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亞洲夏季風圖集主編：馮瑞權、王安宇顧問．丁—匯審訂：周詩健編委（以姓氏筆劃為序）．何金海、吳池勝、周詩健、梁必騏、賀海晏丶湯懋蒼、劉黎明、錢永甫、駙安、羅會邦技術組侯尓濱（組長）、王安宇（副組長）、林建恆（副組長）古志明、林文實、譚志文、唐天毅出版者：澳門基金會2001年4月第—版2001年4月第—次印刷印量:1000冊版權所有不得翻印ISBN:99937土015-6CLIMATOLOGICALATLASFORASIANSUMMERMONSOONChiefeditor:FONGSoiKunWANGAnyuAdvisor:DINGYihuiRevision:ZHOUSh1panEditorialmembers:HEHaiyan,HEJinhai,LIANGBiqi,叫Liming,LUOHuibang,QIANYongfu,TANGMaocang,WUChisheng,XIEAn,ZhouShijionTechniquesupport:Head-HAOIPan,Assistantheads-WANGAnyu,LAMKinHong,Members-KUChiMeng,LINWenshi,TAMChiMan,TONGTinNgaiPublisher:MACAUFoundationFirstPublishedinApril2001FirstPrintedinApri丨2001l000printedALLRIGHTSRESERVEDISBN:99937土015-6

序言很高興看到《亞洲夏季風圖集》的出版，本書內容豐富，圖文並茂，為氣象工作者對亞洲夏季風情況的研究提供了詳細的參考資料。值得指出的是，除了具有學術價值以外，這部圖集的出版亦代表了參與本書編撰工作的各位人員經過長時期的努力所取得的成果。氣候的變化影響着人類的社會和經濟活動，因此，及時和可靠的氣候預報服務對我們日常生活和工作十分重要，有關的專家、學者和從業員在氣象工作上長期的研究和孜孜不倦的努力是提供這項服務的基礎。澳門地球物理暨氣象局的多位人員參與了《亞洲夏季風圖集》的編撰工作，圖集的出版印證了澳門在氣象硏究方面的能力、技術和毅力，這正是本澳居民能得以享受優質的氣象服務的保證。歐文龍澳門運輸工務司司長PrefaceAOManLong*Iamverypleasedtoseethepublicationof"ClimatologicalAtlasforAsianSummerMonsoon".Thevolumeofatlashassubstantialcontentandfruitfulfindingswithlotsofdistinctcharts,andprovidesmeteorolooistswithdetailedfreerencedataforresearchofAsiansummermonsoon.Itisworthpointingoutthat,inadditiontoitsacademicvalue,thepublicationoftheatlas山splaystheachievementsyieldedoveralongperiodoftimebythosewhotookpartincompilingoftheatlasandmadegreateffortsClimatechangegivestheimpactonthehumansocialandeconomicalactivities.Therefore,timelyandreliableserviceofclimatepredicationandweatherforecastisvery血portantforourdailylifeandwor如ng.Inthisaspect,long-termresearchandd山gentlystrivingbyspecialists,scholars,andrelatedpersonnelengagedinmeteorologyhavelaidthefoundationoftheweatherandclimateservice.ManymeteorologistsinMacauMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauparticipatedinthecompilingworkof"ClimatologicalAtlasforAsianSummerMonsoon".Thepublicationoftheatlashasmanifestedthecapability,technologyandwillpowerinmeteorologicalstudiesownedbyMacau,thisistheguaranteeofexcellentmeteorologicalserviceenjoyedbyMacau'sresidents*J\llr.AoManLong;theSecretaryforTransportandPublicv\101*s,1\l[acau,ChinaI

前言由澳門基金會資助出版的亞洲季風圖集即將面世，我衷心祝賀這本圖集的出版。在整個編制過程中，南海季風試驗(SCSMEX)雖然十分重視和關注，但在財力和人力上支援甚微。這本圖集的完成全仰仗澳門地球物理暨氣象局和中山大學的合作，依靠馮瑞權局長和中山大學王安宇敎授的卓越領導和不懈努力。在此，我向他們和其他為此做出貢獻的同仁們表示感謝。這本圖集是國內外出版的第一本全面的亞洲季風圖集，過去六十和七十年代也曾出版過一些印度洋考察和MONEX(1979年）的圖集，但無論從內容的廣度、資料的可靠性和科學上的準確性而言，這本圖集都是最成功的。實際上，這本圖集不單是一本圖集，也是一本重要的季風氣候學的研究成果。由這本圖集所包含的內容來看，它提供了許多有關亞洲季風（包括副熱帶高壓等系統）建立、維持和撤退的新事實。我相信，這本圖集不僅是南海季風硏究專家的一種重要參考資料，對於其他季風和有關專家也將大有裨益。值此圖集出版之際，謹記於此。丁一匯南海季風試驗首席科學家forewordDINGYihui*The"ClimatologicalAtlasforAsianSummerMonsoon"supportedbyMacauFoundationisabouttomakepublic,andIhaveheartilycongratulatedthepublicationoftheAtlas.InthecourseofcompilingtheAtlas,theprogramofSCSMEX(SouthChinaSeaMonsoonExperiment)haspaidmoreattentionstothiswork,butitssupportislimitedinmanpowerandfinancialresources.TheaccomplishmentoftheAtlasisfullyattributedtothecooperationoftheMacauMeteoro-logicalandGeophysicalBureauandZhongshanUniversity,aswellastotheoutstandingleadingandunremittingeffortsoftheDirectorFongSoiKunofMacauMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauandProf.WangAnyuofZhongshanUniversity.Here,IwouldliketoexpressmythankstothemandtoothercolleagueswhomadecontributionstotheAtlas.ThevolumeoftheAtlasisthefirstcomprehensiveatlasforAsiansummermonsoonpublishedathomeandabroad.Inthepast1960sand1970s,someatlaseswerepublishedabouttheAtlanticOceanexpeditionandMONEX(1979).However,theAtlasismostsuccessfulbycomparisonwiththepreviousatlases,becauseofitsrangeincontent,reliabilityindataandaccuracyinscience.Infact,thisAtlasisnotonlyanatlas,butalsotheimportantachievementofresearchonmonsoonclimatology.ConsideringthecontentinvolvedbytheAtlas,itrevealsmanynewfindingsofonset,maintenanceandretreatoftheAsiansummermonsoon.IbelievethatthisAtlasisnotonlyanimportantreferencetospecialistsinSCSmonsoonresearch,butalsoisofgreatbenefittoothersinterestedinmonsoonOntheoccasionofthepublicationoftheAtlas,Iwrotethisforcongratulations*ProfDINGYihuiisthech噚scientistoftheprogramofSCSMEX.n

序（歐文龍）............................................................................................................................................................................................................(I)前言（丁一匯）......................................................................................................................................................................................................(II).弓丨言（馮瑞權）·················································································...........................................................................................................(V)-(XIII)亞洲夏季風圖目錄...............................................................................................................................................................................(XV)-(XVII)亞；、州夏季風圖...............................................................................................................................................................................................1-250第一部份：哼十年(1958-1997)夏季(6、7、8月）季平均圈.....................................................................................................1-6第二鄣份：四個十年(1958-1967,1968-1977,1978-1987,1988-1997)夏季(6、7、8月）季平均圖．．…..…………………...7-28第三部份：四十年(1958-1997)5至10月月平均圄..................................................................................................................29-61第回部份：四十年(1958-1997)第25候至第60候候平均圄...............................................................................................62-250..亞沿丨夏季風的建立、維持與撤退.........................................................................................................................................................251-318Preface(AOManLong).........................................................................................................................................................................(I)Foreword(DINGYihui)·······································································································································································(II)Introduction(FONGSoiKun).....................................................................................................................................................(V)-(XIII)ContentsforAsianSummerMonsoonCharts........................................................................................................................(XV)-(XVII)ChfartsorAsianSummerMonsoon..............................................................................................................................................I-250PartOne:Chartsfor40-year(1958-1997)seasonalmean(June,JulyandAugust)..............................................................1-6PartTwo:Chartsfor10-year(1958-1967,1968-1977,1978-1987,1988-1997)seasonalmean(June,JulyandAugust)..7-28PartThree:Chartsfor40-year(1958-1997)monthlymean(MaytoOctober)..................................................................29-61PartFour:Chartsfor40-year(1958-1997)pentadmean(25thto6研pentad).................................................................62-250Onset,MaintenanceandRetreatofAsianSummerMonsoon...................................................................................................251-318III

引言Introduction4'亞洲是世界上季風最顎著的地區，季風的活動對印度、中國等亞洲國家的天氣、氣候有重要的影響。我國夏季大範圍地區的降水分布、雨帶的移動以及旱澇災害等都與夏季風的活動直接相關。季風區又是全球大氣能量和水氣的主要供應區。通過全球大氣環流，亞洲·I季風的活動對全球天氣氣候乃至社會和經濟的發展都產生重要的影響。因此，全社會日益需要了解和預測亞洲季風的活動。長期以來，氣象工作者對亞洲季風的研究作了大量的工作，取得了許多成果。最近，美國氣象學會的同仁經過艱辛的努力，對過去幾十年的全球氣象資料作了較全面的收集和再分析，並公布於眾。這為氣象科學研究和本圖集的制作提供了基礎。本圖集是根據美國國家環境預報中心和美國國家大氣硏究中心(NCEP/NCAR)40年(1958-1997)再分析資料制作的、範圍為20°s—60°N、oo—180°E的各種氣象常用圖。它的主要特點是以逐候的變化來頤示亞洲夏季風建立、發展和衰亡的氣候演變過程，所以圖集中最主要的部分是候平均圖。圖集中還給出了4個10年(1958-1967,1968-1977,1978-1987,1988-1997)的夏季(6、7、8月）季平均圖和40年平均(1958-1997)5月至10月的月平均圖和季平均圖。我們願本圖集的出版能為氣象和氣候的專業研究人員、業務工作者、氣象院校的師生以及其他有關人員提供有關亞洲I夏季風的氣候概貌，以便進一步認識亞洲季風區大氣環流和天氣氣候演變的機制。圖集中也介紹了我們關於亞洲夏季風建立、維持和撤退的膚淺認識，不當之處，懇請賜敎指正。此外，圖集最後還附有4張CD光盤。其中2張CD包括了一萬多張與上述範圍相同的、可供點擊選項的、有40年平均和4個10年平均的、以候平均為主的6個層次24類氣象圖，另2張CD是資料，包括了全球範圍、有40年和4個10年平均的、全年73個候候平均的12個層次22類氣象要素和物理量資料。可以看出，此資料還可用於冬季風的研究。1.圖的資料因研究＂氣候＇＇必需有三十年以上的資料，因此圖集的資料長度是40年。考慮到1958年以前的觀測資料不夠完整〔例如，在1954-1962年期間，我國向國外僅提供國內30個測站的探空資料，南美洲的西海岸和南極洲在1957年7月之前無無線電探空紀錄〕，我們使用的NCEP再分析資料的年限是1958-1997年。有關NCEP/NCAR再分析資料的使用，美國氣象學會有詳細的説明。為方便圖集的使用者，我們在此僅作簡單的介紹。1.1關於NCEP/NCAR再分析系統NCEP/NCAR利用迄今最先進的分析／預報系統〔再分析系統〕來執行資料的同化分析。現將該分析系統的核心部份與簡介如下。1.1.1資料源再分析系統收集的資料包括如下幾部份As囹isthemoststr加ngregionofmonsoonintheworld,andmonsoonactivitiesinfluencegreatlytheweatherandclimateinAsiancountriessuchasIndia,China,etc.Precipitationdistributions,shiftsofrainbelt,aswellasdroughtandfloodingdisasters,etc.invastareasofChinainsummeraredirectlyrelatedtomonsoonactivities.Ontheotherhand,monsoonregionisamainsupplyareaofglobalatmosphericenergyandwatervapor.Throughatmosphericgeneralcirculation,Asianmonsoonexertsan皿portanteffectontheglobalweatherandclimate,evenonthesocialandeconomicdevelopmentintheworld.Therefore,humansocietyurgentlyneedsunderstandingandpredictionofactivitiesofAsianmonsoon.Foralongperiodoftime,meteorologistshaveconductedalargeamountofstudiesonAsianmonsoonwithgreateffortsandobtainedmanyvaluableachievements.Recently,meteorologicalcolleaguesintheUSAhavecomprehensivelycollectedandanalyzedtheglobalmeteorologicaldataforthepastseveraldecadesthroughhardworking,andmadepublic.Thishasla這thefoundationofscientificresearchofmeteorologyandthecompilingofthisvolumeofatlas.TheatlasiscompiledbasedontheNationalCenterforEnvironmentalPredictionandtheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearch(NCEP/NCAR)40-year(1958-1997)reanalysisdata,andcontainsvari-ouschartsofmeteorologicalelementsrangingin20°S-60°N,0°-180°E.Mainfeatureoftheatlasisthattheclimaticevolutionoftheonset,developmentanddecayofAsiansummermonsoonisdisplayedintermsofitspentad-by-pentadevolution,thusthemajorpartsoftheatlasarepentadmeancharts.Theseasonalmean(June,July,andAugust)chartsfor40-yearaverageandfourdecadesaverage(1958-1967,1968-1977,1978-1987,and1988-1997)andthe40-year(1958-1997)monthlymeanchartsfromMaytoOctoberandseasonalmeanchartsarealsoincluded.Itisourhopethatthepublicationoftheatlaswillprovideprofessionalresearchersinmeteorologyandclimatology,meteorologistsinoperationalweatherforecast,teachersandstudentsindepartments,collegesanduniversities,andotherrelatedpersonnelwithaclimaticoutlineofAsiansummermonsoon,soastofurtherunderstandthemechanismsforatmosphericgeneralcirculationinAsianmonsoonregionandforitsweatherandclimaticevolution.Introducedintheatlasisourpreliminaryknowledgeoftheonset,mainte-nanceandretreatofAsiansummermonsoon.Opinions,comments,suggestionsandcriticismtotheatlasfromreadersarewarmlywelcome.Inaddition,theatlasenclosesalsoextrafourpiecesofCD.Twoofthemcontainmorethan10thousandsofthe40-yearmeanandthefourfoldIO-yearmeancharts(mainlyinpentadmeanform)of24meteorologicalelementsandphysicalvariablesat6levels,whichhavetheabove-mentionedrangeandcanbeoptionalbypoint-clic如ng.Theothertwoaretheavailableglobaldata,~clud-ing40-yearmean,fourfoldIO-yearmean,andpentad-by-pentadmean(73pentadsinayear)dataof22meteorologicalelementsandphysicalvariablesat12levels.Itcanbeinferredthattheatlasmaybealsousedinstudiesofwintermonsoon.v

(a)全球無線電探空資料。(b)綜合海氣資料庫(COADS)的洋面觀測資料。包括船舶、固定浮標站、飄移浮標、浮冰浮標、海洋站的近地面資料以及其他資料。(c)飛機觀測資料。(d)陸地氣象觀測資料。(e)衛星探測的輻射資料。(D特殊感應微波成像器(SSM/I)地面風速資料。(g)衛星雲跡風資料。上述所有的資料在進入分析階段前均經質量檢驗。1.1.2同化模式四維同化所用的同化模式是NCEP的T62/28譜模式。模式的水平分辨率約為210公里，在垂直方向把大氣不等距地劃分為28層，其中，800hPa以下有8層，lOOhPa以上有7層〔模式的上邊界約在3hPa處〕，并有一個3層的土壤模式。模式包含有積雲對流、淺對流、大尺度降水、重力波拖曳、長波輻射、太陽輻射、邊界層物理過程、地表水文學、垂直以及水平擴散等參數化的物理過程。模式基本上等同於NCEP在1995年1月10日投入運行的全球業務預報模式，它的5天預報技巧評分是好的。1.1.3分析方案分析方案採用譜統計內插方案，即三維變分分析方案。該方案與NCEP在1995年投入業務使用的方案相同。經試驗表明，該方案取代原來的最優內插方案投入使用後，使預報質量取得相當大的改進，尤其是在熱帶地區。資料同化分析系統每隔6小時(00、06、12、18Z)做一次同化分析，其初估場（第一猜測場）取自同化模式的前6小時預報值，例如模式以ooz初值所做的6小時預報，即06Z的預報場就是06Z同化分析的初估場。分析的結果再經過複雜的質量檢驗（包括把它與氣候值相比較）後才作為產品輸出。這產品一方面可直接供各種用戶所需，另一方面同化模式又以它作為初始場向前作6小時預報。如此循環往復，就得到連續的再分析產品。1.2再分析的產品1.2.1產品分類再分析的產品是分辨率為2.5°x2.5°的格點值。根據其在分析過程中對觀測資料和模式預報值的依賴程度，把產品分為四類A類觀測值對分析結果有強烈的影響。它包括高空風（緯向、經向風分量）、位勢高度、盧溫、海平面氣座和渦度。這類產品比單獨用觀測資料所做的分析結果更能恰當地描寫大氣運動狀態。VI1.DataofChartsClimaticresearchhastousethedataof30ye訌sormore,thusthelengthofthedatausedintheatlastakes40years.Consideringthattheobservationswerenotcompletebefore1958(e.g.during1954-1962,theradiosoundingdataonlyfrom30stationsathomeweresuppliedtoabroad;untilJuly1957therawin-sondeobservingnetworksforthewestcoastofSouthAmericaandAntarcticad囯notst缸t),wehaveusedtheNCEP40-year(1958-1977)reanalysisdata.ConcerningtheusageofNCEP/NCARreanalysisdata,theAmericanMeteorologicalSociety(1996)publishedadetaileddescription.Forconvenienceofusers,therelatedsimpleinstructionsareadaptedhere.1.1ConcerningNCEP/NCARreanalysissystemNCEP/NCARusedafrozenstate-of-the-artanalysis/forecastsystem(reanalysissystem)toperformdataassimilationanalysis.Thefollowing3partsarethecoreandintroductionofthereanalysissystem1.1.1DataSourceThedatacollectedbythesystemarefrombelow:(a)Globalrawinsondedata.(b)COADS(ComprehensiveOceanAtmosphericDataSet)surfacemarineobservations,includingships,fixedbuoys,driftingbuoys,packicebuoys,near-surfacedataandsomeotherdata.(c)Aircraftobservations.(d)Surfacelandsynopticobservations.(e)Satellitesounderdata.(f)SSM/Isurfacewindspeeds.(g)Satelliteclouddriftwinds.Alltheabovedatacannotbeputintoanalysisbeforequalitycontroltestofthedata.1.1.2DataassimilationmodelTheassimilationmodelusedinthe4-dimensionalassimilationistheT62/28NCEPglobalspectralmodel.Thehorizontalresolutionofthemodelisabout210回；inthevertical,theatmosphereisdividedinto28levelsinunequaldistances,with8levelsbelow800hPa,7levelsabove1OOhPauptotheupperboundaryofthemodelat3hPa,anda3-levelsoilmodel.Themodelincludescumulusconvection,shallowconvection,large-scaleprecipitation,gravitywavedrag,longwaveradiation,solarradiation,boundarylayerphysicalprocesses,surfacehydrology,parameterizedphysicalprocessesofverticalandhorizontaldiffusion,etc.,anditisbasicallyidenticaltotheNCEPglobalmodeloperationalimplementedon10Janu-ary1995,andhasagoods缸11scoreof5-dforecasts.~,」̀

.,B類觀測資料雖然可直接影響分析的結果，但模式對分析結果也有強烈的影響。它包括相對濕度、地面溫度、地面氣壓和垂直速度等。C類觀測資料對分析結果無直接的影響，它完全是由模式的6小時預報值所決定的。因此模式以及模式的物理過程參數化的逼真度直接影響這類產品的可靠性。這類產品包括雲量、降水量、地面感熱和潛熱通量以及大氣頂向外的長波輻射通量等。D類分析的結果與模式無關，它完全依賴於氣候值，例如地面位勢高度、地面租糙度、反照率等。因此，用戶在使用這些再分析資料及其再加工產品時必須清楚上述各類產品的特點，尤其是對B類和C類產品。1.2.2再分析產品可靠性檢驗NCEP為檢驗其＇＇再分析資料"的可靠性，他們做了＇，內部分析比較"和｀外部分析比較"。所謂＇＇內部分析比較"是指把上述NCEP的再分析系統(T62/28)的分析結果與NCEP在1992年投入使用的全球資料同化系統(Tl26/18)的分析結果以及該系統1994年的修改版本（積雲對流參數化使用經Pan和Wu修改的Grell方案）分析結果作比較。而｀外部分析比較"是指把NCEP的再分析結果與NCEP外的業務系統例如英國氣象局(UKMO)的分析系統的分析結杲作比較。這些比較均是在使用相類同資料的前提下進行的。把NCEP內部不同分析系統（使用不同的模式）所算得的月平均場的均方根誤差定義為＇，內部分析誤差＂，這種誤差反映了分析結果對第一猜測場的敏感性。結果表明等壓面位勢高度場的內部誤差在北半球(20°N-80°N)850hPa是3m,500—200hPa是6m;在南半球850hPa、500hPa、300hPa和200hPa的內部誤差分別是Sm、8m、15m和30m。南半球的內部誤差比北半球的大是由於南半球無線電探空資料的缺乏所致。類似地把NCEP分析系統的月平均場與NCEP外分析系統的月平均場之間的均方根誤差定義為＇＇外部誤差"。其中，NCEP與UI<..t\lIO之間的位勢高度場的＇外部分析誤差"在北半球850hPa、500hPa、300hPa和200hPa分別約是12m、7m、9m和12m,而在南半球(20°S-80°S)則分別是20m、12m、15m和25m;與NCEP外其他分析系統的比較也有類似的結果。至於月平均風場（緯向風分量和經向風分量），北半球850hPa和200hPa的＇，內部誤差"分別約是0.4m/s和0.7mis,"外部誤差"分別約是lm/s和1.2m/s。在熱帶地區(20°S-20°N),850hPa和200hPa緯向風的＇＇內部誤差＂分別約是0.7m/s和2m/s。NCEP和UKMO的1992年投入使用的業務分析系統之間的850hPa和200hPa緯向風的｀外部誤差"分別約是2m/s和2.5mis'而經向風分量的誤差則比續向風的減少約30%。在南半球850hPa緯向風分量的＇，內部誤差"約是0.8mls'"外部誤差"是l.3m/s,經向風分量的誤差比緯向風的減少約20%;200hPa緯向風分量的｀內部誤差＂和｀外部誤差"均約是l.8m/s,經向風分量的＇，內部誤差＂為是1.2m/s。1.3一些非常規氣象要素和物理量的定義或計算方法1.3.1地面溫度、地面位溫、地面風和地面垂直速度。這些量均是指同化模式最低模式層(cr=0.995)上的值。VII1.1.3AnalysisSchemeItemploysspectralstatisticalinterpolation(SSI),i.e.a3-dimensionalvariationalanalysisscheme,whichisidenticaltotheNCEPglobalmodelschemeoperationalimplementedin1995.Experimentsindi一catethattheimplementationofSSIinplaceofanoptimalinte1-polationschemeleadstomajoranalysisandforecastimprovements,especiallyinthetropicsDataassimilationanalysissystemmakesonceassimilationanalysisevery6hours(00,06,12,18Z),anditsfirstguessfieldistakenfromtheprior-6hfieldforecastedbytheassin1ilationmodel,e.g.themodelnms06ZforecastusingOOZinitialvalues,thatis,the06Zfieldforecastedisjustthefirstguessfieldof06Zassimilationanalysis.Theanalyzedresultscanbeoutputasproductsonlythroughcheckingofc血plexqualitycontrol,includingitscomparisonwithclimatologicalstatistics.Theproductsareabletosatisfytheneedsofusesontheonehand,andontheotherhand,theassin出ationmodelcantakethemastheinitialfieldtorunonward6hforecast,andsoonandsoforth,thecontinuousreanalysisproductsareavailable.1.2Reanalysisproducts1.2.1ClissificationofproductsThereanalysisproducts(outputvariables)aregriddedvalueswitharesolution2.5°x2.5°.Theoutputvariablesareclassifiedintofourcategories,dependingontherelativeinfluenceoftheobservationaldataandthemodelonthegriddedvariable.CategoryA:Theanalysisvariableisstronglyinfluencedbyobserveddata.Itincludesupperairtemperatureandwind(zonalandmeridionalwindcomponents),geopotentialheight,virtualt血perature,sealevelpressureandvorticity.Thiskindofvariablecharacterizesthebehaviorofatmosphericmotionmoreappropriatelythanindividualobserveddatado.CategoryB:Althoughthereareobservationaldatathatdirectlyaffectthevalueofthevariable,themodelalsohasave1-ystJ.·onginfluenceontheanalysisvalue.Itincludesrelativehumidity,surlacetemperature,pressureatthesurface,verticalvelocity,etc.CategoryC:Therearenoobservationsdirectlyaffectingthevariable,sothatitisderivedsolelyfromthemodelfieldsforcedbythedataass画lationtoremainclosetotheatmosphere.Thefidelityofthemodelanditsphysicalprocessparameterizationdirectlyaffectsthereliab山tyofthiskindofvariable.Itincludesclouds,precipitation,surfacesensibleheatandlatentheatflux,upwardlongwaveradiationfluxatthenominaltopofthemodelatmosphere,etc.CategoryD:Thefieldisfixedfromclimatologicalvaluesanddoesnotdependonthemodel.Itincludesgeopotentialheightatthesurface,surfaceroughness,albedo,etc.Therefore,usersshouldexercisecautionininterpretingtheresultsofreanalysis,especiallyforvari-ablesclassifiedintocategoriesBandC.

1.3.2地面（海面）溫度(T)s是指與空氣相接的下墊面的溫度。在海洋上，T.=SST—0.0065h。'其中，h。為譜模式中的海面高度，h。的單位為米，在陸面上，T是由地表能量平衡方程所決定。R11Cl+FH+FQ+HS+X=0其中Rne,為地面所獲得的凈輻射通量（包括長波輻射和太陽輻射），FH和FQ分別為地面向大氣的湍流感熱通量和潛熱通量，HS為地面向下（土壤）的熱通量，X為與地面上發生的液態和固態之間相變過程（熔雪或熔冰）有關的作用項。1.3.3地面感熱和潛熱通量同化模式的最低層被定義為近地面層，其厚度約為lOhPa。地面層內的感熱通量(F,_,)和潛熱通量(FrJ分別由下兩式計算E.,=CpR,0'W'=-[P(KZf(ifr,,iv,,;-tJUIJZJ油IJZR_=R,q'W'=-[Lv(KZ『（戍，丸）一1Ju1az1aqiaz其中K為卡門(Karman)常數，叭（和tj;H為Monin-Obukhov相似理論中所稱的＂通用＂函數，它們是Monin-Obukhov長度(L)的函數，模式中取也(ZIL)=(1-16(ZIL)y'竺當L::;0時化(ZIL)=(1—16(ZIL》忙當L::;0時也(ZIL)=(1+5(ZIL)),當L:20時叱(ZIL)=(1+5(ZIL)),當L20時FH的正（負）值表示熱量向上（下）輸送，FQ負值表示有露形成。1.3.4地面向下的熱通量地面向下的熱通量(Hs)由下式計算乓=-J?qK5(JTg/JZ)=Psc;氐（兀-T)/(z_1-o)VIII1.2.2ReliabilitycheckofreanalysisproductsNCEPperformedcomparisonexperimentsof"internalanalysisdifferences"and"externalanalysisdifferences"inordertoestimatetheprecisionandreliab山tyofreanalysisdata.So-called"internalanalysis山fferences"aredefinedasthe山fferencesofRMSerrorsbetweenmonthlymeanscomputedwiththeNCEPreanalysissystemsusingdifferentmodels(NCEPT62/28system,NCEPTl26/18systemwhichputintooperationin1992,andthemod山edNCEPT126/18system1994versionwhichusedthenewsimpli-fiedAi·akawa-SchubestSchemedevelopedbyPanandWuin1994basedon1993GrellScheme).So-called"externalanalysisdifferences"aredefinedasthedifferencesofRMSerrorsbetweenNCEPmonthlymeananalysisandthoseofotheroperationalsystemssuchasUKMO(UnitedKingdomMeteorological0祏ce)system.Theinternaldifferencesreflectthesensitivitytothefirstguessusedintheanalysis,andareanestimateoftheuncertaintyinthemonthlymeananalysisoftheNCEPsystem.FortheNorthernHemi-sphere(20°-80°N),theinternaldifferencesareabout3mat850hPa,and6mat500-200hPa.IntheSouth-ernHemispheretheinternaldifferencesare5,8,15and30mat850,500,300and200hPa,respectively,reflectingthemuch扣gheruncertaintyintroducedbythelackofrawinsondedata.TheexternaldifferencesofgeopotentialheightbetweentheNCEPanalysisandtheUKMOanalysisareabout12,7,9and12mat850,500,300and200hParespectively.IntheSouthernHemisphere(20°-80°S),thedifferencesareabout20,12,15and25mrespectively.ComparisonswithotheroperationalsystemsweresimilarForthemonthlymeanwindanalysis,intheNorthernHemispheretheinternaldifferencesofRMSerrorsinboththezonalandmeridionalcomponentsareabout0.4ms·1at850hPaand0.7ms·1at200hPa.TheexternaldifferencesofRMSerrorsareaboutlms·1at850hPaand1.2ms·1at200hPa.Inthetropics(20°S-20°N),theinternaldifferencesofRMSerrorsforthezonalwindanalysisare0.7ms·1at850hPaand2ms·1at200hPa.TheexternaldifferencesofRMSerrorsbetweentheNCEPandtheUKMOoperationalanalysisin1992were2ms·1at850hPaand2.5ms·1at200hPa.Forthemeridionalcomponent,thediffer-encesofRMSerrorswereabout30%smaller.IntheSouthernHemisphere,theinternaldifferencesat850hPawereabout0.8ms·1andtheexternaldifferences1.3ms·I,andthemeridionalwinddifferencesofRMSerrorsabout20%smaller.At200hPaboththeinternalandexternaldifferencesofRMSerrorswereabout1.8ms·1forzonaland1.2ms·1formeridionalcomponent.1.3Definitionandcomputationalmethedofsomenon-conventionalmeteorologicalelementsandphysicalvariables1.3.1Surfacetemperature,surfacepotentialtemperature,surfacewindandsurfaceverticalvelocityThesevariablesaredesignatedtovaluesatthelowestlevel(<5=0.995)oftheassimilationmodel.

其中6和z_,分別為（地下）2.5cm和10cm,T_,為z_,處的土壤溫度，Ts為地面溫度。1.3.5總雲量每天的雲量是由同化模式分別從ooz、06Z、12Z和18Z開始作的6小時預報值計算得到的。模式假設不同高度的雲層是隨機重疊的，於是總雲量由下式決定C=l—(1—CH)(1—CM)(1—C』其中C為總雲量，CH、CJ\/、CL分別為高、中、低雲量。1.3.6降水量降水量與總雲量一樣，也是由模式的6小時預報降水量累加而得到的，它包括對流性降水和非對流性降水。模式的北半球陸地上的月平均降水量與實測值是可以相比較的，在熱帶地區，模式降水量與由衛星資料反演的月平均降水量相比較後表明，前者也是相當合理的。1.3.7對流降水量對流降水量是指由模式積雲對流參數化方案算得的降水量，也是由模式的6小時預報值累加得到的。1.3.8逸出長波輻射通量大氣頂的逸出長波輻射也是模式值。長波輻射（以及降水）與模式中各種物理過程的參數化方案關係密切。以上各種氣象要素和物理量的水平分布圖的範圍是20°S-60°N、0°-180°£'而垂直剖面圖的剖線長短則依其所在地理位置上的大氣環流特點來決定，以便在有限的版面上盡可能完整地表示出有關環流系統的完整性。如沿30°N的垂直環流圖是從oo向東延伸至100°w,而沿l8°N的垂直環流圖則是從60°w向東延伸至180°W。從前者（沿30°N剖面圖）可以清楚地看到夏季青藏高原上的上升運動與美洲西海岸附近下沉運動之間的聯繫，而後者（沿l8°N剖面圖）則頴示出中南半島上夏季的上升運動與大西洋上的下沉運動之間也有明顯的關繫。2.圖的種類圖集給有夏季(6、7、8月）的季平均圖、夏半年(5-10月）的月平均圖和第25候-60候的候平均圖，其中包括主要氣象要素和一些物理量的水平分布圖和沿經向、緯向的垂直環流圖和垂直剖面圖。季平均圖分40年平均和4個10年兩個系列，其它圖均為40年平均圖。3關於30年平均值與40年平均值的比較IX1.3.2Surfaceskintemperature(T)Itisdesignatedtothetemperatureattheinterfaceofairanditsunderlyingsurface.Overoceans,Ts=SST—0.0065h。'whereh。istheheightofseasurfaceinthespectralmodel,measuredinm.Onlandsurfaces,T,isdeterminedbythesurfaceenergybalanceequation:R11e,+FI-I+FQ+H5+X=0whereR,,.,isthenetradiationflux,includinglongwaveandsolarradiation,receivedbythesurface;FHandFQarerespectivelyturbulencesensibleandlatentheatfluxesfromsurfacetoatmosphere;H5isthedownwardheatfluxatsurface;andXistherelatedtermtophasechangebetweenliquidandsolidstateofwater(snoworicemelting).1.3.3SurfacesensiblelatentheatfluxesThelowestleveloftheassimilationmodelisdefinedasthesurfacelayer,withathicknessaboutlOhPa.Thesensible(凡）andlatent(FQ)heatfluxesinthesurfacelayerarecalculatedfromE,=CpPa8'W'=-[P(KZ/(i/t,,丸)-/auIaz1油1azRi=Paq'W'=-[辶KZ『（丸丸）一1au1江」aqiazwhereK1sKarmanconstant,1/fandM1/faretheumversalfunct10nsinMonin-Obukhovsimilaritytheory,andtheyarefunctionsofMonin-Obukhovlength(L),ta如ngthefollowingformsinthemodel:叭(ZIL)=(1—16(ZIL)/1'',whenL~0叱(ZIL)=(1—16(ZIL)/112,whenL~0屮"'(ZIL)=(1+5(ZIL)),whenL20屮H(ZIL)=(1+5(Z/L)),whenL20Positive(negative)valueofFHrepresentsupward(downward)heattransport,andnegativeFQrepre-sentsthatthereappearsdew.1.3.4DownwardheatfluxatsurfaceDownwardheatfluxatsurface(H5)canbecalculatedfrom

為考察氣象要素時間序列的長短對平均值（氣候值）的影響，我們比較了三十年平均場與四十年平均場的差異。我們分別以四個十年（即1958-1967,1968-1977,1978-1987,1988-1997)中的任何三個十年的資料總合成一個三十年系列，然後分別制作各個三十年的平均場。圖l是後三十年（即1968-1997年）候平均的500hPa位勢高度場，圖2是四十年(1958—1997)候平均的500hPa位勢高where6andZ_1arerespectively2.5cmand10cmdownwardfromthesurface,T_1standsforthesoiltemperatureatZ_1,andTsthesurfaces缸ntemperature.圖1三十年(1968-1997)俟平均的500hPa位勢高度場Fig.1.30-year(1968-1997)pentadmeangeopotentialheightat500hPa500hPa1968-1997Pentad28(May16-May20)Unit:gpm60N50N40N30N20N10NEQ10S20S。20E40E60EBOE100E120E140E160E180(a)28俟28thpentad500hPa1968-1997Pentad41(Jul20-Jul24)Unit:gpm60N50N40N30N20N10NEQ10S20SI、尸＇）冴-一',020E40E60E80E100E120E140E160E180(b)41候4和pentad乓=-JlqKs(JTg/JZ)=Rc;Ks(兀-T,)/(Z,-o)1.3.5TotalcloudcoverThedailycloudcoverisobtainedfrom6hpredictionstartingatOOZ,06Z,12Zandl8Zbyuseofassimilationmodelcalculation.Themodelassumesthatthecloudlayersarestochasticallyoverlapped,thusthetotalcloudcovercanbedeterminedbyC=l—(1—已）(1—CA)(1—CJwhereCisthetotalcloudcover,andCH,CMandCLarethecloudcoversof扣gh,middleandlowclouds,respectively.1.3.6P..rec1pJtabonrateSimilartothetotalcloudcover,theprecipitationrateisobtainedfromtheadditionof6h-predicatedprecipitationrate,includingconvectiveandnon-convectiveprecipitation.ThemonthlymeanprecipitationinthemodelNorthernHemisphericlandsiscomparablewithobservationaldata.Inthetropics,comparisonofmodelprecipitationwiththemonthlymeanprecipitationretrievedfromsatellitesoundingindicatesthattheformerisconsiderablyreasonable.1.3.7ConvectiveprecipitationItistheprecipitationcomputedbythecumulusconvectionparameterizationschemeofthemodel,andisalsofromtheadditionof6hpredictionbythemodel.1.3.8UpwardlongwaveradiationfluxTheupwardlongwaveradiationflux(usuallyoutgoinglongwaveradiation,abbreviatedasOLR)atthenominaltopofthemadelatmosphereisalsoamodel-computedvalue,andthelongwaveradiation(andprecipitation)iscloselyrelatedtotheparameterizationschemeofvariousphysicalprocessesinthemodel.Horizontaldistributionchartsofabovemeteorologicalelementsandphysicalvariableshavearangeof20°S-60°N,0-l80°E,buttheverticalcross-sectionshaveavariablelengthofcross-section,dependingoncharacteristicsofatmosphericgeneralcirculationatthelocationofcross-section,sothattherelatedcirculationsystemcanbedisplayedascompleteaspossibleinalimitedspace.Forexample,theverticalcirculationcross-sectionalong30°Nisfrom0°esatwardto100°W,butthecross-sectionalong18°Nisfrom60°Weastwardto180°W.Fromtheformer(30°Ncross-section),theconnectionoftheascendingmotionx

....."'.度場。比較圖la與圖2a以及圖lb與圖2b,可以看出，它們之間主要環流系統的位置和強度無明顒的差異，與其他三十年系列的平均場比較也有類似的結果。即是説，任一個三十年的平均場與四十年平均場都很相似。但年代際的差異則是比較明顯的。因此圖集給出了四個十年的季平均場。4.附錄：CD氣候圖與格點資料圖2四十年(1958-1997)俟平培的500hPa位勢高度場Fig.2.40-year(1958-1997)pentadmeangeopotentialheightat500hPa500hPa1958-1997Pentad28(May16-May20)Unit:gpm60N50N40N30N20N10NEQ10S20SIL~'-'---i::0_,("\'12°0E140E。20E40E60EBOE100E160E180(a)28候2卽pentad500hPa1958-1997Pentad41(Jul20-Jul24)Unit:gpm60N50N40N30N20N10NEO-t{\。\'10S~\「｀-:.1~~l;;--.:`-----r,...0!''''18020E40E60EBOE100E120E140E160E(b)41候4伊pentadovertheTibetanPlateautothesubsidencemotionoverthewestcoastofAmericacanbeseenclearly;forthelatter(18°Ncross-section),therelationoftheascendingmotionoverIndochinaPeninsulamsummertothesubsidencemotionovertheAtlanticisshown.2.KindsofchartsTheatlaspresentstheseasonalmeanchartsofsummer(June-August),themonthlymeanchartsofsummerhalfyear(May-October),andpentadmeanchartsof25thto60thpentad,inwhichthehorizontaldistributionchartsofmeteorologicalelementsandphysicalvariablesaswellastheirverticalcross-sectionchartsincludingtheverticalcirculationcross-sectionalongdifferentlongitudesandlatitudesareincludedXIAllchartsarefor40-yearaverageexcepttheseasonalmeanch呾for40-yearaverageandfourfold10-yearaverage.3.Concerningthecomparisonof30-yearmeanwith40-yearmeandataInordertoestimatetheeffectofthelengthofmeteorologicalelementseriesontheclimatologicalmeanvalues,aco唧at·isonexperimentwasconductedbetween30-yearmeanand40-yearmeandata.A30-yearseriesconsistsofanythreeofthefour10-yearseries,i.e.anythreeof1958-1967,1968-1977,1978-1987,and1988-199710-yearseries.Afterwards,the30-yearmeanfieldsaremadefromthecomposite30-yearseriesrespectively.Figure1depictsthelast30-year(1968-1997)meangeopotentialheightsatSOOhPa.Figure2depictsthe40-yearmeangeopotentialheightsatSOOhPa.ComparisonofFig.laandFig.2aaswellasFig.lbandFig.2bindicatesthatthepositionandintensityofma」orcirculationsystemshavenotsignifi-cantdifferences.Comparisonofthe40-yearmeandatawithanyothercomposite30-yearmeandataindi-catesthesimilarresultstotheabove.Thatistosay,anyco唧osite30-yearmeanfieldsarecons這erablysimilartothe40-yearmeanfields.However,thedecadaldifferenceratherobvious.Therefore,thefourfold10-yearseasonalmeanfieldsareincludedintheatlas.4.Appendix.ContentofCD4.1Climatologicalcharts(CDlandCD2)CDs.Theclimatologicalchartsinclude40-yearmeanand10-yearmeanfields,whicharestoredintwoCD1storesthefollowingcontenta.Seasonal(June-August),monthly(May-October)andpentad(25th-61stpentad)meanchartsofwind(u,v),verticalvelocity(刃，temperature(T)andgeopotentialheight(h)at6levels(1000,850,700,500,200andlOOhPa).b.Seasonal(June-August),monthly(May-October)andpentad(2S111-61stpentad)meanchartsofspecifichum汕ty(q)at4levels(1000,850,700and500hPa).c.Verticalcross-sectionchartsofpentadmean(25th-61stpentad)ofmeridionalcomponent(v)of

4.1CD氣候圖(CDI和CO2)氣候圖分四十年和十年制作，共兩張CDCDl中的氣候圖為a風(u,v)、垂直速度(w)、溫度(T)和等壓面位勢高度(h)的季(6、7、8月）、月(5至10月）、候(25至61候）平均圖，共6層(1OOOhPa,850hPa,700hPa,500hPa,200hPa,1OOhPa)。b比濕(q)的季(6、7、8月）、月(5至10月）、候(25至61候）平均圖，共4層(1OOOhPa,850hPa,700hPa,500hPa)。C.沿赤道經向風分量(v)候(25至61候）平均垂直剖面圖，沿60°E、90°E、l15°E和160°E緯向風分量(u)候(25至61候）平均垂直剖面圖。d沿75°E、90°E和112.S°E的候(25至61候）平均經向垂直環流剖面圖。e沿40°N、30°N和18°N的候(25至61候）平均緯向垂直環流剖面圖。CD2中的氣候圖為a假相當位溫(0se)、相對濕度和水氣輻散的候平均圖，共4層(1OOOhPa,850hPa,700hPa,500hPa)。b渦度和散度的候平均圖，共6層(lOOOhPa,850hPa,700hPa,500hPa,200hPa,lOOhPa)。c逸出長波輻射、降水量、地面氣溫、對流降水量、地面氣壓、地面感熱通量、地面潛熱通量、地面向下熱通量、總雲量、地溫度的候平均圖。所有的氣候圖皆分40年平均和10年平均。4.2CD格點資料(CD3和CD4)(1)CD資料的範圍為全球。(2)資料分40年平均和4個10年平均，內容相同，皆為候平均(73候）。(3)資料分12層1000,925,850,700,600,500,400,300,250,200,150,100hPa。(4)資料分常規與非常規部份，常規資料為12層。A、常規部份：(1)緯向風分量(u)'(2)經向風分量(v)'(3)溫度(T)'(4)位勢高度(h)'(5)比濕(q)'(6)垂直速度严）。B、非常規部份(1)地面氣溫(cr=0.995層）,XIIhorizontalwindalongtheequator,andverticalcross-sectionchaitsofpentadmean(2S111-61'1pentad)ofzonalcomponent(u)ofhorizontalwindalong60°,90°,llS°and160°Ed.Verticalcross-sectionofpentadmean(25th-61stpentad)ofmeridionalverticalcirculationalong75°,90°and112.5°E.e.Verticalcross-sectionofpentadmean(2S1h-61stpentad)ofzonalverticalcirculationalong40°,30°and18°N.CD2storesthefollowingcontenta.Pentadmeanchartsofpseudo-equivalentpotentialtemperature(8se),relativehum汕tyanddivergenceofwatervaporat4levels(1000,850,700and500hPa).b.Pentadmeanchartsofvorticityanddivergenceat6levels(1000,850,700,500,200,lOOhPa).c.Pentadmeanchartsofupwardlongwaveradiationflux,precipitationrate,surfaceairtemperature,convectiveprecipitationrate,surfacepressure,surfacesensibleheatnetflux,surfacelatentheatnetflux,groundheanetflux,totalcloudcover,surfaces如ntemperature,Allchartsarefor40-yearaverageandfourfold10-yearaverage4.2Griddeddata(CD3andCD4)(1)TheCDdataareinglobaldomain.(2)Datacontaintwo如ndsof40-yearmeanand10-yearmeandata,bothareintheformofpentadmean(73pentadsinall)(3)Dataareavailableat12levels:1000,925,850,700,600,500,400,300,250,200,150andlOOhPa.(4)Datacontaintwopartsofconventionalandnon-conventionaldata.Conventionaldataareavailableat12levels.A.Conventionaldata:(1)zonalcomponentofhorizontalwind(u),(2)meridionalcomponentofhorizontalwind(v),(3)temperature(T),(4)geopotentialheight(h),(5)specifichumidity(q),(6)verticalvelocity(w).B.Non-conventionaldata(analysisvalues):(1)surfaceairtemperature(o-=0.995level),(2)surfacepressure,(3)sealevelpressure,(4)surfaceverticalvelocity(o-=0.995level),(5)surfacepotentialtemperature(o-=0.995level),

(2)地面氣壓，(3)海平面氣壓，(4)地面垂直速度(er=0.995層）,(5)地面位溫(cr=0.995層）,(6)地面相對濕度(cr=0.995層）,(7)地面風(cr=0.995層）,(8)地面向下熱通量，(9)地面潛熱通量，(10)地面感熱通量，(11)地面與海面溫度，(12)降水量，(13)對流降水量，(14)總雲量，(15)逸出長波輻射。致謝：我們感謝NCEP/NCAR為我們提供了寶貴的資料，感謝澳門基金會為本圖集的出版提供資助，感謝澳門運輸工務司司長歐文龍先生百忙中抽空為本書作序，感謝周詩健敎授為圖集進行英文翻譯及審核工作，感謝方淑貞及羅崇美小姐為圖集所進行文字打字和輸入工作，感謝參與圖集的全體工作人員長期以來為圖集所付出的辛勤勞動。馮瑞權澳門地球物理暨氣象局局長(6)surfacerelativehumidity(cr=0.995level),(7)surfacehorizontalwind(cr=0.995level),(8)surfacedownwardheatflux,(9)surfacelatentheatflux,(10)surfacesensibleheatflux,(11)surfaceskintemperature,(12)precipitationrate,(13)convectiveprecipitaionrate,(14)totalcloudcover,(15)upwardlongwaveradiationflux.AcknowledgmentsWeareverygratefultoNCEP/NCARfortheirvaluabledata,toMacauFoundationforthefinancial叩pporttothepublicationoftheAtlas,toMr.AoManLong,theSecretaryforTransportandPublicWorksforhiswritingtheprefacetotheAtlaswhilefullyengaged,toProf.ZhouS厠ianforhisEnglishtranslationandrevisionoftheAtlas,andtoMs.FongSokChengandMs.LoSongMeifortheirtypingallthemapu-scriptsinChineseandEnglish,toallmemberscompiledtheAtlasfortheirhardworkinginalongperiodoftime.FONGSoiKunDirectorofMacauMeteorologicalandGeophysicalBureauXIII

亞洲夏季風下圖－目羞錄第一部份：四十年(1958—1997)季平均圉圄1.四十年季平均海平面氣壓場與分析的降水場固·································································································1圄2.四十年季平均lOOOhPa流場與温度瑒圄··············································································································1圖3.回十年季平均SSOhPa流瑒與温度場圈················································································································1圈4.哼十年季平均SSOhPa水汽場與水平風輻散場囿．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．，．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．，．．．…············································1圄5.哼十年季平均SSOhPa位勢高度場與假相噹位温場圄········································"···············"···························2圀6.四十年季平均850hPa垂直速度(w)場圄·······································································································2固7.回十年季平均SOOhPa位勢高度與温度場圄······································································································2固8.四十年季平均SOOhPa垂直速度(w)場固······································································"·•·····························2圄9.回十年季平均200hPa流場與温度場圖·············································"·································································3固10.四十年季平均200hPa水平風輻散場圄················································································································3圄11.四十年季平均lOOhPa流場與温度場圈·······························"···············································································3圈12.哼十年季平均分析的逸出長波輻射場圄..............................................................................................................3圖13.四十年季平均沿18°N垂直環流場圈·····················································································································4圄14.哼十年季平均沿75°E垂直環流場圄·······················································································•,o••··························4圄15.四十年季平均沿30°N垂直環流瑒固·····················································································································4囿16.四十年季平均沿90°E垂直環流場圈······················································································································4固17.回十年季平均沿40°N垂直環流場圄·············································································································"······5圖18.哼十年季平均沿112.5°E垂直環流場固··································································"············································5圄19.四十年季平均沿60°E緯向風分量(u)的垂直剖面圈·····················································································5圈20.四十年季平均沿90°E緯向風分量(u)垂直剖面囿················································································….......5固21.四十年季平均沿112.5°E緯向風分量(u)垂直剖面圄···································""············································6圈22哼十年季平均沿160°E緯向風分量(u)垂直剖面圖·······················································································6圄23.四十年季平均沿赤道經向風分量(v)的垂直剖面圈…·················"···….....................…·············….....,.•…....6圈24.四十年季平均對流頂氣壓與温度場圄·······························...··································································"·····.......6第二鄣份：四個十年(1958—1967,1968—1977,1978—1987,1988—1997)季平均團圈25-28.四個十年季平均海平面氣壓場與分析的降水場固，，，，,,,,,,...................................,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,7圖29-32.哼個十年季平均lOOOhPa流瑒與温度場固，...............…,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,.,.,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,8囿33-36.哼個十年季平均850hPa流場與温度場圉,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,9圄37-40.四個十年季平均850hPa水汽場與水平風輻散場圖...................................................................................10固41-44.哼個十年季平均85011Pa位勢高度場與假相當位温場圈，，，，，.....................................................................11xv圄45-48.哼個十年季平均850hPa垂直速度(w)場固...........................................................................................12固49-52.四個十年季平均SOOhPa位勢高度與温度場圄...........................................................................................13圄53-56.哼個十年季平均500hPa垂直速度(w)場圄...........................................................................................14岡57-60.哼個十年季平均200hPa流場與温度場固············........................................................................................15圄61-64.哼個十年季平均200hPa水平風輻散場圈....................................................................................................16圈65-68.四個十年季平均分析的逸出長波輻射場圈..................................................................................................17圄69-76回個十年季平均沿18°N垂直環流場圄四個十年季平均沿75°E垂直環流場圈··················..········..······················....·....·.·..··································18-19圖77-84國個十年季平均沿30°N垂直環流場圈因個十年季平均沿90°E垂直環流場圄····································································································20-21圈85-92四個十年季平均沿40°N垂直環流場圖四個十年季平均沿112.5°E垂直環流瑒圄...............................................................................................22-23固93-96.哼個十年季平均沿60°E緯向風分量(u)的垂直剖面圖.........................................................................24固97-100.哼個十年季平均沿90°E緯向風分量(u)垂直剖面圈......…………….......…,......................…..…,...…...25圄101-104.哼個十年季平均沿112.5°E緯向風分量(u)垂直剖面圈...................................................................26圄105-108.四個十年季平均沿160°E緯向風分量(u)垂直剖面圄........................…·…·…·…............................27固109-112四個十年季平均沿赤道經向風分量(v)的垂直剖面圈…….....…,............…................…,.......…..…28第三鄣份：四十年(1958—1997)月平均圖圄113-118哼十年（五月至十月）月平均海平面氣壓·場與分析的降水場固．．．…，..............…·…...................…..29-30固119-124哼十年（五月至十月）月平均lOOOhPa流場與温度場圄．．．……""…·…,...…......…"…"…..........…30-31固125-130.四十年（五月至十月）月平均850hPa流場與温度場囿，....................................................................32-33囹131-136四十年（五月至十月）月平均850hPa水汽場與水平風輻散瑒固....................................................33-34圄137-142哼十年（五月至十月）月平均850hPa位勢高度場與假相當位温場圍....................................35-36圍143-148.哼十年（五月至十月）月平均850hPa垂直速度(w)場圈…......…...................…·…......…......….36-37圄149-154.四十年（五月至十月）月平均SOOhPa位勢高度與温度瑒圄…．．．．…·…,.......…...........…·….......…..38-39固155-160.哼十年（五月至十月）月平均SOOhPa垂直速度(w)場圈…...…,,.......…,..…·…,,..........…........…..39-40固161-166哼十年（五月至十月）月平均200hPa流場與温度場囿．．．．．．．…….....….................................…......41-42圄167-172.四十年（五月至十月）月平均200hPa水平風輻散場囿．．…，....................................................……..42-43圄173-178.四十年（五月至十月）月平均分析的逸出長波輻射場圄…，．，．．．．．．….............…·…............................44-45圄179-190哼十年（五月至十月）月平均沿18°N垂直環流場囿回十年（五月至十月）月平均沿75°E垂直環流場固….............…·…......…,..................................……45-48

固191-202四十年（五月至十月）月平均沿30°N垂直環流瑒囿四十年（五月至十月）月平均沿90°E垂直環流場固............................................................................48-51圄203-214.國十年（五月至十月）月平均沿40°N垂直環流場匱哼十年（五月至十月）月平均沿112.5°E垂直環流瑒固．…．…...….…......…………..…....…...………..….….51-54固215-220.四十年（五月至十月）月平均沿60°E緯向風分量(u)的垂直剖面固...........................................54-55固221-226.面十年（五月至十月）月平均沿90°E緯向風分量(u)垂直剖面固·································56-57圖227-232.四十年（五月至十月）月平均沿112.5°E褘向風分量(u)垂直剖面圈.....................................57-58圄233-238哼十年（五月至十月）月平均沿160°£緯向風分量(u)垂直剖面圈......................................59-60囿239-244四十年（五月至十月）月平均沿赤道經向風分量(v)的垂直剖面固···································60-61第四鄣份：四十年(1958-1997)候平均岡圄245-280四十年（第25候至60候）候平均海平面氣壓場與分析的降水場圄........................................62-70圄281-316哼十年（第25候至60候）候平均100011Pa流場與温度場囿…..........…..…....................…,…......71-79囹317-352四十年（第25候至60候）候平均85011Pa流場與温度場圄．．……..............…,........….............…,.80-88圄353-388四十年（第25候至60候）候平均850bPa水汽瑒與水平風輻散場固....................,.................89-97囹389-424國十年（第25候至60候）候平均850bPa位勢高度場與假相雷位温場圄............................98-106固425-460四十年（第25候至60候）候平均850hPa垂直速度(w)場固..........................................107-115固461-496四十年（第25候至60候）候平均SOOhPa位勢高度與温度場固................................................116-124圈497-532四十年（第25候至60候）候平均SOOhPa垂直速度(w)場固................................................125-133圄533-568.四十年（第25候至60候）候平均200hPa流場與温度場固………，．．．．，．，．…，．．…...…,.....…..……..…...134-142囹569-604.四十年（第25候至60候）候平均20011Pa水平風輻散場闕．．…............................…,...................143-151囹605-640.回十年（第25候至60候）候平均分析的逸出長波輻射場圄…....…....…·…,..…,....…....…........152-160固641-712四十年（第25候至60候）候平均沿18°N垂直環流場區回十年（第25候至60候）候平均沿75°E垂直環流瑒岡．．．．，．．．．，．．．，．．…，．．．，….......……,….......…161-178圄713-784.回十年（第25候至60候）候平均沿30°N垂直環流場區四十年（第25候至60候）候平均沿90咆垂直環流場圈..............................................................179-196囧785-856國十年（第25候至60候）候平均沿40°N垂直環流場囹四十年（第25候至60候）候平均沿112.5°E垂直環流場圄..........................................................197-214圍857-892四十年（第25候至60候）候平均沿60°E緯向風分量(u)的垂直剖面圄.................215一223固893-928哼十年（第25候至60候）候平均冶90°E緯向風分量(u)垂直剖面圄.................224一-232固929-964哼十年（第25候至60候）候平均沿112.5°E緯向風分量(u)垂直剖面圄..............................233-241固965-1000四十年（第25候至60候）候平均沿赤道經向風分量(v)的垂直剖面囿..................................242-250Co獄,en認一£or一嶠i_aru邲mme已伷n忥20J1_8haPartOne:Chartsfor40-yearseasonalmean(1958-1997)-earseasonalmeanverticalc1rculat1onvectors111crosssectionalong30°N...............................................................................4Chart15.40yChartI.40y-earseasonalmeansealevelpressureandprec1p1tat1onrate........................................................................................................1-earseasonalmeanverticalcirculationvectorsincrosssectionalong90°E................................................................................4Ch汨·t16.40yChart2.40y-earseasonalmeantemperatureandhorizontalwmdstreanl1111esatIOOOhPa..............................,..............................................1-earseasonalmeanverticalrnculat1011vectors111crosssectionalong40°N...............................................................................5Chart17.40y--earseasonalmeantemperatureandhorizontalwindstreaml111esat85011Pa.............................................................................1Chart3.40y-earseasonalmeanverticalcirculationvectors111crosssectionalongIl2.5°E...........................................................................5Chart18.40yChart4.40-yearseasonalmeanspecifichum汕tyanddivergenceofhorizontalwindat850hPa..................................................................1Chart19.40-yearseasonalmeanzonalcomponentofhorizontalwind(u)incrosssectionalong60°E...........................................................5Chart5.40-yearseasonalmeangeopotentialheightsandpseudoequivalentpotentialtemperatureat850hPa..............................................2Chart20.40-yearseasonalmeanzonalcomponentofhorizontalwind(u)incrosssectionalong90°E...........................................................5-earseasonalmeanverticalvelocity(w)at850hPa....................................................................................................................2Chart6.40yChart21.40-yearseasonalmeanzonalcomponentofhorizontalwind(u)incrosssectionalongII2.5°E......................................................6Chart7.40-yearseasonalmeangeopotentialheightsandtemperatureatSOOhPa...........................................................................................2-earseasonalmeanzonalcomponentofhonzontalwind(u)incrosssectionalong160°E.........................................................6Chart22.40y-earseasonalmeanverticalvelocity(w)atSOOhPa...................................................................................................................2Chart8.40yChart23.40-yearseasonalmeanmeridionalcomponentofhorizontalwind(v)incrosssectionalongtheequator........................................6Chart9.40y-earseasonalmeantemperatureandhorizontalwmdstreamlinesat20011Pa...............................................................................3-earseasonalmeanairtemperatureandpressureoftropopause...................................................................................................6Chart24.40yChart10.40y-earseasonalmeandivergenceofhorizontalwindat200hPa......................................................................................................3Chart11.40y-earseasonalmeantemperatureandhorizontalwindstreamlmesatlOOhPa...............................................................................3PartTlvo:Chartsfor10-yearseasonalmean(1958-1967,1968-1977,1978-1987,1988-1997)Chart12.40y-earseasonalmeanupwardlongwaverad1at1onfluxatnommaltopofatmosphere....................................................................3Chart25-28.10-yearseasonalmeansealevelpressureandprec1p1tat1onrate.................................-earseasonalmeanverticalcu-culat1onvectors111crosssectionalong18°N...............................................................................4Chart13.40yChart29-32.10-yearseasonalmeantemperatureandhorizontalwindstreamlinesat!OOOhPa..........................................................................8Chart14.40y-earseasonalmeanverticalctrculatwnvectors111crosssectionalono75°E................................................................................4。-earseasonalmeantemperatureandhorizontalw111dstreamlinesat850hPa............................................................................9Chart33-36.IOyXVI

Chart37-4010-yearseasonalmeanspecifichum汕tyanddivergenceofhonzontalwindat850hPa..............................................................10Chart191-202.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)verticalcirculationvectorsincrosssectionalong30°NChart41-44l0-yearseasonalmeangeopotentialheightsandpseudoequivalentpotentialtemperatureat850hPa.........................................1140-yearmonthlymean(May-October)verticalcirculationvectors111crosssectionalong90°E...........................................48-51Chart45-4810-yearseasonalmeanverticalvelocity(w)at850hPa.............................................................................................................12Chart203-214.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)verticalcirculationvectorsincrosssectionalong40°NChart49-52.10-yearseasonalmeangeopotentialheightsandtemperatureat500hPa......................................................................................1340-yea.rmonthlymean(May-October)verticalcirculationvectorsincrosssectionalongl12.5°E......................................51-54Chart53-5610-yearseasonalmeanverticalvelocity(w)at500hPa.............................................................................................................14Chart215-220.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)zonalcomponentofhorizontalwind(u)incrosssectionalong60°E......................54-55Chart57-6010-yearseasonalmeantemperatureandhonzontalwmdstreamlinesat200hPa..........................................................................15Chart221-226.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)zonalcomponentofhorizontalwind(u)incrosssectionalong90°E......................56-57Chart61-6410-yearseasonalmeandivergenceofhorizontalwindat200hPa.................................................................................................16Chart227-232.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)zonalcomponentofhorizontalwind(u)incrosssectionalong112.5°E.................57-58Chart65-6810-yeai·seasonalmeanupwardlongwaveradiationfluxatnominaltopofatmosphere...............................................................17Chart233-238.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)zonalcomponentofhorizontalwind(u)incrosssectionalong160°E....................59-60Chart69-76-earseasonalmeanverticalcirculationvectorsincrosssectionalong18°N10yChart239-244.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)meridionalco唧onentofhorizontalwind(v)incrosssectionalongtheequator....60-61JO-yearseasonalmeanverticalcirculationvectors111crosssectionalong75°E......................................................................18-19Chart77-84-earseasonalmeanverticalrnculat,onvectors111crosssectionalong30°N10yPartFour:Chartsfor40-yearpentadmean(1958-1997)-earseasonalmeanverticalcirculationvectorsmcrosssectionalong90°E......................................................................20-2110yChart245-280.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)sealevelpressureandprecipitationrate................................................................62-70Chart85-92-eai·seasonalmeanverticalcirculationvectorsmcrosssectionalong40°N10yChart281-316.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)temperatureandhorizontalwindstreamlinesatJOOOhPa.....................................71-79-earseasonalmeanverticalcirculationvectorsmcrosssectionalongl12.5°E.................................................................22-2310yChart317-352.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)temperatureandhorizontalwindstreamlinesat850hPa.......................................80-88Chart93-9610-yearseasonalmeanzonalcomponentofhorizontalwind(u)incrosssectionalong60°E......................................................24Chart353-388.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)specifichumidityanddivergenceofhorizontalwindat850hPa...........................89-97Chart97-100-earseasonalmeanzonalcomponentofhorizontalwmu111crosssectionalong90°E......................................................2510yd()Chart389-424.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)geopotentialheightsandpseudoequivalentpotentialt頤1peratureat850hPaChart101-104.10-yearseasonalmeanzonalcomponentofhonzontalwindumcrosssectionalong112.5°E.................................................26()....................................................................98-106Chart105-108.10-yearseasonalmeanzonalcomponentofhorizontalwind(u)incrosssectionalong160°E....................................................27Chart425-460.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)verticalvelocity(w)at85011Pa.......................................................…107-115Chart109-112.10-yearseasonalmeanmeridionalcomponentofhorizontalwind(v)incrosssectionalongtheequator....................................28Chart461-496.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)geopotentialheightsandtemperatureat500hPa............................................116-124Chart497-532.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)verticalvelocity(w)at500hPa......................................................................125-133PartThree:Chartsfor40-yearmonthlymean(1958-1997)Chart533-568.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)temperatureandhorizontalwindstreamlinesat200hPa...................................134-142Chart113-118.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)sealevelpressureandprecipitationrate......................................................................29-30Chart569-604.40-yearmonthlymean(25th-60thpentad)divergenceofhorizontalwindat200hPa.......................................................143-151Chart119-124.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)temperatureandhorizontalwindstreamlinesatlOOOhPa........................................30-31Chart605-640.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)upwai·dlongwaveradiationfluxatnominaltopofatmosphere........................152-160Chart125-130.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)temperatureandhorizontalwindstreamlinesat850hPa..........................................32-33Chart641-712.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)verticalcirculationvectorsincrosssectionalong18°NChart131-136.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)specifichum汕tyanddivergenceofhorizontalwindat850hPa..............................33-3440-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)verticalcirculationvectors111crosssectionalong75°E....................................161-178Chart137-142.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)geopotentialheightsandpseudoequivalentpotentialtemperatureat850hPa.........35-36Chart713-784.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)verticalcirculationvectorsincrosssectionalong30°NChart143-148.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)verticalvelocity(w)at850hPa.............................................................................36-37pentadverticalcirculationvectorsmcrosssectionalong90°E....................................179-19640-yeai-pentadmean(25th-60th)Chart149-154.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)geopotentialheightsandtemperatureat50011Pa......................................................38-39Chart785-856.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)verticalcirculationvectorsincrosssectionalong40°NChart155-160.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)verticalvelocity(w)at500hPa...........................................................................39-4040-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)verticalcirculationvectorsincrosssectionalong112.5°E..............................197-214Chart161-166.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)temperatureandhorizontalwindstreamlinesat200hPa…..........................41-42Chart857-892.40-ye缸pentadmean(25th-60thpentad)zonalcomponentofhorizontalwind(u)incrosssectionalong60°E...............215-223Chart167-172.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)divergenceofhorizontalwindat200hPa...............................................................42-43Chart893-928.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)zonalcomponentofhorizontalwind(u)incrosssectionalong90°E................224-232Chart173-178.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)upwardlongwave呻ationfluxatnominaltopofatmosphere...............................44-45Chart929-964.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)zonalcomponentofhorizontalwind(u)incrosssectionalong112.5°E..........233-241Chart179-J90.40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)verticalcirculationvectorsincrosssectionalong18°NChart965-1000.40-yearpentadmean(25th-60thpentad)meridionalcomponentofhorizontalwind(v)incrosssectionalongtheequator40-yearmonthlymean(May-October)verticalcirculationvectorsmcrosssectionalong75°E...........................................45-48242-250.....................................................,..................................................................................................................................................................XVII

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