澳門商法典概論 - 在線閱讀

澳門I豐霏霈悶震的蔣恩慈亻奐放著會嚻雪典

內容簡介澳門商法典結構上以大陸法系商法典為基礙，採納了現代商人法主義的立法原則，吸取現代商業社會的一些新的概念、法律制度和商業組織形式以及國際上通用的商業慣例，系統全面，對商業活動有較細致的規範。全書共四編，第一編為澳門商法典總論，第二編為商業企業組織，第三編為企業外部活動的法律問頲，第四編為債權證券。

澳門法律叢書葦IP~ill法農鼴驢Introdu~oaoC6digoComercialdeMacau蔣恩惡侯放著澳門基全會出版2000年1月

編輯説朗（中葡聯合謦胡）和（澳門特別行政區基本法）都胡理規定，1999年12月20El中固恢復在澳門行使主懽後實行"-國兩制＇的政策，溴門現行的社會、經濟制度不變，生活方式不變，法律基本不變。社會、經濟制度也好，生活方式也好，很大程度上都以法律形式加以承認規範。然而，由於歷史原因和文化差異，長期以來，主要源於葡萄牙法制模式的溴門法律並不為佔本地人口絕大多數的華人社令所了解，儘管近年法律本地化和翻譯工作已有進展，但離澳門經濟社會發展、尤其是政治行政交接的形勢需要仍有差距，因此，認識、斫究和宣傳溴門法律，為糸統整理、評價和調整現行法律即法律本地化提供必要的條件，便成為後過渡期刻不容緩的一項重要而艱巨的任務。在禍輯（澳門叢書）之一（澳門法律）時，我們便萌生紐織絹寫一套（澳門法律叢書）的念頭。（澳門法律）問世後，社會各界反應良好，許多熱心的讀者還提議在此一基璜上進行深入畊究，在內容上加以擴充。我們也因而深受鼓舞，尤其得到一批正在崛起成熟的丶對中葡法律都有較深刻認知和研究的朋友的支持後，信心大增，決定知難而進。經過一年多的籌備，這套依部門法編撰、並在各書未附錄有關荷中法律詞匯的法律叢書終於可以與讀者見面。

藉此機會，我們衷心感謝各位作者的信任和支持，沒有他們的辛勤耕耘，便沒有（澳門法律叢書）的問世。我們萬分感謝澳門大學法學院教授丶里斯本大學社會科學研究所斫究員、紀念葡萄牙發現事業全國委員會總干事葉士朋(AntonioManuelHespanha)教授的理鰩和支持，他不僅將其大作（澳門法制史概論）當作本叢書的第一部，還為本叢書寫（序），一言九鼎，令這套主要面向中文譜者的（法律叢書｝生色不少。吳志良一九九六年一月

H錄序言........................................................................I第一編澳門商法典總論第一章緒論...............................................................2第一節商事的概念和範圍.......................................2第二節商事法律的歷史沿革....................................3第三節商法的對象一商事關係………………………10第四節商法的特點.............................................11第五節商事法的基本原則....................................17第二章本論............................................................22第一節商主體...................................................22第二節商行爲...................................................25第三節商業名稱................................................28第四節商業帳簿................................................34第五節商業企業的代理.......................................39第六節商業企業競爭規則....................................41第二縝商業企業組織第三章公司法概述...................................................48第一節澳門公司立法沿革....................................48

第二節公司的概念.............................................50第三節公司的能力·············································50第四節公司的設立·············································51第五節公司股東的權利和義務．．．…........................53第六節公司的機關.............................................54第七節公司的合併和分立....................................60第八節公司的解散和清算....................................63第九節公司行爲的公開和時效制度……………………65第四章無限公司和兩合公司…………………………………67第一節無限公司的概念及特徵…………………………67第二節無限公司股東出資的銷除………………………68第三節無限公司的機關.......................................69第四節無限公司的解散和清算．．．．…．．………············70第五節兩合公司................................................71第五章有限公司......................................................73第一節有限公司的概念和特徵...………...…............73第二節有限公司股東與公司的關係……………………74第三節有限公司的股東會和行政管理機關……………76第四節一人有限公司..........................................77第六章股份有限公司................................................79第一節股份有限公司的特點.................................79第二節公司的設立.............................................80第三節公司的股份和股票....................................82第四節公司的盈利和公積金．．．．．．………．．．…............84第五節公司的債券·············································85

第六節股份有限公司的股東會和董事會………………86773))l第七章經濟利益集團................................................88第一節概念和特徵.............................................88第二節經濟利益集團的機關...…...........................89第三節經濟利益集團成員的權利和義務………………90第四節成員的退出、除名和死亡...…........................91第五節經濟利益集團的解散和清算……………………92第八章合作經營......................................................93第一節合作經營合同的概念和特徵……………………93第二節內部合作經營和對外合作經營…………………94第三節合作經營的終止.......................................9633467第九章隱名合夥......................................................97第一節隱名合夥的概念和特徵…………………………97第二節合同當事人的權利和義務………………………98第三節隱名合夥合同的終止…...………..................99第三縝企業外部活動的法律問題第十章商業法律行為的一般原則…………………………...10299O245第十一章各類商業合同........…...….…..…..........…......107第一節行紀合同................................................107第二節承攬運送合同··········································113第二節代辦商合同.............................................115第四節商業特許合同..........................................123

第五節特許經營合同··································"······127第六節居間合同................................................134第七節廣告合同.............................................136第八節運送合同................................................142第九節一般倉儲寄託豆鬥］］二二二二二二二二二二二148第十節旅舍住宿合同152第十一節交互結算合同.......................................156第十二節回購合同第十三節銀行合同二二二二二二二二二二二二160159第十四節擔保合同·············································176第十五節保險合同第十六節寄售合同二二二二二二二二二二二二210186第十七節供應合同.............................................210第四編債権證券第十二章有關債権證券的一般性規範………………………214第一節債權證券簽發和流通的一般原則………………214第二節無記名式證券的流通原則………………………220第三節指示式證券的流通原則…．．．．．．．．．…．．．…………222第四節記名式證券的流通原則.....................………228第十三章有關特別債権證券的規範…………………………230第一節匯票......................................................230第二節本票......................................................246第三節支票......................................................248PrtCaCaCa

,IndiceI....···..·..·.........·...··...····.··.·.......··..·。ic,aferpTituloINocoesgeraisdoCodigoComercialdeMacauCapituloIIntroduc訕...............................................................21.1Conceitoeambitodocomercio·..·..·..··......................·........2l.2EvolucaodoDireitoComercial..··..·..··..··........................···31.3磡ectodoDireitoComercial..........................................1014CC.aracterist1casdoDireitoomerc1al..............·........·..·..····11l.5PrincipiosfundamentaisdoDireitoComercial..·..·..............·17i、丿CapituloIINocoeselementares···················································222.1Su」eitodarelac;aocomercial·············································22220.sactosdecomercio······················································252.3Firma········································································2824E..scnturac;aomercantil···················································34d2.5Representac;aoaempresacomerc,al····..···························392.6Regrasdeconcorrenciadaempresacomercial························41丶'43TituloIIEmpresacomercial、J)33CapituloIIIIntroduc訕aoDireitodassociedadescomerciais…………483.1EvolucaodalegislacaorelativaasociedadescomerciaisemMacau..................................................................483.2Conceitodesociedadecomercial····..........·..···....·········..····503.3Capacidadedasoc1edadecomerc1al·····..···..·····..·····......····..503.4Constituicaodasociedadecomercial·..·······················..········513.5Direitoseobrigac函sdoss6cios·······································53

3.6Orgaosdassociedades·..···..··..·..·......·······........····........··543.7Fusaoec函odesociedades..·..·······..·..·..·..·····..·....········..603.8Dissolucaoeliquidacaodesociedades................................·633.9Publicidadedosactossociaiseregimedeprescricao..···..·..·····65CapituloIVSociedadesemnomecolectivoesociedadesemcomandita..·..·..·..··....····..··..·..·..··..··..····..····....··..·..·..·674.1Conceitoecaracteristicasdasociedadeemnomecolectivo……674.2Arnortizacaodeparticipacoess如aisdossociosdasociedadeemnomecolectivo..·..........................·......·....·....·......·..·684.3Orgaosdasociedadeemnomecolectivo..............................694.4Dissolucaoeliquidacaodasociedadeemnomecolectivo………704.5Sociedadesemcomandita............·..................·................71CapituloVSociedadesporquotas....................·..·......·............·....735.1Conceitoecaracteristicasdasociedadeporquotas............·....·735.2Relac函sentreasociedadeporquotaseseuss6cios......·..·..…745.3Assembleiageraleadrninistracaodasociedadeporquotas……765.4Sociedadeporquotascomumurucosocio....·......................77CapituloVISociedadesanonimas·····..·..······..·····..·········..··..····..··7961C.d.aracterist1casasociedadean6rnma··..··..·..···..··........·....··796.2Codnstituicaoasoc1edadeanornma·..········..···..····......···..·..806.3Accoesecautelasdeaccoesdasociedadeanon皿a..................826.4Lucrosereservadasociedadean6nima.........···..................846.5Titulosdasociedadean6nima···········...............................856.6Assembleiageraleconselhodeadministracao······..................86CapituloVIIAgrupamentodeinteresseeconomicos··…….........…......887.1Conceitoecaracteristicasdoagrupamentodeinteresseeconom1co··································································88c((-

546063657.2Orgaosdoagrupamentodeinteresseeconomico·····················897.3Direitoseobrigacoesdosmembros......·....·....·..............·....907.4Exoneracao,exclusaoemortedemembro............·......·......·917.5Dissoluc;aoeliquidacaodoagrupamentodeinteresseeconom1co····....·..·······..·..·..·..·..·..····..··..·....·..··....··..·..926767686970717373747677797980828485868888CapituloVIIConsorcio·....·..·..·..·..·····..·..........·..·..·..·..·..·..·..····938.1Conceitoecaracteristicasdocontratodecons6rcio...…...……938.2Co'.nsorc10mternoeexterno..........·....·........·....................9483C.essacaodoconsorc10..·........····..····..·..··..·..·....··..····....·96..CapituloIXAssociacaoemparhc1pac訕.......................................979.1Conceitoecaracteristicasdaassociac;aoemparticipac;iio………979.2Direitoseobrigac函sdaspartesdaassociacaoemparticipacao…989.3C-ddessacaoocontratoeassociacaoemparttc1pacao..............·99TituloIIIActividadeexternadaempresaCapituloXPrincipiosgeraisaobservarnosnegocios」ur汕co-comerc1a1s·....·..·..·....···....·..·..·..·..·..··....·..·..·..·..····102CapituloXIContratoscomerciais................·................·........·..10711.1Contratodecomissao..·......·........·..........·..................10711.2Contratodeexped謳0................................................11311.3Contratodeagencia..........·............................·..·........11511.4Contratodeconces語ocomercial··..·......····..·..·········..··..·12311.5Codfntratoeranqwa····..·········..····..····..··..···············12711.6Contratodemed」ac;ao................................................13411.7Contratospublicitarios..·..................·......·....·....·..·..·..·13611.8Contratodetransporte.........·.............................·........142119D'..epos1toemarmazensgerais.......................................148

11.10Contratodehospedagem···..·······..·........·............····....·15211.11Contratodecontacorrente···········..··············..······..·....15611.12Contratodereporte···························..···..·..·····........·15911.13Contratosbancarios·....··········..·················..···..·..·..····16011.14Contratodegarantia11.15Contratodeseguro…二二二二二二二二二二17618611.16Contratoestimat6rio······························..···....······..·2101117Co.ntratodefornec1mento..........................................210TituloIVTitulosdeer紬toCapituloXIIDisposicoesgeraisdoshtulosdecredito······…............21412.1Principiosgeraisdaemis函oecirculacaodostitulosdecredito..·..·..·....··...·..·..···.....·..·..··········......·........21412.2Regrasdecirculacaodostitulosaoportador.....................22012.3Regrasdecirculacaodostitulosaordem...........................22212.4Regrasdecirculacaodostitulosnominativos............·........228CapituloXIIOstitulosdecreditoemespecial......·..·....·..·............23013.1Letradecambio·..·..·..······..··..········..··..··....·..·..··..·..···23013.2Livranca·..·..·....··....····..··..···..··············....··..·....·..····24613.3Cheque··....·....··..·..·..·..·..·....·..·..·..······......··..·..·....·248~

ContentsForeword··············································································IPartIGeneralPrinciplesonCommercialCodeinMacaoChapterIGeneralIntroduction..................................................·2110>.mmerce,itsconceptandscope............................·..........2l.2Historicaldevelopmentofcommerciallaw....................·......31.3Ob」ectofcommerciallaw................................................10l.4Characteristicsofcommerciallaw....................................11l.5Fundamentalprinciplesofcommerciallaw..........................·17ChapterIIGeneralprovisionsofcommerciallaw···························2221Sb.f.uiectocommerc1allegalrelationship....·..·······················222.2Commercialacts..··....·..······..·········..······················..···252.3Businessnames..········..·....···········....···········..······..··..···282.4Businessbooks···..·..·..·..·..······......··..·..···..········..·········342.5Commercialagents..·..·..·..······..··..·..··..·....··..·..·..·········392.6Rulesofcompetitionofcommercialenterprises.....................41PartIICommercialEnterprisesChapterIIIGeneralintroductiontocompanylaw····..·····················483.1HistoryofcompanylegislationinMacau..·········..··..·........·483.2Conceptofacornpany..........·····..···..····..··········..........···503.3Capacityofacompany............·..·........·..··....·..·..····..······503.4Establishmentofacompany..........................................513.5Rightsandobligationsofcompanyshareholders··················533.6Organsofacompany......······....................·..·..·..··········54

3.7Mergerand山visionofacompany····································603.8Dissolutionandliquidationofacompany···························633.9Publicationofthecompany'sactandprescription···············65ChapterIVUnlimitedcompanyandlimitedpartnership………………674.1Conceptandcharacteristicsofanunlimitedcompany….........674.2Amortizationofanuni皿tedcompany..·..·..···..·····..·..·..·..·684.3organsofanuni皿tedcompany·....···..··..·..··..·....··....·..·..·694.4Dissolutionofanuni皿tedcompany··..·..···.."··..···..··········704.5Limitedpatnership......................................................71ChapterVLimitedcompany..··..··..···..···..·..·..·..·..·..·..·······..·....··735.1Conceptandcharacteristicsofalimitedcompany··················735.2Relationshipbetweenthelimitedcompanyanditsshareholders..·..·..·..·..·..··..·....··..·..·..··......··....·..··..·..·..745.3Shareholders'meetingandadministrativeorgansofalimitedcompany.....................................................................765.4Onepersonlmitedcompany..........................................77ChapterVICompanylimitedbyshares······..··..·..·......··....·........··796.1Characteristicsofacompanylimitedbyshares·····················796.2Establishmentofacompanylimitedbyshares··········...........806.3Sharesandsharecertificatesofacompanylimitedbyshares…826.4Profitandcommonreserveofacompanylimitedbyshares…846.5Bondsofacompanylimitedbyshares..............................856.6Shareholders'meetingandboardofdirectorsofacompanylimitedbyshares·....···..·..············································86ChapterVIIEconom1cmterestgroup..........................................887.1Conceptandcharacteristicsofaneconomicinterestgroup……88720f.rgansoaneconomicmterestgroup........................·..·..89

7.3Rightsandobligationsofmembersofaneconomicinterestgroup........................................................................907.4Withdrawfromandexpultionanddeathofthememberofaneconomicmterestgroup······..··..·..·..·..··..···......··..····..··..917.5Dissolutionandliquidationofaneconomicinterestgroup……92ChapterVIIICooperahvebusmess·············································938.1Conceptandcharacteristicsofacooperativebusiness…......…938.2Internalcooperativebusinessandexternalcooperativebusiness··················..·················································948.3Terminationofacooperativebusiness······························96ChapterIXDormantpartnership·..·..·....·..··..·..····..·····..··..·..·..··..979.1Conceptandcharacteristicsofadonnantpartnership….........979.2Rightsandobligationsofpartiesofadonnantpartnership……989.3Tenninationofadonnantpartnershipcontract..................99PartIIIExternalactivitiesofanenterpriseChapterXGeneralrulesgovernmgthecommercialact··················102ChapterXIVarietyofcommercialcontracts........·........................10711.1Commissionagencycontract........·....·........................·10711.2Carriagemandatecontract..................·............·..........11311.3Tradeagencycontract................................................115114Cof·1.ntractocommerciaconcession................·..........·....·12311.5Franchisecontract..·..·..·..··....·..·..··....·..·..·..··..·········12711.6Contractofmediation..........·..........................·......·..·13411.7Adverticementcontract....·..·................·..·..·......·..·....13611.8Carriagecontract11.9Warehousingcontr~~~..::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::142148

11.10Contractofaccommodation......·......·........·............·..·15211.11Contractofcurrentaccount·................·....................·15611.12Buy-backcontract..·..·..·..·..···......·..··········..·····....····15911.13Bankingcontracts............................·..........·..·..·....·16011.14Contractofguarantee................................................17611.15Contractsofinsurance·......·..·............................·....·18611.16Consignationcontract·..·..·......·..........·......................·21011.17Contractofsupply..·......................·..·..·....·..·....·......210PartIVCreditsecuritiesChapterXIIGeneralprovisionsonthecreditsecurities..............·..·21412.1Generalpriciplesontheissueandcirculationofcreditsecurities······..··..····..·....·..·..·····....·...····..····..···21412.2Rulesonthecirculationofbearercreditsecurties...............22012.3Rulesonthecirculationofcreditsecuritiestoorder...…......22212.4Rulesonthecirculationofnominativecreditsecurities……228ChapterXIIISpecialp..rov1s10nsoncreditsecurities················..······23013.1Billsofexchange..............·................·........·......··....·23013.2Promissarynotes····....·..··..·..·..·....·..···········..·..·········24613.3Cheques·......··..·..·..·..···········..·······..························248

序言澳門是一個商業社會，需要適合本地實際的商業法律。但是，多年來澳門一直沿用葡圉一個多世紀前頒佈的商法典和其他商業法律。在這新舊世紀交接之際，澳門的歷史將揭開新的一頁，開始實現｀｀一國兩制，澳人治澳，高度自治＂，在經濟上要開創一個新的境地，因而迫切需要有一個符合澳門實際情形的比較有效和完善的商業法律框架。近年來，在法律本地化的要求下開始了澳門商業法律的起草。澳門政府於1989年委託葡萄牙法學專家起草澳門公司法草稿，於1991年初起在澳門公開徵詢意見。近來，又聘請法律專家以葡國現行商法典卮藍本，參照其他歐洲和亞洸國家和地區的商業立法的經驗，起草澳門的商法典。1999年8月3日第40/99/M號法令批准的澳門商法典是澳門商業立法史上的重要事件，標誌澳門商業法律本地化現代化的開始。澳門商法典結構上以大陸法系商法典爲基礎，採納了現代商人法主義的立法原則，吸取現代商業社會的一些新的概念、法律制度和商業組織形式以及團際上通用的商業慣例，系統全面，對商業活動有較細致的規範。但是，由於立法方法上的原因，以及時間較短，法典末能完全反映澳門社會的現實情形，因此，需要經過實踐，特別是聽取社會的建議和意見，加以檢討修訂，使其更趨完善。作者多年來從事歐美團家商法的比較研究，並接觸不少澳門I

商業法律的資料，其中蔣恩慈先生曾以中國法律專家身份直接參與澳門商法典的翻譯工作。我們撰寫此書的目的，是以澳門商法典的內容爲基礎，適當參考和比較德園、法國、意大利、日本等大陸法系商法及英國、美國以及鄰近國家和地區的法律，對澳門商法典的內容作一簡略而全面的介紹，並作一初步的評論，希望使澳門社會包括商界對這一法典有一全面的了解，爲境外商人來澳經商投資提供起碼的法律指南，並爲關心澳門商業法律的學界提供最基本的資料。全書共四編，第一編第二編由蔣恩慈先生撰寫，第三編第四編由侯放先生撰寫。限於作者的水平，加上成書匆促，遺漏錯誤之處在所難免，謹請讀者批評指正。本書的出版承澳門基金會大力支持贊助，在此謹表感謝。作者1999年10月II

吳志良主編滇門法律叢書澳門法制史概論澳門法律導論澳門家庭法澳門繼承法澳門民事訴訟法澳門刑法總論澳門刑事訴訟法澳門《行政程序法典》－－釋義、比較與分析澳門居留與身份證明制度澳門國際私法總論澳門刑法總則概論澳門公司法澳門商法典概論

Introdu<;;:aoaoC6digosComercialdeMacau0C6digoComercialdeMacauternumaestruturaquesebaseianosc6digoscomerciaisdosistemacontinental,adaptandoprincfpioslegislativosdodireitocomercialmodernoealgunsnovosconceitosdasociedadecomercialmodernabemcomoalgumasnovasformasorganicasepraticasdeordem」ur訕caecomercial,afunderegu]arizardumaformasistem紅ica,completaepormenorizada,asactividadescomerciaisdoTerrit6rio.0presentelivrodivide-seemquatrotftulos,sendoosprimeirosdoistitulosdestinadosaosestudossobreasno96esgeraisdoC6digoComercialdeMacauesobreaempresacomercial,eosoutrosdoistftulossobreaactividadeexternadaempresaetftulosdecredito.澳門碁金會出版ISBN972-658-133-8溴門幣六十元

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