientindex20002001TaipaSanitarylandfillColoaneCheocVanHácSáAirportReferencepointOuterharbourPacOnAreiaPretaInnerharbourPraiaGrandePraiadoBomPartoSTATEINDICATORConcentration(mg/L)02468101214161820ColoaneCheocVanHácSáReferencepointAreiaPretaInnerharbourChlorophyllaChrorophyllbChlorophyllcFeophitinaSTATEINDICATORcentrationofchlorophyll-aatthesamplingpointofCheocVanandColoaneisobviouslyhigh,whichseemstohaveacorrelationtotheoccurrenceofredtidesduringthesameperiod.Figure3.15ConcentrationofChlorophylla,Chlorophyllb,ChlorophyllcandFeophitinaofdifferentsamplingpointsin2001(Source:HB,2002)HeavymetalsHeavymetalssuchasarsenic(As),cadmium(Cd),chro-mium(Cr),mercury(Hg),lead(Pb)andtheirioniccompoundsaretoxicandhazardoustohumanandthewaterbodysincetheycanaccumulateintheorganicbody.Analysisindicatesthatconcentrationsofthesecompoundshavesignificantlyincreasedin2001,comparedtothatof2000.ComparingthevaluesobtainedinthevarioussamplingpointsinMacaowiththeparametersofClass2waterqualityestablishedbytheSeawaterqualitystandardofChina(GB3097-97),itisfoundthatthemercuryconcentrationishigherthantheestablishedlimit(0,2mg/l)in2001.Itisnecessarytoiden-tifythecausesofthisproblemaswellastotakeurgentmea-surestosolvetheproblem.

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20023320023WaterSupplyppb01234567HgCdAsPbCr2000SanitarylandfillCheocVanHácSáReferencepointOuterharbourAreiaPretaInnerharbourPraiaGrandeSTATEINDICATORppbHgCdAsPbCr2001STATEINDICATOR01234567SanitarylandfillCheocVanHácSáReferencepointOuterharbourAreiaPretaInnerharbourPraiaGrandePollutionindexofheavymetals20000.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.50AsCdCrSeCuHgNiPbZnSTATEINDICATORSanitarylandfillCheocVanHácSáReferencepointOuterharbourAreiaPretaInnerharbourPraiaGrandePollutionindexofheavymetals20010.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.50AsCdCrSeCuHgNiPbZnSTATEINDICATORSanitarylandfillCheocVanHácSáReferencepointOuterharbourAreiaPretaInnerharbourPraiaGrandeFigure3.16Annualmeanvaluesoftheheavymetalconcentrationin2000and2001(Source:HB,2002)Figure3.17Pollutionindexofheavymetalsin2000and2001(Source:HB,2002)Accordingtothe“InternationalConventiononOilPollu-tionPreparedness,ResponseandCooperation,1990”,theGuangdongProvince,theHongKongSARandtheMacaoSARhavesignedaprotocolwiththeaimoftakingjointmea-suresforlargescaleoilspillageinthePearlRiverDeltaregioninordertoprotectthecoastalwaterquality.DredgingThesedimentationcausesaseriesofproblemssuchastheelevationofriverbedsandtheobstructionofwaterwaysinthePearlRiverDeltaregion.Thereforeitisnecessarytodredgeseveralmillioncubicmetersofsedimentsannually.Inrecentyears,thedredgedvolumeremainsatthesamelevel.Figure3.18Dredgedvolumesince1985(Source:PA,2002)BathingwaterqualitybeachesThemonitoringofwaterqualityinCheocVanandHácSábeachesisstilltheresponsibilityofthePHLoftheHealthBureau.Thesamplingandanalysisiscarriedoutoncepermonth.Analysisincludesmicrobiological,physical,chemicalandwheneverpossible,theresultsarecomparedtothelimitsofChina,HongKongandtheEuropeanUnionstandards.Ifredtideoccurs,itwillproceedsamplingagain.Atpresent,theVibriocholerae(choleravirus)andEscheri-chiacolicontentareindicatorsbeingsystematicallyexaminedforidentifyingwhetherthewaterbodyismicrobiologicallypolluted.Likein2000,thecholeravirus(Vibriocholerae)wasnotfoundinthesamplesfromthebeachesin2001.ButbytheendofJanuaryandinthebeginningofFebruaryof2001,redtideshaveoccurredinCheocvan,HácSáandothercoastalareas.AstothecontentofEscherichiacoliin2001,itisfoundthatthecontentintheCheocVanbeacharesignificantlylowerthanthatof2000andisclosetotheacceptablelevel(baseduponHongKongstandard).Onthecontrary,thecontentofEscherichiacolifoundinHácSáisworryingsinceithasin-creasedbutnotwithahighextent.0500.0001.000.0001.500.0002.000.0002.500.0003.000.0003.500.0004.000.0004.500.0005.000.00019851986198719881989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001Dredgedvolume(m3)RESPONEINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20023420023WaterSupplyFigure3.19GeometricalmeanoftheannualmeanvaluesofE.Coli(Source:PHL,2002)CoastalerosionFollowingtheprojectstartedinthepreviousyear,amoni-toringprogrammehasbeeninplaceinordertocollectregu-larlythedataandinformationontheamountandtheloca-tionofsandloss.Thisprogrammeaimsatinvestigatingthedrivingfactorsoferosionandfindingtheappropriatemeasures.InJanuary2001,thePortAuthorityhasrequestedtheCivilEngineeringLaboratoryofMacaotoconductastudysoastoanalyzethecausesoferosionintheHácSábeach.TheUniver-sityofMacaohasalsobegunasimilarresearchtowardthisphenomenon.Generallyspeaking,theanalysisshowsthatthecoastalzonesofMacaobecomemorepolluted.TheanalysistakenbythePHLbasedontheaveragepollutionindexalsoshowsthatinsomesamplingpointsthevalueshaveevenreachedcriticallevels.Accordingtothe“ReportontheStateoftheEnviron-mentoftheCoastalZonesofChina2001”,itindicatesthatthemainpollutantsofthewaterbodyofsouthChinaarein-organicnitrogenandactivephosphate.InsomeofthecoastalzonesthevaluesofCOD,oilderivativesandleadareabovethecriterialimit.InZhuhai,thequalityofcoastalwaterisclas-sifiedasClass4anditspollutionisbeingcharacterizedbyahighaverageconcentrationofinorganicnitrogen,whichisverysimilartotheMacao’ssituation.10015020025030035040019941995199619971998199920002001E.Coli(Nº/100ml)CheocVan1CheocVan2HácSá1HácSá2HKlimitforacceptablequality(180)STATEINDICATOR3.3WastewaterManagementInordertosolvetheenvironmentalproblemscausedbywastewaterandtoprotectthewaterqualityofthecoastalzones,Macaohasplannedtoimproveitswastewaterdrain-agesystemsincethemiddleofthe80’s.TheconstructionofthreeenclosedandsecondarytreatmentWWTPswithadailytreatmentcapacityof234,000m3correspondingtothevol-umeofwastewaterproducedbyamillionpeopleintheMacaoPeninsula,TaipaandColoanewasconcludedin1995,1996and1999respectively.Itisbelievedthatthecapacitywillbeabletomeettheneedsoftheincreasingpopulationandtheeconomicdevelopmentinthemiddleandlongterm.In2001,theaveragevolumeofwatertreateddailybythethreeWWTPsis145,000m3.AlthoughthedrainagesystemisstillunabletocoveralltheareasofMacao,theimprovementonsewersisinprogressinordertoreplacegraduallythecombineddrainagesystemintheoldtownbyaseparatedrainagesystem.TheanalysisoftheaveragevolumeofeffluentineachWWTPshowsthatthetotalvolumeoftreatedwastewaterhasbeenincreasingsince1996.ThetreatedvolumeisparticularlysignificantintheMacaoPeninsulaWWTP,whichhasbeenincreased80%in2001whencomparedtothatin1996.Inthesameperiod,thevolumeofwaterconsumedintheMacaoPeninsulahasalsobeendecreasedslightly(about2%).ThisshowsthatthroughtheimprovementonthecoverageofthedrainagesystemintheMacaoPeninsula,thewastewaterisbeingcollectedandtreatedbeforedischarge.In2001,thevolumeofwastewatertreatedintheTaipaWWTPhasbeenincreased20%whencomparedtothatof1996and30%intheColoaneWWTPwhencomparedtothatof1999(theyearitstartedtooperate).ThesetwoWWTPsmaintainenoughcapacitytocopewiththeneedsforwastewatertreatmentforthefuturedevelopmentofTaipaandColoane.Inaddition,theMacaoSARalsoplanstobuildanotherWWTPintheMacaoInternationalAirportattheendof2002inordertoimprovecontinuouslythefacilitiesforwastewatertreatment.Meanwhile,a10,000m3storagetankhasbeenin

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20023520023WaterSupplyoperationin2002inordertoincreasethecapacitytoretainbeforetreatingthewastewaterinfluentintheMacaoWWTPduringpeakhoursandtoreducetheimpactofthedischargedwastewatertowardsthewaterbodyduringthosepeakperiods.Figure3.34DailymeaninfluentvolumetotheWWTPs(Source:OID,2002)ThelaboratorywillmonitorthequalityoftheeffluentandinfluentateachWWTP.TheresultshowsthattheeffluentqualityofeachWWTPiswithinthelimit.Thus,theWWTPshaveplayedacertainroleinreducingthepollutionofthePearlRiverEstuary.Figure3.35Evolutionofbiochemicaloxygendemand(BOD5)intheinfluentandeffluentvolumesoftheWWTPs(Source:OID,2002)020,00040,00060,00080,000100,000120,000140,000160,000199619971998199920002001Influentvolume(m3)05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,000Rainfall(mm)MacaoWWTPTaipaWWTPColoaneWWTPRainfall(mm)PRESSUREINDICATORFigure3.36Evolutionofthechemicaloxygendemand(COD)intheinfluentandeffluentvolumesoftheWWTPs(Source:OID,2002)Figure3.37Evolutionoftotalsuspendedsolids(TSS)intheinfluentandeffluentvolumesintheWWTPs(Source:OID,2002)Figure3.38EvolutionofdetergentsintheinfluentandeffluentvolumesintheWWTPs(Source:OID,2002)050100150200250300350400TSSinfluent(WWTPM)TSSeffluent(WWTPM)TSSinfluent(WWTPT)TSSeffluent(WWTPT)TSSinfluent(WWTPC)TSSeffluent(WWTPC)TSS(mg/L)19971998199920002001Effluentlimitvalue(60mg/L)STATEINDICATOR00,511,522,533,544,5Influentdetergents(WWTPM)Effluentdetergents(WWTPM)Influentdetergents(WWTPT)Effluentdetergents(WWTPT)Influentdetergents(WWTPC)Effluentdetergents(WWTPC)Detergents(mg/L)19971998199920002001Effluentlimitvalue(2mg/L)STATEINDICATOR050100150200250300350400450BOD5influent(WWTPM)BOD5effluent(WWTPM)BOD5influent(WWTPT)BOD5effluent(WWTPT)BOD5influent(WWTPC)BOD5effluent(WWTPC)BOD5(mg/L)19971998199920002001Effluentlimitvalue(40mg/L)STATEINDICATOR0100200300400500600700800900CODinfluent(WWTPM)CODeffluent(WWTPM)CODinfluent(WWTPT)CODeffluent(WWTPT)CODinfluent(WWTPC)CODeffluent(WWTPC)COD(mg/L)19971998199920002001Effluentlimitvalue(150mg/L)STATEINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20023620023WaterSupply02004006008001,0001,2001,400199619971998199920002001Generationoforganicsolventsandwatersolutions(t)010,00020,00030,00040,00050,00060,00070,000Generationofwastewater(m3)GroupI+GroupIIGroupIII+GroupIVWastewaterchannelledtoTaipaWWTPSTATEINDICATOR05101520253035InfluentOilsandfats(WWTPM)EffluentOilsandfats(WWTPM)InfluentOilsandfats(WWTPT)EffluentOilsandfats(WWTPT)InfluentOilsandfats(WWTPC)EffluentOilsandfats(WWTPC)Oilsandfats(mg/L)19971998199920002001Effluentlimitvalue(15mg/L)STATEINDICATORFigure3.39EvolutionofoilsandfatsintheinfluentandeffluentvolumesintheWWTPs(Source:OID,2002)AprojectcoordinatedbyCMABaimedatmonitoringthewaterqualityattheoutletsoftherainwaterdrainagesystemwasstartedin2000andhasbeenproceedingwithgatheringandanalysis.Sincetheconsequencesonthedeteriorationofwaterqualityincoastalzonesmightbeaffectedbytheirregulardis-chargeofwastewater,itisimportanttoreinforcetheinspec-tionandtoputintoplacethenecessarymeasurestoimprovethedrainagesystem.IndustrialwastewaterTheimpactofindustrialwastewateruponthewaterenvi-ronmentisusuallygreaterthanthatofdomesticwastewater.Somepollutantssuchasheavymetalsandorganicsolventsoftenexistinindustrialwastewater.Thus,theeffectivetreat-mentofindustrialwastewaterisveryimportant.ThedatafromHovioneMacaoLtd.showsthatthevol-umeofwastewaterproducedanddischargedduringthepro-ductionprocesshasbeenconstantlyincreasing.Thewaste-waterproducedcontainswater-solubleacidicsolutions(groupIandII)andmixedorganicsolvents(groupIIIandIV).Atpresent,thedischargedwastewaterfromthiscompanyhasexertedcertainimpactstowardstheoperationofTaipaWWTP.Hence,itisnecessaryforthecompanytoincreasetheabilityofwastewaterpre-treatmentinordertofulfiltheregulationsoftheMacaoSAR.Figure3.40EvolutionoftheproductionofwastewaterandorganicsolventsinHovione(Source:Hovione,2002)RegardingMEC,whichisresponsiblefortheelectricitysupplytoMacao,aglobalplanforthetreatmentofwastewa-terintheColoanePowerStationhasbeenimplementedsince2001.Theplanincludespre-treatmentforallwastewaterinordertoensurethatthedischargecomplieswiththeregulations.

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200237

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20023820024Waste4.1QuantityofGeneratedWasteWastegenerationasaresultofconsumptiongrowthinboththepublicandprivatesectorsisagoodsignofpeople’sattitudeinaregiontowardssustainabledevelopment.Con-sumptionindicatesoneregion’sinterrelationamongeconomiclevel,socialconditionsandtheenvironment.Infact,anyregionshouldutilizenaturalresourceswithaminimumimpactontheenvironmentinordertoimproveandreinforcehealth,education,hygieneservicesandabetterlifequality.Inotherwords,itmeanstominimizesolidwaste,effluentsdischargeandgaseousemissionetc.Thereisstillmuchtoaccomplishbeforeachievingtheabovetarget.However,wastegenerationrateinMacaohasbeenincreasinghigherthanitsGDPgrowthrate.Note:WastegenerationindicatesthequantityofwasteincineratedintheIncinerationPlantFigure4.1EvolutionofsomeindicatorsinMacao(Source:SCS,OID,2002)In2001,thequantityofurbansolidwastecollectedbytheWasteServiceCompany(WSC)reached232,726tonnes,correspondingto1,45kg/inhabitant/dayofgeneratedwasteandthisfigurehasbeengraduallyincreasing.ThewasteincineratedinMIPincludestheurbansolidwasteaswellaspathogenicwastefromhospitals.Therefore,theincineratedamountreflectstheactualwastescenarioinMacao.In2001,theamountofincineratedwastehasin-creased1,4%whencomparedtothatof2000.8090100110120130140150160170180199319941995199619971998199920002001Index(1993=100)WastegenerationGDPPopulationVisitorsHouseholdwaterconsumptionPRESSUREINDICATOR4Waste

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20023920024WasteFigure4.2Evolutionoftotalamountofwasteincineratedanddailywasteamountpercapita(Source:SCS,OID,2002)In2001,thetotalincineratedpathogenicwastewas315tonnes,i.e.0,14%ofthetotalamountofincineratedwasteandthisquantityhasbeengraduallyincreasing.AlthoughthistypeofwasteisfirstcollectedseparatelyandthentransportedtoMIPforincineration,itisrecommendedtohavepre-treat-mentandtheincinerationtemperatureshouldbehigherthanthatoftheurbansolidwaste.Figure4.3Evolutionofurbansolidwasteandpathogenicwaste(Source:OID,2002)IndustrialwasteisalsobeinggeneratedinMacao.TheMECgenerateswasteoil,sludgeandsolidifiedash,flyashandincombustibles,buttheamounthasdecreasedbothintheMacaoandintheColoaneplant.TheMECisresponsibleindealingwithitsownproductionwaste,eitherbytransport-ingittothelandfillorbyreusingitinpowergeneration.Inordertoreducethevolumeofwasteoil,theMEChadde-cidedtoinstallitsownincineratoratthenewColoaneplant.Hovionegeneratessomesolidwasteandwastewateref-fluentduringtheproductionprocessandthosequantities(referto4.3Wastewatermanagement)havebeenincreasing.Solidwasteincludespaper,plasticpackagesaswellasglassfibrecontainers.Althoughthesearenotclassifiedasindustrialwaste,thequantityhasbeengraduallyincreasing.ThesetypesofwastearebeingincineratedintheMIPorbeingdisposedinthelandfill.Figure4.4SolidwastegenerationinMEC(Source:MEC,2002)Figure4.5SolidwastegenerationinHovione(Source:Hovione,2002)Atpresent,itisnecessarytoconductfuturestudiesoninvestigatingthecurrentsituationbecauseofthelackofin-formationregardingthesituationofhazardouswastegenera-tioninMacao.05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0003,5004,0001995199619971998199920002001Wastegenerated(t)MacauThermalPowerPlantColoaneThermalPowerPlantPRESSUREINDICATORPRESSUREINDICATOR0204060801001201995199619971998199920002001Wastegenerated(t)199319941995199619971998199920002001TotalincineratedwasteandMIPcapacity(t)Dailymeanpercapita(kg/inhabitant/day)TotalincineratedwasteDailymeanpercapitaMIP'smaximumcapacityPRESSUREINDICATOR060,000120,000180,000240,000300,0000.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.61.82.0199319941995199619971998199920002001050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000Urbansolidwaste(t)050100150200250300350Pathogenicwaste(t)UrbansolidwastePathogenicwastePRESSUREINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20024020024Waste2002Others33%OrganicMaterials23%Plastic17%Metals3%Wood2%Paperandcardboard11%Textiles6%GlassandStones5%STATEINDICATORThePortAuthority(PA)isthedepartmentresponsibleforthedailycollectionofsolidwasteandwaterhyacinthsinthecoastalareasaswellasforcleaningatseaduringspecialfesti-vals–LunarNewYear,ChengMingFestivalandChongYeongFestival.Wastecollectedfromtheseaismostlytheresultofactivitiesontheboatsdockedattheriparianzonesorpiers(woodpallets,plasticbags,packagingmaterials)andofwatervegetation(waterhyacinthsetc.).In2001,thereisa30%increaseofwastecollectedfromtheseawhencomparedtothatof2000.Thisismainlyduetoanincreaseofthequantityofwaterhyacinthscomingfromupstreaminmainland.Alongtheyearin2001,500tonnesofwaterhyacinthshasbeencollectedbythePAandisbeingdeliveredtotheMIPforincineration.Waterhyacinthsspreadseriouslyespeciallyineutrophicenvironments.TheyfloatandaredriftedbywindalongthestreamandgatherattheInnerandOuterHarbours,espe-ciallyinthewaterchannelandpiersoftheInnerHarbour,IlhaVerdeandFaiChiKei.Theyhaveseriousimpactstowardstheenvironmentalquality,landscape,navigationandothermari-timeactivities.Sincethisisaregionalproblem,itwillonlybesolvedeffectivelywiththeco-operationoftheneighbouringcitiesandthroughtheglobalmanagementofthePearlRiverEstuary.TheEnvironmentJoint-LiaisonGroupfortheCo-op-erationbetweenMacaoSARandGuangdongprovincehasdecidedtocreateaspecializedworkinggrouptoinvestigatethepossiblemeasuresinsolvingthewaterhyacinthsproblem.Comparingtheannualaveragequantityofwastegener-atedpercapitainsomecountriesin1999,itisfoundthatMacaoliesinthemiddlelevel.Hence,itisnecessarytopro-motesustainableconsumptionhabitstoMacaoresidentsandvisitors.Figure4.7Annualaveragequantityofurbansolidwastepercapitainsomecountries/regionsin1999(Source:EEA,OID,2002)4.2CompositionofWasteRegardingthecompositionoftheurbansolidwastein-cineratedintheMIP,theanalysisof2002showsthatthereisacertainquantityofmaterialsthatcanberecycled,recoveredorreused.Themethodologychosentoanalysethephysicalcompo-sitionofthewasteistodrythewasteunder100oCandtheresultshowsthat“Others”,characterizedwithadiameterlessthan2cm,isthehighestpercentagegroup.Figure4.8Physicalcompositionoftheurbansolidwaste(Source:OID,2002)05001,0001,5002,0002,5003,0001992199319941995199619971998199920002001Wastefoundatsea(m3)RESPONEINDICATORkgpercapita02004006008001000JapanPortugalHongKongMacaoMeanoftheEuropeanUnionSingaporeFigure4.6Evolutionofthequantityofwastefoundatsea(Source:PA,2002)

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20024120024Waste4.3Incinerationby-productsSeveralby-productsoftheurbansolidwasteincinerationprocessinclude:gases,flyash,incinerationresidueandheatenergy(whichisrecycledandconvertedintoelectricenergy).ThecombustiongasesemittedfromtheMacaoIncinera-tionPlantaretreatedwithelectrostaticprecipitatorandneu-tralizedwithanalkalinesolution.Theirconcentrationsarecontinuouslymonitoredtomakesurethatthegasesarenotexceedingthemaximumpermissiblelimits.However,themonitoringofheavymetals(suchaslead,cadmium,mercury,chromium,arsenicandcobalt,etc.),dioxinsandfuransisnotyetcarriedout.Dioxinsareby-productsofincinerationthathavebeengettingmoreandmoreconcernsinrecentyears.Theforma-tionofdioxinwithintheincinerationprocessiscomplexanditdepends,amongotherfactors,onthecompositionofwaste(suchasthetypeandquantityofchlorinewaste),theburningconditionsandonthepresenceofcatalysts.Sincethereisnoconcreteconclusiontowardsthemechanismoftheformationofdioxin,itisthereforeimportanttoinvestigateandstudyitsmonitoringandpossibleminimizationmethods.RegardingtheevolutionoftheamountofincinerationresidueandflyashgeneratedbytheMIP(by-productsofin-cinerationandtheincineratedwaste),thereisnosignificantchangesince1995.Thequantityofrecoveredferrousmetalshasalsobeenfairlysteadysince1998.Incombustiblerefusessuchascon-structionwaste,airconditioners,refrigerators,etc.)aresentdirectlytolandfillfordisposal.Amongthem,thequantityofconstructionwastehasbeendecreasingbecauseofthelocalandworldwideeconomicrecession.Figure4.9Incinerationresidue,flyash,ferrousmetalsandnon-incineratedwastegeneratedbyMIP(Source:OID,2002)010,00020,00030,00040,00050,000199319941995199619971998199920002001Residue(t)01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,0008,000FlyAsh(t)FlyashIncinerationresiduePRESSUREINDICATOR0100200300400500600700800199619971998199920002001FerrousmetalsNon-incineratedwastePRESSUREINDICATORQuantity(t)

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20024220024Waste4.4SanitaryLandfillThequantityofwasteforincinerationhasbeenconstantlyrising.AlthoughithasnotexceededthetreatmentcapacityoftheMIP,ithasnearlyreachedthecapacityofthelandfill.Hence,itisofutmostimportancetofindnewsolutions.WastewasstillbeingdeliveredtotheSeacPaiVanLandfillinColoane.Thislandfillwasdividedintothreedifferentareas,wheretheincinerationresidueandflyashfromtheMIP,con-structionanddemolitionwastefromcivilconstructionanddeadanimalbodies(horsecorpsesfromtheJockeyClubandothersentities)weredisposed.TheresponsibledepartmentforthemanagementofthelandfillistheCivic&MunicipalAffairsBureau(CMAB).Thevolumeofconstructionanddemolitionwastedisposedintothelandfillhasdecreasedin2001.InNovember2001,thenumberoftyresdisposedintothelandfillhasincreasedtremendously.TheCMABhasstartedtotacklethisproblemwithafeasiblesolution.Figure4.10Quantityoftyressenttolandfillin2001(Source:CMAB,2002)Flyashistheparticulategeneratedafterthewasteincin-erationprocessandthetreatmentoffluegaswithhighvolt-ageelectrostaticprecipitator.ThereisnosignificantchangeinthegenerationofflyashbytheMIP:theflyashproducedbypertonneofincineratedwasteis230kg.Flyashcontainsharmfulsubstancestoboththehealthandtheenvironment01,0002,0003,0004,0005,0006,0007,000JanFebMarAprMayJuneJulyAugSeptOctNovDecNºoftyresinlandfillPRESSUREINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20024320024Wasteandisconsideredashazardouswaste.Itis,therefore,beingdisposedintospecificlandfillcells.TheMunicipalLaboratoryofMacao(MLM)oftheCMABconductsanalysisonthecom-positionofflyashandtheresultsshowthatthetoxicityoftheflyashhasnotreachedanalertlevel.Figure4.11Volumeofwastedepositedintothelandfill(Source:CMAB,2002)Asmentionedbefore,theSeacPaiVanLandfillisreachingitsfullcapacity.Thereisaplanforanothertemporarylandfillinordertoreceiveandtreattheincinerationresidue,incom-bustiblerefuseandconstructionanddemolitionwaste.In2002,theflyashbegantobetransferredfromtheSeacPaiVanLandfillintoanewlocationinthenorthColoaneforlandfill.Thecapacityofthislandfillisassumedtocopewiththeneedstill2003.Therelatedentitieshavetofindappropriatesolutionforthedisposalinthenearfutureforthedeadanimalbodies,sincethenewlandfilldoesnotprovidespecificlandfillcellsfortheirdisposal.Alltheaforementionedsituationspointouttheneedofamiddleandlong-termstrategicactionplanforenvironmentmanagement.4.5TheBaselConventionontheControlofTransboundaryMovementofHazardousWasteandtheirDisposalAtinternationallevel,theMacaoSARispartoftheBaselConvention,whichcontrolsthetransboundarymovementofhazardouswasteandtheirdisposal.ThisconventionwassignedinBaselon22ndMarch1989andmodifiedlateraccordingtothedecisionoftheconferenceoftheMemberStatesIII/1datedon22ndSeptember1995(BaselProhibition).ExecutiveOrderno.32/2002of5thJune(seeB.O.no.23,SeriesII)establishedthepublicationofPRCnotificationre-gardingtheenforcementoftheConventionintheMacaoSAR.Inaccordancewithparagraph1ofArticle5oftheConvention,itdesignatestheEnvironmentCounciloftheMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionasthecompetentauthorityforthisArticle.AstrategicplanforwastemanagementisurgentintheMSAR.Theplanshouldincludethemanagementofhazard-ouswasteinordertofacilitatetheapplicationoftheBaselConvention.4.6WasteManagementStrategyOwingtothesmallanddenselypopulatedareaoftheMacaoPeninsula,thereareimportantenvironmentalprob-lemssuchasonhowtomanagetheincreasingwastequantity,howtoimprovethewastemanagementandtopreventthetransboundaryofwaste,whichshouldcausetheattentionofthepolicymakeroftheMSAR.Theseshouldbeprioritysub-jectsinMacaoduetotheirgrowingwastegenerationrate,thenearlimitingcapacityinsomeoftheinfrastructuresforfinaldisposal(suchaslandfills)andtheconstraintsofspacetocreatenewones.Severalotherfactorssuchastheliberalizationofthegam-blingactivities,theforecastpopulationandeconomicgrowth,theexchangeofgoodswithintheregionandtheincreaseinthenumberofvisitorswillincreasethepressureupontheex-istingresources,especiallyonthewastemanagementsystem.Itshouldbecome,therefore,agrowingconcernfortheenvi-ronmentaldepartmentsinMacao.Theproblemsrelatedtowastewillsurelydrawmostoftheattentionwithintheprocessofthesustainabledevelop-mentofMacao.TodefineandtoapproveaWasteManagementStrategicPlanisthereforeurgent.Thisplanshouldbebaseduponthetechnologiesofhighefficiencyandlesspollutioninordertopromotereutiliseandrecycleofwaste.Itshouldalsoincludethemanagementofurban,industrialandhospitalwasteaswellasthelicensingprocedureforindustrialplants(orotherenterprisesthatwillcausepotentialimpactonthe0100,000200,000300,000400,000500,000600,0001997199819992000200105,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,000Ashesandresidue(m3)Constructionwasteandtotalamount(m3)ConstructionwasteAshIncinerationresidueTotalPRESSUREINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20024420024Wasteenvironment).TheWasteManagementStrategicPlanwillinclude:-Toaddvalueandeliminatethetype,quantityandthesourceofwaste;-Generaltechnicalcriteria;-Specificregulationsfortreatingspecialwaste;-Appropriatelocationorinstallationforwastetreatment;-Anestimatedbudgetconcerningtheoperationsinvolv-ingwastetobereusedortreated;-Measuresthatcanencouragewastecollection,sepa-rationandtreatment.AchangeinperspectivewillbebasednotonlyontheapprovalofthereferredStrategicPlanbutalsoachangeonconsumers’behaviourandattitudeswhichhavedirectorindirectconsequencesontheproductionandwhole-saleofproductsaswellasthegenerationofwaste.TheestablishmentofaFrameworkforWasteRegula-tionisoftheutmostimportance.Itshouldindicatetherelevantdepartmenttodefinethewastemanagementregulationsandfortherelatedinspectionwork.Fromthetechnicalmeasuresthathavebeenrecom-mendedpreviously,thefollowingsneedtobeemphasized:-Tocarryoutadetailedassessmentonlandfilloperation;-Tostudythefeasibilityofinactivetreatmentoftheflyashgeneratedbytheincinerationplant;-Toassessthefeasibilityoftreatinghospitalwasteatanincineratingtemperatureabove1,100oC,asrecom-mendedbysomeinternationalorganizations;-Toincludeassessmentonthequantityofwastegener-atedbytheindustryandtheirrespectivetreatmentmethodsintheindustriallicensingprocess;-Toinvestigatethewasteoilsourceandestablishasys-temforcollectionofwasteoilaswellastorecycleandreuseitasanenergysourceforthesludgeincineratoroftheMacaoWWTP;-Toencouragethedevelopmentof“greenenterprises”bypromotingrecyclingandtheapplicationofanti-pollutiontechnologiesinMacao.

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200245

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20024620025NaturalConservation5.1GreenSpacesMacaohasasmallgeographicalareaofapproximately25.8km2.Withahighpopulationdensityandmanylargescaleprojectsontheway,thepreservationandprotectionofgreenspacesareextremelyimportant.Amongthoseprojects,theconstructionoftheSeacPaiVanParkinMacaoisoneimportantgreenarealocatedinColoane.Itwascreatedin1981aimedtothepreservationofrarefloraspeciesandtheimprovementoflocalvegetationdiversity.EquallyimportantisthesignificantimprovementofthequalityoflifeoftheMacaoresidentsasaresultofacarefulmunicipalplanningingardens,parks,children’splaygrounds,safetyislandsandroadsideplantation,bymeansofreforesta-tionorthecreationofnewones.Figure5.1Macaogreenspaces(Source:CCB,2002)5NaturalConservation

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20024720025NaturalConservationThenumberoftreesintheMacaoPeninsulahashada4%increasecomparedtothatof2000,risinguptoatotalamountof5,634.AcaciaconfusaandAcaciaauriculaeformiswerethemainspeciesinthereforestation.Althoughthetotalareaofgreenspaceshasanincreasingtrendinthelastdecade,itsgrowthhasbeenslowerthanthetotalareaofMacao.Figure5.2EvolutionoftheareacoveredbygreenspacesinMacao(Source:CMAB,SCS,CCB,2002)Figure5.3Percentageoftheregioncoveredbygreenspaces(Source:CMAB,SCS,CCB2002)Figure5.4Evolutionoftotalarea,populationandgreenspaces(Source:CMAB,SCS,CCB,2002)Index(1991=100)STATEINDICATOR80100120140160199119961998199920002001TotalareaPopulationGreenspaces01002003004005001989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001Areaofgreenspaces(ha)TaipaColoaneMacaoPeninsulaSTATE/RESPONSEINDICATOR0%10%20%30%40%50%60%199119961998199920002001MacaoTaipaColoaneAverageinMacaoGreenspaces(%ofrespectiveareainMacao)STATE/RESPONSEINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20024820025NaturalConservationFigure5.5Areaofgreenspacespercapita(Source:CMAB,SCS,CCB,2002)5.2EcologicalInvasionInrecentyears,Macao,thePearlRiverDeltaaswellastheregionofSoutheastAsiahavebeenaffectedbyMikaniamicrantha(MeiGemGug),commonlyknownas“plants’killer”.ItisacreepingplantoriginallyfromCentralandSouthAmericathatgrowsrapidlyinanenvironmentofhightem-peraturesandhumidity.Itcreepsonotherplantsandblocksthesunlighttohinderthephotosyntheticprocess,causingplantstowithergradually.0.002.004.006.008.0010.0012.0014.00199119961998199920002001Greenspacespercapita(m2/hab.)STATEINDICATORNonaturalenemytocontrolthepropagationofMeiGemGughasbeenfoundandtherefore,itcanonlyberemovedmanually.In2001,therearethirteencleaningactionsofMeiGemGugattheroadsideandinthemountainsofTaipaandColoane.Atthesametime,citizensareinformedofthedan-gerouseffectsofthisplant.CMABhasalsobeenexchanginginformationandexperienceswiththerelevantdepartmentsoftheneighboringregionsinordertofindanappropriatesolutionforthisproblem.LocationCleanedAreaNo.of(m2)CleaningActions1LouWanSegMinPunGu3,2002DonStreet,Coloane2FuYungValley,Coloane4,00013KaHoVillage,Coloane4,50024TaipaGrande,Taipa5,50035TaipaPequena,Taipa3,50036TunnelEntrance,Taipa6002Table5.1CleaningofMikaniamicrantha(MeiGumGug)byCMIPin2001(Source:CMAB,2002)

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20024920025NaturalConservation5.3ForestFireImproperhumanactivityisthemainreasonformostofthefiresinthegreenareaofMacao.Therefore,itisextremelyimportanttopromotetheawarenessoffirepreventionamongthepublic.Figure5.6Numberoffiresingreenspaces(Source:FB,SCS,2002)05101520253035404550199419951996199719981999200020013729322836462637Firesingreenspaces(no)PRESSUREINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20025020025NaturalConservation5.4ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES)In2001,theEconomicServicesBureauinco-operationwiththeCustomsServiceinspectedandmonitoredalltradeactivitiescontrolledundertheConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(CITES).Atotalof32processeshavebeenrecordedwith30im-portand2exportandre-exportcasestoandfromHongKongandTaiwan.However,thesearenotcountedasCITEScasessincetheydonotactuallyrepresentimport/exportbetweencountries.The32casesin2001derive,mainly,fromtheincreaseintheapplicationoforchidsimportandexport.IllegalimportsoforchidsconfiscatedbytheCustomsServicehasalsoin-creasedin2001becausemostpeoplearenotawarethatsomeorchidspeciesareregulatedbytheCITES.TheCustomsServiceisalsoresponsiblefortheconfisca-tionofillegaltrade.In2001,theconfiscatedproductsinclude:Pitcherplants,Arethusa,Aloe,Cacti,ivoryproductsandpartsoftigers,etc.Figure5.8ThenumberofconfiscatedcasesbytheCustomsService(Source:CustomsService,2002)0123456781994199519962001Cases(no.)

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20025120025NaturalConservation5.5EcologicalReserveInordertocreateconditionstoenrichthebiologicaldi-versityandtoconveytheideaofsustainabledevelopmentinMacao,theMSARGovernmenthasstrategicallydecidedtobuildthefirstecologicalzoneintheCotaiarea.This55-hectareecologicalzone,locatedneartheLotusBridgeinCotai,ofwhich40hectaresaredesignedforfeedingareas,whiletheremaining15hectaresisforbirds’resting.SomeendangeredspeciessuchasthePlataleaminorandtheHaliaeetusleucogasterarefoundinthatneighboringareaandtherefore,theecologicalconservationnearbythisareaisofutmostimportance.TheconstructionworksoftheecologicalzoneisunderthesupervisionoftheOfficeforInfrastructuresDevelopment,whiletheecologicalzonedesignisexecutedbyaprivateen-vironmentalconsultantcompany.TheprojectiscoordinatedbytheEnvironmentCouncil.Thefirstphaseoftheconstruc-tionbeganin2002andthesecondphasewillbeginin2003.Inlongterm,itisexpectedthattheecologicalzonemaynotonlyachieveanecologicalequilibriumpurpose,butalsobringsthemissionforenvironmentalprotection.5.6OtherInitiativesCMABhasbegunafeasibilitystudyontheconstructionofararespeciesarboretuminMacao.ThosespeciesthathavebeenidentifiedinMacaoasimportantnationalspeciesarenowbeingnourishedcarefully.CMABhasalsoengagedinseedsexchangewithothercountriesinordertofindsuitablespeciestoenrichplantcommunityinMacao.

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200252

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20025320026NoiseEnvironment6.1NoiseMonitoringIn2001theEnvironmentCouncilcontinuestheworkonthe“MacaoEnvironmentalNoiseMonitoringProject”.Twoautomaticstationswerebuiltfor24hourscontinuousmoni-toringfortheroadtrafficnoise(HortaeCostaAvenue)andambientnoise(BragaStreet).Inordertoexpandthemonitor-ingnetwork,athirdstationlocatedinVenceslaudeMoraisAvenue,characterisingazonemixedwithindustrialandheavytraffic,willbeconstructed.Inaddition,theEnvironmentCouncilhasalsousedamobilenoisestationforcontinuous(severaldays)monitoringatdifferentlocations.Thecollecteddatawillbegoodrefer-enceforthefutureenvironmentalnoisemanagementstrategy.TheaccuracyofthedataisensuredthroughdividingMacaointodifferentgridsfornoisemonitoring.MACAUAutomaticStationsLocationCharacteristics1HortaeCostaAvenueTraffic2BragaStreetAmbient3VenceslaudeMoraisAvenueTraffic/industrialTable6.1AutomaticnoisemonitoringstationsinMacao(Source:EC,2002)ThemeasurementresultsoftheautomaticstationsareshowninFigures6.1to6.5.Itisfoundthatthedifferenceinvaluesbetweentheday-timeLeq(08hto20h)andthenight-timeLeq(24hto08h)intheHortaeCostastation(77.3dB(A)-73.4dB(A))islargerthanthevaluesoftheBragaStreetstation(65.8dB(A)-63.8dB(A)).AsshowninFigure6.1,theLeqvalueinHortaeCostastationdecreasesbetweenJuneandSeptember2001whencomparedtothevaluesfromtherestoftheyear.Figure6.2alsoshowsthatthedaytimeLeqvalue(08hto20h)intheBragaStreetstationishighduringOctoberandNovemberof2001whencomparedtoothermonthsoftheyear.Accord-ingtothe24-hrmonitoringdata,itisfoundthatduringthemidnightperiod(24hto05h)theLeqvaluesofthetwosta-tionsdecreasesignificantly(Figure6.4and6.5).Figure6.1HourlyLeq(monthlyaverage)intheHortaeCostaAvenuestation(Source:EC,2002)6NoiseEnvironmentdB(A)24hoursDaytime(08h-20h)Night-time(20h-08h)Evening(20h-24h)Midnight(24h-08h)STATEINDICATOR707274767880JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecMonth

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20025420026NoiseEnvironmentLeqdB(A)60657075800:00-1:002:00-3:004:00-5:006:00-7:008:00-9:0010:00-11:0012:00-13:0014:00-15:0016:00-17:0018:00-19:0020:00-21:0022:00-23:00PeriodSTATEINDICATORFigure6.2HourlyLeq(monthlyaverage)intheBragaStreetstation(Source:EC,2002)Figure6.3ComparisonofdailyLeq(monthlyaverage)intheHortaeCostaAvenuestationandintheBragaStreetstation(Source:EC,2002)dB(A)STATEINDICATOR60626466687024hoursDaytime(08h-20h)Night-time(20h-08h)Evening(20h-24h)Midnight(24h-08h)JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecMonthSTATEINDICATOR6065707580dB(A)Av.H.CostaR.BragaJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecMonthFigure6.4HourlyLeq(annualaverage)intheHortaeCostaAvenuestationin2001(Source:EC,2002)Figure6.5HourlyLeq(annualmean)intheBragaStreetstationin2001(Source:EC,2002)LeqdB(A)0:00-1:002:00-3:004:00-5:006:00-7:008:00-9:0010:00-11:0012:00-13:0014:00-15:0016:00-17:0018:00-19:0020:00-21:0022:00-23:00Period5055606570STATEINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20025520026NoiseEnvironmentMACAOTAIPACOLOANE0301121519311812184520101667914171302040506070809213MACAOMonitoringStationsLocationCharacteristics1HortaeCostaAvenueHeavytraffic2RuadoBragaAmbient3VenceslaudeMoraisAvenueHeavytraffic/industrialMonitoringPointsLocationCharacteristics1VenceslaudeMoraisAvenueHeavytraffic/industrial2IaoHonMarketGardenLeisure/residential/commercial3IntersectionofCasteloBrancoAv.Commercial/industrial/withCom.JoãoBritoStreetresidential4CamõesGardenSquareLeisure/residential/commercial5PonteeHortaSquareResidential/commercial/heavytraffic6SenadoPlazaLeisure/commercial7IntersectionofCampoStreetHeavytraffic/residential/withPedroNolascoStreetcommercial8IntersectionofHortaeCostaAvenueHeavytraffic/residential/withAlm.CostaCabralAv.commercial91stOctoberSquareResidential/commercial10PenhaGardenResidential/leisure11IntersectionofHortaeCostaAvenueHeavytraffic/commercial/withAlm.LacerdaAvenueresidential12IntersectionofBarcaStreetResidential/commercialwithAdolfoLoureiroRoad131stMayAvenueHeavytraffic/residential14Dr.CarlosD'AssumpçãoSquareResidential/commercial15ArturTamagniniBarbosaAvenueResidential/heavytraffic/commercial16PraiaGrandeAvenueHeavytraffic/leisure17AmizadeAvenueHeavytraffic/commercial18D.BelchiorCarneiroAvenueCommercial/residential19ConselheiroBorjaAvenueTraffic/school20BarraStreetResidential/leisureISLANDSMonitoringPointsLocationCharacteristics1Dr.CarlosA.C.PaesDAssumpçãoHeavytrafficRoundabout,Taipa2Dr.SunYatSenRoundabout,TaipaHeavytraffic3OceanGardensAvenue,TaipaSchool4BragançaStreet,TaipaSchool5StadiumRoundabout,TaipaHeavytraffic/residential6SengTouStreet,TaipaSchool7OuvidorArriagaRoundabout,TaipaHeavytraffic8BombeirosSquare,TaipaHeavytraffic9PresidenteAntónioRamalhoEanesHeavytrafficSquare,Coloane

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20025620026NoiseEnvironmentdB(A)4045505560657075801234567891011121314151617181920D1D2D3D4MonitoringPointsSTATEINDICATORSTATEINDICATOR30354045505560657075801046216201814129133171951151178MonitoringPointsdB(A)LeqL95dB(A)12345678910111213141516171819201999200020014045505560657075MonitoringPointsSTATEINDICATORdB(A)4045505560657075801234567891011121314151617181920199920002001ComparativeChartofLeqofeachmonitoringpointin1999-2001MonitoringPointsSTATEINDICATORAccordingtoinformationprovidedbyCMAB,thePMMandthePMIcontinuedthenoisemonitoringprogrammein2001,with20monitoringpointsintheMacaoPeninsulaand9monitoringpointsintheislands.NoisemonitoringintheMacaoPeninsulaiscarriedoutinfourdifferentperiods:D1–from08hto11h;D2–from11hto14h;D3–from14hto17h;D4–from17hto20h.Themaintargetzonesundermonitoringincludeurbanareas,residentialareasanddistrictswithheavytraffic.In2001,therewere12monitoringpointsintheMacaoPeninsulawitharecordedLeqvalueofover70dB(A).Amongthese,theLeqvaluerecordedatthepointsoftheintersectionofCampoStreetandPedroNolascoStreet(Point7),thein-tersectionofHortaeCostaAvenueandAlm.CostaCabralAvenue(Point8)andintheintersectionofHortaeCostaAv-enueandAlmiranteLacerda(Point11)hasevenreached75dB(A).Figure6.6ComparisonofthesoundlevelslocatedattheMacaoPeninsulain2001(Source:CMAB,2002)Figure6.7LeqandL95ontheMacaoPeninsulain2001(Source:CMAB,2002)Figure6.8ComparisonofL95ontheMacaoPeninsula(Source:CMAB,2002)Figure6.9ComparisonofLeqontheMacaoPeninsula(Source:CMAB,2002)

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20025720026NoiseEnvironmentRegardingthemonitoringsituationintheislands,thenumberofmonitoringpointshasincreasedtoatotalofninepoints(mostlyinTaipa)andinsevenoftheseninemonitoringpoints,therecordedLeqvaluewasover70dB(A)in2001.Figure6.10LeqandL95oftheislandsin2001(Source:CMAB,2002)Figure6.11ComparisonofLeqvaluesinthemonitoringpointsoftheislands(Source:CMAB,2002)Figure6.12ComparisonofL95inthemonitoringpointsoftheislands(Source:CMAB,2002)dB(A)3035404550556065707580965714238LeqL95MonitoringPointsSTATEINDICATORdB(A)404550556065707580123456789199920002001STATEINDICATORdB(A)12345678919992000200140455055606570STATEINDICATOR

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20025820026NoiseEnvironmentDogbarking1%Traffic1%Mahjong8%Interiordesignworks9%Conversation16%Constructions3%Others5%Musicandkaraoke57%STATEINDICATOR050010001500200025003000199619971998199920002001Complaints(No.)DaytimeNight-timeSTATEINDICATOR075150225300375450525JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecComplaints(no.)DaytimeNight-timeSTATEINDICATOR6.2NoiseComplaintsMostcomplaintsonnoiseannoyancearebeingaddressedtothePoliceDepartment(PD),theEnvironmentCouncil(EC)andtheCivicandMunicipalAffairsBureau(CMAB).In2001,thePD(departmentthatreceivesthemostnoisecomplaints)hasrecorded2,883complaints,representinganincreaseof49%comparedtothepreviousyear.Complaintsduringnight-timeoccupyabout88%ofthetotalandmostofthecomplaintsareclassifiedas“musicandkaraoke”.Duringdaytime,mostcomplaintsaremainlydueto“interiordecora-tiveworks”whichconsists12%ofthetotalnumberofcomplaints.Figure6.13Complaintsrecordedduringdaytime(08h-20h)accordingtothePDin2001(Source:“Lotus”-MagazineontheEnvironment,EC,2002)Figure6.14Complaintsrecordedduringnight-time(20h-08h)accordingtothePDin2001(Source:“Lotus”-MagazineontheEnvironment,EC,2002)STATEINDICATOR050100150200250300350NumberofcomplaintsInteriordecorativeWorksWorksConversationMahjongHammering(iron)DogbarkingOthersTotalTypeMusicandkaraoke18554512085317343STATEINDICATORNumberofcomplaintsWorksandcivilconstructionHammering(Iron)DogbarkingOtherTotalType160342722483352826181783522592540MusicandkaraokeConversationMahjongInteriordesignworksinresidenceVehiclesTelevisionMachinesAlarmPlayingGamblingWork050010001500200025003000Figure6.15EvolutionofthenumberofnoisecomplaintsreceivedbythePD(Source:“Lotus”-MagazineontheEnvironment,EC,2002)Figure6.16NumberofnoisecomplaintsreceivedbythePDin2001(Source:“Lotus”-MagazineontheEnvironment,EC,2002)Figure6.17NoisecomplaintsreceivedbythePDin2001ineachcategory(daytimeandnight-time)(Source:“Lotus”-MagazineontheEnvironment,EC,2002)In2002,thePDhasreceived2,155complaints,a25%decreasecomparedtothatof2001.Amongallcategories,thereisasharpdecrease,68%,ofthecomplaintson“musicandkaraoke”.

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20025920026NoiseEnvironment6.3NoiseAbatementMeasuresMacaoisasmallandhighlydenselypopulatedcity,whereheavytrafficandhighrisingbuildingsaffectthenoisepropagation.Thecontinuouseconomicgrowthtogetherwiththeincreasingnumberofvehiclesnotonlycreatetrafficcongestion,butalsomaketrafficnoiseadifficultproblemtobesolved.Therearedirectandindirectapproachestoreducetrafficnoise.Thedirectmeasuresincludestudyontheimplementa-tionofnoisestandardforvehicle,theinstallationofnoisebar-riersandroadresurfacingwithnoiseabsorbingmaterials.Trafficflowmanagement,trafficplanningandrestructuringofroadnetworksaresomeindirectmeasures.Althoughtrafficnoiseisthemainsourceofnoisepollu-tioninMacao,“musicandkaraoke”,“gambling”,“interiordecorativeworks”andeven“conversations”areothercausesofnoisecomplaintsreceivedbytherelevantauthorities.Theabatementofallthesekindsofnoiseundoubtedlydependsnotonlyontherevisionoftheexistingregulationsandlawsbutalsooncivilandenvironmentaleducation.Inordertoreducethenoiseannoyancecausedbyheavytraffic,511metersnoisebarriershavebeeninstalledalongtheflyoversofArturTamagniniBarbosaAvenueandHortaeCostaAvenue.Regardingthenoisecausedbycommercialandindustrialactivities,theirreductiondependsoncertainfactorssuchasintroducingspecificandrigorousevaluationcriteriawhenis-suinglicenses,enhancingtechnicalsupportandimplement-ingthelegislationalreadyinforce.Inaddition,preventivemeasuresshouldalsobeusedonsituationsthatcouldbringadverseimpactsontheenvironmentandpublichealth.Itisalsonecessarytointensifythemonitoringandcollec-tionofnoisedatasoastoprovideabasisforaglobalandappropriatecontrolofnoisepollutioninMacao.

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ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20026120027EnvironmentalManagement7.1InvestmentsandExpensesonEnvironmentalManagementIn2001,theinvestmentsonplanningandenvironmentamountedtoMOP$301,144,388,representing3.2%ofthetotalpublicadministrationexpenditure.Figure7.1Publicexpenditure(inthousandpatacas)bysectorin2001(Source:FSB,2002)Figure7.2Evolutionofpublicexpenditurebysectorcomparedto1990(Source:FSB,2002)Figure7.3Publicexpenditure(inthousandpatacas)in“PlanningandEnvironment”(Source:FSB,2002)1,426,563798,988836,866116,121648,314682,517301,1442,104,5731,317,7811,161,070RESPONEINDICATORPlanningandenvironmentGeneralservicesofpublicadministrationPublicsafetyEducationHealthSocialwelfareHousingOtherpublicandsocialservicesEconomyservices(exceptPlanningandenvironment)Others0100200300400500600700800199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001PhysicalplanningandenvironmentInfrastructuresTransportCommunicationsIndustryTourismAdministration,regulationsandresearchTotalIndex(1990=100)RESPONEINDICATOR2116RESPONEINDICATOR050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000350,000400,000450,0001989199019911992199319941995199619971998199920002001Expenditure(thousandpatacas)0%1%2%3%4%5%%ofthetotalexpenditurePhysicalplanningandenvironment%ofannualexpenditureonphysicalplanningandenvironment7EnvironmentalManagement

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20026220027EnvironmentalManagement7.2PublicParticipationTheresponsibilityandtheawarenessofcitizenstowardsenvironmentalprotectioncanbeobservedastheymadede-cisiontoexpressaffectedlivingqualitythroughcomplaints.In2001,theEnvironmentCouncilreceived36noisecomplaints,29complaintsonairpollution(includingoilyfumeemission)and1complaintondischargedwastewater.ThecomplaintsreceivedbytheProvisionalMunicipalityofMacaoinclude131casesonnoise,315casesonoilyfumeandex-haustgasemissions,211casesonthedrainageofwastewaterontopublicroadsand1,106casesonsolidwaste.TheProvi-sionalMunicipalityoftheIslandshasreceived17complaintsonnoise,12onodor,15onwastewaterand9onsolidwaste.ItisworthwhiletonotethatnumerousnoisecomplaintshavealsobeenmadetothePoliceDepartmenteachyear(refertothechapteron“NoiseEnvironment”).Figure7.4EnvironmentalcomplaintsreceivedbytheEnvironmentCouncilin2001(Source:EC,2002)Figure7.5ComplaintsontheenvironmentmadetoPMM(Source:PMM,2002)Figure7.6ComplaintsontheenvironmentmadetoPMI(Source:PMI,2002)7.3EnvironmentalAwarenessandEducationPublicawarenessandparticipationplayimportantrolesinachievingenvironmentalprotectionpolicy.Hence,itisim-portanttodevelopenvironmentaleducationinordertoraisetheenvironmentalawarenessofthecitizens.Inrecentyears,thegovernmenthasorganizedlotsofac-tivitiesandpublishedmanypublicationstopromotetheideaofenvironmentalprotection.Thecitizens,privateentitiesandschoolshaveactivelyrespondedbyparticipatinginahugenumberofenvironmentalrelatedseminars,demandingdif-ferentkindsofenvironmentaleducationmaterialsandimple-mentingtheenvironmentalmanagementsystem.Thestatisticsabouttheenvironmentof2001showsthat262,000participantshavetakenpartinatotalof841activi-tieswith332co-organizers.Thisfigurehasasignificantin-creasewhencomparedto2000.Figure7.7EnvironmentaleducationactivitiesorganizedbytheEC,PMMandPMI(Source:Statisticsontheenvironment,SCS,2002)RESPONEINDICATOREnvironmentalhygiene4%Others3%Air41%Noise52%RESPONEINDICATORGarbage43%Smoke/gas12%Waterdropletsfromairconditioners23%Noise5%Others9%Wastewater8%RESPONEINDICATORWaterdroplets14%Others30%Noise18%Wastewater16%Garbageandstreetcleaning9%Odor13%010020030040050060070080090019971998199920002001Activities(no.)050,000100,000150,000200,000250,000300,000Participants(no.)ActivitiesParticipants

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20026320027EnvironmentalManagementBesidesorganizingdifferentkindsofactivities,theEduca-tionandYouthAffairsBureau(EYAB)alsopromotesseveralenvironmentaleducationprogramsinschools.Duringtheacademicyear,thereisamonthdedicatedtoenvironmentalprotectionbothinprimaryandinsecondaryschoolstoen-couragethepreservationofnaturalresourcesandenviron-mentalprotection.TheEYABandtheEChavealsoorganizedasummercourseon“EnvironmentalEducation”in2001and2000.Theaimofthiscourseistoeducateteachersofkindergarten,primaryandsecondaryschoolssothattheycaneffectivelypromoteandeducatestudentstheenvironmentalprotection.Inaddition,teachershavealsoparticipatedinotherenvironmen-taleducationcourses,suchasthe“EnvironmentalSummerCamp”and“NewConceptsonEnvironmentalEducation”.TheEC,PMMandPMIhavealsoissuedavarietyofposters,leafletsandotherpublicationsinordertoprovidetothestu-dentsandthepublicmoreenvironmentalinformationandtointegratetheideasofenvironmentalprotectionintheirdailylife.In2001,therewereatotalof91,911visitorstotheenvi-ronmentalinformationcentresofthetwomunicipalitiesand2,263visitorshavevisitedthewastewatertreatmentplantsandtheMacaoIncinerationPlant.Thesefacilitiesnotonlymini-mizetheenvironmentalimpactonMacaobutalsoactasanenvironmentaleducationpoint.Figure7.8NumberandtypeofvisitorstoWWTPandtotheMIP(Source:OID,2002)In2001,boththequantityofrecycledwasteandthenum-berofentitiesparticipatedintherecyclingcampaignorga-nizedbyPMMandPMIhaveincreased.Thisshowsthesup-portoftheMacaocitizenstothistypeofcampaign.RESPONEINDICATOR02004006008001,0001,2001,4001,6001,800199920002001199920002001199920002001WWTPMacaoWWTPTaipaMIPNo.ofvisitorsAssociationsProfessionalsStudents

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20026420027EnvironmentalManagementThefollowingtableshowssomeofthemajorenviron-mentalactivitiesheldon2001.Theenvironmentalconscious-nessandawarenessofeachcitizenhavebeenenrichedthroughalloftheseactivities.PublicationsReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2001(BookandCD-Rom)Lotus,JournalofEnvironment-Volumes17and18:QualityoftheEnvironmentinthePearlRiverDeltaII-Volume19:EnvironmentandCultureEnvironmentalSeries:DrinkingWaterinMacaoLeafletsaboutEnvironmentalInformationNewsletterontheEnvironmentProceedingsofthe2001InternationalConferenceonSustainableDevelopmentandGreenEnterprisesUrbanSolidWasteManagement(VCRandCD-Rom)EnvironmentalEducationVCD(forprimaryschools)LeafletsonNoise,USW,CityCleaning,WaterandEnergySavingActivities“GreenCampaignandHealthyLife”–AnactivitytocelebratetheWorldEnvironmentDaytogetherwiththecitiesofShenzhen,HongKong,Guangzhou,Zhuhai,ZhongshanandMacaoGreenWeekActivitiesin2001EarthDayActivitiesWorldEnvironmentDayActivitiesCoursesonEnvironmentalProtectionforTeachers“CreatingaNon-SmokingWorkingEnvironment”Campaign“EnvironmentalSummerCamp–MacaoandGuangdong”Seminaron“ControlofVehicleEmissions”ContestoftheProductionofFilmson“EnvironmentalProtection”“Macao,acleancity”CampaignExhibitionsontheWaterDay,NoiseDayandWetlandDayProgrammeoftheYouthAmbassadorsfortheEnvironmentalProtectionofMacaoTable7.1Majorenvironmentaleducationactivitiesin2001(Source:EC,CMAB,2002)TheEnvironmentCouncilhasdevelopedanumberofcontactsandactivitiesincollaborationwiththerelevantde-partmentsoftheneighbouringregionsandaseriesofactivi-tiesweretakenplacein2001.TocelebratetheWorldEnvironmentDay,theEnviron-mentCouncilhasorganizedthe“GreenCampaignandHealthyLife”activityincollaborationwiththecitiesofShenzhen,HongKong,Guangzhou,ZhuhaiandZhongzhan.Theaimoftheseactivitiesistofacilitatetheexchangeandtheco-operationintheenvironmentalaspectbetweenMacaoandtheneighbors.

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20026520027EnvironmentalManagement

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20026620027EnvironmentalManagement2001InternationalConferenceonSustainableDevelopmentandGreenEnterpriseInNovember2001,theEnvironmentCouncilhasex-tendedtheco-operationtoaninternationallevelbyorganiz-ingthe“InternationalConferenceandExhibitiononSustain-ableDevelopmentandGreenEnterprises”.TheconferenceaimedatthereinforcementofMacaobeingagatewaytoChinaincommercialandtechnologicalexchangewithothercountries,thepromotionofgreenenterprises,theconceptofsustainabledevelopmentandthecreationofnewpartnershipsandcommercialopportunitiesinenvironmentalprotection.TheConferencehadgotsupportsfromdifferententitiesincludingtheStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationofChinaasthespecialsupportingorganizationandtheChinaAssociationofEnvironmentalProtectionIndustryasthespe-cialorganizer.Mr.EdmundHo(theChiefExecutiveoftheMSAR)hostedtheopeningceremonyoftheconferenceandMr.XieZhenhua(MinisteroftheStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministra-tionofChina),withadelegationofgovernmentofficials,en-vironmentalprofessionalsandexpertsfromenterpriseshadattendedtheconference.OtherhonorableguestsparticipatedintheconferenceincludeMr.RaviSawhney(representativeoftheUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommitteefortheAsia-Pacific,ESCAP),Ms.BirgittaBoström(Vice-ministerofMinistryoftheEnvironmentofSweden),Mr.ZhangKunmin(Secretary-GeneralofChinaCouncilforInternationalCo-op-erationonEnvironmentandDevelopmentofthePRC)andEng.AoManLong(SecretaryforTransportandPublicWorksoftheMSAR).Speakersoftheconferencecamefromdifferentcountriesandregions,suchasChina,Portugal,Sweden,Canada,theUSA,theUK,Singapore,HongKongandMacao.Majortopicsoftheconferenceincludetheenvironmentandbusiness,sus-tainablecity,environmentalbuildingsandenergyefficiency,urbanairandurbanwateretc.DifferentorganizationsfromChina,HongKong,Belgium,Portugal,France,Denmark,Swe-denandMacaohadparticipatedintheexhibitioninparallelwiththeconference.Theexhibitionshowedthelatesttechnologyinthetreat-mentofwaterandwaste,indoorairquality,noisemonitoringequipment,vehicleemissioncontrolequipment,renewableenergyandecologicalconstructionmaterial.7.4Inter-regionalCo-operationSincepollutionhasnofrontiers,itisimportanttocooper-atewithneighboringregionsinordertoapplypracticalmea-surestoprotectandpreservetheenvironment.In2001,the“Joint-liaisonGroupfortheEnvironmentalCo-operation”–agroupwithinthe“Joint-liaisonGroupfortheMacaoSARandGuangdongProvinceCo-operation”–hadbeenestablishedinordertoenhancethediscussionsandstud-iesinthecooperationofenvironmentaleducation,trainingofprofessionals,aswellasthecontrolofwaterpollutioncausedbywaterhyacinths.

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao20026720027EnvironmentalManagement7.5ImplementationofenvironmentalmanagementsystemsISO14001isanenvironmentalmanagementsystemaimedtocontinuouslyimprovetheenvironmentalperfor-manceoftheorganizations.Thisstandardhasbecomemoreimportantfortheenterprisesingettingcompetitiveadvan-tagesinthemarketandminimizationofthebarriersinexportation.Environmentalmanagementenhancesthecon-cernsoftheenterprisestoreduceemissionsandwasteaswellastooptimizetheirproductionprocesses.Thiswillenhanceabettereconomyefficiencyofenterprisesandminimizetheimpactontheenvironment.ThenumberoforganizationsinMacaothathavebeencertifiedwithISO14001Standardhasbeenincreasingfrom1enterprisein1999to8enterprisesin2002.Theseenterprisesincludemanufacturingindustries,textiles,civilconstruction,telecommunications,electricalrepairingserviceandwastewa-tertreatmentfacility.Anincreaseinthenumberofcompaniesapplyingforcertificationisexpected.Fortheimplementationoftheenvironmentalmanage-mentsystem,itisnecessarytoknowandcomplywithallen-vironmentallegislationrequirements.TheEnvironmentCouncilhasedited“MacaoEnvironmentalLegislation”and“ReferenceDocumentationonInternationalConventionsandRegionalProtocolsintheAreaofEnvironmentalProtection”.Thisinfor-mationisalsoavailableonthewebsiteofEnvironmentCouncil.Inaddition,theMacaoProductivityandTechnologyTransferCentre(CPTTM)hasinvitedtheEnvironmentCounciltoin-troducetheenvironmentallegislationofMacaoinenviron-mentalmanagementcourses.TheCPTTMgrantsfinancialsupportandloanstotheor-ganizationsapplyingfortheISO14001certification.Italsopromotesseminarsandcoursesonenvironmentalmanage-mentsystem.AlltheseeffortshavecontributedtowardsthepromotionofISO14001.Figure7.9Coursesandseminarsonenvironmentalmanagement(Source:CPTTM,2002)7.6InternationalConventionsandProtocolsTheMSARgovernmenthasactivelyparticipatedininter-nationalenvironmentalactivitiesandisamemberofthefol-lowingprotocolsandconventions:1.ViennaConventionfortheProtectionoftheOzoneLayer(1985);MontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer(1987);AmendmentstotheMontrealProto-colonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer(1990)isappliedtotheMSARaccordingtoexecutiveorderno.31/2002of5thJune2002.2.UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(1992)isappliedtotheMSARaccordingtoexecutiveor-derno.33/2002of5thJune2002.3.ConventiononInternationalTradeinEndangeredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFlora(1973)–CITESisappliedtotheMSARaccordingtoexecutiveorderno.35/2002of5thJune2002.4.ConventiononBiologicalDiversity(1992)isappliedtotheMSARaccordingtoexecutiveorderno.34/2002of5thJune2002.5.TheBaselConventionontheControlofTransboundaryMovementofHazardousWastesandtheirDisposal(1989)isappliedtotheMSARaccordingtotheexecutiveorderno.32/2002of5thJune2002andtheAmendmentstotheBaselConventionisappliedtotheMSARaccordingtotheexecutiveorderno.52/2002of21stAugust2002.6.ThePlantProtectionAgreementfortheAsiaandPacificRegion(1956)isappliedtotheMSARaccordingtoexecu-tiveorderno.30/2001of6thJune2001.01234567891998199920002001Coursesandseminars(no.)050100150200250300Participants(no.)CoursesandseminarsParticipantsRESPONEINDICATOR

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ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002697GestãoAmbiental20028AnalysisandRecommendationsThemainobjectiveofthisreportisbothtodescribetheevolutionofthestateoftheenvironmentofMacaoannualandtoenvisagethetrendinthecomingyears.We,therefore,believethatitisnecessarytoincludetheserecommendationsinthereport,whichallowsreaderstohaveaquickreferenceortoconductanin-depthanalysis.Thus,itenablespolicy-makersaswellasanalyststoretrieveandtoresearchrelatedinformation.Wewouldliketoemphasizesomerecommendationsinpreviousreports.Sustainabledevelopmentandtheenviron-mentalproblemsshouldnotonlybefocusedonlocalarea.Sincepollutionhasnoboundary,itisnecessarytoconsiderothernearbyregionswhenanalysingenvironmentalproblemsandfindingpossiblesolutions.AtmosphericEnvironmentMECisthedominantpollutionsourceofpollutantsSOx(sulphuroxides),NOx(nitrogenoxides),CO2(carbondioxide)andparticulatesandroadtrafficisresponsibleformostoftheleademissions,NMVOC(non-methanevolatileorganiccompounds)andCO(carbonmonoxide).CH4(methane)emissionscomemostlyfromurbansolidwastelandfill,whereastheWWTPsarethemostimportantemissionsourcesofNH3(ammonia)andN2O(nitrousoxide).SinceMacaohasasmallgeographicalareasurroundedbywater,meteorologicalfactorscandeeplyaffecttheairquality.Severalstudiesshowthat,theconcentrationofpol-lutantsishigherduringautumnandwinterduetothemeteo-rologicalconditionsofhighcoldpressure,stableatmosphereandwiththeprevailingnorthernwindsthatcaneasilycarrypollutantsfromthemainlandtoMacao.Itisworthwhiletomentiontherecentdeclineinleadandsulphuremissions.LeademissionshavedeclinedobviouslysincetheintroductionoftheunleadedpetrolinMacao.Sul-phuremissionshavealsodecreasedin2001astheexecutiveorderno.49/2000hasbeeninplacesincethe7thofAugustof2000,whichsetsthelimitsofthecommercialsulphurcontentoflightdieselformotorvehicles(notmorethan0.05%byweight).Thedecreaseinsulphuroxideemissionshaslessthanthatofleadduetothecontributionofpowerproductionto-wardssulphuremissions.Withanincreasingnumberofvehiclesinstalledwithcata-lyticconverters,thereisadropintheemissionsofCOandCOVeachyearafterthepeakin1998and1999.However,sincepowerproductionisthemainsourceofNOx,theuseofcatalyticconverterstominimizeNOxemissionsisnotobvious.WaterResourcesThelackofprecisedatalimitsacompleteanalysisofrel-evantparametersinthevariousWTPs,butthechloridecon-centrationintheIlhaVerdeWTPisintroduced.Regardingtheanalysisofthemicrobiologicalparametersinthewaterdistri-butionnetworks,nocomparisoncanbemadewithpreviousyearsbecauseofthechangeoftheassessmentmethodsin2002.ThewastewaterdrainagesystemisnotyetcoveredthewholeareaoftheMacao.Agreatpartofthenetworkdrainsalsotherainwater.Therearestillsomenetworkswhose8AnalysisandRecommendations

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002707GestãoAmbiental20028AnalysisandRecommendationseffluentsaredirectlydischargedintothewaterbodywithoutbeingtreatedintheWWTP.InordertoincreasethecapacitytoretainandtreattheinfluentvolumeintheMacaoWWTPduringpeakhours,astoragetankwithacapacityof10,000m3isinoperationin2002.However,duetothehighprecipita-tionvolumeinMacao,theidealsolutionwouldbetheexten-sionandtheinstallationofseparatesewersaswellasthere-placementofthecombineddrainagenetwork.Regardingindustrialwastewatergeneratedbysomecompanies,anefficientsolutionforthedisposalhasnotyetbeenfoundandthisreportshowssomeoftheexamples.ThedatafromHovioneshowsthatthevolumeofwastewaterdis-chargedhasconstantlybeenincreasing.Althoughthecom-panyisutilizingtransitorysolutionsatthismoment,thisisnottheidealsituation.ThewastewaterfromHovioneconsistsofacidicsolutionandisneutralizedbeforedrainingtotheTaipaWWTP.NeverthelesstheystillaffecttheoperationoftheTaipaWWTP.Generallyspeaking,theanalysisofthepollutionindexshowsthatthepollutionintheMacaocoastalzonehasbeenincreasingandcriticalvalueshavebeenreachedinsomepoints.ThequalityoftheMacaocoastalwatersdoesnotonlyde-pendonlocalpollutionsourcesbutalsoonthewholePearlRiverDeltaregion.Therefore,itisnecessarytoco-operatewiththerelevantentitiesoftheadjoiningregionsinordertofindregionalsolutionsforenvironmentalproblemsandreinforcethecontrolofthepollutionsources.Accordingtothe“Inter-nationalConventiononOilPollutionPreparedness,ResponseandCooperation,1990”,theGuangdongProvince,theHongKongSARandtheMacaoSARhadsignedaprotocolaimedtotakejointmeasuresforlargescaleaccidentaloilspillageinthePearlRiverDeltaregioninordertoprotectthecoastalwaterquality.NaturalConservationGreenspacespossessseveralimportantecologicalandsocialqualitysuchascleanair,soilandwaterconservation,fertilization,absorbingcarbondioxide,releasingoxygenandprovidingcitizensplacesforleisureactivitiesandnaturecognition.Therefore,themanagementofthesegreenspacesshouldbeofhighpriority.Specialattentionshouldbepaidtotheconservationofreforestationareasandtheirdevelopmentthroughcarefullyselectingappropriatefire-resistantplantspeciesaswellasadoptingnaturalmeanstofightagainstecologicalinvasion.TheMSARGovernmenthasstrategicallydecidedtobuildthefirstecologicalzoneintheCotaiareainordertocreateconditionstoenrichthebiologicaldiversityinMacao.Withinthe55-hectareofecologicalzone,40hectareoflandisde-signedtobethefeedinggroundsofbirds,whiletheremain-ing15hectaresisforthebirds’habitat.Theaimofthiseco-logicalzoneistoprovidedifferentspeciesincludingtheen-dangeredoneswiththesuitablefeedingandrestinggrounds.Effortsshouldbeendeavouredtoraisethefirepreventionawarenessofthepopulationthroughciviceducationbecausethemaincauseforthedevastationofgreenareasisbyhumanactivitiesorsettingtofire.WasteThelackofinformationregardingthegenerationandstor-ageofhazardouswasteinMacaorevealstheneedtocarryoutanin-depthresearchontherealsituationandtopromotethecampaignssoastoincreasetheawarenessofthepopula-tiontowardsresourcespreservation.Whencomparingtodomesticsolidwaste,specialatten-tiontowardstheincinerationtemperatureofpathogenicwasteshouldbepaid.TheMacaoJockeyClubwillfindtheappropriatesolutionfordeadanimalbodies’disposalinthenearfuturesincethenewlandfillwillnotprovidespecificcellsforthedisposalofdeadanimalbodies.Alltheaforementionedsituationsindicatetheneedtotakestrategicenvironmentmanagementinthemiddletolongterm.Thus,itisrecommendedtoestablishaWasteManage-mentStrategicPlan.

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002717GestãoAmbiental20028AnalysisandRecommendationsIntheMSAR,especiallyintheMacaoPeninsula(asmallareawithadensepopulation),thegenerationandmanage-mentofwasteandthemovementofwastefromotherre-gionshavebecomeamatterofgreaturgencyforenviron-mentalmanagement.Theseissuesshouldbeconsideredduetotheincreaseofwastegenerationrate,thenearsaturatedcapacityofsomefinaldisposalinfrastructures(suchaslandfills)andthelimitationofspacefornewones.Severalotherfactorssuchastheliberalizationofthegam-blinglicences,theforecastpopulationandeconomicgrowth,theexchangeofgoodswithintheregionandtheincreaseinthenumberofvisitorswillincreasethepressureupontheex-istingresources,especiallyonthewastemanagementsystem.Itis,therefore,agrowingconcernoftheenvironmentalman-agementdepartmentsinMacao.Theproblemsrelatedtowastewillsurelydrawmostoftheattentionwithintheprocessofthesustainabledevelop-mentofMacao.TheintroductionandapprovalofaWasteManagementStrategicPlanisthereforeurgent.Thisplanshouldbebaseduponthepreventionofwastegeneration,utilizingasmuchaspossiblemoreprofitableandlesspollutanttechnologiesandconsolidatingthereuseandrecyclingofcertainproducts.Itshouldincludethemanagementofurban,industrialandhos-pitalwasteaswellasinthelicensingprocedureforindustry(orotherenterprisesthatcausepotentialimpactontheenvironment).TheWasteManagementStrategicPlanwillinclude:-Type,quantityandwastesourcestobevaluedorreduced;-Generaltechnicalcriteria;-Specialregulationsforspecificwastetreatment;-Appropriatelocationorinstallationforthewastedisposal;-Anestimatedcostconcerningtheoperationsforwastereutilizationorwastereduction;-Measuresthatcanencouragewastecollection,separationandtreatment.AchangeinperspectivewillbebasednotonlyontheapprovalofthereferredStrategicPlanbutalsoonthechangeoftheconsumer’sbehavioursandattitudeswhichhavedirectorindirectconsequencesontheproductionandsaleofproducts.TheestablishmentofaFrameworkforWasteRegulationisoftheutmostimportance.Itshouldalsoindicatetherel-evantdepartmentforintroducingthewastemanagementrulesandtherelevantinspectionwork.Fromthetechnicalmeasuresthathavebeenrecom-mendedpreviously,thefollowingsneedtobeemphasized:-Tocarryoutadetailedassessmentonlandfilloperation;-Tostudythefeasibilityofinactivatingtheflyashgener-atedbytheincinerationplant;-Toassessthefeasibilityoftreatinghospitalwasteatanincineratingtemperatureabove1,100oC,asrecommendedbysomeinternationalorganizations;-Toincludeanassessmentonthequantityofwastegener-atedandtheirdisposalintheindustriallicensingprocess;-Toinvestigatethesourceofwasteoilandestablishasys-temofwasteoilcollectionforrecyclefortheuseasanenergysourceforthesludgeincineratoroftheMacaoWWTP;-Toencouragethedevelopmentof“greenenterprises”bypromotingrecyclingandtheapplicationofanti-pollutiontechnologiesinMacao.NoiseEnvironmentTherearedirectandindirectapproachestoreduceroadtrafficnoise.Thedirectmeasuresincludestudyontheimple-mentationofnoisestandardforvehicles,theinstallationofnoisebarriersandroadresurfacingwithnoiseabsorbentmaterials.Trafficflowmanagement,trafficplanningandre-structuringofroadnetworksareamongsomeoftheindirectmeasures.AlthoughtrafficnoiseisoneofthemainsourcesofnoisepollutioninMacao,“musicandkaraoke”,“gambling”,“inte-riordecorativeworks”andeven“conversations”areothercausesofnoisecomplaintsreceivedbytherelevantauthorities.Theabatementofallthesekindsofnoiseundoubtedlyde-pendsnotonlyontherevisionoftheexistingregulationsandlawsbutalsooncivilandenvironmentaleducation.Fortheabatementofnoisegeneratedbycommercialandindustrialactivities,aglobalassessmentonnoisepollutionshouldbeconductedbythelicensingdepartmentintheli-cencegrantingprocess.Technicaltrainingshouldbereinforcedandlegislationshouldalsobepromotedandimplementedeffectively.Preventivemeasuresshouldbedoneinadvancetosituationsthatmayariseseriousenvironmentalimpacts.Itisalsonecessarytointensifythemonitoringandcollec-tionofnoisedatasoastoprovideabasisforamorecompleteandreliablecontrolofnoisepollutioninMacao.

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao2002727GestãoAmbiental20028AnalysisandRecommendationsEnvironmentalManagementTherearespecialmeasuresandspecificitemsofenviron-mentalmanagementmentionedinthisreport,suchastheinvestmentsandexpensesonenvironmentalmanagement,environmentalawarenessandeducation,inter-regionalco-operationandimplementationofenvironmentalmanagementsystem.Amongall,theimplementationofenvironmentalmanagementsystemandthedevelopmentofenvironmentalawarenessandeducationarethemostimportantmeasurestowardsthesustainabledevelopmentofMacao.ConclusionsWithasmallareaandadensepopulationintheMSAR,theincreasingwastegenerationrateandthesaturatedcapac-ityofthefinaldisposalinfrastructures(suchaslandfills)andthelackofspacefornewonesaresomeoftheessentialprob-lemsoftheMSAR.Inaddition,theanalysisofthepollutionindexesshowsthatthepollutionintheMacaocoastalareahasbeenincreas-ingandreachingcriticalvaluesatsomepoints.ThequalityoftheMacaocoastalwatersdoesnotonlydependonthelocalpollutionsourcesbutalsoonthatofthePearlRiverDeltaregion.Therefore,itisnecessarytoco-operatewiththerel-evantentitiesoftheadjoiningregionsinordertofindregionalsolutionsforenvironmentalproblems.SinceMacaoisdevelopingintoatourismandentertain-mentcity,theenvironmentalissuesmentionedundoubtedlyneedtobesolvedassoonaspossible.Thedevelopmenthasobviouslyenteredintoaneweraandthereforeitisrecom-mendedtoestablishaholisticenvironmentalpolicyinordertofulfilthetargetsofsustainabledevelopmentoftheMSARatthiscriticaltransformation.

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200273AcronymsAndSymbolsAADAAdministrationofAirportsAQIAirQualityIndexAsArsenicBBODBiochemicalOxygenDemandBOD55-dayBiochemicalOxygenDemandBSBlackSmokeCCCBCartography&CadastreBureauCdCadmiumCFCsChlorofluorocarbonsCH4MethaneCITESConventiononInternationalTradeinEndan-geredSpeciesofWildFaunaandFloraCMABCivic&MunicipalAffairsBureauCOCarbonmonoxideCO2CarbondioxideCODChemicalOxygenDemandCORINAIRCoreInventoryofAirEmissionsCPTTMMacauProductivityandTechnologyTransferCenterCrChromiumDdBDecibelDODissolvedOxygenEEEAEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyESBEconomicServicesBureauEGISEnvironmentalGeographicInformationSystemEMEPCo-OperativeProgrammeforMonitoringandEvaluationoftheLongRangeTransmissionofAirPollutantsinEuropeEPAEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEUEuropeanUnionEYABEducationandYouthAffairsBureauFFBFireBrigadeFSBFinanceServicesBureauGGHGGreenhouseGasGISGeographicInformationSystemGDPGrossDomesticProductGWPGlobalWarmingPotentialHHBHealthBureauHClHydrochloricacidHFHydrogenfluorideHFCsHydrofluorocarbonsHgMercuryIIEInstitutefortheEnvironmentIPCCInternationalPanelforClimateChangeISOInternationalOrganizationforStandardizationLLeqEquivalentSoundPressureLevelMMCSMacaoCustomsServiceMEMinistryoftheEnvironment(Portugal)MECMacaoElectricCompanyMGBMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauMIPMacaoIncinerationPlantMLMMunicipalLaboratoryofMacaoMPVMaximumPermissibleValueMRVMaximumRecommendedValueMSARMacaoSpecialAdministrativeRegionMWSCMacaoWaterSupplyCompanyNN2ONitrousoxideNGONonGovernmentalOrganisationNH3AmmoniaNMVOCNon-methanevolatileorganiccompoundsNONitrogenoxideNO2NitrogendioxideNOxNitrogenoxidesOO3OzoneOECDOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopmentOIDOfficeforInfrastructuresDevelopmentPPAPortAuthorityPbLeadPDPoliceDepartmentPFCsPerfluorocarbonsPMIProvisionalMunicipalityoftheIslandsPHLPublicHealthLaboratoryPM10RespirableSuspendedParticles(≤10mm)PMMProvisionalMunicipalityofMacaoPRCPeople’sRepublicofChinaSSCSStatisticsandCensusServiceSF6SulphurhexafluorideSoERStateoftheEnvironmentReportSO2SulphurdioxideSOxSulphuroxidesTTECTotalEnergyConsumptionTHMTrihalomethaneTOETonnesofOilEquivalentTSPTotalSuspendedParticulatesTSSTotalSuspendedSolidsUUSWUrbanSolidWasteVVOCVolatileOrganicCompoundsWWHOWorldHealthOrganisationWTPWaterTreatmentPlantWSCWasteServiceCompanyWWTPWastewaterTreatmentPlant

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200274ReferencesGeneralStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministrationofChinahttp://www.zhb.gov.cn/EnvironmentCouncilofMacaohttp://www.ambiente.gov.moInstitutefortheEnvironmentofPortugalhttp://www.iambiente.pt/pls/ia/homepageEnvironmentCouncil–ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmenthttp://www.ambiente.gov.mo/english/05/AdministrationofAirportsLtd.http://www.ada.com.mo/Civic&MunicipalAffairsBureauhttp://www.iacm.gov.mo/CivilAviationAuthorityhttp://www.macau-airport.gov.mo/index.phtmlEconomicServicesBureauhttp://www.economia.gov.mo/EducationandYouthAffairsBureauhttp://www.dsej.gov.mo/FinanceServicesBureauhttp://www.dsf.gov.mo/GovernmentTouristOfficehttp://www.macautourism.gov.mo/GovernmentInformationBureauhttp://www.gcs.gov.mo/HealthBureauhttp://www.ssm.gov.mo/HovioneMacaoLtd.http://www.hovione.com/InternationalLawOfficehttp://www.gadi.gov.mo/Lands,PublicWorks&TransportBureauhttp://www.dssopt.gov.mo/MacaoElectricCompanyLtd.http://www.cem-macau.com/index_e.htmlMacaoProductivityandTechnologyTransferCenterhttp://www.cpttm.org.mo/MappingandLandRegistryBureauhttp://www.dscc.gov.mo/MeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauhttp://www.smg.gov.mo/PortAuthorityhttp://www.marine.gov.moPublicAdministrationandCivilServicesBureauhttp://www.safp.gov.mo/StatisticsandCensusServiceshttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/TheMacaoWaterSupplyCompanyLtd.http://www.macaowater.comUniversityofMacaohttp://www.umac.mo/Demography,EconomyandSocietyStatisticsandCensusServices–GrossDomesticProducthttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_pib_pub.htmlStatisticsandCensusServices–Census2001http://www.dsec.gov.mo/english/pub/e_cen_pub.html

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200275*Note:TherelatedinformationoftheProvisionalMunicipalityofMacaoandtheProvisionalMunicipalityoftheIslandsin2001issuppliedbytheCivic&MunicipalAffairsBureau.AtmosphericEnvironmentStatisticsandCensusServices–StatisticsontheEnvironment(Chinese&Portugueseversiononly)http://www.dsec.gov.mo/chinese/pub/c_amb_pub.htmlhttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/portuguese/pub/p_amb_pub.htmlMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureau–MacaoAirQualityIndexhttp://www.smg.gov.mo/ccaa/iqa/e_iqa.htmWaterSupplyStatisticsandCensusServices–StatisticsontheEnvironment(Chinese&Portugueseversiononly)http://www.dsec.gov.mo/chinese/pub/c_amb_pub.htmlhttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/portuguese/pub/p_amb_pub.htmlHealthBureau–BeachWaterQualityinMacaohttp://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/news/document/e_lsp_waterquality.htmHealthBureau–ReportontheMonitoringoftheMacaoCoastalWaterQuality(Chineseversion)http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/news/document/c_lsp_wq2001_mac.pdfHealthBureau–ReportontheWaterQualityofHacSaandCheocVanBeaches(Chineseversion)http://www.ssm.gov.mo/design/news/document/c_lsp_wq2001.pdfTheMacaoWaterSupplyCompanyLtd.–WaterTestinghttp://www.macaowater.com/waterquality/watertest02.htmWasteStatisticsandCensusServices–StatisticsontheEnvironment(Chinese&Portugueseversiononly)http://www.dsec.gov.mo/chinese/pub/c_amb_pub.htmlhttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/portuguese/pub/p_amb_pub.htmlNaturalConservationStatisticsandCensusServices–StatisticsontheEnvironment(Chinese&Portugueseversion)http://www.dsec.gov.mo/chinese/pub/c_amb_pub.htmlhttp://www.dsec.gov.mo/portuguese/pub/p_amb_pub.htmlCivic&MunicipalAffairsBureau–MacaoNatureWeb(Chineseversion)http://www.iacm.gov.mo/natureweb/main.htmGeographicalInformationSystemofMacao–VegetationDistribution(Chineseversion)http://www3.gis.gov.mo/website/vegetationwww/macao1.htmMappingandLandRegistryBureau–GreenSpaces(Chineseversion)http://www3.gis.gov.mo/dscc/chin/newthematic.htmNoiseEnvironmentEnvironmentCouncil–RecordedDataoftheNoiseMonitoringNetworkhttp://www.ambiente.gov.mo/english/06/OthersEnvironmentalGeographicalInformationSystemofMacao(Chinese&Portugueseversion)http://www2.dscc.gov.mo/website/ambiente/macau.htmGeographicalInformationSystemofMacaohttp://www3.gis.gov.mo/website/pmacauwww/macao.htmEnvironmentCouncil–EnvironmentalLegislationofMacao(Chinese&Portugueseversion)http://www.ambiente.gov.mo/portugues/03/MacaoElectricCompanyLtd.http://www.cem-macau.com/english/en_reports.html

ReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao200276TitleReportontheStateoftheEnvironmentofMacao,2002PublishedbyEnvironmentCouncil,MacaoCoveranddesignCosmicDesignCompanyNo.ofcopies500ISSN1681-7443PublishedDateDecember,2002ENVIRONMENTCOUNCILRuadeSanchesdeMirandan°3–MacaoTel:(853)725134Fax:(853)725129E–mail:ca@ambiente.gov.mohttp://www.ambiente.gov.mo