Project Directors Chui Sai Peng (Chui & Associates City Planning and Engineering Consultants Limited, Chief Engineer) Zhao Bingshi (City Planning and Research Institute of Tsinghua University, Dean, Department of City Planning, School of Architecture, Professor) Special Report Coordinators and Researchers TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY BEIJING NORMAL UNIVERSITY Lin Aimei (Department of Arechitecture, School of Arechitecture, Professor) Shi Peijun (Institute of Resource Science, Director, Professor, Ph.D.) Tan Zongbo (Department of City Planning, School of Arechitecture, Associate Professor, Ph.D.) Liang Jinxie (Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Vice Dean, Professor) Yu Xuewen (Department of City Planning, School of Arechitecture, Associate Professor) Wu Dianting (Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Associate Professor, Ph.D.) Deng Wei (Department of City Planning, School of Arechitecture, Associate Professor) Yang Mingchuan (Department of Resources and Environmental Science, Associate Professor) Huang Jingwei (School of Economics and Management, Associate Professor, Ph.D.) Wang Ping (Institute of Resource Science, Lecturer, Ph.D.) Lu Huapu (Institute of Transportation Engineering, Vice Director, Department of Civil Engineering, Associate Professor) Zhou Wuguang (Institute of Resource Science, Ph.D. Candidate) Su Baolin (Department of Environmental Engineering, Lecturer) Zhao Yunwei (Department of City Planning, School of Arechitecture, Ph.D. Candidate) UNIVERSITY OF MACAU Dong Ke (Department of City Planning, School of Architecture, Ph.D. Candidate) Iu Vai Pan (Faculty of Science and Technology, Dean, Professor, Ph.D.) Wang Zhi Shi (Faculty of Science and Technology, Professor, Ph.D.) THE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG Chan Sau San (Faculty of Business Administration, Assistant Professor, Ph.D.) Tong Chung On (Department of Civil Engineering, Associate Professor, Ph.D.) Lai Neng (Faculty of Business Administration, Lecturer) Wong S. C. (Department of Civil Engineering, Lecturer, Ph.D.) Agnes Lam lok Fong (Institute of Chinese tudies,turer) Wong C. K. (Department of Civil Engineering, Research Assistant) TECHNICAL RESEARCHERS OTHERS Lam Hong Wai (Chui & Associates City Planning and Engineering Consultants Limited, Engineer) Cheng Kum Wai (DSSOPT-Town Planning Department, Head of Department) Kuong SÍO Fong (Chui & Associates City Planning and Engineering Consultants Limited, Engineer) Xu Chang (Beijing University, Law School, Ph.D.) Pao SÍo Kei (Chui & Associates City Planning and Engineering Consultants Limited, Architect) Kou Chin Hung (Macau Economics Association, Vice Director General) Tang U Wa (University of Macau, Faculty of Kou Chin Pang (Macau Statistics and Census Department, Head of Department) Chief Editor Proof-readers Translators Participating Units Agnes Lam lok Fong Lam Hong Wai Jojo Lei Tsinghua University LauKamLing Onida Lam University of Macau Shirely Heong Selina Lei University of Hong Kong Editor Sun I Wan Marisa Chu Beijing Normal University Stephen Sam Leong Kam Hung Isabel de Silva Chuj & Assocjates Cjty p|annjng and Engineering Consultants Limited Publisher: Fundação para a Cooperação e o Desenvolvimento de Macau Graphic & Production: EGO Design Company Printing: Tipografia Hung Heng ISBN: 972-97478-2-2 Issue: October 1999 Print-run: 2000 All copyright reserved
FOREWORD Macau is a unique territory rich in characters created by years of peaceful coexistence of Chinese and Portuguese. At the advent of the new millennum, Macau will soon become the Macau Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China. It is worthy of our attention to examine what directions of development this cultural melting pot of the East and West should take in the new era. In order to explore the suitable development direction, Macau citizens have chosen different means to express their opinions. We have taken this opportunity to express our views. With strong support from the Macau Cooperation and Development Foundation, we have organized a team of academia and professionals from Beijing Tsinghua University, University of Macau, University of Hong Kong, Beijing Normal University, Chui & Associates City Planning and Engineering Consultants Ltd. and concerned citizen to conduct a study into the overall development of Macau and put forward some suggestions towards the directions of development for Macau in the 21ST century. City planning normally can be divided into the preliminary stage of city plan guideline and the definitive stage of master city plan and detail plans. The planning guideline provides normative and tactical arguments for the examination of the city devel－ opment aims, principles and strategy for the master city plan. It should be the basis on which the subsequent master city plan is to be formulated. Since Macau is yet to have an officially announced master city plan, this research team, as an academic and professional group, attempts to make some recommenations for this important work. Thus, the "21ST Century Macau City Planning Guideline Study" report is a general academic study and not a binding document. We wish the readers will bear this in mind. There are two phases to this study: Phase 1 : From November 1998 to June 1999. Major tasks include collection of relevant data, satellite images, field investigation, analysis and compilation of existing data, with cutoff time primarily in or around 1998. Phase 2 : From July to October 1999. Based mainly on further studies and analysis of the information as well as supplemen－ tary field investigation, a series of reports, drawings and charts were produced. Existing data were categorized. Based on many group discussions and development of consensus, the "21ST Century Macau City Planning Guideline Study" report, and relevant drawings based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) were compiled and written. Experts and scholars were invited to evaluate the report for further improvement of the present study. The results of this study are presented in three parts. The first part is the text description of the city plan, the "21ST Century Macau City Planning Guideline Study". The second part consists of 20 colorful plans and drawings including the current land use, transportation, cultural relics and landmarks in Macau, and similar information under three different proposed develop－ ment scenarios. The third part is a series of 15 detail studies of various topics pertaining to city planning. Compiled into four sections: 1) City Planning and Related Laws, 2) Population and Economic Development, 3) Transportation and 4)Townscape, Cultural Relics and the Environment, The broad scope of work and time consuming process of data collection have made the already tight schedule more pressing. In spite of these, we have put in our best effort. However, we believe there is still much room for improvement and look forward to receiving comments from all sectors of the community. The above study was made possible by the immense support and involvement of the Macau Cooperation and Development Foundation, various government departments, public services and numerous enthusiastic Macau citizens. We would like to express our heartfelt appreciation and gratitude to all of these organizations and people.
CONTENTS 1. BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES AND BASIS OF STUDY ........................................... 2 1.1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 2 1.1.1 HISTORICAL SETTING 2 1.1.2 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY 2 1.2 BASIS OF STUDY 2 1.3 TIMEFRAME OF STUDY 2 2. OVERVIEW OF THE CITY ..................................................................................................... 4 2.1 NATURAL SETTING 4 2.1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITION 4 2.1.2 CLIMATOLOGY AND HYDROGRAPHY 4 2.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT 4 2.3 ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 4 2.3.1 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 4 2.3.2 POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT 6 2.3.3 CULTURE AND EDUCATION 6 2.4 LAND USE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT 6 2.4.1 LAND USE , 6 2.4.2 INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION 10 2.4.3 EXTERNAL TRANSPORTATION 10 2.4.4 PUBLIC UTITLITES 12 2.4.5 QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENT 12 2.5 ARCHITECTURE AND TOWNSCAPE 12 2.5.1 ARCHITECTURE AND HISTORICAL SITES 1 2 2.5.2 TOWNSCAPE 14 2.6 CITY PLANNING 14 2.6.1 LEGISLATURE ON CITY PLANNING 14 2.6.2 DISTRICTING FOR CITY PLANNING 1 4 2.6.3 ZONING FOR CITY PLANNING 16 3. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE NATURE OF THE CITY ................................................ 18 3.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND 18 3.1.1 GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT TREND FOR THE 21ST CENTURY 1 8 3.1.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT OUTLOOK 1 8 3.2 INHERENT CONDITIONS 20 3.2.1 MAJOR ADVANTAGES 20 3.2.2 LIMITATIONS 20
4. IDENTITY OF CITY, PRINCIPLES AND SCENARIOS OF DEVELOPMENT .................. 22 4.1 IDENTITY OF CITY AND THE GENERAL STRATEGIC AIMS 22 4.1.1 IDENTITY OF CITY 22 4.1.2 GENERAL STRATEGIC AIMS 22 4.2 PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT 22 4.2.1 PRINCIPLES OF LEGALITY IN CITY PLANNING 22 4.2.2 PRINCIPLES IN SELECTING INDUSTRIES 22 4.2.3 PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 22 4.2.4 PRINCIPLES OF LAND USE DEVELOPMENT 24 4.3 SCENARIOS OF DEVELOPMENT 24 4.3.1 STEADY SCENARIO 24 4.3.2 MODIFICATION SCENARIO 24 4.3.3 TRANSFORMATION SCENARIO 26 5. FUNCTION OF CITY AND OBJECTIVES FOR A SUSTAINABLE 28 SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................... 28 5.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE CITY 28 5.1.1 STEADY SCENARIO 28 5.1.2 MODIFICATION SCENARIO 28 5.1.3 TRANSFORMATION SCENARIO 28 5.2 OBJECTIVES FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 28 5.2.1 FEATURES OF INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE , 28 5.2.2 OBJECTIVES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 30 5.2.3 OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 30 6. URBAN POPULATION AND LAND USE.......................................................................... 32 6.1 INFLUENCING FACTORS 32 6.1.1 FACTORS AFFECTING THE POPULATION 32 6.1.2 FACTORS AFFECTING LAND USE 32 ６.２ FORECAST OF POPULATION GROWTH 32 ６.３ FORECAST OF SCALE OF LAND USE 32
7. CITY SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION 34 7.1 STEADY SCENARIO 34 7.2 MODIFICATION SCENARIO 34 7.3 TRANSFORMATION SCENARIO 36 8. BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND IMPORTANT SPECIFIC PLANS ......................... 38 8.1 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OF THE CITY 38 8.1.1 URBAN TRANSPORTATION 38 8.1.2 EXTERNAL TRANSPORTATION 38 8.2 WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM 42 8.2.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM 42 8.2.2 WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM 42 8.3 SOLID WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM 44 8.3.1 COLLECTION SYSTEM 44 8.3.2 DISPOSAL SYSTEM 44 8.4 ELECTRICITY AND GAS SUPPLY 46 8.4.1 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM 46 8.4.2 GAS SUPPLY 46 8.5 TELECOMMUNICATION AND POSTAL SERVICE 48 8.5.1 TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM 48 8.5.2 POSTAL SERVICE 48 8.6 CULTURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION AND TOWNSCAPE 50 8.6.1 PROTECTION OF CULTURAL RELICS 50 8.6.2 TOWNSCAPE 52 8.7 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 52 8.7.1 QUALITY OF AIR 52 8.7.2 EVALUATION OF NOISE POLLUTION 52 8.7.3 QUALITY OF WATER ALONG THE SHORE 54 8.7.4 LEVEL OF GREEN AREAS 54 9. CONCLUSION : SUGGESTIONS AND MEASURES FOR CITY DEVELOPMENT .............. 56
1. BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES AND BASIS OF STUDY 1.1 BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES 1.1.1 HISTORICAL SETTING At the turn of the 20™ century to the 21ST century, Portugal will hand over the governance of Macau back to China on the 20™ of December 1999. The world is paying attention to this historical event, which will bring about new opportunities for the further development of Macau. Currently, Macau is politically going through the last phase of the transition period. In addition, its society, economy and habitation environment are amidst a crucial moment. At this turn of the century and the re-integration of Macau to her motherland, it is essential to provide a reference blueprint for sustainable development of Macau. 1.1.2 OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study are : • To review the state of development of Macau; • To identify the strengths and weaknesses of Macau in terms of urban development with global and regional relationship perspectives; • To forecast the economy, demography, scale of land use, development rate, spatial relationship and the development direction of Macau; • To provide a basis for study and design of the master city plan of Macau in the 21ST Century. 1. 2 BASIS OF STUDY The urban development and land management of Macau largely followed the legal system of Portugal. This study is carried out based on the following information and research findings : • "City Planning Act of the People's Republic of China" and "Methodology of City Planning" promulgated by the Construction Department of the PRC; • Current legislature and acts of the Macau Government in relation to city planning and land management (e.g. "The Land Laws of Macau (澳門土地法)", "The Cadastral Act (地籍法)", "General Regulations on Urban Constructions(都市建築總章程) ",etc,; • Yearbook of Statistics and relevant data produced by the Department of Statistics and Census of Macau; • Current urban development programs of Macau (e.g. "the Cotai City Plan", etc.); • Current legislature on protection of cultural relics and the environment (e.g. "Protections of Monuments (紀念性建築物保護制度)”,”Guidelines os Environment(環境綱要法)”,etc,): • Relevant essays and discourses on economic developments and infrastructure by different groups in Macau; • Information on regional and township planning in the Pearl River Delta, master city planning of the Zhuhai City, 1 .3 TIMEFRAME OF STUDY The timeframe of study is from 1999 to 2020. Near term from 1999 to 2004 from 2004 to 2010 from 2010 to 2020 beyond 2020 All development scenarios have considered the extended term of direction for development for the scale of land use and spatial development, development and construction schemes for the Hengqin Island (橫秦島). Medium termLong term Extended term2
2. OVERVIEW OF THE CITY 2.1 NATURAL SETTING 2.1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITION Macau consists of the Macau Peninsula, Taipa Island and Coloane Island. The Taipa Island is sjtuated at 2.5 km southeast south of the Macau Peninsula whereas the Coloane Island is 2 km south of the Taipa Island. Located at 113°31'-36' East and 22°06'-13' North, Macau is on the west bank of the Pearl River with water surrounded on three sides. In other words, it is connected with Gongbei of the Zhuhai City of the Guangdong Province in the north, and 74 km away from Hong Kong across the Lingding Sea (伶汀洋) in the east, and is separated from Wanchai of the Zhuhai City and the Hengqin island on its west by a river only. Macau is at the uplifted zone of Wan Shan (萬山隆起帶) with granites as the basic rock form. It is a typical southern China terrain, with all three islands mainly composed of mounts, hills, and plateaus. There are only a few level ground suitable for construction. After several times of reclamation, the total area of Macau has gradually increased from 12.69km2 in 1912 to 25.66km2 in 1998.[ 1] The Macau peninsula occupies 8.61km2, Taipa island 6.54km2, Coloane Island 7.56km2, and Cotai city (the recently reclaimed of land between Taipa and Coloane) another 2.95km2. 2.1.2 CLIMATOLOGY AND HYDROGRAPHY Macau is located in the Indian Monsoon region with a mild and humid climate. Annual average temperature is 22.3 degrees Celsius. Annual average humidity is 80% and rainfall is 2,031.4 mm. Macau enjoys short winters and long summers. Prevailing winds are cold dry northeasterly wind, warm wet southeasterly and southwesterly winds. In Spring, it is drizzly and misty. But in summer, it is hot and rainny with occasional typhoons. It has a fresh and moderately cool autumn and a mild cold winter with lesser rain. Macau is surrounded on three sides by shallow water. The depth of water on its east coast is 2 to 3 meters[2] and the rest is less than one meter deep. The waterway needs to rely on dredging to maintain the necessary depth. 2.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Macau has always been a Chinese territory. According to archaelogical excavations, Macau was officially included in the territory of the Qin Dynasty (秦朝) of China as early as four to five thousand years ago, At that time, Macau was under the jurisdiction of the Panyu Prefecture (番禺) of the Nan Hai County (南海郡) and belonged to the Dong Guan (東莞) Prefecture in the Jin Dynasty (晉朝), the Nan Hai Prefecture in the Xu Dynasty (隋朝), Dong Guan Prefecture in the Tang Dynasty (唐朝). In 1152 A.D., Sung Dynasty established Xiang Shan(香山) Prefecture. Macau belonged to the Xiang Shan Prefecture (Hill). Successive dynasties had established governing bodies in Macau. During the Jia Jing period of the Ming Dynasty (明嘉靖年間) in 1553 A.D., merchant ships of Portugal came to the shore of Macau to dry their goods which were wet during a typhoon. Since then, the Portuguese started to live in Macau and were granted permission for residence by the Emperor Jia Jing (嘉靖) of the Ming Dynasty in 1557. They were also allowed to construct necessary houses according to their own habits. After the Opium War in 1840, Portugal declared Macau as its colony and gradually occupied the Macau Peninsula, Taipa and Coloane Islands. In 1887, the Manchu Government was coerced to sign the "Sino-Portuguese Friendly Trading Act (中葡友好通商條約)" declaring Macau as "permanently governed" by Portugal. However, it was not until 1974 after the Portuguese revolution that the government promulgated "non-colonizing" policy and declared Macau as a Chinese territory under Portuguese administration. In April 1987, the Chinese and the Portuguese governments signed a joint declaration stating that Macau will resume to be under the Chinese rule on the 20th of December 1999. In March 1993, the Chinese People's Congress approved the Basic Law of the Macau Special Administrative Region. Macau will be the ' Special Administrative Region' to implement the concept of ' One Country, Two systems'. It will enjoy a high level of autonomy, administrative power, legislative power, independent judicial power and power of final adjudication. In May 1998, the State Council of the PRC appointed the establishment of the' Preparatory Committee of the Macau Special Administrative Region (澳門特別行政區籌備委員會). In March 1999, the Election Committee (推選委員會) of the Macau Special Administrative Region was formed and on the 1 5th of May elected Mr. Ho Hau Wah (何厚鏵) as the first Chief Executive of the Macau SAR, realizing the principles of Macau people to govern Macau and its high level of self governance. 2.3 ECONOMY AND SOCIETY 2.3.1 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT In 1998, the GDP of Macau is 54.608 billion patacas, which is about 6.85 billion US dollars. Per capita income was 16,055 US dollars and that is about 62% of that of Hong Kong during the same period. Its level of economic development ranked the same as many developed countries. Macau was considered to be one of the top 45 economic entities of highest per capita income ranked by the World Bank. Entrepot trades, export processing, tourism & gambling were the economic mainstays at various times in the history of Macau. Currently, the economic mainstays include tourism & gambling, finance & insurance, construction & real estates, and export processing industries. Among the mainstays, tourism & gambling business made up 42% of the GDP in 1998 and about 50% of the government income through taxation. Owing to the scarcity of land and natural resources, the primary production of Macau occupy only a negligible percentage in the GDP accounting for only half a percent. The secondary production dominated by the textile industry was once the most important production in the 80s has dwindled to about 8% of the GDP. The tertiary production is the most dominant making it the major sector in the industrial structure of Macau. In the tertiary production, the gambling & entertainment industry comprising of tourism, hotels, food & beverage, entertainment, souvenirs and gambling occupies almost 50% of the sector. This uneven distribution has led to polarization of economic development, extremely uneven distribution of industries, a strong dependency on external resources and a weak self-stabilising ability. [ 1] Based on GIS calculation, which maybe differed from other published data. [2] Reference to Chart Datum, which is -1.8m below Mean Sea Level (MSL). 4
2.3.2 POPULATION AND EMPLOYMENT At the end of 1998, the permanent population is about 430,000 and the mobile population is about 30,000. Based on the "1998 Yearbook of Statistics", 47.5% of the permanent population are males and 52.5% are females. Senior citizen above the age of 65 representing 7.58%, making Macau an aging society based on the definitions of the United Nations (which is above 7%). The natural growth rate is 7.2 °/00, average life expectancy is 76.6. The locally born made up about 47% of the total population of which 97% are Chinese and the rest are Macanese, Portuguese, etc. Distribution of population is very uneven. Over 95% of the residents live in the Macau Peninsula. According to the by-census in 1 996, the density of population of the entire city is 19,167 heads per km2. Taking the Macau peninsula alone, the density is as high as 49,863 heads per km2. The area of St. Antonio (聖安多尼堂區，或稱花王堂區 ) has a population density of 96,582 heads per km2 which is one of a few so densely populated area in the world. There are only 3,063 persons per km2 in Taipa while only 31 6 persons per km2 in Coloane. At the same time, the size of a household is reducing. The sizes were 4.8, 4.0 and 3.5 in 1970, 1980 and 1991 respectively. In the by-census of 1996, the average size of household has dropped to 3.4 only. It is interesting to note that the divorce rate of the entire city has an increase trend. The figures relative to the number of newly-weds in the same year were 0.08%, 0.24% and 0.70% for 1 981, 1 990 and 1 997 respectively. At the end of 1998, the working population of Macau was about 211,000, composing 48.9% of the total permanent population. The number of unemployed was about 9,600, Unemployment rate was 4.6% and has shown a rising trend. On the other side, imported laborers reached 32,000 at the end of 1 998, making up 1 5% of the working population. Out of these overseas workers, 78% came from mainland China. The education level of the people in Macau, in general, is not high. According to the statistics on working population in 1998, only 10% of the working population have attained higher level of education or above while there are 73% of people having junior high school level or below. 2.4 LAND USE AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT 2.4.1 LAND USE Land resource is very scarce in Macau. Since mid 1 9™ century, the city has undergone rapid development, which relied solely on extensive land reclamation. The Macau Peninsula has undergone four major reclamation while reclamation at Taipa and Coloane started only at the beginning of this century. According to our research findings, the urban area of Macau (i.e. connected pieces of land served by public infrastructure) in 1998 is 14.71 km2 (Macau Peninsula 7.75, Taipa 4.24, Coloane 2.52, Cotai city 0.20). Based on the population of 430,000 in the same year, the average urban constructed land per capita is about 35 m2. It is substantially less than the average of 668 cities in China, which is 100.2 m2. per capita at the end of 1997. It is also way below the average value of 100 m2 per capita in 22 cities of China which have a population between 400,000 to 500,000, and that of 94.5 m2 per capita in 54 cities in the Guangdong Province. Yet, the land used per capita for roads and squares, public facilities and external transportation are much higher than national average and made up a significant portion of the overall land use. Other land uses especially the industrial & storage and pure residential lands are obviously lower than the national average. Their percentage shares are also relatively small. Please refer to Table 1 for the land use balance sheet and Table 2 for the urban land use comparison. 2.3.3 CULTURE AND EDUCATION According to the stipulation of the Planning and Development Bureau of the United Nations (聨合 國規劃發展署), the living conditions and quality of living of different countries can be derived from the index of humanities development (人文發展指數) The index of humanities development is calculated by combining the indices on longevity, education and gross domestic product. According the data of the Department of Statistics and Census of Macau in 1994, the longevity index of Macau was 0.86, education index was 0.86 and that of the GDP was 0.98. By working through the formula, the index of humanities development in Macau was 0.90 which is in the rank of ' High Level of Humanities Development'. This is caused by Macau's high GDP per capita and a low illiteracy level. At present, there are two major characteristics in the secondary education system of Macau : 1) diversity of organisations operating schools, mostly private schools, and 2) multiplicity in education systems with Chinese, English and Portuguese systems coexisting. In 1998, there are 113 traditional educational institutions (schools and kindergarten). There are 95,768 students who are at the secondary level or be ow. The ratio of students to teacher is 25.2 to 1. Higher education has a relatively late start. The first university was founded in 1981. At present, there are seven higher education institutions. The University of Macau is the largest with over 3,200 students studying in seven faculties. 6
Remark: M2 /EP = square meter space for each person * Industrial use. The land use structure has the following features : • Average urban constructed land per capita is substantially below that of similar cities in China. • A higher proportion of commercial and residential mixed areas, • Land use for roads and squares occupies one quarter of the total urban land area which is far beyond the standard set by the National Construction Department of China (國家建設部規劃標凖) and that of similar cities. • Land use for industrial & storage is below the standard average set by the National Construction Department and similar cities. • The ratio of public green area and waters meets the suggested standard and the average value of similar cities set by the National Construction Department. Characteristics of the distribution of land use are : • Population and buildings are overly concentrated in the Macau Peninsula. • There is no clear distinction between commercial and residential areas, • High plot ratio and floor area ratio. 8
2.4.2 INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION Macau Peninsula is a narrow strip of land running from its Southeast to Northwest. It is wider in its Northeast to Southwest direction. The main roads in the Peninsula are built according to these directions. Before the 50s, the road network in the old town was developed out of convenience, being rather narrow and without order. There are many slopes and bends. With the rapid economic development in the 60s, the road network has been continuously improving. The Guia Hill Tunnel (San Januário tunnel 松山隧道) built in 1 990 has saved much of the transportation time between the new and old part of town. Several overpasses and round-the-city road network were built. The traffic in the Macau Peninsula is controlled by an adaptive area traffic control system. Most of the roads in the city switched to one way operation to increase their traffic handling capacities. The road networks on the Taipa and Coloane Islands were largely constructed since the late 70s. The main road is the highway around the island. The two Islands were connected together and with the Peninsula by two bridges and a causeway. The Taipa-Coloane causeway of 2,225 meters was completed in 1 969. The Macau -Taipa Bridge (Nobre de Carvalho Bridge) of 2,570 meters was finished in 1 974; whereas the Friendship Bridge of 4,700 meters was built in 1 994. At the end of 1 997, the total length of constructed roads was 21 3 km (Peninsula 143 km, Taipa 40 km, Coloane 30 km). Owing to the deliberate planning and the relatively low traffic volume, the roundabouts and priority junctions could meet the existing demand on the Islands. The number of automobiles and motorcycles in 1 997 was 49,450 and 49,950 respectively, giving a grand total of 95,400. The vehicle density on the Macau Peninsula is 681 vehicles/km and is 454 vehicles/km considering the entire territory. Average vehicle ownership is 11 7/per thousand heads. Our research shows that both the Macau-Taipa Bridge and the Friendship Bridge have not exceeded their design capacities. The traffic flow on the Macau-Taipa Bridge is estimated to be 0.72 (actual volume of traffic/design capacity) and only 0.31 for the Friendship Bridge. (As a rule of thumbs, figure below 0.85 means relatively high level of service.) This shows that the two bridges could meet the present traffic demand. Since 1987,12 public carparks have been completed offering 5,457 parkings for private cars and 552 for motorcycles. In addition, there are 839 metered parkings along the streets. In 1997, the ratio of private cars to public carparks is 9.7 to 1 indicating parking spaces are in high demand in the city. There are two privately owned public transportation companies in Macau having a total of 390 vehicles and 40 bus routes to serve the community. Besides, there are 755 taxis providing convenient services to citizen and visitors. 2.4.3 EXTERNAL TRANSPORTATION For a long time, Macau's major external communication was by land through its north linkage with China and by sea to keep in touch with the rest of world by way of small vessels going to Hong Kong. After China introduced the opening and reformation policy, the condition of the Qiguan highway (歧關公路), which is the only external link of Macau to China on land, has improved substantially, allowing improved travelling condition from Macau to China via the Border Gate of Macau and Gongbei (拱北) of Zhuhai. According to statistics from the Department of Statistics and Census of Macau, over 1.3 million vehicles passed through this gateway annually. Daily average of vehicles going through this gateway is 3,700. The soon to be completed Lotus Flower Bridge (蓮花大橋) will act as the second gateway to China by land. By then, the heavy usage of the Gongbei Border can be relieved. The waterway of Macau is heavily clogged up by siltation, making it unsuitable for large cargo ships. At this point, there is no direct ocean-going transportation. Only coastal or river shipping facilities were available. The Inner Harbor of Macau has 34 berths with a total length of 3,500 meters. The Outer Harbor extending over 3,900 meters contained the new Hong Kong & Macau Ferry Terminal. The channel was enlarged and dredged in 1 984 to make passenger boats and cargo ships travelling between Hong Kong and Macau possible. Besides, the Ka Hó Harbor (九澳港) in the northeast corner of Coloane, is a cargo port, though it handles only a small quantity of cargo at present. Air transportation appeared on the scene in the 30s but was discontinued for some reasons. In 1990, helicopter service for passenger was started. At the end of 1995, the Macau International Airport was built on reclaimed land at the eastern corner of Taipa. Total area of the airport is 1.9 km2 with the passenger terminal occupying 45,000 m2 and the air cargo zone 8,300 m2. The runway was designed for large wide body jets. Currently, there are 21 routes serving mainly Southeast Asia, Taiwan and mainland China. According to statistics in 1998 from the Macau Interational Airport Company (澳門国際機場有限公司), the airport handled 2.21 million passengers and 65 thousand tons of cargo, both reaching one thirds of the design capacity. At present, two thirds of the visitors come to Macau by sea but the overall main flow of traffic is via the Gongbei border which occupies two thirds of the total. Only 7% of the passengers fly in through the international airport. 10
2.4.4 PUBLIC UTITLITES Water used in Macau is mainly supplied by Zhuhai. The water are obtained at Modoumen (磨刀門). Since Xijiang River (西江) is one of the main branches of the Pearl River, even in the driest months of the low flow Year,the average flowrate still go as large as 460 cubic meters per second. The daily average supply of nonpurified water is 450,000 cubic meters. There are two water supply plants, one on Ilha Verde and one on Coloane. The maximum daily consumption is about 161,000 cubic meters while the daily capacity is around 200,000 cubic meters which is able to meet the demand. There are three waste water treatment plants in Macau, one at Areia Preta in the Peninsula, one on Taipa and one on Coloane with a total daily capacity of 273,000 cubic meters. The current daily usage is 102,000 cubic meters so the demand is met. The sewage received secondary treatment before being discharged to waters at about 600 meters offshore. The incineration plant is on Taipa Island. The designed daily capacity is 864 tons. It currently handles 620 tons per day. The concentration of the exhaust discharged has been significantly lower than that allowed by the European Standard. There are two electric power generation plants, with a capacity of 366.8 mega watts. About 10% of the consumed power are supplied by the Guangdong power supply network. These combined capacities are able to satisfy the present demand of Macau. The gas used in Macau is imported liquefied propane. A 3,648 ton storage facility is available on the Coloane Island. In the past ten years, the postal business of Macau has grown rapidly. Postal income rose from $21.88 million (in Macau currency, below is the same) in 1 988 to $293 million in 1 998 (peaked at 330 million in 1 997), which is translated into an annual growth of 29.6%. The main reason is the boom in philately, such income grew from $5 millon in 1 988 to 244 million in 1 998 (peaked at $280 million in 1 997). The annual growth rate was 47.5%. The post office handled 9.31 million pieces of mail in 1 988 and 18.65 million in 1 998. The communication market (including mobile phones) has a rather fast rate of expansion, with an annual growth of 11 %. There were 1 73,893 fixed telephones or 40 fixed phones/1 00 persons, and 77,1 98 mobile-phones or 18 mobile phones/100 persons. 2.4.5 QUALITY OF ENVIRONMENT The standard for evaluating the quality of air in Macau is stipulated with reference to the European Community and the World Health Organization. The air pollution is not serious and the overall air quality can meet the required standard. However, due to traffic conditions, topography, climate and pollutions from outside of the city, the Areia Preta and Horta e Costa areas in the Peninsula and places near the cement plant in Coloane experienced serious pollution of TSP, PIS and acid rain. The pollution becomes more serious in winter and spring while it is relatively mild in summer and autumn. The standards for evaluation of water quality currently used in Macau are adopted from that of the European Community. As the sources of pollution in the surrounding waters are mainly from the middle and upper course of the Pearl River; therefore, adopting the standards of seawater quality set by the People's Republic of China as the evaluation standard more relevant. The quality of water around the Peninsula has traces of organic pollution and high nutrient level. The quality of water surrounding the islands is better. On the whole, there is no problem with the level of pollution by heavy metal and acidity. In terms of organic pollution and high nutrient level, most of the regions are satisfactory except for the west bank of the Macau Peninsula which is relatively high. At present, the areas of Macau affected by the noise of airplanes are experiencing a noise level of below 70dB. This is within the "Standards of Noise Pollution in the Surrounding Areas of Airports" adopted in the People's Republic of China for areas under Category One. This noise level will not damage the environment of Macau. 2.5 ARCHITECTURE AND TOWNSCAPE 2.5.1 ARCHITECTURE AND HISTORICAL SITES Macau has gone through over four hundred fifty years of history since the Ming Dynasty. When the Portuguese first settled in Macau, the Portuguese and the Chinese lived in separate areas. Therefore, architectural styles varied accordingly. With the gradual expansion of the Portuguese zone and the Chinese community, the mutual influence of the two cultures had made possible a rich European and Asian blend of cultural heritage. The resulting style of architecture reflected traditional Chinese architecture and that of Southern European. Buildings with blended architectural elements were numerous. From coexistence to mutual absorption, the unique culture of Macau has thus been created. The unique natural conditions and living environment of Macau have turned the city into the only place in China with a Mediterranean flavor. Despite the many high-rises today, the blended Sino-Portuguese style of architecture can easily be found in the Peninsula and on the Islands. Portuguese style alleys and squares are outstanding features of Macau. Largo de Senado (市政廰前地), Largo de S. Jose (崗顶前地), and Largo do Lilau (阿婆井前地) are brilliant examples of this unique towncape. The distinguishing fortresses, churches, temples, public buildings and residential buildings had combined to create the historical townscape of the city. The Macau Government has put in much effort in the protection of cultural heritage. In 1 992, the Macau Government has promulgated the Decree-Law No. 93/92/M which specified the details of construction works, responsibility, transfer of ownership and penalty as well as setting forth the following four categories of protected architecture. They are : 1) monuments; 2) buildings of architectural interest; 3) classified areas; and 4) classified sites. Although certain buildings have not been as protected as expected, a large proportion of the architectures have been properly protected and repaired. 12
2.5.2 TOWNSCAPE Although the hills are not tall, the relative size of the place and the proximity of the hills made them become important features of the townscape. The waters between Macau peninsula and Taipa Island create a salient townscape of the city. Charming scenery of the beautiful bridges and the sunset view of the Praia Grande combined with the calmness of reflective waters help create a picturesque view of the city. Large scale reclamation work in Macau provides opportunities for the construction of man-made scenery. The building profiles along the coast have become an important part of this scenery. Hotel Lisboa, Bank of China Building and the Macau Cultural Center have become symbolic buildings of Macau. The Macau Tower, which is under construction at the Nam-Van project quite possibly will be added to this list. The two bridges linking Macau to Taipa also enriched the charm of the built environment. As an important part of Macau's townscape, the skyline provides the first impression for the city to our visitors. To protect and develop this townscape with vision is worthy of much attention. To strike a proper balance between townscape conservation and economic activities will be an important issue in future city plans. 2.6.2 DISTRICTING FOR CITY PLANNING Urbanization of Macau made city planning work indispensable. In 1975, Macau Government established the Office of City Planning responsible for the coordination of the urbanization works. In 1980, the Office for Coordination of Major Infrastructure was established responsible for the city planning work of the new town area. When this Office completed its mission in 1989, it transferred its plans on land management and city planning to the Soil, Transport and Public Works Services (DSSOPT, 土地公務運輸司 ). The DSSOPT set up the Department of Land Management and Department of Urban Planning to be in charge of the management of land use and the formulation of city plans respectively. In 1992, the Government founded the Office for the Development of Cotai Area responsible for the formulation of plans for the reclamation area between Coloane and Taipa Islands and the study of the extension of Guangzhou-Zhuhai Railway and Highway to Macau. At present, the duty of city planning is divided into two parts : the Office for the Development of Cotai Area is in charge of the Cotai Area while the DSSOPT is in charge of the other Areas in Macau. 2.6 CITY PLANNING 2.6.1 LEGISLATURE ON CITY PLANNING Owing to the limits on the power of legislature in Macau, major acts before the 80s were extensions of the law of Portugal. The legislations of Portugal in city planning include 'General Plan on Improvement of Cities and Towns of the Kingdom (王國城鎭修葺縂規劃 ) ', 'General Regulation on Urban Constructions (都市建築縂章程 ) ' are major laws governing urban developments of Macau. In 1 980, Macau stipulated its own ' Land Law of Macau (澳門土地法) ' which marked the localisation of laws in this aspect. So far, an initial legal system related to land use including land use, urban constructions, environmental protection, cultural relics protection, ownership of land(地役權) and the compensation system for land appropriation has been formed. In 1 986, the Macau Government has formulated the 'City Plan Directive of Macau Territory (澳門地區指導性規劃) '. As it has not been promulgated, the legal basis of city planning still needs to be completed. So far, the government has only published some district plans by way of instructions, e.g. the reconstruction plan of the Inner Harbor (内港重建計劃) , the urbanisation plan of the newly reclaimed land at the Outer Harbour(外港新填海區城市化規劃),etc, A formal legal system on general city planning is yet to be formulated. The relevant master city plan of Macau is still waiting to be done, However, the Macau city planning still manage to be embodied in the "General Regulations of Urban Constructions (都市建築總章程 ) ", "Land Law of Macau (土地法 )", "Regulat ions on Fire Prevention (防火規章 )" and "Building Alignment Plan (道路街線圖) ", advisory documents on culture, as well as administrative documents such as auction and tender of land. 14
2.6.3 ZONING FOR CITY PLANNING The zoning system used in city planning and that commonly used in other government agencies are different. The department in charge of city planning divided Macau Peninsula into eight zones (See Figure A): • Northwest Zone : includes Toisan, Ilha Verde and Fai Chi Kei. It covers about 1.3 km2. • Northeast Zone : includes lao Hon and Areia Preta. It covers about 1.7 km2. • Outer Harbor Zone : includes Outer Harbor (ZAPE) and New Outer Harbor (NAPE). It covers 1.3 km2. • Praia Grande Zone : includes Praia Grande and Nam Van Reclamation District, It covers about 0,9 km2. It also includes the Praia Grande Artificial Lake covering nearly 0.6 km2. • Almeida Ribeiro Zone : includes the Almeida Ribeiro Avenue and the Inner Harbor District. It covers about 0.7 km2. • Guia Zone : includes the Guia Hill and vicinity. It covers nearly 0.6 km2. • Penha/Barra Zone : includes the Penha Hill and Barra District. It covers nearly 0.4 km2, • Central Zone (White Zone): includes Ferreira de Almeida Avenue, Horta e Costa Avenue and Sankiu District, It covers nearly 1.1 km2. Taipa Island is divided into six zones : • Central Zone : includes the reclaimed area between Big Taipa Hill and Small Taipa Hill, It covers about 1.5 km2, • Northwest Zone : includes the Small Tarn Hill, Pac On and the Ocean Garden area. It covers nearly 1.1 km2. • Old Taipa Village Zone : includes the Old Taipa Village and vicinity. It covers about 0.3 km2. • Mother of Hope Bay Zone : is composed of reclaimed area to the south-east of Old Taipa Village Zone including a planned lake. It covers about 0.3 km2, • Northeast Zone : includes the Big Tarn Hill and vicinity. It covers about 1.2 km2. • Airport Zone : includes the Macau International Airport and vicinity. It covers about 2 km2, The Coloane Island and Cotai Area are not divided into zones. Since the zoning system used by other government agencies do not follow that of the city planning department, the zoning used by these agencies is summarized below (See Figure B). • Macau Peninsula is divided into five zones : - S. Antonio Zone : includes northern part of Guia Zone and Southeastern part of Central Zone. - Se Zone : includes southern part of Guia Zone, middle portion of Penha/Barra Zone, Praia Grande Zone and Outer Harbor Zone. - Fátima Zone : includes Northeast Zone and a large portion of the northern part of the Northwest Zone, - S, Lázaro : includes middle and southern part of Penha/Barra Zone and Almeida Ribeiro Zone. - S. Lourenco : includes a large portion of the northwestern part of the Central Zone and the northern part of Penha/Barra Zone. - The Taipa and Coloane Islands each has a zone. Cotai is still at the preliminary stage without permanent inhabitants. Since the department in charge of statistics processes all local data according to the above zoning system, we suggest that the two departments to adopt a unified system to facilitate the collection and analysis of data in the future. 16
3. FACTORS INFLUENCING THE IDENTITY OF THE CITY 3.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND 3.1.1GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT TREND FOR THE 21ST CENTURY As we approach the 21ST century, many socio-economic development trends deserve our attention. These development trends will have significant effects on the future development of Macau. Major ones include : • Strong tendency for unification of world economy and trade. It is expressed in the form of globalization and regionalization. It is mainly caused by the mobility of major production elements, internationalization of enterprises and free trade. • Emergence of knowledge economy. Its most important production element - knowledge, is limitless, fast responding, communicable, and enjoys high marginal profit. New industries, which are highly technical and greatly dependent on knowledge, will be the major driving force of future economic growth. Technology will have profound effect on all industries. Influences of biological engineering in the primary production, materials science in the secondary producton and information technology in the tertiary production will undoubtedly be significant. Its intrinsic character made ' High Growth, Low Inflation and Low Unemployment Rate' possible. High levels of creativity and fast innovation are its hallmark features. • Formation of information society. Major characteristics include tendency towards dependence on knowledge base environment, diversification, down-signing and fast-pace. The key to survival and further development for any nation or region lies in the ability to access and use information effectively. • Rapid development of tourism industry. It has become the leading industry of the world. Tourism together with information technology and electronics industry will be the three super industries of the next century. According to forecasts, China will be the premier tourist destination in the next century. • Sustainable development is a form of development highly regarded by many nations, It is defined as forms of development, which will fulfil the needs of the contemporary generation without jeopardizing the abilities of-the future generations in meeting their needs. This concept has been widely accepted. More than 100 countries in the world have adopted it as their national policies. "China's Agenda 21" has been adopted as early as 1994 to be the national policy and acts as the guideline for medium to long term socio-economical, environmental and infrastructure development of China. 3.1.2 REGIONAL CONTEXT AND DEVELOPMENT OUTLOOK As the pace of globalization hastens, regional context has become an overriding factor in the development of a city. In the region where Macau belongs, the South China Economic Ring is emerging. In 1997, the South China Economic Ring covered 377 thousand km2, with population of 139.207 million, and a GDP of 594.8 billion US dollars (based on the same year official exchange rate). GDP per capita is about 4,273 US dollars. Among the various regional organizations, economic centers will become increasingly important. In the South China Economic Ring, regional centers are Hong Kong, Guangzhou and Taipei. The sub-centers are Fuzhou, Xiamen, Kaoshiung, Shenzhen, Haikou, Zhuhai and Macau. The regional context of Macau is as follows : • Hong Kong is the most influential city to Macau. The economy of Macau can continue to develop its close ties with Hong Kong and position to be a complementary extension of Hong Kong's economy. Functionally, it can be a vacationing resort and logistic support area to Hong Kong. • Relationship with Taiwan should continue to be strengthened. Macau should be the political and economical intermediary for both sides of the Strait providing necessary space for maneuvering. • Macau and Zhuhai are mutually dependent, Macau and Zhuhai should be much more cooperative. By taking up a more united stand, Macau and Zhuhai can appear as ' Twin Cities' in sharing the role of being theeconomic center, transportation hub and international exchange window for the southwest of Guangdongand even for greater southwestern China. 18
3.2 INHERENT CONDITIONS 3.2.1 MAJOR ADVANTAGES The development of Macau cannot be separated from its own inherent conditions and foundation. Comparing with its neighboring cities, it has certain obvious advantages : • Geographical advantage. Macau is neighbor to the international metropolis Hong Kong, situated at the estuary of the prospering Pearl River Delta and is located in the rapidly developing Asian Pacific Economic Ring. • Advantages endowed by the special policy of "One Country, Two Systems". Macau enjoys high level administrative autonomy, legislative power, independent judicial power and final adjudication power. It enjoys relatively greater autonomy compared with other cities of China. • A relatively developed economic structure. Enjoys a relatively high level of GDP per capita and internationally renowned tourist and gambling industry. • Advantage in terms of external relationships and international perspective. Macau is a member of the World Trade Organization and is an independent taxation area. It has trade relations with over 100 countries and territories. In particular, it maintains unique and close ties with the European Community, Portuguese speaking and Latin language countries, enjoying many of the trade benefits. • Fine natural setting and established infrastructure. Its continuously improving telecommunications network can now provide international roaming communications to 230 countries and regions in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. The transportation facilities for land, sea and air transport have been completed in the 90s. These modern facilities provide integrated services. The architecture of Macau blends the culture of the East and West. Its urban lifestyle and townscape reflect its uniqueness. All of these factors are positive attributes for attracting investments and development of tourism. 3.2.2 LIMITATIONS Macau experienced certain inadequacies limiting its long-term growth. They are : • Lack of land and natural resources. To sustain city development, the only option was through reclamation. However the cost is high and will have adverse effects on its environment. The density of population is overly high in the old town area and the quality of habitation environment is also relatively poor. • The overall economy is weak and is sensitive to fluctuations in the region. The industrial structure is simple and the economic mainstay, the gambling industry, is facing increasing competition from other countries. • Inadequacy in technology education and low education level of the labor force. Generally speaking, higher education and research institutions are in infancy and are hard pressed to meet the demand of the future development of technology-oriented industry and intellectual economy. Out of the current labor force, 73% of them have received nine years of education or less. Such quality of population will affect its choice in industrial transformation and international functions. The coastal water is too shallow. Sea transport is limited to passengers and cargo shipping to nearby cities. Ocean-going transportation is greatly dependent on Hong Kong or the mainland causing increase in transportation cost and reducing the competitiveness of products. 20
4. IDENTITY OF CITY, PRINCIPLES AND SCENARIOS OF DEVELOPMENT 4.1 IDENTITY OF CITY AND THE GENERAL STRATEGIC AIMS 4.1.1 IDENTITY OF CITY Considering the global trends, regional context, existing development conditions and advantages, befitting new roles should be added to the existing ones : • AN UNIQUE INTERNATIONAL TOURIST CITY IN EAST ASIA Macau should gradually developed into an international tourist leisure resort of substantial scale and standard. Its dominating industry should be modern entertainment and tourist services led by gambling industry. On this basis, Macau shall develop a multi-faceted tourism industry and become a definite stop-over point for travelers from mainland and overseas. • A SPECIAL ADMINISTRATIVE REGION OF CHINA Based on the principle of "One Country, Two Systems", Macau shall be developed into a successful special administrative region. In general, Macau will be a showcase of development of China in the 21ST century. The habitation environment of the city should be refined. • ONE OF THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC CENTER IN THE SOUTH CHINA ECONOMIC RING By integrating the strength of natural condition and administrative policies, Macau will be developed into a city specializing in external business, trades and transportation in the South China Economic Ring. 4.1.2 GENERAL STRATEGIC AIMS The general strategic aims in urban development are summarized as follows : • Strengthen economic cooperation among Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macau. Accelerate the development of complementary economy relationship and the formation of the economic community in the Pearl River Delta in the long run. • Seek policy support from the central government to solve key issues of expansion of space, import of human resource, environment protection, convenience in travels and business for mainlanders. • Search for new industries and improve the present industries with a tendency to select the ones, which are more compatible with the prevailing labor supply. • Promote the diversification and modernization of financial services. • Adhere to the global trend of technology development and implement the ideal of "Technology is the primary productive power". Strengthen the ability for autonomous development, competitiveness and attractiveness. • Establish the general plan of "Sustainable Development", improvement of living standard and emphasis of cultural resources. 4.2 PRINCIPLES OF DEVELOPMENT 4.2.1 PRINCIPLES OF LEGALITY IN CITY PLANNING • Stipulate the Macau City Planning Act • Formulate the master city plan and detail plans • Enforce the development plans for new areas and old town to guarantee its legal dignity 4.2.2 PRINCIPLES IN SELECTING INDUSTRIES • As close to pollution free as possible • Low land use requirement • High added value • Basis for development and competitive advantages • Appropriate technology content with bright market prospect • Connected to major industries of neighboring cities in the region and able to be supported by sources outside the region • Relatively low power consumption, low demand for raw materials and lower transportation cost • Labor force requirement not too much incommensurate with local supply 4.2.3 PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT • Support the concept of using technology to boost the economy with education as the foundation. Provide opportunities for a diversified education program for all ages. Provide proper allocation of resource for pre-school, formal education, continuing education and re-training. Organize scientific research institutions and promote the application of technology. Improve the scientific research development in universities, and invest in public libraries and computer network system. • Foster a closer relationship between education and industries. Encourage cooperation between academia and business, joining theory and practice. • Improve the social services, which includes culture, recreation, sports, health care, medical and social community centers. Promote the unique multi-cultural tradition of Macau. Importance will be placed on cultural heritage and townscape. 22
4.2.4 PRINCIPLES OF LAND USE DEVELOPMENT • Develop land resources in a systematic manner and response to actual demands. Insist on using a piece of developed land before reclaiming another one. A tight development scheme can be more beneficial to city development. • Set up highly efficient road network and transportation system, Emphasize the development of mass transit system of low pollution level. Reserve space for future external transportation system and passages. Gradually realize its position of being one of the centers of the region. • Aim at improvement on the habitation environment. Construct public facilities and green area with different functions,- level of sophistication and environmental requirement. • Establish necessary infrastructure to provide a developed piece of land for the market and to avoid putting too much development responsibilities on developers. Clarify investment conditions to reduce investment risks; thus, maximize social benefits. 4.3 SCENARIOS OF DEVELOPMENT At this juncture of Macau reintegration with China, the scenarios of urban development in Macau can have more possibilities. 4.3.1 STEADY SCENARIO Gradual implementation of the development plans of Macau set by the present Government. The Steady Scenario is an extension of the status quo, maintaining and developing the present functions and status. In terms of land resource, the waters between Taipa and Coloane will be partially reclaimed. There will be no change in terms of geographical position or innovations on townscape. The industrial structures will be maintained but gradual improvement and increase in high value added products are expected. This scenario basically maintains the status quo. General improvements in overall quality to acquire a steady pace of development will gradually improve the present functions of the city. 4.3.2 MODIFICATION SCENARIO Macau is an internationally renowned tourist city with its unique character. Tourism will be one of the most important industries in the next century. To maintain its role as a tourist city and to enhance its competitiveness, Macau needs to improve its present tourist resources and to develop new software and hardware for the tourism industry. This will also expedite the modification of industrial structure. Macau is one of the most densely populated cities in the world. This has affected the development of tourism related to culture, pleasure resorts, rehabilitation, business and conferences. A systematic increase in land resource will not only improve the tourism industry but also the quality of the living condition. This is in line with the major development trend both inside and outside China. When considering the increase of land resource, there is not much choice left besides reclaiming Cotai. Macau is neighboring Zhuhai City in its west and north. Development in these directions will not be self-determining and will be difficult. The southern most tip of Macau are its only two beaches - the Mac Sac Beach (黑沙海灘) and the Cheoc Wan Beach (竹湾海灘) which should never be damaged. The waters to the east of Macau are not deep and there is still space for development. The only concern is that it lies under the flight path of the Macau International Airport and noise pollution cannot be neglected. Under the premise of not using the land of Zhuhai and not damaging the present natural scenery of the beaches, the only choice left will be exploring land resource on the eastern side of Macau. This plan will not involve any need for migration or confiscation of land. The technical know-how required for land reclamation and the geographical conditions are similar to that of the reclamation carried out in the past, The relevant skills have been mastered. After considering the factors including noise pollution of the airport and hydrodynamics, the reclamation will take the form of a ring of islands named Oceanside City (海濱市) . This will not only shorten the distance between the original town center and the newly expanded land area, but more importantly this arrangement will also turn the place into the "Venice of the Orient". The foundation to develop a multi-faceted tourist city will be laid. The chain of little islands will be beneficial in realizing the gradual land development scheme, which is to develop and use one piece of land at a time, helping to manage the flow of investment. In terms of industrial structure, under this scenario, it will be strengthening the tourism content in the areas of culture, vacation, rehabilitation, business and conference related attractions. At the same time, there is a need to introduce new manufacturing industries to help resume its contribution of double-digit percentage to the economy. Under the premise of not using land beyond the city, this scenario considers reclamation of the sea in the eastern part of Macau. Land will be adopted to moderately improve the living standard of the Macau citizens, develop new industries and hasten the modification of existing industrial structure. 24
4.3.3 TRANSFORMATION SCENARIO Macau is a Special Administrative Region of China and a world-recognized free port. If it is to function properly, the scarcity of land resource and its geographical isolation should be improved. By being innovative in thinking and cautious in planning, any reclamation of the sea to the east or south of the city will have damaging effects on the natural environment. Any development bounding to the north will face great administrative difficulties as it is bordering with a busy section of Zhuhai in its north. The remaining solution is to look to the Hengqin Island (橫琴島) in its west. From an administration point of view, the acquisition of the Hengqin Island for Macau is quite difficult. Besides, part of the land has already been sold, it is quite challenging to modify the contract. However, the Hengqin Island has a long term bearing on the development of Macau. It covers 90 km2, half of which are mountainous terrain. Land resources suitable for development are twice as large as Macau. In terms of environment protection and prudent employment of land resource, it can reduce the damages to the natural environment and greatly reduced the development costs in land expansion. Geographically speaking, Hengqin is an important piece of land to the south of Zhuhai's effort can provide great potential for a sustainable development for Macau. It also offers better conditions for Macau to serve the southwest region of the Guangdong Province. In view of economic investment, Macau can develop the Hengqin Island while the Zhuhai City will focus on developing the Western District (西區). This is mutually beneficial and can be carried out simultaneously. Furthermore, this will expedite Zhuhai's effort in developing the Western District and perfecting its present infrastructure. In terms of border management, there are only three external communication links on the island making border management controllable. In terms of industrial structure, the Hengqin Island, which is situated in between mountains and waters, has great potential for development of vacation and rehabilitation attractions. Thus, it could hasten the pace of developing a comprehensive tourism industry. Besides, through coordination of functions of the various airports in the region, Macau can develop its airfreight business and pick & pack center, This will help diversify its industrial structure and provide new job opportunities for the working class. This scenario boldly proposes a solution basically resolving the long existing problem of scarcity of land resource in Macau. It opens up new grounds for a better development of the current industries and provides the necessary conditions for new industries. It also helps materialize cooperation between Zhuhai and Macau. 26
5. FUNCTION OF CITY AND OBJECTIVES FOR A SUSTAINABLE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 5.1 FUNCTIONS OF THE CITY The major functions of a city can be determined by analyzing the basic elements and features of the identity of the city. Some of the functions and orientation of the city will be common to all three scenarios while some others are unique to a particular scenario. 5.1.1 STEADY SCENARIO • A model city under "One Country, Two Systems" Macau, being the second stop in the reintegration project of China, needs to stand firm in its post to realize the great concept of "One country, Two systems" and to witness the feasibility, flexibility and creativity of this concept together with Hong Kong. Under the hypothesis of a guaranteed no change in lifestyle within 50 years, various aspects of the city could have reasonable developments. • A unique tourist city of Southern China The legalized and diversified gambling industry is the driving force. • A sub-center for intermediary trades in the South China region To make full use of the special relations with the European Community (歐盟) and Portuguese speaking countries, Macau should further promote business communications between the countries and cities in the South China region and those in the EC, as well as its intermediary functions for both sides of the Strait. 5.1.2 MODIFICATION SCENARIO • A model city under "One Country, Two Systems" Macau, being the second stop in the reintegration project of China, needs to stand firm in its post to realize the great concept of "One Country, Two Systems" and to witness the feasibility, flexibility and creativeness of this concept together with Hong Kong. Areas of socio-economy, environment, culture and infrastructure will experience faster pace of development. • A unique and diversified tourist center in the East Asia region • A sub-center for intermediary financial and trading services in South China region • The entrepot for healthcare products and environmental products in the South China region 5.1.3 TRANSFORMATION SCENARIO • A model city under "One Country, Two Systems" Macau, being the second stop in the reintegration project of China, needs to stand firm in its post to realize the great concept of "One Country, Two Systems" and to witness the feasibility, flexibility and creativeness of this concept together with Hong Kong. Areas of socio-economy, environment, culture and infrastructure will experience noticeable growth. • A unique and diversified international tourist center • Air cargo hub and international pick & pack center in East Asia • Sub-center for offshore financial services in East Asia • Jointly with Zhuhai to form a business center for the greater southwest region of China 5.2 OBJECTIVES FOR SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 5.2.1 FEATURES OF INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE 5.2.1.1 STEADY SCENARIO • The mainstay of its economy will still be the gambling industry. Its level of service will be enhanced and upgraded. • The mainstay of export processing will still be the garment industry with emphasis on application of technology innovation and increasing the added values of products. • The mainstay of the financial sector shall continue to be credit service eyeing on development of other financial tools as complements to the existing structure. • Construction and real estates will concentrate on gradual consumption of present real estates supply and will not pursue large-scale new investment. 5.2.1.2 MODIFICATION SCENARIO • The mainstay of tourism shall continue to be the gambling industry but will, in due course, introduce reforms on the monopolistic gambling industry by way of inviting competition, attracting foreign investments and internationalization. At the same time, there will be development on the diversification of tourist products especially in the areas of cultural, rehabilitation, business related and vacation attractions to maintain the leadership position of tourism & entertainment industry in the economy. • In maintaining the competitive advantages and market share, the existing manufacturing industries shall emphasize on the development of high-class products using technology, brand names and flexibility. Meanwhile, selectively develop products with positive outlook and high added value. To match the initiation of rehabilitation resort, develop health products of Chinese medicine and final processing of medicine produced with natural ingredients from ocean. • In the financial sector, it can broaden the activities of offshore financial services and to develop suitable financial derivative products to divert a portion of similar business from Hong Kong. • Construction and real estates will concentrate on gradual consumption of present real estates supply. Invest in infrastructure appropriately. • Emphasis on intermediary commercial and trading activities such as business consultation, advertising, design, foreign construction contracting, medium to small size international conferences, exhibitions and trade services, 28
5.2.1.3 TRANSFORMATION SCENARIO • Tourism shall be a mainstay of the economy, The development of comprehensive tourist products will include gambling, cultural and vacationing attractions as the core of a comprehensive tourism industry. • Export processing industries shall develop in the directions of high efficiency and industries closely related to tourism and entertainment. Establish a technology industrial park and concentrate on a few selected technology products, which are highly competitive in the region, for example, intelligent gambling products, tourist related manufacturing such as souvenirs environmental protection and healthcare products. The manufacturing industries shall have a greater share in the economy. • The financial sector will be moving toward the development of a supplementary regional offshore financial center. May consider the establishment of a commodity futures exchange market serving the South China region. • After the absorption of the present real estates supply, the construction and real estate industry will focus on construction of large scale regional infrastructure, international contracting, developing the international market especially in the European Community and Portuguese speaking countries. • Air transportation shall have a larger scale of development. Establish itself into an international pick & pack center and offshore cargo procesing and logistic center. 5.2.2 OBJECTIVES OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Based on the development conditions and regional context, the objectives of its economic development vary according to different scenarios. Generally, the near term is the economic recovery period. The medium term is the high growth period of modification and transformation. The long term is the period of stable growth. 5.2.3 OBJECTIVES OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT The social development of Macau should be able to match the identity of city and its functions, In keeping pace with economic development, education, technology, culture, heath services, social services and sports should be developed. Continuous improvement of habitation environment, education level of the people and citizenship are to be pursued. The major objectives include: TECHNOLOGY, EDUCATION AND CULTURE • According to the needs of industrial development, train personnel in the relevant fields timely and sufficient in quantity. According to development objectives, coordinate higher education institutes and vocational schools in program emphasis and facility investment. In the near and medium term, meeting the demand of human resources will mainly rely on overseas recruitment. However, in the medium to long term, local trained professionals will form the backbone. • Establish places for information exchanges suitable for different age groups. Plan for at least one comprehensive information center, which is connected to internationally advanced libraries and research institutes. Provide libraries or vertual libraries offering books, 'references, magazines and other internet based data searching system, • Promote the multi-cultural characteristics of Macau. Develop various cultural and academic exchange activities. • Establish historical and cultural walking zones and museums. Promote the unique custom, food culture and old habit of Macau. • Implementation of the role of intermediary between East and West. Constructs plazas rich in European flavor and hosts more cultural events. Besides, explore the possibility of setting up an international cultural village to invite international artists to live on a short-term basis in Macau to discover and promote the charm of Macau. PUBLIC SERVICES AND THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT • Improve the present public services and facilities. Increase the amount of investment according to the planned development rates and the actual trend of development. • Construct modern infrastructure facilities as well as communication system to promote better use of resource, reduce pollution to the environment and establish a competitive communication service. • Based on the planned development objectives, gradually increase the use of land per capita to improve the standard of living. • Establish a reliable and highly adaptive disaster prevention and public safety system to complete the defense system of the city against disasters. 30
6. URBAN POPULATION AND LAND USE 6.1 INFLUENCING FACTORS 6.1.1 FACTORS AFFECTING THE POPULATION The growth of population mainly depends on the following factors: • Natural growth rate. The number of women at child bearing age will decrease in the next ten years, resulting in a slow down of natural growth. • Modification of industrial structure. The development of technology intensive industries requires more overseas personnel to support its start. • Immigration policy. It depends on the volume of immigrants entering Macau as permanent residents or temporary residents. 6.1.2 FACTORS AFFECTING LAND USE • Modification of industrial structures. The land use varies according to different directions of industrial transformation. In general, industries that are labor-intensive, processing and storage/transportation industries will have greater demand for land while knowledge-based, technology intensive and financial industries will have lesser demand for land. • Growth of population. Assuming the present standard of living is to be maintained, the demand for land will be directly proportionate to the size of population, • Standard of land use per capita. At present, the urban land use per capita of Macau is less than 35 km2 This is incompatible with similar cities' standard. A gradual increase in the standard will be one of the factors to attract foreign investments and reduce the exodus of talent. • Modes of land expansion. The cost of land by reclamation is higher and will have certain effects to the ecosystem of the sea and will be affected by natural conditions. If land expansion is feasible by means of direct purchase, long term leasing or concession of nearby land mass, there will be a radical change in the future of land expansion. 6.2 FORECAST OF POPULATION GROWTH In 1998, the number of residents in Macau is estimated at 430,549 of which 47,5% or 204,734 are males and 52.5% or 225,81 5 are females. Categories of residents includes Macau residents, foreigners residing in Macau and imported workers staying for more than six months. The density of population in Macau peninsula is 50,000 heads per km2, which is far beyond other cities in the world. In 1998, people over 65 years old made up more than 7% of the population showing signs of an aging population. Females between 15 - 24 recorded a substantial drop relative to the 25 - 34 age group. Therefore, in the coming ten years, females at the child bearing age will decrease causing a subsequent drop in birth rate. The natural growth rate of Macau has been dropping since 1990, An average annual decrease of 0,1 % was recorded. Forecast is based on the total fertility rate and the natural growth rate in similar cities. The calculation from 1999 - 2007 is based on the total fertility rates of Hong Kong between 1986 -1996. The period 2008 - 2020 is mainly referred to the patterns of Japan. Excluding the immigration factor, the population forecast of 2010 and 2020 will be 468,600 and 508,600 respectively. Immigrants are divided into three categories: general immigrants, technical immigrants and illegal immigrants. Imported workforce are divided into two groups : contractual non-skill labour and professional technical people on a temporarily basis, In the population forecast, different policies will be adopted for different categories of immigrants and contractual labor in respond to the characteristic of the three economic development scenarios, Note: (1) The near term period is up to 2003/2004, the medium term period is up to 2010. The long term period will be up to 2020. (2) Illegal immigrants will drop to 500 from 1,600. The number of people emmigrating is estimated at 1,000 per year. 6.3 FORECAST OF LAND USE Land use in future will be distinguished by the different development scenarios, 32
7. CITY SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION Based on the different development scenarios and forecast on the size of population and land use, there are three different schemes of spatial distribution. They are : 7.1 STEADY SCENARIO Expansion on urban land use is expected to be relatively slow. However, in order to alleviate the overly congested habitation environment of the old town area, 3.3 km2 of land are required to meet the medium term demand and 6,4 km2 for the long term. According to the Cotai City Plan produced by the Office for the Development of Cotai Area (路氹填海區發展辦公室), the demand on land use can basically be met. So, the future of the Macau Special Administrative Region (SAR) will be made up of two cities and eight zones including the Macau City (with five zones) and the Islands (Taipa, Coloane, Cotai) (Refer to Figures 9-1 2).The Macau central district will basically maintain its current core city functions and structure. The old town contains mainly of public services, commercial, and commercial / residential mixed buildings. The reclaimed land pending for constructions can follow its original plans to provide for constructions of public services, commercial and residential buildings. The Hong Kong & Macau Ferry terminal and the Inner Harbor at each side of Macau will remain unchanged. The central area in-between the mounts east and west of Taipa will continue to have commercial and residential mixed buildings. The land along the northwestern side of Taipa will be expanded for development of entertainment facilities, and middle to high-class residential houses, The northeast and eastern tip of Taipa will be expanded according to actual demands for industrial and air transportation use. The southwestern side will be for sports and entertainment and the Jockey Club, The Coloane Island will maintain most of its natural habitat with emphasis on nature conservation area. The northwestern part is designated as the Concórdia Industrial Park (聨生工業村) while the northeastern zone will improve the industrial and port facilities, The southern beaches will be developed into pleasure & entertainment facilities, as well as high-class residential area. The Cotai Reclamation Area can be developed into a new town with an area of 6 km2 capable of housing 100,000 to 150,000 people. This area will be the junction point for joining Macau with the Guangdong-Zhuhai Highway and Railway. It will also be the home for future industrial development of Macau and their supporting facilities. The arrangements of the new town will adopt a higher standard of city design arranging more open green areas and waters to ensure the living quality of the residents. Two bridges, the Macau-Taipa Bridge and the Friendship Bridge, link up Macau and Taipa. The city will gradually complete inter-islands and intra mural road network in the Peninsula and on the islands providing good level of service to various public activities centers, tourist and entertainment areas, key external communication points, industrial storage area and municipal facilities, From the perspective of extended term development, the entire territory needs to have a further expansion on urban land use after 2020. Reclamation of the area north of Taipa can be considered. Advantages of this scenario are : relatively autonomous decision on urban development. The existing facilities can be fully utilized. Land development can be done efficiently. Investment on land expansion and road network can be reduced and lower impact on its ecology, The problem with this scenario is that it will be difficult to improve the overall quality of habitation environment of residents. The density of population and buildings in the old town will remain high. The problem of over concentration and confusing layout will be impossible to improve. It will neither be advantageous to industrial modification nor to the construction of large-scale entertainment area. It will not be beneficial to attract foreign investment, human resource and tourists, It is also difficult to expedite local economic development, 7.2 MODIFICATION SCENARIO Considering the need for modification of industrial structure in order to foster a faster socio-economical development and to improve the overall habitation environment of residents, the forecast demand of urban land use, in the medium term will be quite substantial around 2010. The entire reclamation project of Cotai should be completed ahead of the Steady Scenario's schedule. More land should be provided by reclamation for the demands of the long term or extended term. Land expansion in the medium term is 5.6 km2 and 11.5 km2 for the long term. By considering the coastal waters depth, current conditions of the waterway and the connection with the old town, the options are limited. Apart from the 3-4 km2 of waters available for land expansion in the northern part of Taipa, the only remaining location appropriate for development will be the shallow waters to the east of Macau and northeast of the airport. If this plan (Figures 13-16) can be realized, the Macau SAR will consist of three cities (with 1 3 zones) having an archipelago type of spatial distribution, Near term development basically follow the long-term development in the Steady Scenario, In the medium to long term, after the completion of the Cotai reclamation project, development will be on Zone 5 to the north of Taipa and Lot 6 to the east of the Macau Peninsula. In the extended term, development will be carried out in Zones 7, 8, 9 and 10. These five relatively independent islands can be stipulated as the Oceanside City. Together with the Macau Peninsula and the Islands City, Macau can become a unique tourist city. By adopting appropriate hydrodynamic measures, this scenario will guarantee smooth operations in the waterways and canals to facilitate external communications, water recreation and tourism, With a large number of green areas and provisions for waters, a high level of environmental quality and economic benefit can be attained. In term of distribution of functions, various tourism and recreational facilities will be built along the inner waters; whereas residential and high technology industrial zones will be established along the outer edge. Harbors necessary for external communications, land for municipal use and storage & related industries will be located on the island near the airport. This development scenario has comtemplated a large scale rapid transit system for convenient communication between all parts of Macau. The advantages of realizing this scenario will be : the gradual establishment of a high level of environmental quality and a picturesque chain of archipelagoes. An assurance on the supply of land for various tourism facilities will help to attract foreign investment, human resources and tourists to enhance the pace of social economic development. The disadvantages are : the relatively higher cost in land reclamation and investment on municipal facilities, The influence to the natural habitat in the surrounding waters will be difficult to assess. Certain areas under the flight path will experience greater noise disturbance. 34
7.3 TRANSFORMATION SCENARIO As this scenario will adopt a more liberal pace of economic growth, the size of population and urban land use will have a faster growth rate as well. In the medium term in 2010 and the long term in 2020,10.1 km2 and 21.7 km2 of land will be required. Considering further expansion in the extended term, 40 km2 of land will be needed. Hence, a complete reliance on massive reclamation will be unadvisable. We propose to work together with Zhuhai to develop, through concession or long term leasing of the Hengqin Island to effectively solve the problem of land supply. (Please refer to Figures 17 - 20) The Hengqin Island covers about 90 km2. Land suitable for development set aside the mountainous area is around 40 - 50 km2. The current population is about 3,000. Therefore, a comfortable arrangement of housing, public facilities, tourist attractions, recreational and entertainment facilities, external communications, harbors, transport stations and industrial storage can be achieved. Besides, there is ample condition to guarantee the environmental quality commensurate with a modern city. These qualities are important factors in attracting foreign investments and talent. Underlying principle of this development scenario is to divert the overly concentrated and congested old town to the three zones on the islands and to the new town on Hengqin Island in the southwest to form a tri-city region. In the short term, we will continue to proceed with the reclamation of Cotai. At the same time, small scale preparation work can be carried out on Hengqin Island. In the year 2010 to 2020 and the extended term of development, the northeastern corner of the Hengqin Island (the northeastern corner between the Lotus Flower Bridge and the Hengqin Bridge) will be built up first. Developments will gradually be extended to the land in between the Big and Small Hengqin Mountains. Hence, a sub-center of Macau will be formed. In due course, zones with different functions will be developed along the coast of Hengqin. New entertainment and recreational facilities will be arranged on the interior ring of the highway along the Small Hengqin Mountain while the residential / commercial mixed zone and industrial zone will be arranged along the round island highway and the south side of the island. The natural area on the southern part of the Big Hengqin Mountain provides an excellent ground for leisure and recreational facilities, theme parks and high-class villas. The northwestern corner of the Hengqin Island will be set aside for external communication, related industries and storage zones. The entire island will have highway exits heading to Wanchai District of Zhuhai in the north and westbound to the West District of Zhuhai. Railway communication linking between Zhuhai and Cotai will be reserved at the north face of the Hengqin Mountain. On the Island, the interior highway network and the round island network will guarantee a good level of road service across different zones. Advantages of this scenario are: sufficient provision of land resource and room for development. Lower cost of expansion help make possible the creation of high standard ecological city with desirable layout. By using the abundant natural resources to arrange for large scale tourism facilities and theme parks, Macau can attract investments and tourists for a faster socio-economic development. Disadvantage of this scenario is the land ownership issue. Support by the central government and the provincial government is the key. This is an issue which cannot be decided by Macau alone. Coordination with the Pearl River Delta in particular the Zhuhai City is needed. It will also rely on the improvement of communication and infrastructures in the surrounding cities. In the earlier stage of development, the distance between the Hengqin Island and the old town of Macau is quite far, rendering this scenario unattractive because a slower initial return. (Table 7) Land use structures of varies scenarios 36
8. BASIC INFRASTRUCTURE AND IMPORTANT SPECIFIC PLANS 8.1 COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OF THE CITY 8.1.1 URBAN TRANSPORTATION Streets with mixed functions formed the core of the road network in the Macau Peninsula. Major concerns are : • Insufficient infrastructure development for transportation • Shortage of parking space • Poor traffic signs and road markings • Effectiveness and improvement of transport management system • Unavailing transportation plans • Environmental problems resulting from the transports Long term objectives : • Develop hierachical transportation infrastructure • Gradual completion of a modern transport surveillance system • Establish a complete traffic management and evaluation system • Establish an effective road network around cultural heritage • Set up an effective public transport network with, low energy consumption, low level of pollution, and high usage rate to meet the objectives of a sustainable development • Set up effective commuting facilities to cope with the demand of sightseeing 8 . 1 . 2 EXTERNAL TRANSPORTATION The external communication facilities of Macau are completed in the 90s. Existing problems are : • Low passenger and cargo flow at the Macau International Airport • Usage of the Ka Hó Harbor is not as high as the Inner Harbour • The two harbors are not deep enough for direct handling of ocean-going ships • Land link could only reach the Zhuhai City of the Guangdong Province. There is no railway or highway connecting other nearby cities or regions Major plans for external communication system : OVERVIEW The external transportation network must be integrated into the general transportation network of the Greater Pearl River Delta. BY AIR • Clarify the functions of the Macau International Airport and coordinate with nearby airports to have an agreement on the division of labor. • Strengthen the air transport with Asia, Europe and the United States 38
BY LAND • Complete the highway and railway construction linking with Zhuhai City to become an effective land crossing. • Develop highways and bridges system connecting to Hong Kong. • Evaluate the feasibility of Lingding Sea Bridge and Hong Kong-Macau Bridge and their comparative advantage. Promote the one with greater benefit to Macau. BY SEA • Make best use of present passenger and cargo transportation facilities and strengthen the transportation with major ports of mainland and Hong Kong. • Cooperate with Zhuhai City to speed up construction of the Gaolan Port (¸ß™Ú¸Û) and improve the ocean going cargo shipping capabilities. Based on the above objectives and different development scenarios, forecast was made on the demand of external transportation. The volume of transport consists of the volume based on the trends, the attracted volume and the induced volume. Major changes have taken into considerations include the construction of Lingding Sea Bridge, Guangzhou-Zhuhai railway, Guangzhou-Zhuhai highway and the coastal roads. The major forecast data are as follows : BY AIR Whether in terms of passenger freight or cargo, the existing facilities of the airport can meet the demand up to 2020 in most situations. However, the long term demand of the Transformation Scenario forecart the passanger load will exceed current design capacity. Thus, it is necessary to carry out phase 2 work to alleviate the situation, The specific figures of forecast are: BY LAND From the cargo transport point of view, the facilities on land do not have any problems. From the passenger transport point of view, there is no need for expansion for the next 20 years under the Steady Scenario. Based on the conventional wisdom in infrastructure, when the usage ratio reaches 80%, plan should be initiated for constructing new facilities. Therefore, there will be a need for expansion of passenger transport facilities under the Modification Scenario in 2010. By that time, the plans should be made according to actual situations. As for the Transformation Scenario, the usage ratio in the medium term has already exceeded 80%, and it reaches as high as 124% in 2020. Under this scenario, plans to construct the Macau extension of the Guangzhou-Zhuhai Railway or to search for a new land route to handle a large volume of passenger flow and low cost of construction should be implemented. BY SEA Based on the forecast of demand, the existing handling capacity can basically satisfy the long term demand under the Steady Scenario and the medium term demand of the Transformation Scenario. In the long run, taking advantage of the deep Gaolan Port, which is one of the five major ports of Guangdong as designated by the State Transportation Department, will be beneficial to Macau. If Macau invests on its own deep water port, the relevant authority should consider in details its cost-effectiveness. Based on the Transformation Scenario, as the land resource on Hengqin Island is more abundant, it is conceivable to establish a new port on the Island. Sufficient analysis are required to determine its scale, location and relations with nearby ports. Forecasts on transport are as follows: 40
8.2 WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM 8.2.1 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM According to the demand for water in recent years, the daily consumption is close to 1 50,000 cubic meters which means a daily consumption of 0.35 cubic meters per head. Forty five per cent of the consumption is for industrial and commercial use, 47% is for residential use and 8% for government and the municipality. As the living standard and industrial development improve, the demand for water supply will increase. By adopting different settings and different scenarios of development, the daily consumption can be generally forecasted as follows. According to the statistics of recent years, the volume of waste water is about 90% of water consumed. Take into consideration the above water consumption level, the volume of waste water is estimated as: In view of both the Steady and Modification Scenarios, the existing water supply facilities will not only satisfy the daily consumption but also the peak level of demand during the summer months. In the long term development of both scenarios, the consumption rate exceeded 80% of the existing level of water supply (252,000 cubic meters/day). Therefore, expansion plans should proceed according to the actual demand by that time. In view of the trend of development in the Transformation Scenario, the water supply facilities at present can satisfy the demand. But in the long term, there is a need for expansion. In the above circumstances, its planning should observe the followings: • Improve and enhance the distribution system for water supply • Construct or expand sevice reservoirs (配水水池) in the outlying islands to meet the demands of different development scenarios. • Construct reservoir to reduce the effect of dry seasons in winter and spring on the quality of water. 8.2.2 WATER DRAINAGE SYSTEM The drainage system of Macau is divided into rainwater drainage and waste water drainage. Rainwater will pass through rainwater pipelines and discharged to the waters nearby. Waste water will be collected through waste water pipelines and directed to three water treatment plants which are located in Macau, Taipa and Coloane respectively. After secondary treatment, the waste water will be drained to waters further away. Based on the forecast in the medium term, the planned handling capacity of waste water can meet the demands of the three scenarios. From the long term view, the planned waste water treatment handling capacity could meet the demand of the Steady and Modification Scenarios; while in their medium to long term, planning for new facilities should be initiated. In the Transformation Scenario, there is a need for completion of plans for new facilities in the medium-long term and may be a need for some of the new facilities to be put into operation. Highlights of planning in view of the above are : • Establish and improve the waste water collection and transport system of the outlying islands and the newly developed areas. • Expand or construct new waste water treatment facilities on the islands to meet the demands of different development scenarios. The handling capacity of the water treatment plants at present is: 42
8.3 SOLID WASTE TREATMENT SYSTEM 8.3.1 COLLECTION SYSTEM The solid waste of Macau is collected without separation by materials. Residential solid waste and that from small merchant shops are collected by monopolist company which will transport the waste to the incinerating plant in Pac On (北安) of Taipa. Other companies have a choice to select different ways of transporting the waste to the incinerating plant. The incinerating plant does not impose any handling charges. Inorganic waste (such as construction waste) can be transported directly to the landfills for reclamation. The remains of burned waste can be re-cycled or used as landfills. According to recent statistics, 72% of the total volume of solid waste are household waste (生活廢料), 1 5% are industrial waste, 8% are from the markets and 5% from other sources. The daily average of waste produced per capita is 1.5kg. With the increase in living standard and upholding of environmental protection, the collection methods in the future can consider the following plans: • Solid waste to be collected with separation by materials: Different collection Containers for glass, plastic, paper, aluminum, etc. Encourage re-cycling of materials. • Improvements on the waste collection system - With the increase in the total area of the city and the size of population, setup a certain number of waste collection sub-centers to make it more convenient for residents to put aside large size waste and improve the overall collection procedures. - Promote the use of solid waste pre-treatment system in large housing projects: Reducing volume can reduce the mileage for transport, and to save money and human resources. 8.3.2 DISPOSAL SYSTEM At present, there is only one incineration plant in Macau. It started operation in 1992 and has three incinerators, each with a daily handling capacity of 288 tons. Before 1998, only two incinerators were in operation while the third one acted as reserve. By 2002, all three incinerators will be operating at the same time to reach an annual handling capacity of 31 5,000 tons. The planned capacity afterwards is to fall back to 80%, that is, at an annual handling capacity of 252,000 tons which is about 690 tons per day. The handling capacity for different development scenarios is estimated as follows : In view of the above conditions, the handling capacity for solid waste has far exceeded its capacity in the medium term of development. It is forecasted to be saturated around the year 2002. Hence, there is a need to study the expansion of its capacity in the near future, In medium term, the annual handling capacity will have to be increased by 1.2 to 1.6 times varying according to different development scenarios. In long term, the range will be 1 .5 to 1.9 times. The emphasis on planning in view of the above are : • To begin study on expansion of handling capacity, site selection and implementation plans in the near future. • Pay attention to the appearance of the plant and its surrounding environment. The volume of solid waste in various districts : 44
8.4 ELECTRICITY AND GAS SUPPLY 8.4.1 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM There are two power plants in Macau. One is called the Macau Power Plant (澳門發電廠) in the northern district of Macau and the other is the Ka Hó Power Plant (九澳發電廠) in Ka Hó, Coloane, The power generating capacity amounts to a total of 366,8 megawatts, At the end of 1998, the electricity supply system is composed of regulating center and sub-stations. The distribution network composes of 1 50 km of high voltage cables, 589 km medium level voltage and 297 km of suspended low voltage cables, 1,071 km of underground cables and 456 km of cables for public lighting facilities. In 1998, the total amount of electricity supplied in Macau is 1,672 trillion kwh, of which 10.3% are bought from the Guangdong province. Household use amounted to 33,7% of the total, public utilities 14,9%, industrial use 10,6% and commercial use 40.8%, It is calculated that for every 100 million US dollars worth of products, it requires 11.6 trillion kwh of power. The demand for power supply based on the power consumption of different development scenarios are forecasted as follows: 8.4.2 GAS SUPPLY The gas used in Macau are imported liquefied propane. There is a gas storage station near the Ka Hó Port at the northeastern part of the Coloane Island. It has a capacity is 3,648 tons which is sufficient for the use of two months at the present consumption level. In 1 997, the total power consumption was 20,473 tons in Macau and the average per capita is 48,5 kg, With the increase of living standard and the future industrial and commercial developments, the consumption is estimated to rise. Currently, all of the liquefied propane is provided in bottles. Based on different scenarios, the demands are estimated as follows : Unless there are changes in company policy, 10% of the power consumed will be bought. The power generated by the incinerator will also be purchased. In the medium term of these three development scenarios, the supply of power can be met by the present arrangements. But it will be different in the long term. Although the demand from the development in the Steady Scenario can be met, there is a need to plan for expansion of capacity in other scenarios. The volume of expansion will be 100-250 trillion kwh in the Modification and Transformation Scenarios respectively. From the above circumstances, the future planning will be stressed on: • When planning on expansion of capacity or replacement of power generators, environment protection will be an important factor. Study the use of low polluting fuel such as natural gas, • Improve on the power supply transportation system to reduce loss through distribution facilities and network. According to the existing practices, the backup remains at 30 days. In the medium term of development in the Steady Scenario, the storage could manage to be refilled every fourteen days. The supply in other scenarios and periods are relatively undesirable. In fact, the supply is below the demand in the long term development of the Modification and the Transformation Scenarios. By using different backup storage time, the demand for expansion of capacity can be summarised as follows: In view of the above, the future plans will be stressed on the followings : • A gradual plan of the urban central gas supply system, The planning should start from the new districts. With the renewal of the old town area, gas supply piping system can be installed. • Based on the trend of gas consumption, regularly evaluate and plan for storage and distribution network accordingly, 46
8.5 TELECOMMUNICATION AND POSTAL SERVICE 8.5.1 TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM The telecommunication service of Macau is a monopoly. The scope of services at present includes : fixed telephones, mobile telephones, international direct dialing, telex, Internet, ISDN, international and local data leased lines, etc. The Internet is the only business open for competition. In mid 1999, there are over 173,000 fixed telephones and 105,000 mobile phones. Most of them are using GSM system. Long distance calls could reach 230 countries and regions. Telegraph users are no more than 100 while there are more than 1 5,000 Internet clients in which about 100 are using leased lines. There are about 200 ISDN customers. With the rapid development of technology in the realms of communications, the existing communication means and tools will experience constant changes. At this time, the new ISDN net is used mainly for video-conferencing and linking with the Internet. Application of fiber optics will be gradually expanded. It will be used as the linkage of switch houses and the soon-to-be-completed international under-water cable. Within a short period, the broad band Internet will be used in the high speed transmission of information. PCS mobile phone system will be put into services. It is worthy to take note of the popularity of mobile telephones, the use of satellite phones and the diversified use of the Internet such as for education and commercial use, etc.. Planning will stress on : • Flexibility in the franchise system: The crux of flexibility is to free the government from any hindrance from current contract in developing any unforeseeable new communication media and application. • Reasonable rate of constructing the communication facilities : Upgrades of communication technology and equipment are rapid; therefore, it is necessary to be cautious in expanding its capacity. The strategy should be to plan for the medium term while only expand enough to meet the demand in the near term. Speed up the updates of high-speed communication structure and the integration of multi-media services, laying of fiber optics and broad band lines in the developed city districts and new high rises in order to provide a more updated data communication and Internet services. • Modernization of relevant laws: With the diversified use of the Internet, relevant laws should be adaptive to the development of technology and to be appropriately stipulated so that the people could be protected. • Laying of service ducts in buildings: Should encourage or request newly developed buildings especially commercial buildings to install or provide service ducts for the laying of fiber optics and broad band lines so as to ensure easy installation in the future. 8.5.2 POSTAL SERVICE The postal service of Macau is provided by the Macau Posts and Telecommunication (郵電司). The scope of services include mailing, parcels and stamps issuing. Local mails in 1998 exceeded 1 3 million of which 97% are ordinary mails. Annual average growth from 1991 to 1 998 is close to 10%. Major challenges at present include : • The popularity of electronic mails affected the traditional postal services. • Income reduced alarmingly due to the demise of the philately market. • The advantage of express service is no longer obvious. Emphasis for future planning includes : • Study the sustainable development method of the postal system and establish its orientation. • Create an innovative and profitable scheme to stimulate growth in the philately market. • Stipulate a legal system conducive to free market devleopment in the postal and telecommunication services. 48
8.6 CULTURAL HERITAGE PROTECTION AND TOWNSCAPE 8.6.1 PROTECTION OF CULTURAL RELICS The total number of cultural relics to be protected by the laws of Macau is 128 sites, of which 80% are in the Macau Peninsula. Regardless of development scenarios, cultural relics protection is of great importance. Owing to historical and natural conditions, cultural relics of Macau are scattered. When considering protection efforts, emphasis should be on locations where concentration of such relics are high. The planning will focus on the following points: • Definition of the level of protection. Two classes of protections are suggested: 1) key protection zones and 2) the townscape coordination zones. These two protection zones will have different levels of protection. - Key protection zone. It is the site of important relics of historical and cultural value. The architecture, streets & lanes, and open space are required to maintain its original settings. - Townscape coordination zone. Emphasis will be on coordinating the volume and height of buildings to limit adverse effects on the cultural relics. • Establish historical walking trails. Depending on the feasibility, it is suggested to set up pedastrian walkways (Table 20), and install culturally oriented establishments for shopping and entertainment in selected locations along the trails. • Emphasize on the rehabilitation and protection of streets with traditional Chinese shops and streets which carries Sino-Portuguese features such as the Beco de Felicidade (福榮里), Rua Ervanarios (關前正街) and the Travessa Armazém Velho (爛鬼樓街). • Create a flexible policy to help expedite the preservation works. Provide appropriate compensation or subsidy to the households of affected buildings. With direct or indirect tax benefits and improved business conditions to induce private initiatives. • Construct plazas rich in European flavor and hosts more cultural events. • Explore the possibility of setting up an international cultural village to invite international artists to live on a short- term basis and works in Macau to discover and promote the charm of Macau. 50
8.6.2 TOWNSCAPE The natural townscape, historic sites and other man-made townscape together formed the Macau townscape. The natural townscape of Macau include its natural hills, shorelines and the waters between Macau and Taipa. The historic sites include the Ruins of St. Paul, and the Mount Fortress. Man-made townscape include the Macau Taipa Bridge, and the Largo do Senado. As the Steady Scenario will have the least alteration on the current arrangement, emphasis should be placed on urban renewal and strengthening its image of being a town of Southern European style. The Inner Harbor area should make use of its coastal feature and historical background to develop into a unique tourist attraction. As for the Outer Harbor to the Nam Van Reclamation Area, a new townscape will be developed. The section between the Cultural Center to the Macau Tower will be developed into a modern tourist area. Since the coastal zone will often give the first impression of the city, plans for the newly reclaimed land and the re-development area of the Inner Harbor should be given proper attention. The mounts on the Coloane Island should maintained its natural feature. The Modification Scenario will not only conduct the above works but will also try to take advantage of the reclaimed islands of the Oceanside City to create the ' Venice in the Orient'. The Transformation Scenario will not only adopt the suggestions of the Steady Scenario but will also develop the townscape of the Hengqin Island to create a harmonious townscape of natural and man-made features and large scale recreational facilities. Emphasis of planning should include: • Incorporate the townscape design as a major and integral part of the master city plan. • Make good use of the waterfront to establish a positive city image. • Improve the support facilities of scenic areas. For example, parking lots for tour buses, typical souvenior booths and cafés. 8.7 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 8.7.1 QUALITY OF AIR From the overall point of view, air pollution in Macau is not serious. Most of the air quality indices meet the.basic requirements, although there are still times when some of the pollutant problems are outstanding. The forecast of pollution in the atmosphere in different development scenarios and periods are as follows. • Overall concentration of total suspended particles (TSP) It will still be high in the medium term in the Steady Scenario but it could meet the standard in the long term. It will show similar trend for the Modification and Transformation Scenarios. The effects of the Modification Scenario will be better than that of the Transformation Scenario. • Inhalable suspended particles (PIS) In the medium term in the Steady Scenario, it is about 125.8mg / m3. In the long term it will drop to 95.8 mg / m3. There are similar improvements for the Modification and Transformation Scenarios. The figures are 119.8 and 89. 8 mg / m3 for the medium and long term development of the Modification Scenario. The figures are 1 25.8 and 99.0 mg / m3 for the medium and long term development of the Transformation Scenario. • The data on Nitrogen Oxide (N02) and Sulphuric Oxide (S02) in the recent years do not show a regular pattern. Strictly speaking it looks to be according to standards. Emphasis of planning include: • The car exhause should be strictly controlled. • Stipulate an effective public transportation system to reduce the use of private cars. • Encourage the use of low-polluting fuels. 8.7.2 EVALUATION OF NOISE POLLUTION According to the different development scenarios, the usage of the Macau International Airport will have different level of increase. Therefore, the noise pollution from airplanes will be a definite problem to be reckoned with in the future. Based on the existing flight data and forecast, evaluation has been made on the noises produced by individual flights and successive flights. With reference to the "Noise Pollution Standard Around Airports" of the Peoples' Republic of China (GB88), Category One is below 70dB, and Category Two below 75dB. Category One includes special residential districts, cultural and educational areas. Category Two is the residential area other than those in Category One. From the scenarios of the future developments (Figure D), the 70dB contour line has covered the eastern parts of Taipa and Coloane. In the Modification Scenario, the northeastern part of the newly reclaimed land east of Macau lies within the noise pollution zone of 80dB or more. The entire Macau peninsula and most of Taipa are within the 65 dB zone. Since Macau is a tourist city without much industrial noise, the major sources of noise pollution are from traffic and people. The base level (L95) in most parts of the city are between 65-70 dB, which is higher than the permissible base level stipulated in the law. The highest value exceeded 70dB and the lowest value is about 52.3 dB. It can be observed that the effect of man-made noise among the data recorded in various observation points is quite significant, of which, traffic noise is a major contributor. The peak level (L10) of noise pollution collected in various observation points is between 70-80 dB. The range of 10 dB is rather large indicating a big variance of noise pollution in various locations. Noise pollution is much more serious in heavy traffic area than in light traffic area. When traffic is light and smooth, noise level is relatively small. When traffic is heavy, road level of service worsens, frequent stop and go increases the noise level. Considering the data collected from various observation points, it is observed that the background noise level is high in the daytime. Emphasis of plannings are: • When conducting urban renewal, it is necessary to stipulate effective measures to control the noise of cars. • If the Modification Scenario is adopted, the area with the most noise pollution should be carefully handled. 52
8.7.3 THE QUALITY OF WATER ALONG THE SHORE The waste water of Macau has finished the secondary treatment before being discharged to the sea. It is expected `that the water quality will be maintained unpolluted by Macau. From the present condition, the source of water pollution is from the upstream and midstream cities along the Pearl River. Pollution resulting from industries and livelihood in these regions as well as the hydrodynamic effect due to re-channeling of the Pearl River should be examined. Future plans should have emphasis on: • The establishment of coordination organization with cities along the midstream and upstream of the Pearl River to study the source of pollution and effects of the re-channeling of the river and propose appropriate measures. • Completion of the relevant waste water network before permitting the development of any new zone to ensure the control of pollution source. • Improve the collection and compilation of surveillance data and appropriately increase investment in these areas in due course. 8.7.4 LEVEL OF GREEN AREA The data of the research shows, there are 0.89 km2 of green area (Macau 0.74, Taipa 0.09, Coloane 0.06) and 5.58 km2 (Macau 0.0, Taipa 1 . 1 7 , Coloane 4.41 )of nature conservation area. The green area is about 8.7% of the total urban land use while the nature conversation area is roughly 21.8%. The overall quantity of the green area is relatively high. However, as the distribution is uneven, the actual effect has room for improvemnet. The future plans will be emphasized on: • Conversion into temporary green areas where houses with dubious ownership and in state of disrepair to achieve a more balance distribution of green areas. • Creation of appropriate conditions for urban renewal. The Government will provide incentives to encourage land owners in areas of insufficient green area to exchange with government to increase green area in those zones. Forecast on noise level of the Macau International Airport 澳門國際機塲噪音預測 Figure 圖 （Ｄ） 54
9. CONCLUSION : SUGGESTIONS AND MEASURES FOR CITY DEVELOPMENT Summarize the above findings, the following principles for the development of Macau can be considered : Defined city orientation, comprehensive planning, spatial expansion, improved human resource, established infrastructure, developed townscape preserved environment and guided economy. Based on the above principles, the corresponding recommendations and measures are as follow : 56
At the juncture of millenniums, the return of Macau to its motherland presents new environment, new opportunity and new signs of vitality to Macau. Using this reality intelligently could turn this under polished gem into brilliant jewel. "MACAU IS OUR HOME, LET'S MAKE HER PROSPER." 60
CONTENTS 1A East Asia Region Map ...................................................................................................................... 66 1B Pearl River Delta Map 66 2A Coast Line Evolution 67 2 B Topography Map ' 67 3 Perspective View 68 4 Macau Peninsula Current Landuse Plan 69 5 Taipa & Coloane Islands Current Landuse Plan ................................................................................. 70 6 Current Transportation Network 71 7 Current Green Area & Public Facilities Map 72 8A Macau Peninsula Current Cultural Relics Location Map 73 8B Taipa & Coloane Islands Current Cultural Relics Location Map 73 9 Steady Scenario Landuse Plan 74 10 Steady Scenario Transportation Network, Townscape and Green Area Plan ....................................... 75 11A Steady Scenario Water Supply System Plan 76 11B Steady Scenario Waste Water System Plan 76 12A Steady Scenario Electricity Supply System Plan 77 12B Steady Scenario Gas Supply System Plan 77 13 Modification Scenario Landuse Plan 78 14 Modification Scenario Transportation Network, Townscape and Green Area Plan 79 1 5A Modification Scenario Water Supply System Plan ............................................................................. 80 1 5B Modification Scenario Waste Water System Plan 80 16A Modification Scenario Electricity Supply System Plan 81 16B Modification Scenario Gas Supply System Plan 81 17 Transformation Scenario Landuse Plan 82 18 Transformation Scenario Transportation Network, Townscape and Green Area Plan 83 19A Transformation Scenario Water Supply System Plan 84 19B Transformation Scenario Waste Water System Plan 84 20A Transformation Scenario Electricity Supply System Plan ..................................................................... 85 20B Transformation Scenario Gas Supply System Plan 85 64
