CONTENTSIntroduction by R. Edward Glatfelter 1Chapter One: The Portuguese Population of Shanghai..........................................................6Chapter Two: The Portuguese Consulate - General of Shanghai .........................................17---The Personnel of the Portuguese Consulate-General at Shanghai.............18---Locations of the Portuguese Consulate - General at Shanghai..................23Chapter Three: The Portuguese Company of the Shanghai Volunteer Corps........................24---Founding of the Company .........................................................................24---The Personnel of the Company..................................................................31Activities of the Company.............................................................................32Chapter Four: The portuguese Cultural Institutions and Public Organizations ....................36---The Portuguese Press in Shanghai.............................................................37---The Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus...................................................39---The Apollo Theatre....................................................................................39---Portuguese Public Organizations ...............................................................40Chapter Five: The Social Problems of the Portuguese in Shanghai .....................................45---Employment Problems of the Portuguese in Shanghai..............................45---The Living Standard of the Portuguese in Shanghai .................................47---The Portuguese Death-Rates in Shanghai..................................................52---The Charity Organizations and the Portuguese in Shanghai .....................54---The Criminal Statistics of the Protuguese Residents of Shanghai.............58Chapter Six: The Education of Portuguese Children..........................................................61---Shanghai''s First School for Foreign Children.............................................61---The Establishment of Municipal Schools..................................................62---Requirements of the Municipal Council and the Questin of National Schols..........................................................................................64Chapter Seven: The Portuguese Enterprises in Shanghai .......................................................72---The Registratin of Foreign Enterprisses ....................................................72---The Shanghai Portuguese Hong List .........................................................73Chapter Eight: The Portuguese Who's who in Shanghai ........................................................84AppendixeNo. One: Directory of Shanghai Streets --- Old and New Names...............119No. Two: Priests of the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus......................126No. Three: Religious Holidays of the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus........................................................................................128No. Four: Places of Interest in Shanghai .....................................................129End Notes.................................................................................................................................134Index
1 INTRODUCTIONWhen the Portuguese arrived in 1514, they were the first seafaring Europeans to make aChinese landfall in the modern era. The first landing was on Lintin Island in the bay of the WestRiver on which Canton is located. By the 1540s they had established a base at Macao, and in 1557the Chinese formally granted permission to the Portuguese to establish a trading station there. ThatPortuguese base would play a very large role in the development of Western commerce with China,even though other Europeans involved in the China trade would soon outnumber the Portuguese.Macao became the off-season home for the Western traders in the 17th and 18th centuries, as theChinese Empire increasingly allowed trade only at Canton and only during a specific period eachyear.Portuguese Macao was not only a base for the European trade with China, it also became abase for Christian missionary activity. One of the basic motivations for Portuguese expansion intoAsia had always been the spreading of the Christian religion. Soon after the establishment of
2Macao, representatives of the Society of Jesus (The Jesuits) arrived in Macao hoping to penetratethe Chinese Empire. The first attempts had failed and there was not much success until AlesandroValignano moved to Macao in October 1577. As a Jesuit Visitor, Valignano called for Jesuits touse missionary methods that were utterly different from those had used earlier.1 Thereafterthe Jesuits adopted a policy of accommodation by which they became proficient in theChinese language and culture. Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit, would actually be able to establish aresidence in Peking with this policy. But Catholic rivalry between the Portuguese and the Spanishfrom Manila, internal rebellion in China, and the resultant change of dynasty in the Chinese capitaleventually allowed the new Manchu Dynasty to confine both the Western missionaries and thetraders to the Canton area based in Macao.By the beginning of the Ch ing Dynasty in 1644, Portuguese traders were not alone onthe China coast. In 1600 the British Empire had formed the British East India Company and soonthereafter other nations followed with their own trading companies. The increased tradingactivities had caused the Chinese to establish the Canton Trading System which limited the foreigntraders to Macao in the off season and allowed a regulated commercial activity in Canton on arestricted schedule. By the early 19th century the British had outdistanced all other Westerners interms of the number of traders in the Canton system, but they were still all required to return to thePortuguese base of Macao during the off season. This system had soon became too restrictive forthe increasingly restive Western merchants. They had found a valuable new product to sell to theChinese: opium.THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FOREIGN CONCESSIONSThe Portuguese opened the European sea trade with Asia, but they had not remained thedominant Western power in that trade long. Soon the Spanish moved into the Philippines and theDutch established trading posts in India and Southeast Asia. It was the British Empire, however,that would forever change the Western relationship to China. As the British East India Companyhad established itself in India, its spread came to include the trade at Canton. By the opening of the19th century the British dominated the trade. By the 1830s China s attempt to end the plague ofopium would bring the country into direct conflict with the British Empire. The Opium War(1839-1842) between Britain and the Chinese Empire left no doubt about the superiority of" " " "
3Western arms, and the Chinese were forced to admit defeat and negotiate a peace treaty. That camein 1842 with the Treaty of Nanking between England and China, and was followed by treaties withother European powers.2 The treaty settlement, which became known as the Unequal TreatySystem, had forced China to open five ports to Western residence and commerce and to grantextraterritoriality to the foreigners, which allowed them to live in China under their owncountry s laws. The Portuguese residents in China became full participants in theextraterritoriality system by an agreement signed between Portugal and the Chinese in 1887.3These and additional rights granted to foreigners would grow over the period of the UnequalTreaty System. Those ports, designated as treaty ports, would also grow in number after thefirst clash between China and the West. Foreign trade in Shanghai under the Unequal TreatySystem officially commenced on November 17, 1843, although there was as yet no land assignedto the foreigners.4 Treaty port status meant that the foreigners, primarily the British, the French andthe Americans, and then later the Japanese, could establish concessions within the ports. TheEnglish had formed the first concession in the city, the French and the Americans followed soonafterwards.5 And within a very short time the American and British Concessions were combinedinto what came to be known as the International Settlement. The concessions in Shanghai wereunique in that they became areas over which foreigners exercised almost full sovereign rights.6 Bythe 1850s the International Settlement developed a governing municipal council and during aperiod of rebellion, the British and other foreigners set up a customs service.7 The French insistedon going their own way and established a separate French Concession, it was also governed by amunicipal council over which the French Consul-General exercised almost total control.8HISTORICAL SHANGHAIShanghai s geographical location, is on the Whangpoo (Huangpu) River9, it is a tributaryof the Yangtze River, played a significant role in the city becoming one of China s principalports. The Yangtze delta area around Shanghai had came under cultivation during the T angDynasty (618-907) and by the time of the late Sung Dynasty (907-1279) the city had developedinto an important trading center. A town or chen (zhen), administrative township, was founded in1267. Shanghai county was established in 1292.10 Shanghai s location helped it becoming thecenter of a reciprocal trade between the area of rice production and the cash-crop area of cotton" "
4production to the east of the city, making the port the heartland of China s premodern cottonindustry. 11 Well before the coming of the foreigners to Shanghai, the city was a busycommercial port that was rapidly evolving both inside and outside its city walls.One historian described Ch ing (Qing) Dynasty (1644-1911) Shanghai as A City Builtby Guilds. 12 Over two dozen native place associations, common trade associations, and mixedguilds were active in the city in the 18th and 19th centuries. These merchant organizations helpedexpanding the city outside the wall that encircled the original Chinese city by constructing guildhalls, rental housing, and temples, as well as buildings of manufacture and commerce. Besidescommercial activities, the guilds became involved in providing civic services through theirbenevolent projects. As a historian of the city has observed, They thus contributed to anevolving sense of a common civic identity quite distinct from paternalistic governmentsupervision. 13 Thus Shanghai, as a commercial city, was unique in the Chinese Empire. Majorcities of the empire tended to be administrative, political cities; Shanghai was a commercial city,which engaged in both domestic and international commerce.Shanghai of the Treaty Port era consisted of the old Chinese subprefectural city, theInternational Settlement, the French Concession and the Chinese suburbs of Nantao, Chapei andPootung; the last named territory was located across the Whangpoo River from the city proper.The Chinese administrative areas remained distinct from the International Settlement and theFrench Concession, which were administered by foreigners.ABOUT THIS STUDYThe following study is an examination of the life and influence of the Portuguese nativeswho were residents of the city of Shanghai during the period when the International Settlement andthe French Concession stood as protectors of the treaty rights for foreigners which the UnequalTreaty System forced on China. Researched in sources only available in Shanghai, the eightchapters of the work examine the size of the Portuguese population, the officials of the PortugueseConsulate-General of the city, the history of the Portuguese Company of the Shanghai VolunteerCorps, the cultural and public institutions of the Portuguese community, the social problems facedby the Portuguese population and the business concerns owned or operated by the Portuguese ofShanghai. Chapter 8, The Portuguese Who s Who in Shanghai, is a comprehensive list of" " " " " " " "
5the Portuguese residents of the city for the time period covered. The list is considered to be ascomplete as the scattered sources of the time will allow. Several appendices are added. Theyinclude a list of street names for Shanghai, which are given in both the old names (those usedduring the era of the International Settlement and the French Concession) and the new nameswhich are in use in Shanghai today under the sovereignty of the People s Republic of China.Additional appendices are a list of the priests who served at the major Portuguese church in the cityand a list of the religious holidays observed by the Portuguese Catholics. The last appendix is a listof places of interest in the city.R. Edward GlatfelterLogan, UtahJune, 1998'
6CHAPTER ONEThe Portuguese Population of ShanghaiAfter the establishment of the Treaty Port, the foreign population of Shanghai grew veryslowly. The number of Portuguese in that population followed the general pattern of all foreignersand grew slowly at first, stabilized at the turn of the century and then tended to decrease as thedisturbances of the war between China and Japan increasingly made life in the city uncomfortable.There were only about 200 foreign residents in the ten years after the establishment of theforeign concessions in Shanghai. According to contemporary statistics the foreign population ofthe city grew constantly from 1843 to 1851: in 1843 it was 25; in 1844, 50; in 1845, 90; in 1846,120; in 1847, 134; in 1848, 159; in 1849, 175; in 1850, 210 and in 1851, 265.14 Among theforeigners there were merchants who came to Shanghai frequently to handle business affairs andstopped over in the city for a time.By the time of the fall of the Ch ing Dynasty in 1911, Shanghai s foreign populationhad started to increase significantly. The numbers of both Chinese and foreigners in the city grewrapidly, and by the turn of the third decade of the 20th century, the city had reached a population of
7more than three million. The foreign population was estimated at sixty thousand. In no other partof the world was there such a conglomeration of different nationals as in Shanghai. Indeed, itwould have been hard to find a nation which was not represented among its residents.THE PORTUGUESE POPULATION OF SHANGHAIThe Portuguese nationals living in Shanghai generally followed the population curve offoreigners in the city. Within five years of the opening of trade there were a number of Portugueseresidents in Shanghai. The North-China Herald in 1850 listed six Portuguese nationals among theforeign population of the city15:J.S. Baptista, Mercantile Assistant at Dent, Beale & Co.;António J.H. de Carvalho, Overseer of the North-China Herald office;T.P. Cordeiro, Mercantile Assistant at Wolcott, Bates & Co.P.J. da Silva Loureiro, Jr., Mercantile Assistant at Russell & Co.Cypriano E. do Rozario, Compositor of the North-China Herald office andAntónio dos Santos, Mercantile Assistant at Gilman, Bowman & Co.16Before the year 1865, the number of foreigners residing in, or visiting Shanghai, variedwithin rather wide limits. In discussing the number of Portuguese residents in Shanghai in the earlyyears, it should be mentioned that the first official census by the Municipal Council of theShanghai International Settlement was taken in 1865 and was repeated by every five years.The census return for 1865 placed the total number of foreign residents at 2,757 (2,297 inthe English and Hongkew Settlements and 460 in the French Concession), including 115Portuguese in the English and Hongkew Settlements.17The census return of 1870 gave the total number of foreign residents as 1,982 (1,666 in theEnglish and Hongkew Settlements and 316 in the French Concession) and 104 Portugese in theEnglish and Hongkew Settlements.18A census of the foreign population was taken on June 21, 1875. It reported that there were1,108 foreigners in the English Settlement, 563 in Hongkew, 24 in Pootung, 24 in the Hulks,foreign ships permanently anchored in the Whangpoo River or off of Woosung which weredistribution points for the illegal Opium trade, and 44 persons who did not return their censusquestionaries but were known of. Among the 1,673 foreigners there were 878 British and 181
8Americans. Portuguese nationals took third place with 168 persons, almost 10 percent of the totalforeign residents of the city. 19A subsequent census was taken on June 30, 1880, of the foreign population residing withinthe limits of the Settlements and on the Outside Roads, the area outside of the InternationalSettlement, showed increases in all categories. There were a total of 2,197 foreigners reported:1,171 men, 502 women, and 524 children. Thus, the foreign population had increased by 524persons since 1876. The Portuguese had increased from 168 to 285, which meant that they wereactually second in total number of nationals in the city, behind the British with 1,044 and ahead ofthe Americans with 230. There were 189 Portuguese who resided in the Settlement north ofSoochow Creek, 92 in the Settlement south of Soochow Creek, and 4 in the Opium Ships, & C.20From the census of 1885 it is clear that from June, 1880, there had been an increase of1,476 in the number of foreign residents: from 2,197 to 3,673. From the figures displayed in thefollowing table it is clear that the increases were among the British with an increase of 396, theJapanese with an increase of 427, and the Portuguese with an increase of 172. All othernationalities increased 481 persons. In 1885 the total number of Portuguese was 457 or almosttwelve and a one-half percent of the foreign population of Shanghai. That figure is exclusive ofthose living in the French Concession. The Portuguese in 1885 were in third place in the totalnumber of nationals. The British topped the list with 1,453, and the Japanese were second with 595.The Portuguese totaled 457, and the Americans trailed with 274. 399 Portuguese resided in theSettlement north of Soochow Creek and 55 in the Settlement south of Soochow Creek. 1Portuguese national resided in the Outside Roads and 2 lived in the Opium Hulks. 21According to the census of 1890, there were 3,821 foreign residents in the Settlement andthe Outside Roads. That was an increase of only 148, significantly less than the increase from 1880to 1885 which was 1,476. The difference consisted almost exclusively of Japanese. ThePortuguese population increased to 564. This placed the Portuguese second in total number ofnationals behind the British with 1,574 and ahead of the Japanese with 386 and the Americans with322. The majority of the Portuguese, 506, still lived in the Settlement north of Soochow Creek.There were 49 in the Settlement south of the creek, 6 in the Outside Roads, and 3 in the OpiumHulks.22The census of foreigners residing in Shanghai on June 24, 1895, showed an increase of 863
9during the preceeding five years. There were 362 more British, 167 more Portuguese and 70 moreGermans than in 1890. The Japanese decreased 136 and the Spaniards 75. The total number ofPortuguese in the Settlement reached 731. The Portuguese were still second behind the Britishwith 1,936 nationals in the city and ahead of the Americans with 328, and the Germans with 314.706 Portuguese resided in the Hongkew Settlement with 22 in the English Settlement and 3 in theOpium Hulks. A census of the French Concession was taken on June 24, 1895. It showed 430foreign residents, 10 of whom were Portuguese. There were thus 741 Portuguese in theSettlements and French Concession. 23A census of the foreign population of Shanghai s International Settlement was taken onMay 26, 1900, which gave the following results: 2,691 British, 978 Portuguese, 736 Japanese, 562Americans, 525 Germans etc., for a total number of 6,774. As before, there were 887 Portugueseresidents in the northern district (formerly the Hongkew Settlement), 82 in the eastern district(formerly the Hongkew Settlement), only 4 in the central district (formerly the English Settlement),2 in the western district, and 3 in the Opium Hulks.24 There was a total of 35 Portuguese residentsin the French Concession in 1900.25The census of 1905 showed that the foreign population in the International Settlementrapidly increased to 11,497 (an increase of 4,723): of which 3,713 were British, 2,157 Japanese,1,331 Portuguese, 991 Americans, and 785 Germans, etc. 1,047 Portuguese resided in the northerndistrict, 254 in the eastern district, 4 in the central district, 2 in the western district, 23 in theOutside Roads and 1 in the Opium Hulks.26 The census also revealed that the total number offoreign residents in the French Concession was 831 persons, among them 51 were Portuguese.Thus, there were 1,382 Portuguese in Shanghai in 1905.27From the census of 1910 it appeared that there had been an increase of 164 in the number ofPortuguese residents in the Settlement: from 1,331 to 1,495.28 However, the number of Portuguesein the French Concession had fallen from 51 to 15.29 With a total of 1,510 Portuguese in Shanghaiin 1910 there had been an increase of 118 persons in five years.The census of the foreign population of Shanghai s International Settlement on October16, 1915, showed another rapid increase. In five years the total had gone up by 4,983 persons from13,536 to 18,519. However, the total number of Portuguese in the Settlement had fallen from 1,495to 1,323 while the Japanese increased from 3,361 to 7,169 and the British from 4,465 to 4,822. 801
10Portuguese resided in the northern district, 188 in the eastern district, 12 in the western district, 258in the Outsides Roads, 46 in the central district and 17 in Pootung. In that community there were417 adult males, 432 adult females, 247 boys, and 227 girls.30 The census of the FrenchConcession revealed that there were 2,405 foreign residents there, 29 of whom were Portuguese.31There were, therefore, a total of 1,352 Portuguese in the Settlement and Concession in 1915. Theusual quinquennial census of the foreign population of the foreign settlements, both theInternational Settlement and the French Concession, the Outside Roads and Pootung was taken onOctober 16, 1920. There were 23,307 foreigners in those areas, 10,527 adult males, 7,825 adultfemales, and 4,955 children. Those figures were an increase of 4,788 or 25.85 percent during thefive-year period. From the table of nationalities, it will be seen that the nationalities that showed anincrease including the Japanese, 3,046; the British, 519; the Americans, 957; and the Russians, 905.The German population fell to a total of 875. The number of Portuguese also fell by 22 persons toa total of 1,301. 738 of them lived in the northern district, 263 in the eastern District, 246 in theOutside Roads, 33 in the western district and 21 in the central district. There were 435 adult males,422 adult females, 233 boys, and 211 girls.32 The French census showed that there were 3,562foreigners in the French Concession: 81 of them were Portuguese. There were, therefore, a total of1,382 Portuguese in 1920, less than the Japanese, the British, the Americans, and the Russians.33By 1925, the foreign residents of Shanghai had continued to increase in number. By thatyear, there were 29,947 foreigners: 13,804 Japanese, 5,879 British, 2,766 Russians and 1,942Americans, etc. The Portuguese numbered 1,391. That number was 90 more than in 1920, andmost of them, 641, still lived in the northern district. 267 lived in the eastern district, 299 in theOutside Roads (153 more than in 1920), 68 in the western district, 15 in the central district, and 1in Pootung. There were 450 adult males, 531 adult females, 192 boys and 218 girls.34 The foreignpopulation of the French Concession also increased from 3,562 to 7,811, an increase of more than100 percent. 115 were Portuguese. Thus, there were a total of 1,506 Portuguese residents ofShanghai in 1925, 128 more than in 1920.35The census of the foreign population of Shanghai s International Settlement on October22, 1930, indicated that during the previous five years there had been another rapid increase. Thetotal was 26,471, an increased of 6,524: 4,674 were Japanese, 351 British, 721 Russian, and 688Indian, etc. The number of American residents decreased from 1,942 to 1,608. The number of
11Portuguese slightly deceased from 1,391 to 1,332. 501 lived in the northern district, 485 in theoutside roads, 291 in the eastern district, 50 in the western district, and 5 in the central district.There were 430 adult males, 504 adult females, 189 boys, and 209 girls. 36 Censuses in the FrenchConcession in both 1928 and 1930 showed a steady increase in the number of Portuguese in theConcession. The totals were 248 in 1928 and 267 in 1930.37 Thus, the total number of Portugueseresidents of Shanghai in 1930 was 1,599. That was 93 more than in 1925.The most important and the last quinquennial census before the Second World War of theShanghai International Settlement began on October 23, 1935, and was finished on January 16,1936. Four different languages had been used in Declaration forms: Chinese, English, Japanese,and Russian. The previously used forms were revised in order to give a wider scope to the census.The International Municipal Council decided that the cooperation of the French MunicipalAdministration and the Shanghai City Government authorities might be invited, with a viewtoward providing coordinated census data on the three municipal areas, particularly in regard toage groups and density of population per unit of area. An accord in principle was arrived at withthe French Municipal Administration on all points except the taking of the French Concessioncensus in 1935, instead of 1936. The French authorities agreed, however, to take their 1936 censusat the latter-end of October of that year. The City Government agreed to collaborate on the desiredlines when taking their census in 1935.The tabulation of the foreign population of the Settlement and Outside Roads according tonationality was prepared. It showed 51 nationalities by gender, adults and children and the variousdistricts of residence. Present-day national nomenclatures were used and the practice of indicating small nationalities as sundries was discontinued and replaced by a fully detailed nationalitycount.The data revealed a foreign population increase in the Settlement of 1,618 individuals. Inthe Outside Roads the increase was 826 for a total jump of 3,891 persons. The nationalitybreakdown was Japanese, 20,242; British, 6,595; Russian, 3,017; Indian, 2,341; American, 2,017;German, 1,113; and Portuguese, 1,020. There were 400 Portuguese residents in the NorthernDistrict: 145 adult males, 188 adult females, 37 boys, and 30 girls; 58 in the Western District: 19adult males, 23 adult females, 7 boys, and 9 girls; 13 in the Central District: 6 adult males and 7adult females; and 263 in the Outside Roads: 87 adult males, 110 adult females, 36 boys, and 30" "
12girls. The totals for the Portuguese in the Settlement were 330 adult males, 399 adult females, 161boys, and 130 girls.38 The figures reveal a decrease of Portuguese in the Settlement, but apparentlymore and more of that nationality were moving into the French Concession. According to theFrench census there were 303 Portuguese residents in the concession in 1931, 452 in 1932, 400 in1933, 412 in 1934, and 500 in 1936.39 Age cohorts broke down in the following way: Males: 16,less than 5 years of age; 38, 5 to 15 years; 50, 15 to 25 years; 97, 25 to 45 years; 34, 45 and moreyears. Females: 15 less than 5 years of age; 64, 5 to 15 years; 48, 15 to 25 years; 88, 25 to 45 years;and 50, 45 and more years. Those 500 Portuguese resided in various districts of the FrenchConcessions: 49 in Poste Mallet, 13 males and 36 females; 70 in Poste Joffre, 29 males and 41females; 196 in Poste Central, 93 males and 103 females; 153 in Poste Foch, 88 males and 65females; and 32 in Poste P_tain, 12 males and 20 females.40 Thus the total number of Portugueseresidents in Shanghai in 1935 was about 1,500 persons.Because of the complicated situation after the beginning of the Second World War, the lastofficial census of the International Settlement and the French Concession was taken in 1942 andthe final report only gave nationality numbers. There were 33,345 Japanese in the Settlement and1,162 in the Concession; 10,788 Germans in the Settlement and 2,272 in the Concession; 4,202Russians in the Settlement and 13,897 in the Concession; 2,779 British in the Settlement and 2,090in the Concession, 1,478 Indians in the Settlement and 118 in the Concession; 879 Portuguese inthe Settlement and 1,100 in the Concession: thus 55.6 percent of the Portuguese resided in theFrench Concession in 1942.41 According to the registration of foreigners in August 1942, therewere 1,217 Portuguese residents in the French Concessions, of whom 425 were adult males, 485were adult females, and 307 were children.42After the Second World War, all foreign residents in Shanghai were registered in the PublicBureau of Shanghai s Municipal Government. According to that Bureau s statistics, 2,043Portuguese lived in Shanghai at the end of December 1945. There were 787 families consisting of939 males and 1,104 females. The Portuguese amounted to 1.7 percent of the foreign population ofthe city and ranked fifth; the Japanese numbered 72,654 or 59.2 percent, those classified asstateless (who were without passports or held passports from a country which no longerexisted) numbered 31,811 or 25.9 percent, Germans, 2,251 or 1.8 percent and French, 2,109 or 1.7percent. 43" "
13From the statistics of 1946, it is evident that there had been a rapid increase of 237 in thenumber of Portuguese residents in Shanghai, that is from 2,043 to 2,281. That number constituted3.4 percent of the foreign population of the city and it was number ten in relation to othernationalities of foreigners. The stateless were the largest number with 11,468 or 17.5 percent;Americans were 9,775 or 14.9 percent; Soviet citizens were 8,834 or 13.5 percent; White Russiansnumbered 7,017 or 10.7 percent; French were 3,872 or 5.9 percent; Austrians were 3,453 or 5.3percent; British were 3,103, or 4.8 percent; Koreans were 2,381 or 3.6 percent, and Annamitesnumbered 2,350 or 3.6 percent.44The table of foreign occupational count showed that there were 2,255 Portugese residentsin 1946, of whom 1,171 were males and 1,084 were females.45Probably reflecting the growing instability in the country, the foreign population ofShanghai fell rapidly. By 1947 there were 41,219 foreigners in the city which compared to 65,409the year before. The Portuguese numbered 2,099: 1,013 males and 1,086 females. That number ofresidents meant that the Portuguese were number six in the nationality ranks behind the Austrianswith 5,829, the Soviet citizens at 5,440, the White Russians at 5,091, the stateless at 4,841, theBritish at 4,424 and the Americans at 2,757.46 By the middle of the next year, the total foreignresidents of Shanghai had dropped to 40,546 with a Portuguese population of 863 males and 1,015females.47 In 1949 the foreign population of the city fell to 28,683. Among that number, 1,402were Portuguese, making them the sixth largest nationality group in the city at the time. Thenumber of foreign residents in Shanghai at the time certainly reflected the politics of the moment.There were 6,740 Soviet citizens, 5,066 stateless Russians (generally subjects of the lateRussian Tsar who did not agree to accept a Soviet passport), 3,226 British subjects, 2,393stateless people, and 1,720 Americans.48" " " " " " " "
17CHAPTER TWOThe Portuguese Consulate-General at ShanghaiTHE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PORTUGUESE CONSULATE-GENERALFollowing the Opium War, Shanghai became, according to the Unequal Treaties, a trading portopened to foreigners. It quickly out paced Canton, Foochow, Amoy and Ningpo as the most important oneof the open cities. On December 1, 1842, George Balfour had been appointed as the first British Consul atShanghai. The governor of Shanghai, Gong Mujin, issued a formal decree on September 24, 1846, whichformally marked off the British Settlement, which later became known as the British Concession. 49 TheBritish Consulate was upgraded to a General-Consulate level in 1887.The American Consulate in the city was established in July, 1846, and the American merchantHenry G. Wolcott had been appointed Acting Consul. By 1852 the American Settlement was beingformed , and in 1859 the American Consul forwarded to Ch ing authorities the plan for the size of theAmerican Settlement, which the Chinese accepted. On December 6, 1863, George F. Seward had beenappointed as the first American Consul-General at Shanghai.In January 1847 the French Government had appointed L.C.N.M. Montigny as its first Consul in'
18Shanghai. Two years later the French Concession had been established.50 In 1852 four additional countries,Germany, Austria, Spain, and the Netherlands, opened Consulates-General in the city, followed byDenmark in 1855, Belgium and Sweden in 1863, Italy in 1867, and Japan in 1872.51In the first years after the opening of Shanghai, many foreign merchants held a concurrent post offoreign consul. Often countries such as Portugal, the Netherlands, Sweden, and Norway, which had notestablished diplomatic relations with the Ch ing Government, appointed British or American merchantsas their Consul in Shanghai. And some of those so-called Consulates were located in the buildings ofthe foreign trade companies on the Bund, the name given to the street along the waterfront of the city. Forexample, in September 1853, the famous British merchant, T. C. Beale, had been appointed as the firstPortuguese Consul at Shanghai. At the same time, he was the Dutch Vice-Consul and the Prussian ActingConsul. The Portuguese Consulate was located in his own trading company, Dent, Beale & Co.52 In 1857,Edward Web assumed in charge of the Portuguese Consulate at Shanghai.53The Constable of the Portuguese Consulate in 1860 was F. A. Santos,54 followed in 1861 by F. L.Monteiro.55 The first Chancellor was L. A. Tavares, who assumed the post in 1863.56In 1862, Henry W. Dent had been appointed as Portuguese Consul at Shanghai then raised toPortuguese Consul-General for China and Japan in 1866. H. P. Hanssen was Vice-Consul, L. A. Tavareswas the Chancellor and F.L. Monteiro was Constable.57The British merchant H. P. Hansen had been appointed in 1868 as Acting Consul-General forPortugal at Shanghai, while L. A. Tavares was still Chancellor and F.L. Monteiro Constable.58In June, 1874, A. H. de Carvalho had been appointed as Consul-in-Charge and was soon raised toConsul-General-in-Charge. H.A. Pereira was Interpreter.59 Thereafter, all the Consuls and Consuls-General were Portuguese citizens and not foreign merchants.THE PERSONNEL OF THE PORTUGUESE CONSULATE-GENERALFrom the 1880s, the members of the Portuguese Consulate-General at Shanghai were as follows:1880: Consul-General A.F. Pinto Bastos1884: Consul-General J.J. Coelho de CarvalhoActing Consul-General Leoncio FerreiraChancellor F.M. d Oliviera601885: Consul-General J.J. Coelho de Carvalho" "
19Chancellor F.M. d OlivieraInterpreter H.A. Pereira611886: Consul-General J.J. Coelho de CarvalhoChancellor G. Vigna dal FerroInterpreter H.A. PereiraClerk C.M. de SilvaChinese Secretary Yu Cha-yung621887: Consul-General Joaquim M.T. Valdez631893: Consul-General Joaquim M.T. ValdezVice-Consul A. Bottu (Honorary)Chancellor-Interpreter C.A.R. d AssumpcaoInterpreter H.A. PereiraClerk J.J. d AndradeChinese Secretary Pu Pak-kuei641897: Consul-General Joaquim M.T. ValdezVice-Consul andActing Consul-General A. BottuInterpreter andAssessor at Mixed Court H.A. PereiraClerk J.J. d AndradeClerk A.P. Senna651899: Consul-General Joaquim M.T. ValdezVice-Consul A. BottuInterpreterand Assessor at Mixed Court H.A. PereiraClerk J.J. d Andrade661901: Consul-General Joaquim M.T. ValdezVice-Consul A.R. BottuDeputy Interpreter ofthe Senior Consulship
20and Assessor A.O. MarquesInterpreter and Assessor H.A. PereiraActing Chancellor J.J. AndradeChinese Secretary Woo, Pa-kuei671902: Consul-General O.G. Portier1903: Consul-General O.G. PortierVice-Consul A.R. BottuInterpreter and Assessor H.A. PereiraActing Chancellor J.J. AndradeClerk C.M. GoularteChinese Secretary Woo Pa-kwei681905: Consul-General L.F. de CastroInterpreter and Assessor J.F. ChagasActing Chancellor A.R.L. MadeiraChinese Secretary Woo Pa-kwei691906: Consul-General O.G. Portier701909: Acting Vice-Consul-in-Charge,Consulate-General for Portugal71 O.G. Portier1911: Consul-General O.G. PortierActing Consul-General J.F. das ChargasInterpreter H.A. PereiraActing Chancellor A.L. Madeira72Consul-General Freitas, Gast_o Barjona de1916: Consul-General Jorge Cesar Roza de OliveiraVice Consul-Assessor A.M. da SilvaChancellor A.L. MadeiraClerk F.F. MaherChinese Interpreter S.P. Hs_ch731920: Vice Consul-in-Charge, Consulate-General A.M. da Silva74
21Chancellor A.L. MadeiraClerk L.M. PerpetuoChinese Interpreter Do Chin-seng751920: Consul-General Alfredo Casanova761924: Consul-General andConsular Judge Alfredo CasanovaVice-Consul Joao H. BotelhoChancellor A.L. MadeiraAssessor and Interpreter F.R. de CarvalhoClerk A.H. de CarvalhoInterpreter F.A. AlvaresAdvocate J.M. TavaresAdvocate D. Corte Real771925: Consul-General Francisco de Paula Brito781928: Consul-General andConsular Judge Francisco de Paula BritoVice-Consul and Assessor J.H. BotelhoChancellor Augusto S. BragaSecretary Chagas Foles SilvaClerk Jose Joao da SilvaChinese Secretary Doo Chin-seng791931: Vice Consul-in-Charge, Consulate-General Joao H. Botelho1931: Consul-General Dr. J.B. Ferreira da Silva801932: Consul-General and Consular Judge Dr. J.B. Ferreira da SilvaVice-Consul Joao H. BotelhoChancellor Augusto S. BragaSecretary Chagas Foles Silva811933: Consul-General and
22Consular Judge Dr. J.B. Ferreira da SilvaChancellor Augusto S. BragaAssistant M.P. CampusClerk J.J. SilvaChinese Secretary Doo Chin-seng821934: Chancellor-in-Charge,Consulate-General Augusto S. Braga 83Consul-General Dr. Antonio Jose Alves, Jr.841936: Consul-General andConsular Judge Dr. A. J. AlvesAssistant Consul A. de Sacramento MonteiroVice-Consul (Honorary) Capt. A. Alves LircoChancellor Augusto S. BragaClerk J.J. SilvaClerk A.R. XavierChinese Secretary Doo Chin-seng851938: Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary, Legation of Portugal Dr. Joao de Lebre ZimaSecretary Dr. A.C. de Liz BranquinhoInterpreter J.F. das Chagas861939: Consul-General J.A. Ribeiro de Melo871941: Consul-General andConsular Judge J.A. Ribeiro de MeloConsul and Public Prosecutor J.F. TeixeiraVice-Consul (Honorary) A.A. LicoChancellor Augusto S. BragaSecretary of the Court C.J. da SilvaSecretary of the Consulate A.R. XavierAssistant J.J. da Silva
23Assistant J.W. dos RemediosTypist Miss D. BotelhoChinese Secretary Doo Chin-seng881947: Acting Consul-General Antonio Alves LicoChancellor Augusto de Sousa BragaClerk Carlos Jacinto MachadoClerk Carlos Antonio DinizClerk Jose Joao de SilvaChinese Interpreter Doo Chin-seng89LOCATIONS OF THE PORTUGUESE CONSULATE-GENERAL1875 No. 38, Kiangse Road901893 No. 60, Quinsan Road1897 No. 6, North Szechuan Road1903 No. 38, Haskell Road1907 No. 18, Love Lane, Bubbling Well Road1911 No. 12, Ferry Road1918 No. 108, Bubbling Well Road1922 No. 6, Weihaiwei Road1929 Nos. 301-305, Sassoon House, Nanking Road1931 No. 2, Canton Road (Temporary)1931 No. 1050, Rue Lafayette1938 No. 15, Route Francis Garnier1941 Nos. 242-245, Sasson House, Nanking Road1942 No. 788, Rue Bourgeat91
24CHAPTER THREEThe Portuguese Company of The Shanghai Volunteer CorpsFOUNDING OF THE COMPANYWithin a few years after the foreigners had established the International Settlement in Shanghai, agigantic rebellion, the Taiping Rebellion, shook all of China. Sweeping out from the south, the Taipings,named for their declared goal of establishing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (Taiping Tianguo), spreadnorth. At the same time another rebellion led by the Small Sword, a branch of the Triad Society,actually took possession of the Chinese City in Shanghai. The foreign residents of Shanghai, fearful of aTaiping invasion and possible disturbances from the Chinese City, had decided in a public meeting,attended by the general foreign populace as well as the Consuls and naval officers from the three treatypowers of England, France and the United States, to move toward armed neutrality. Consequently, theShanghai Volunteer Corps (SVC) was formed.92 Captain Tronson of the Second Fusiliers of the BengalRegiment commanded the Corps. He was succeeded by T. F. Wade, a British Vice-Consul, after taking aleading role in the Corps first skirmish known as the Battle of Muddy Flats on April 4, 1854. ThatAmerican and British combined action cleared the immediate danger and the volunteers disbanded. Three" ,,
25years later, however, as the Taipings again caused disturbances near Shanghai, the Corps was reactivated with two companies of 80 men each. Two years later a unit of mounted rangers, the forerunners of thelight horse unit, was added.When peace came, arms were called in, but the Corps had not for disbanded this time. A publicmeeting decided that it was necessary to let it [the Corps] remain in abeyance until the necessity arisesfor action. This necessity arrived with the troubles of 1870, which were a series of attacks againstforeigners caused by rising anti-foreignism in the Chinese population, culminating in Shanghai with a riotin the French Concession when the French Municipal Council proposed to build a road through a Chinesecemetery. The parade of the volunteers at this time consisted of three infantry companies, known as theRifle Brigade and the Mounted Rangers, 200 in all. Even the Fire Brigade joined the parade. A furtheraddition came from the French Settlement where a Volunteer Corps had also been formed. Later theFrench brought two howitzers up from Hong Kong and established a Field Battery within the VolunteerCorps. Captain Hart was in command of the French Volunteer Corps and led his unit during thedisturbances in the French Settlement in 1874. For that action, he had been promoted to Major; the firstofficer of the Corps to hold that rank.The Volunteer Corps reorganized in 1878. The Mounted Rangers dropped out and two infantrycompanies were formed, the Mih-ho-loongs, as the firemen were known, were incorporated into No. 1Company. Captain J.F. Holliday was the elected Commandant of the Corps. He had held that post until heleft for home in 1882, at which time his brother C. J. Holliday took up the commission as the commander.At the first annual inspection on April 14, 1883, the Volunteer Corps had grown to a strength of 176officers and men. Three years later, the British Government presented the artillery men of the Corps abattery of four Armstrong nine-pound field guns.The Portuguese of the International Settlement joined the Shanghai Volunteer Corps from theearliest days of its organization. Official records indicated that there were several companies organized byPortuguese residents. Unfortunately, the details are not revealed in the few existing sources.93 At this point,it can be concluded that the Portuguese community of the earliest days were known to have given loyalsupport to the cosmopolitan Volunteer Corps of the International Settlement. Later, when the Corps hadbeen established on a more permanent basis, the Portuguese had their place in it, and, so far as can beascertained, there was a No. 4 Company and afterwards a No. 5 Company of the Portuguese Volunteers.These units seem to have come to an end sometime in the early 1880s after a large gap in the records.94,, "
26For a long time after the disbandment of these pioneer companies, the Portuguese residents inShanghai served with various other companies. As in several other instances, it was the trouble of 1900 inconnection with the Yihetuan, or Boxer Movement, an anti-imperialist armed struggle waged by northChinese peasants and handicraftsmen, which began to make the Portuguese seriously conscious of a needto form a unit specially for themselves.Negotiations were undertaken in July of 1900 for the formation of a company of Portuguesesubjects. The reasons which led to failure of the negotiations are fully set forth in the letters that passedbetween the Municipal Council and the Consul-General for Portugal:LETTERSH.M.F.M. s Consulate-General,Shanghai, 2nd July 1900.Sir,--I have the honour to forward you inclosed a list signed by more than150 of my nationals who have testified their desire to give their services to theMunicipal Council for the defence of the Settlements of Shanghai as Volunteers.It is their wish that the organization of their Company should be on the samebasis as the Shanghai German Volunteers, which, I think, is the best way to ensurethe body of a firmer cohesion and longer vitality. I may here mention that many ofthem have served as Volunteers here and in Macao.It is needless for me to add that the Council may depend upon my mostcareful attention as regards the maintenance of instructions in the drillings anddiscipline, and I leave in their hands to keep on or disband the Company when thepresent crisis is over.I shall be thankful if you will let me have as soon as possible a reply fromthe Council as to the best way they can help the organization of the PortugueseCompany, and to return me the enclosed list at your early convenience.I have the honour to be,Sir,Your obedient servant,JOAQUIM MARIA TRAVASSOS VALDEZ,Consul-General for Portugal.E. A. Hewett, Esq.,Chairman of the Municipal Council, Shanghai----------Council Room,'
27Shanghai, 7th July 1900.Sir,--I have the honour to reply to your letter of the 2n d instant upon thesubject of the formation of a Portuguese Company for service with the ShanghaiVolunteer Corps, and in reference thereto I desire to convey to you, and throughyou to your nationals, an expression of the Council s appreciation of the motiveswhich have called forth this public spirited proposal on their part.It will be within your recollection that on more occasions than one inprevious years the formation of a Portuguese Company has been undertaken, butthat, in each instance, disbandment has followed for reasons which I forbear torecapitulate, but which were considered sufficient by the authorities of the day; andI feel bound to state that serious pecuniary loss accured to the Municipality inconsequence.Under the circumstances therefore, and after consultation with the OfficerCommanding the Corps, the Council, before sanctioning a repetition of theexperiment, will require certain conditions to be complied with, namely:--1. The Company will be required to comply with all the regulations ofthe Corps and to adopt the standard drill with words of command inEnglish;2. The Officers and Sergeants of the Company must be men fullyqualified and passed by a Board of Senior Officers as competent fortheir positions;3. The Rank and File must be passed by the same Board as mencapable of fulfilling the duties required of them;4. A substantial Guarantee must be given that no loss to the publicshall accrue by reason of any failure to carry out the Rules andRegulations of the Corps.I have the honour to request that you will lay these points before theorganizers of the proposed Company, and in the event of their being agreed to asreasonable I venture to express the hope that the unit so formed may not only be asource of satisfaction to the Portuguese residents but a material addition to thedefence forces of Shanghai. The enclosure to your despatch, is, as requested,returned herewith.I have the honour to be,Sir,Your obedient servant,EDBERT A. HEWETTChairmanJ.M.T. Valdez, Esq.,Consul-General for Portugal----------H.M.F.M. s Consulate-General,
28Shanghai, 19 July 1900.Sir,-I had the honour of addressing you a letter on the 2n d inst.,inclosing (sic) a list signed by 160 of my nationals, who, within the space of a day,after a meeting, came forward, in a very noble way and with great promptitude, tooffer their services to the Municipal Council to form themselves into a VolunteerCompany with their own organization. To-day I have again the honour to write youon the same subject in reply to your letter of 7th inst.I consider it highly commendable that my nationals should persevere inoffering to shed their blood in the defence of these international settlements wherethey live, as well on their wish to follow the example of the German VolunteerCompany. Although each nation has its own claim to glory; the example offered byGermany one of the heroic and glorious nations, is worthy of being imitated.The letter which my nationals request me to send to the Council (atranslation of which I enclose) removes, I think, all difficulties, seeing they arewilling to be under the word of command of the officer commanding the VolunteerCorps; only the order being transmitted by the Portuguese Officers in their ownlanguage in the same manner as the German Company.The small inconvenience of the Portuguese Company using temporarilyrifles of different patterns from those generally adopted by the old Companies, isnot a reason to hinder their movement from being useful, as the other newVolunteer Companies have also, I understand, different pattern of rifles. Thisapparent inconvenience will disappear as soon as they may be able to acquire anuniform pattern of rifles.Mr. Marques, the Chairman of the Committee, is willing to give any furtherexplanation that may be required, I have, therefore, nothing more to add than that ithas adorned me an occasion to render myself as a mediator of an offer which maybe useful for the common defence of these international Settlements whoseautonomy is being threatened.Your obedient servant,JOAQUIM MARIA TRAVASSOSVALDEZ, Consul-General forPortugal.E. A. Hewett, Esq.,Chairman of the Municipal Council,Shanghai----------Shanghai, 18th July, 1900.
29Sir,--The Committee entrusted with the organization (sic) of aCompany of Portuguese Volunteers in Shanghai have the honour to acknowledgereceipt of your letter of 9th inst., covering copy of the Council s letter to yourgoodself, under date of the 7th, in reply to a request made to you by a large numberof Portuguese residents in Shanghai, for the organisation (sic) of a Company ofPortuguese Volunteers.In the letter of the Chairman of the Municipal Council under discussion fourconditions are submitted on the compliance of which depends the sanctioning ofthe formation of the Company.As regards the first condition, we would like to say that it is our wish thatthe proposed Company should have a purely Portuguese organisation (sic) on thesame basis as the German Company have been permitted to be formed. We arestrongly of opinion that this would contribute to the efficiency and permanency ofthe Company, always providing that the regulations be submitted to the approval onthe Commandant of the Shanghai Volunteer Corps.As regards the second and third conditions, we are ready to comply with aslong as the examining jury shall be composed of officers of the Portuguese Army,or such a people who have served in any of the Corps at Macao.As regards the fourth condition, we would say that a number of those whohave signed the list are willing to provide, at their own expense, with arms,accoutrements, and uniforms, and we feel sure that the Macao Government will nodoubt supply the rest; the Municipality to defray only the cost of the necessaryammunitions.As under these circumstances we think that the Council cannot show anyreasons for withdrawing its sanction for the organisaton (sic) of the proposedCompany, we beg that you would obtain the said sanction from the Council with aslittle delay as the question calls forth.In conclusion we avail ourselves of this opportunity to tender you ourthanks for your valuable aid, hoping that you would continue to extend the same touse until this handful of your nationals residing in Shanghai realise (sic) their ardentdesire in conformity with their high notion of their duties in sharing with thesubjects of all the other nations in the defence (sic) of these Settlements.I have the honour to be,Sir,Your obedient servant,A. O. MARQUESChairmanJ. M. T. Valdez, Esq.,Consul-General for Portugal at Shanghai.----------Council RoomShanghai, 21st July 1900
30Sir,--I have the honour to acknowledge the receipt of your letter ofyesterday s date in reference to the question of the establishment of a Company ofyour nationals as a unit of the Volunteer Corps.In reply thereto I am to say that the Council, upon receipt of your firstcommunication on this subject, gave it the fullest consideration, and, while nowappreciating the very laudable sentiments expressed in your letter and its enclosure,is of opinion that the conditions enumerated in my letter of the 2n d instant are thoseonly upon which the services of the proposed Company can be received.So far as the German Company is concerned, I would remind you that itsorganisation dates from a period in the history of the Settlement when, by reason ofthe size of Shanghai and otherwise, the conditions obtaining were wholly differentfrom those of to-day (sic). So excellent has the work of that Company been and solaudatory also the report of successive Annual Inspecting Officers that the Councilhas never thought it desirable to make any change in its special organisation (sic),but I would point out that the recently formed national companies have unanimouslyaccepted the recognised (sic) drill of the Corps, and otherwise conformed to itsgeneral rules and regulations.I have the honour to be,Sir,Your obedient servant,EDBERT A. HEWETTChairmanJ.M.T. Valdez, Esq.,Consul-General for Portugal95-----------Consequently the question of the formation of a Portuguese Company had been allowed todrift until the Mixed Court riots of 1905 and then, together with the Americans, the Portuguesedetermined to take definite action. The consequence of the 1905 rioting was that a general meetingof the Portuguese community had been called at the old Club Union on January 13, 1906. Themeeting unanimously decided, with the full approval and consent of the Consul-General forPortugal, to form a Portuguese Volunteer Infantry Corps in order to aid in the protection anddefense of the International Settlement. A committee consisting of F.J. d Almeida (Chairman), F.Mattos, J.M.P. Remedios, J.F. Chagas, Joao Nolasco da Silva, and some others had been appointedto submit a proposal to the Shanghai Municipal Council regarding the formation of a PortugueseCompany of the S.V.C. The committee had also been empowered to open negotiations with theMunicipal Council.96A general desire had been manifested at the meeting that the Company should adopt the" ,,
31Portuguese internal administration, uniform and drill, in order to retain its national identity onsimilar lines as the German and American Companies.97The Municipal Council was at first sceptical, fearing that there was not sufficiententhusiasm among the perspective recruits to warrant the formation of a separate Portuguese unit.But finally, the Council had agreed and given a conditional consent. As a condition, it required that20 preliminary drills on the British system of infantry drill be completed before the establishmentof the Company could definitely be sanctioned, its authorized strength settled upon, and other rulesdrawn up. As proof of the keenness of the Portuguese residents, when the Company had beenactually formed it was the second strongest in its first parade, having 76 officers and men, whilethe Customs Company consisted of 78 officers and men.With this encouraging start, the Company was formally admitted to the SVC on February28, 1906; Joao Nolasco da Silva had been commissioned a lieutenant and placed in command.Captain J. M. Davidson had been attached as instructor, with the assistance of Sergeants Studd,Mathews and Thompson and another from the Marines. In accordance with the conditions laiddown by the Council and accepted by the organizing committee, the Company had been trained inthe British Infantry Drill and armed with Martini carbines. In 1908 the Company had been firmlyestablished and adopted the drill of the Portuguese army manuals. From that time on, the languageof command, company orders, and lectures was all in Portuguese.98THE PERSONNEL OF THE COMPANYThe first officers of the Portuguese Company included: Majors A. M. and Diniz, Manuel F.R. Leitao; Captains Joao Nolasco da Silva, and Prospero A. da Costa; Lieutenants Basilio M.Carion, Earnesto dos S. Carneiro, Daniel M. Gutterres, Lino Costa, Johannes M. M. Britto,Augusto S. Braga, Justo F. Sequeira, Mathias P. de Campos, Joaquim R. Collaco, Frederico M. F.Gutierrez, Fernando O. R. Xavier, and Mario A. Ferras.Captain Joao Nolasco da Silva was succeeded in the command of the Company by MajorAntonio M. Diniz in 1914. Latter, in 1925, passed the command on to Major Fernando A. R.Leitao, and when four years later this commander had been transferred to headquarters assuperintendent of muskertry, he was succeeded by his brother, Major Manuel F. R. Leitao.99
32ACTIVITIES OF THE COMPANYThe Portuguese Company had one considerable advantage over most of the other units inthe SVC. It had its own headquarters, No. 73 Range Road had been rented for that purpose andformally opened on July 17, 1909. Proud of their national associations and anxious to strengthenthe ties by keeping the men together, the Company laid the foundations of a club in the rentedhouse . Later on, they transferred to the Portuguese Club, which was the rallying place for allShanghai s Portuguese sportsmen. 100From its inception, the Portuguese Company was an acitive participant in Company, andCorps rifle meets as well as efficiency and football competitions. The first company rifle meet hadbeen held in September 1905. This event was subsequently held annually. The PortugueseCompany s first big success came in 1910, when a team from the unit won the coveted AmericanCompany Cup. There followed a number of lean years, but in 1917-18 the Company placed firstwhen the musketry returns had been published. The Company again placed first in the years1919-20, 1920-21, 1921-22. Many members of the Company scored individual successes with therifle. The Company had also won the International Company Challenge Shield in 1919, 1920,1921, and 1925; the Barnes Cup in 1921 and the British Cup in 1920, 1921, 1926, and 1928. TheCompany suffered in the competition in the following years except for a few individual victories inthe SVC Annual Rifle Meeting. During its first years the Portuguese Company usually finishednear the bottom of the annual efficiency returns for the SVC. However, the year 1914 seems tohave been a turning point. The company slowly, but surely, forged ahead, until in 1917-18 itplaced first. This victory was repeated in the years 1919-20, 1920-21, 1929-30, 1930-31, and1931-32. The efficiency shield had been won by the Company in the years 1921-22, 1930-31, and1931-32. The Japanese Cup for all around efficiency and musketry had also been held by theCompany for three years. Other trophies won in Corps-- wide competitions by the unit includedthe Bray Cup, four times in all; and the Fraser Shield for inter-units football competition, which itcaptured in 1931-32.101It was in October, 1909, that the Company held its first camp, which thereafter became ayearly affair. Over the years it gained in popularity not only with the Portuguese community butwith other foreigners as well. There were reports that the hospitality at the Portugueseentertainments held during the camps were lavish, even in a society where most entertainments
33were of a high standard of excellence. Indeed, the Portuguese Company would be ranked as theleader of the Shanghai Volunteer Corps entertainments.Towards the close of the year 1911, several of the more influential Portuguese residentsexpressed a wish to enroll themselves as an auxiliary to the Portuguese Company in order to forma Reserve Section, somewhat upon the lines of the then existing 12 Bore (Gun Club) Company. 22names were enrolled, and a membership of 40 was expected when the matter of the formation of aSportsmen s Section ( Secçao de Caçadores ), to be affiliated to the PortugueseCompany, had been laid before the Municipal Council. The project received the Council ssanction upon the grounds that all adult male residents in the International Settlement should beprepared to take part in its defense, if required, and some form of organization was necessary inorder that their service may be of actual use. Upon the recommendation of the Commandant, acommission of Second Lieutenant to command the new section had been issued on December 28,1911, for L. Encarnação. At the close of the year, the strength of this section was 30.102In the life of the foreign concessions in Shanghai, the question of these more or lessirregular reserve units occasionally came up for discussion. It was realized at the time that, in theevent of any serious troubles in Shanghai, there would be an enormous rush of non-volunteerresidents anxious to be of service all of whom would expect to be attached to the S.V.C. It wasevident that the great majority of such men would be barred from joining any of the active units ofthe Volunteer Corps. But the task of organizing them into some sort of workable shape would fallupon the staff of the Volunteer Corps. That task could be considerably lightened by theorganization beforehand of these reserve units, which would be capable of faster and greaterexpansion then could be the case with the units organized on a regular basis. At the same time, theauthorities of the Municipal Council reasoned, in the time of trouble these units would probablyreceive an accession of strength out of all proportion to the active units.103 The Portuguese not onlycontributed to the military preparedness of the Treaty Port but they also exercised an influence onthe cultural life of the city.The Portuguese Company organized a splendid string band from its experts on the nationalguitar of Portugal whose performances were always eagerly looked forward to at the VolunteerCorps concerts.Encouraged by the success of this organization, the Company went a step furtherand formed a brass band. After two months of practice, the band played the Portuguese Company" ,, " ,,
34into camp, much to the envy of other units, none of whom could boast traveling music save theShanghai Scottish with their pipes and the Chinese with their traditional music. The Portugueseowed their band to Consul-General Casanova who took great interest in the Volunteers and helpedthe Company tremendously by providing funds for the military band. Unfortunately, the banddispersed as its members resigned from the Company. Finally all that remainders of the band werethe buglers who still played at company parades.104The Portuguese Company was intensely nationalistic and never missed an opportunity ofshowing it. All Portuguese national festivals had been enthusiastically observed. That nationalismhad even been extended to involve in the affairs of the Portuguese colony of Macao. In August,1910, at the invitation of the Macao Government, a contingent from the company was present atthe transfer of the remains of Colonel Mesquita to Portugal. Colonel Mesquita had been honoredby the adoption of his name as part of the local company s name, with the permission of theS.M.C. The unit was thereafter known as the Portuguese Company Colonel Mesquita(Companhia Portugueza do Coronel Mesquita) Shanghai Volunteer Corps.105Some years later there was another display of loyalty by the Company to the home country.During the dispute over Macao boundary, relations between the Chinese and Portugueseauthorities grew tense and for a while it appeared as if hostilities might break out. There was aspontaneous suggestion that the members of the Portuguese Company should offer their servicesto Macao, not, as members of the S.V.C., but as citizens of the Republic of Portugal. At a fullmuster of the company, Captain Diniz took the opportunity to test the views of his men. When heasked if any wanted to offer their services, if their government should require volunteers, the entirecompany stepped forward. Fortunately, the dispute was settled amicably and the service ofvolunteers was not required.106The Company s colors were presented by the Portuguese ladies of Shanghai in 1925 onthe occasion of the unit s 20th anniversary. The Portuguese Company had the distinction of beingthe only unit in the Shanghai Volunteer Corps to be officially decorated by any recognizedgovernment. In a ceremony on October 5, 1932, Portugal s national day, the Minister forPortugal presented the Company with the Military Order of Christ. The Portuguese governmentconferred such a high distinction on the Company for valuable service to the community. Thisaward reflected great honor not only on the Company but also on the Shanghai Volunteer Corps." "
35The Municipal Council, in acknowledging its gratititude to the Portuguese Company, alsoexpressed its deep appreciation of the high honor conferred on the Company by the country of itsmembers origin. 107Many of the officers of the Company were also decorated by the Portuguese Governmentfor their services to the Shanghai Volunteer Corps and the local Portuguese community. A numberof ex-members of the Company later served with the Portuguese Army in Macao. The trainingreceived while members of the Portuguese Company, S.V.C., had been placed in good steadduring their recruit days.The strength of the Portuguese Company of the Shanghai Volunteer Corps varied over theyears ranging from a high of 118 and 7 officers in 1929 to a low of 76 and 4 officers in 1933.Details can be followed in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 Strength of the Portuguese Company, 1929-1940 Establishment Strength Year EndYear Officers Other Ranks Officers Other Ranks1929 6 164 7 1181930 6 164 4 1171931 6 164 4 1061932 5 120 5 1001933 5 120 4 761934 5 120 4 1061937 6 158 6 991938 6 158 6 1041939 6 158 6 971940 6 158 6 77 Source: The Annual Report of the S.M.C., 1931, 23; 1933, 60; 1934, 50; 1935, 55; 1937, 58; 1938, 79; 1939, 76; 1940, 98.
36CHAPTER FOURThe Portuguese Cultural Institutions and PublicOrganizationsTHE PORTUGUESE PRESS IN SHANGHAIThe old Portuguese traders in the Far East concentrated primarily in Macao. After theOpium War, however, a growing number of Portuguese started to settle in Shanghai. There, as inother treaty ports, the foreign press that existed relied on its own emigre community for supportand readership. The Portuguese residents of Shanghai had always held an influential position inthe city s foreign community, but their political, economic and cultural influences were rathersmall. Therefore, Portuguese newspapers were always rather short-lived.The earliest of the ephemeral Portuguese papers was O Aguil_o (Chinese name: Bei Fang),which existed from 1867 into 1868. Antonio Diniz edited the paper, and he was aided financiallyby Albina Silveira and others. At first, F. P. Rozario was in charge of publishing, printing and
37distributing the paper. The main content of O Aquilço was literature and social news, although,occasionally the paper did carry longer reviews, which at times had an influence outside of thePortuguese community. The Portuguese Consulate-General apparently exercised some influenceover the paper for it was able to forbid, in 1868, the publication of an article about Macao.108The Shanghai Evening Express (Chinese name: Wan Cha Bao or Wan Kuai Bao) was thefirst evening paper in Shanghai. D. Wares Smith and F. P. Rozario cooperated to found the paperon October 1, 1867. Smith, however, soon became the sole-proprietor and the only editor. BetweenApril and May of 1869, the paper stopped publication because of financial problems. ThenSmith s creditors forced him to put the paper under the control of the trading company, TangNi. Smith went bankrupt later, and the paper died with his financial solvency. He left China in1871.109After withdrawing from the Shanghai Evening Express, F.P. Rozario started a new Englishlanguage evening daily, the Shanghai Evening Courier (Chinese name: Shanghai Cha Bao orTong Wen Xi Bao or Tong Wen Wan Bao) on October 1, 1868. In the next year, Hugh Lang took upthe post of editor and soon became the owner of the paper. In order to compete with the North-China Herald and North-China Daily News, the Shanghai Evening Courier devoted a great deal ofspace to investigative reporting and reports of China s home news. Rozario engaged a batch oftalented journalists, sending resident correspondents to China s larger cities. Hugh Lang was aheavily involved editor, and he wrote a large portion of the news articles. He died, perhaps fromoverwork, on January 19, 1875. The paper had been merged with the Evening Gazette, and the newpaper became the Shanghai Courier and China Gazette.110On May 7, 1870, the Rozario family again entered the Shanghai newspaper world with theEnglish weekly The Cycle (Chinese name Zun Huan). The brothers Rozario hired R. A. Jamiesonas the editor. After that, The Cycle clearly expressed the viewpoint of the Shanghai Customsorganization, which had been controlled and operated by foreigners. The content of the weeklywas weighted heavily toward literature and contemporary political events. A divergence ofpolitical views between the publisher and the editor lead to the demise of the paper which officiallydied on June 30, 1871.111Le Nouvelliste de Changhai (Chinese name Shanghai Baojie or Shanghai Xinwen) was thefirst French language newspaper had been published by foreign residents of China. It appeared in" "
38Shanghai on December 5, 1870, and was issued weekly. The brothers Rozario founded the paper,and they retained H.A. Beer as the editor. The paper was highly regarded in the French community.French merchants and the Catholic Church in China supported it financially. Le Nouvelliste deChanghai always reflected the views of the French government. It was reported to have ceasedpublication on December 31, 1872, but other sources reported a total of 182 issues had beenpublished which would have carried it beyond the reported date. The question of the length of thepaper s publication history remains an unresolved research question. 112On June 2, 1873, Pedro Loureiro founded the English language Evening Gazette (Chinesename Wan Bao). F. H. Balfour edited the paper.113 In September of the same year of its founding,the office of the newspaper was destroyed by fire. The fire caused a temporary halt in thepublication, but by the beginning of the next year it was up and running. F. H. Balfour replaced theformer publisher and was concurrently editor. Ke Tai, a foreign trading company, distributedthe paper. In January, 1875, after the death of Hugh Lang, the publisher and editor of the ShanghaiEvening Courier, the Evening Gazette merged with the Shanghai Evening Courier and theShanghai Budget and Weekly News Letter (Chinese name Shanghai Jinnang yu Meizhou Tongxun).The resultant paper was the Shanghai Courier and China Gazette (Chinese name Shanghai ChaBao yu Zhongguo Chao Bao). The Rozario family remained involved in Shanghai s publishingbusiness as C. do Rozario worked for the Shanghai Courier and China Gazette.114Florindo Duarte Guedes, who had earlier published a Portuguese language paper, O Echoda China (Chinese name Zhongguo Huisheng Bao) in Hong Kong, founded a Portuguese languagepaper in Shanghai in 1888, the O Progresso (Chinese name Jin Bu). Edited by M. FernandesCarvalho, O Progresso was a political periodical and often expressed critical opinions of thePortuguese colonial administration in China. The circulation of the paper remained very small. Itwas never given a formal Chinese name, and it ceased publication in 1889.115 Another Portugueselanguage periodical was edited by Francisco Bribo in Shanghai in 1911. Named the Rotundo, thedetails of the publication of this periodical remain unclear.116Briefly Portuguese publishing did expanded beyond newspapers. In the 1940s aPortuguese language magazine, Pela Patria, did appear. C.E.L. Ozorço was the editor, T.A.Carvalho was the business manager, M. H. Gutterres, was the art editor and E.L. Barradas was thehonorary secretary. 117" "
39THE CHURCH OF THE SACRED HEART OF JESUSThe majority of the Portuguese residents of Shanghai were Roman Catholic. Theymaintained an active religious life throughout the history of the treaty port. The Catholic Church ofThe Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Chinese Name: Hongkou Tianzhu Tang) had beenbuilt in Honkew (No. 16 Zanzing Road, then No. 21 and No. 260) in the North District of theShanghai International Settlement on land donated by a Portuguese merchant: Albina da Silveira,an agent of the Union Insurance Society of Canton. 118 The construction of the church started with afoundation stone ceremony on November 29, 1874, and it was completed on June 1, 1876. TheJesuit Father Auguste Foucault oversaw the construction.To the north of the church stood theclergy residence, and to the south was the school for boys and the lodgings for missionaries. In theseven decades of its existence, the church was served by over fifty Catholic priests, and by the1920s some of the priests were Chinese. A full list of the priests served in the Church of the SacredHeart of Jesus can be found in Appendix No. 1.For more than seventy years, The Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus was the centerof religious activities for the Portuguese community in the north and east districts of Shanghai sInternational Settlement. As has been pointed out, the majority of Portuguese in the city weredevoted Catholics and the church was always crowded on Sundays and holidays. The churchduring the year celebrated 23 different holidays. Names and dates of those holidays are listed inAppendix No. 2.THE APOLLO THEATREOne of the earliest foreign cinemas in modern China was the Apollo Theatre (Ai Pu LuYingxi Yuan). It had been founded by a Portuguese-Russian business man of the treaty port, S. G.Hartzberg, who was the proprietor of St. George s Hotel. Hartzberg s business interests wererather wide spread. He had been listed as the sole agent for Messrs. Gilmour, Thomsen & Co., Ltd.,Fine Old Highland Whisky, and the Glassgow and the Mineral Water Manufactory, the solemanufacturers of Vitalis. The theater was located at 52-56 North Szechuen Road and itshowed mostly French films as well as other foreign films. Two of its managers were A. Popovichand I.S. Coushnir. The threatre closed down in the late 1920s.119" ,, " ,, " ,,
40PORTUGUESE PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONSLike all of the foreign residents of the treaty port of Shanghai, the Portuguese kept up avery active social life. Those activities were carried out on a number of levels, but much of it wasthrough the formation of public organizations or clubs. Detailed below are the Portuguese clubsand organizations that could be identified from the sources.1. The Club Portuguez (Club União). One of the oldest public establishments of thePortuguese in Shanghai was the Portuguese Club, located on No. 32 Kiangse Road. It had beenfounded in 1882. The first committee was composed of R. Markwick; J. Danenberg, HonorarySecretary; H. Pereira, Honorary Treasurer; F. S. Oliveira; and A. Yvanovich. 120 Two years later theclub had moved to No. 1 Chepoo Road and J. Danenbrg remained the Honorary Secretary. 121In 1901 the club had changed its location to No. 10 Quinsan Gardens and a new committeehad been formed: A. J. d Ameida, President; H. A. Pereira, Honorary Secretary; J.M.P.Remedios, Honorary Treasurer; William Allanson; L. d Encarnação; F.V. da Fonseca; and A.M.Silva.122 It had been renamed the Club União in 1907 and moved to No. 32 North Szechuen. F.F.Silva became Honorary Secretary and V.F. de Senna, Honorary Treasurer. H.A. Pereira remaineda member of the committee, and F.M.R. Mattos, J.M.P. Remedios, and E.A. Jorge were added tothe committee.123 Subsequently, the club had been located in the Central Building, No. 18,Nanking Road in 1900, and then in 1921 at No. 111 North Szechuen Road.The officers and committee members of the club in the following years included: 1911: E.Marques de Souza, President; J. Martinho Marques, Honorary Secretary; H.J.N. Lopez, HonoraryTreasurer; C.E. deLopes e Ozorio, G.A. Martinho Marques, J.F.M. Gutterres, B.F. Savard-Remedios, E.J. Pereira, and Sarazolla Fernando, Clerk. 124 1920: J.R. d Oliveira, Consul-Generalfor Portugal at Shanghai, Honorary President; L.J. d Encarnacao, President; J.H. Botelho, Vice-President; A.F. das Caldas, Secretary; V.F. de Senna, Treasurer; F.G. E. da Silva; P.M. da Costa;A.A. Rodriques; A.M. da Silva, Jr.; and J.C.P. d Assumpc_o.125 1921: J.M. Tavares, President;B.B. das Remedios, Vice-President; J.C.P. d Assumpc_o, Secretary; P.M. da Costa, Treasurer;L.J. d Encarnacao; F.G. Eca. Da Silva; A.M. da Silva; J.M.E. Pereira; and Vasco de Caralho.1262. Club de Recreio. The Club de Recreio had been established in the early 1890s andlocated at No. 36 Whangpoo Road in 1893. By 1903 it had moved to No. 31 North Szechen Road.
41H.A. Pereira served as the President, F.S. Oliveira as the Honorary Treasurer, and J.C.P.d Assumpção as the Honorary Secretary. The committee had included V.B. de Souza and F.X.d Encarnação.127 L.A. Lubeck was the elected President of the club in 1897, A. Yvanovichbecame the Honorary Secretary and C.J. Rocha joined the committee.128 Officers and committeemembers in subsequent years included: 1901: L.A.Lubeck, President; F.F. da Silva, HonorarySecretary; Marcos de Souza, Honorary Treasurer; B. Maher, Honorary Librarian; R.C.S. Souza;A.Y. Yvanovich; and J.L. Carneiro. 129 1903: H.E.J. d A.C. Branco, Honorary President; L.A.Lubeck, President; E.C. Ozorio, Honorary Secretary; Marcos de Souza, Honorary Treasurer; andR.C.S. Souza, Librarian.1303. Club - Sport Passa-Leão. The Club Sport Passa-Leão was founded around1910, and I.B. de Senna served as its first President. H.H. Selavisa Alves was the HonorarySecretary and L.A.M. Ozorio was the Honorary Treasurer. The first committee members wereJ.M.O. Sequeira, A.A.A. Rodriques, A.M. Ferras, N.H. de Selavisa, P.J. Rivero, and P.A.M. daCosta.1314. Clube Lusitano de Shanghai (Portuguese Sporting Association). The Shanghai LusitanoClub took the former location of the Club União, No. 32 North Szechuen Road, at its founding inabout 1910. By 1918, E. T. Rivero was the Chairman; J.J. de Souza was the Honorary Secretary;M.F. R. Leitao, Treasurer; and I.M. Rangel, Secretary. C.P. Simoes, A.M. da Silva, J.C.P.d Assumpc_o, J.L. Stuart, P.J. Marques, and L.F. Lopes made up the committee.132In 1921, the Club had been reorganized and adopted the name The Portuguese SportingAssociation. In 1929, it again took the name Clube Lusitano de Shanghai. In 1933 it had moved tothe Pearce Aprts. on the corner of Boone and Chapoo Roads. At the same time it had opened asporting section referred to as the Portuguese Sporting Association. Thoe Baptista was theChairman in 1933133 and M.F. Leitao was the President by 1936. The Association had been locatedat 813 Dixwell Road. In the same year M.P. Campos had served as the Honorary Treasurer. Theclub had moved to 1273 Avenue Joffre in 1941 and then to 1273 10A Ling-sen Road in 1948.Subsequent officers and committee members were: 1921: D.M. Gutterrs, Chairman; R.R.Roberts, Honorary Secretary; C.M. Carrea, Honorary Treasurer; E.I. Leitao, Captain; E.S.Carneiro, M. Campos; A.M. Gutierrez; M. Leitao; and S. Xavier.134 1924: J.J. Souza, Chairman;C.E.L. Ozorio, Vice-Chairman; A.E. Collins, Honorary Secretary; A.F. Diniz, Honorary Treasurer;(I ,, " ,,
42F. Baptista, J.P. Campos; F.A. Leitao; L.B. de Senna; J.A.C. Britto; and W. Goulbourn. 135 1928:M.F. Leitao, President; M.P. Campos, Honorary Treasurer; A.M. Gutierrez, HonorarySecretary.136 1929: P.V. Botelho, President; M.P. Campos, Vice-President; A.J. Roza, HonorarySecretary; Luc. F. Lopes, Honorary Treasurer.137 1936: M.P. Campos, President; M.F.R. Leitao,Vice-President; F.X. Diniz, Honorary Secretary; A.R. Portaria, Honorary Treasurer; A.M. Collaco,Secretary.138 1941: D.M.G. Gutterres, Chairman; A.M. Souza, Vice-Chairman; P.A. Costa,Honorary Secretary; L.F. Lopes, Honorary Treasurer; A.M. Collaco, Secretary.139 1948: M.P. deCampos, President; C.M. Gonsalves, Honorary Treasurer; V.L. Xavier, Honorary Secretary. 1405. The Portuguese Red Cross Fund. Sometime before 1918 the Portuguese Red Cross Fundhad been established at No. 108 Bubbling Well Road. It had been led by Mrs. H. de Oliveira.1416. Associacao Macaense de Socorro Mutuo de S hai. The Association had been formedsometime during the decade after 1910 and located at 32 North Szechuen Road. In 1918, L.A.Lubeck was the President while E. dos Santos Carneiro and J.C.P. d Assumpação had served asSecretary and Treasurer respectively. Marcos de Souza and J.J. de Souza were on the committee.142By 1924, E.A. de Garcia was the President and J.M.C. de Souza had become secretary. TheTreasurer was J.M. Diniz, assisted by E.J. Leitao, and L.J. d Encarnac_o was on thecommittee.1437. Associação Macaense de Socorros a Casados de Shanghai. This association had beenestablished sometime before 1924, and in that year its President was A.S. Braga. J.C.P.d Assumpação was the Vice-President; M.P. de Campos was the Treasurer with A.P. Zuzarteand E.E. d Encarnac_o as assistants. The committee was made up of L.F. Lopes, C.M. da Rosa,C.M. Maber, and T.G.J. d Almeida.1448. Associação des Senhoras Portuguesas (Portuguese Women s Association). ThePortuguese Women s Association had become active in late 1920 with an office at 32 NorthSzechuen Road. Mrs. Mary de Souza was the President; Mrs. Marla Botelho, Vice-President; Mrs.Hilda G. Ozario, Honorary Secretary; and Mrs. Marguerite de Silva, Honorary Treasurer.145Subsequently the Association had officed on the sixth floor of the Peace Apartments from 1933 to1937, then at 46 Rue Massenet during 1938-39, and finally at 55 Yuen Ming Yuen Road in 1941.Mrs. Marguerite da Silva remained President during those years. Vice-Presidents included Mrs.Marie Meichado, Miss Ernie Remedios, and Mrs. Angelina Lopes; Secretaries were Miss Marie T.,
43Britto and Mrs. Geraldyne de Senna; Treasurers were Mrs. Hilda G. Ozorio and Mrs. LeticiaSilva.1469. Organisacao Nacional da Colonia Portuguesa de Shanghai (The Portuguese NationalOrganization). The Portuguese National Organization had been established about 1941 with anoffice at 650 Szechuen Road. J.A. Ribeiyo de Melo was the Honorary President and J. Roliz wasthe President. A.S. dos Remedios served as the Vice-President, and T.A. Carvalho, J.M. Gutterres,and F.P. Gutteres were secretaries and treasurer respectively.14710. Cooperativa Portugues de Shanghai. The Cooperative had started its activities at thebeginning of the 1940s and located at 376 Route Cardinal Mercier. In 1941 M.P. de Campos wasthe President and A.S. dos Remedios was the Vice-President. T.A. Caralho and A.S. Braga weresecretary and treasurer.14811. The Portuguese Chamber of Commerce. This commercial organization was located at17 Canton Road.14912. The Portuguese Benevolent Association (Pu Qiao Ci You Hui). The PortugueseBenevolent Association was located at 1920 Lingsen Road following World War II. 15013. Club for the Summer Season in Shanghai. In the spring of 1930, A. M. da Silva and acouple of friends had established a club especially for the summer, which had operated from May1st to September 30th of that year. Located at 99 Avenue Road, it had been formed to provide aplace of amusement and recreation. There were a library, a restaurant, a bar, a dance hall, andbilliard and card rooms. The facilities were for members only. 15114. Associação Macaness de Socorro Mutuo de Shanghai. In the beginning of the 1930sthis soccer association had begun its activities. Its president was A. S. Braga.15215. Associação Portuguese de Beneficencia de Shanghai. This benefit association hadstarted its activities no later than 1931. It was located at 161 Range Road and, in 1932 theassociation secretary was Mrs. Albertina Pereira.153
44
45CHAPTER FIVEThe Social Problems of the Portuguese in ShanghaiEMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS OF THE PORTUGUESE IN SHANGHAIAccording to the investigation of the Civil Affairs Department of the Shanghai Municipal Government in August 1946,there were 2,255 Portuguese residents of Shanghai (1,171 male and 1,084 females). At that time there were 65,610 foreign
46residents (33,938 males and 31,672 females), so the Portuguese constituted 3.4 percent of the foreign population. When thereport was compiled some 891 Portuguese (610 males and 281 females) were employed, which amounted to 39.5 percent of thatnationality s population. The unemployment rate for the Portuguese was 34.2 percent, which amounted to 770 personsunemployed. Women had the largest percentage of unemployment at 51.2 percent, 555 individuals, while the maleunemployment rate was only 18.4 percent. During the year of the report 223 Portuguese lost their jobs. Compared with the othernationalities of the International Settlement, Portuguese unemployment figures were very similar to the Americans but largerthan the White Russians as can be seen in Table 5.1. Table 5.1 Employment Figures for Selected Nationalities in Shanghai, 1946 (Total number in category; percentage of total)Nationality Total Employed Unemployed Lost Job ChildrenPortuguese 2,255 891; 39.5% 770; 34.2% 223; 9.9% 371; 16.5%American 9,130 3,923; 42.5% 3,180; 34.8% 389; 4.3% 1,638; 17.9%U.S.S.R. 8,757 2,903; 33.2% 3,956; 45.2% 519; 5.9% 1,379; 15.8%White Russian 7,017 1,684; 24.0% 3,299; 47.1% 1,709; 24.4% 318; 4.5%French 3,793 1,820; 48.0% 1,447; 38.2% 79; 2.1% 445; 11.7%Austrian 3,439 1,049; 30.5% 1,443; 42.0% 801; 23.3% 146; 4.3%British 2,859 1,446; 50.7% 855; 30.0% 183; 6.4% 366; 12.8%
47Total 65,610 22,678; 34.6% 25,555; 39.0% 8,384; 12.8% 8,981; 13.7% Source: Shanghai Foreign Occupational Count, August, 1946, Civil Affairs Department, Shanghai Municipal Government, Shanghai Municipal Archives.The main occupations of the Portuguese residents of Shanghai by category of business were the following:Industry: Engineers, mechanics, tailors, dressmakers, embroiderers, and factory staff;Trade: Butchers, cooks, confectioners, dairykeepers, hairdressers, manicurists, perfumers, unclassifiedmanagers, mercantile assistants, merchants, restaurant keepers, salesmen, ship agents,storekeepers, and assistants;Financial: Staff, brokers;Professional: Accountants, doctors, dentists, journalists, ministers, priests, missionaries, professors, andteachers;Government: Consular officials, unclassified officials, jailers, wardens, municipal employees, and police;Military: Soldiers and sailors;Clerical: Clerks, stenographers, typists, and secretaries;Professional Services: Nurses, midwives, servants, and watchmen;Entertainment: Artists, entertainers, athletes, and musicians;Miscellaneous: Persons in hospitals, persons of independent means, students, travelers, family dependents, minors,etc.154THE LIVING STANDARD OF THE PORTUGUESE IN SHANGHAIThe rapid development and flourishing of modern Shanghai in the 1920s and 1930s suffered repeated setbacks after theoutbreak of what was to become the Second World War in 1937. Index numbers from October, 1939, to the close of 1941
48indicated that the cost of living of the Portuguese, as well as all other Western foreign salaried employees, rose uninterruptedlythroughout a period of over two years. On a 1939 base, the provisional consolidated index for cost of living rose from 149.15 in1940 to 269.19 in 1941, recording an increase of 79.5 percent. It rose from 191.98 in January to 367.27 in December of 1941, anincrease of 80.5 percent. The purchasing power of the Chinese dollar, reduced by 49.9 percent in January, had been furtherreduced by 72.7 percent in December of that year in comparison with its value at the base period.Of the general indices by nationality, the Russian index recorded the largest rise of 83.6 percent in 1941 over 1940, and of92.7 percent in December over January,1941. Figures for various national groups are shown in Table 5.2.Table 5.2Cost of living indices for various nationalities, 1940-1941.NationalityIndexin1940Index in1941% Increase1941 over1940Jan.,1941Dec.,1941$ IncreaseDec. OverJan. 1941American 144.68 251.97 74.16 183.37 349.31 90.49
49British 147.18 259.85 76.55 187.08 353.65 89.04Russian 150.22 275.77 83.58 194.69 375.20 92.72Portuguese &Others150.23 269.70 79.52 193.88 370.06 90.87 Source: Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1941.Among the group indices for all nationalities, the percentage increase in December over January 1941, was the largest inthe clothing group, followed by the food and fuel groups, see Tables 5.3 and 5.4. Table 5.3 Groups Indices, 1940-1941Groups Indices Index in1940Index in1941% Increase 1941over 1940Jan. 1941 Dec. 1941 % Increase Dec.over Jan. 1941Food 167.68 330.17 90.90 219.39 473.44 115.80Clothing 168.24 289.02 71.79 198.33 440.16 121.93Rent 123.03 190.79 55.08 162.85 221.88 36.25Fuel, etc. 159.64 307.52 92.63 193.74 407.64 110.41Miscellaneous 129.94 223.13 71.72 170.17 293.87 72.69 Source: Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1941.
511936 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.001937 121.52 96.38 121.41 133.63 109.93 118.15 84.64 -15.361938 133.95 247.58 136.92 170.33 130.95 152.90 65.40 -34.601939 191.68 276.15 178.08 222.76 166.62 203.25 49.20 -50.80469.41 326.53 337.05 469.41 397.91 438.22 22.82 -77.18 Source: Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1940.The income range of the families of Western foreign salaried employees in Shanghai varied from $200 to $1,800, inChinese national currency. Over 87 percent of the families, however, were found to be clustered between $200 and $1,800 andthe mode was found in the range of $600 to $800. Families with incomes over $1,800 were those whose salary had been paid inforeign currencies. The items of income for a family included salary and allowances of the principal wage earner, earnings ofother members of the family, monies from paying guests and miscellaneous receipts, and other income, including bank drafts,loans, etc.The percentage of a family s total income that came from the salary and allowances of the principal wage earner of thefamily varied considerably by the nationality of the family. In American families the income of the primary wage earner,generally the husband, on the average was about 82.9 percent of the total family income. For British families it was 87.8 percentand for Portuguese families it was 85.2 percent. For White Russian families, hurt by their refugee status in Shanghai, thepercentage fell to 58.8 percent. On the expenditure side, the purchased items were grouped under five headings: food; clothingand materials; rent; heat, light, water and refrigeration; and miscellaneous. The percentage of the distribution of expenditures inthose five catagories by selected national groups are shown in Table 5.5.
52 Table 5.5 Percentage of Family Income Expended on Selected Items 156Expenditure American British Russian Portuguese & OthersFood 17.75 27.53 28.97 29.35Clothing & Materials 11.37 11.51 12.77 11.66Rent 11.93 13.26 14.29 14.99Heat, Light, etc. 5.45 8.74 7.92 7.72Miscellaneous 53.50 38.96 36.95 36.58Total 100 100 100 100 Source: The Municipal Gazette, June 14, 1940.The percentage distribution of the family income of the different national groups was as detailed in Table 5.6.Detail in Table 5.6.
53Table 5.6Family Income*(Percentage Distribution)Family Income American British Russian Portuguese, Others1. Salary 73.82 62.48 47.52 67.77Husband s 2. Allowances 5.29 16.57 10.81 17.423. Income in kind 3.80 8.69 .49 Total 82.91 87.75 58.81 85.19Earnings of other family members 3.68 9.19 17.12 6.99Payments from paying guests .90 1.59 2.54 1.37Other income 9.83 1.19 8.02 2.72Nominal income 2.69 .28 13.51 3.74 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00*Average: Oct. - Nov. - Dec., 1939The Portuguese and other foreign residents lived peacefully in Shanghai for many years, but they had been particularlyhard hit by inflation after the start of the War of Resistance Against Japan in 1937. As prices rose higher and higher from themiddle of 1940 on, salaried employees were as affected as the workers. They, salaried employees, had a certain amount ofelasticity in purchasing, as for example, buying substitutes or postponing the purchase of certain commodities like clothing and
54household articles. However, because of price increases in substitutes, and the fact that after years of delay, it was no longerpossible to refrain from making durable good purchases, by 1941 economic pressure on salaried employees was causing greatdifficulties. In spite of increased allowances, the earnings of this group lagged further and further behind the climbing prices. Thelivelihood of all concerned would have been better if prices had fallen rather than the employee having received increases inallowances. In many homes, conditions were even worse, since there would be no earnings because of the closure of industrialand commercial enterprises, following the outbreak of the Pacific War in late 1941.THE PORTUGUESE DEATH-RATES IN SHANGHAIThe deaths of Portuguese and other foreign residents in Shanghai had been reported in the Annual Report of the ShanghaiMunicipal Council. It was a regreattable fact that a large number of deaths caused by acute communicable diseases, which, inother circumstances, would have been preventable; namely, smallpox, cholera and typhoid fever.According to the statistics of the Municipal Council, the death-rate among Shanghai s foreign residents by nationalityfrom 1923 to 1938 are detailed in Table 5.7.
56It is interesting to note that in the 15 years for which figures are available, the Portuguesedeath rate exceeds that of the general foreign population. In fact, the average death rate forPortuguese Shanghai residents in the period under discussion exceeded that of other individualnationalities. The average Portuguese rate stood at 19.5 percent, while the British rate was 12.1percent, the American 13.2 percent, and the Russian 16 percent. The average rate for the totalforeign population of the city was 16.5 percent. The high Portuguese rate remains unexplained. Itis particularly puzzling when compared to that of the Russians, a group which included a largenumber of utterly destitute refugees.THE CHARITY ORGANIZATIONS AND THE PORTUGUESE OF SHANGHAIThe Charity Organization, was an umbrella organization that worked with all foreignnationalities in Shanghai, was one of the most important benevolent societies in the city. Itsprincipal work was investigation and disbursement on behalf of the different benevolent societiesin Shanghai. It also assisted private individuals and often aided in the finding of employment forforeign residents. The Committee of the Charity Organization even became involved in thedistribution of some commodities including milk, butter and eggs.The yearly work load of the organization amounted to more than 300 cases. The secretarybrought, either by personal interview or by correspondence, each case to the attention of the reliefagency likely to be interested. As a rule, assistance was given only after investigation, unless theapplicant presented a recommendation from a reliable source. In case of emergency, the secretarywas able to give assistance from the Down and Out Fund of the King s Daughters Society.Previous to the end of World War One, out of the more than 300 cases annually, the Britishand the Portuguese were the largest number of nationals involved. For example , during the year of1917, the total number of cases handled by the Committee amounted to 213. The breakdown bynationality were as follows: British, 84; Portuguese, 51; Filipino, 27; American, 11; Russian, 16;Roumanian, 7; Norwegian, 5; French, 3; Italian, Swedish and Spanish, 2; and Czech, Swiss andDutch, 1. The nature of the cases of assistance can be summarized as follows: found work, 62;helped in other ways, 71; assisted to leave Shanghai, 29; still wanting work, 27; and impossiblecases, 24.157After the October Revolution in Russia, applicants to the relief organization were more
57frequent because of the great influx of refugees from Siberia. From 1918, Russians were by far thelargest number, compared to all other foreign residents. The increasing number of Russianapplicants as compared to the Portuguese and the total foreign residents is illustrated in Table 5.8.Table 5.8Applicants for Relief, 1917-1833Year Portuguese Percent Russian Percent Total Percent1917 51 23.94 16 7.51 213 1001918 40 13.33 24 8.00 300 1001919 39 11.47 72 21.18 340 1001920 7 2.06 120 35.29 340 1001921 11 4.25 63 24.32 259 1001922 11 3.61 113 37.05 305 1001923 8 1.23 307 47.38 648 1001924 8 2.41 157 47.29 332 1001925 6 1.76 176 51.61 341 1001926 13 3.59 188 51.93 362 1001927 8 3.60 98 44.14 222 1001928 9 1.79 261 51.99 502 1001929 8 2.02 260 65.49 397 1001930 16 3.11 343 66.60 515 10019311932 9 1.89 337 70.95 475 1001933 8 2.48 233 72.59 321 100Source: Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1917-1933.Thus the average percentage of Portuguese applicants in the sixteen years from 1917 to1933 stood at 5.2 percent, while the average percentage of Russian applicants reached 48.5 percent.Obviously, the economic situation of the Portuguese community in Shanghai was improvingrelative to that of the Russian refugees.
58THE CRIMINAL STATISTICS OF THE PORTUGUESE RESIDENTS OF SHANGHAIBy the 1920s, there were apparently rumors in the foreign community of Shanghai aboutthe criminality of the Portuguese population. Those rumors had caused the Consul-Generalfor Portugal at Shanghai, Alfredo Casanova, to address the Chairman of the Shanghai MunicipalCouncil, on May 13, 1923, with a request for statistics covering the years from 1913 to 1923.Casanova had specifically asked for statistics on the criminal actions and/or breaches of municipalregulations on the part of the members of the Portuguese community. He had also asked for namesand dates.The Chairman of the Municipal Council, H.G. Simms, replied that although informationabout all foreigners charged during the period mentioned was available in the annual report of thecouncil, there was no information available that classified the foreigners by their nationality. In asecond letter, Casanova revealed his reasons for the request. He said that he needed theinformation in order to be able to compare it with the statistics of the Portuguese Consulate-General to enable the Consul-General to show that amongst the orderly well deserving andhonourable communties of Shanghai s International Settlement--the Portuguese community isbeyond any doubt one of the foremost. 158Two weeks later, Sims replied. He assured the Portuguese Consul-General that theMunicipal Council entirely agreed with his laudable endeavour. He also told the Consul-General that he and his colleagues of the council would be glad to assist in that endeavour.However, Simms pointed out, since all of the foreign residents of the International Settlement weretreated equally, no differentiation had been made as to nationality of the person charged and,therefore, the information Casanova had wanted was not available from the council s archives.The Chairman assured the Consul-General that the council agreed that the Portuguese residents ofthe International Settlement constituted an orderly, well deserving and honorable section of thecommunity. 159From statistics available in the annual report of the International Settlement and of theFrench Concession, it is possible to conclude that Portuguese Consul-General was near the mark inhis description of Shanghai s Portuguese community. The Portuguese residents of both foreignsettlements were second to none in their respect for the maintenance of law and order. Two of the" " " " " " " ,,
59following tables, Tables 5.9 and 5.10, clearly indicate that the Portuguese were a very smallpercentage of the prisoners in the Amoy Road Gao and also of those admitted to the work shelteron Soochow 237 Road. The third table, Table 5.11, shows that the Portuguese were a minorpercent of the total arrests in the French Concession from 1898 to 1937.Table 5.9Amoy Road GaoYear Nationality of the Committed PersonUnregistered British Italian Portuguese Total1928 237 45 3 2 2901929 335 44 1 0 3721931 446 33 3 1 446Source: Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1928, 1929, 1931.Table 5.10Work Shelter, Soochow RoadThe following nationalities were admitted during the yearYear Portuguese Polish Russian Other Total1931 1 10 191 24 2261933 0 24 156 30 2101934 0 37 144 25 2061935 1 21 141 20 183 1936 0 28 102 14 144Source: Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936.
61CHAPTER SIXThe Education of Portuguese ChildrenSHANGHAI S FIRST SCHOOL FOR FOREIGN CHILDRENIt may be said that the true history of the education of foreign children in Shanghai beganwith the movement inaugurated by the Masons in 1885, whereby the Shanghai Masonic SchoolFund had been founded. The object of the fund was to provide for the free tuition and maintenanceof the children of deceased or indigent Freemasons. The Council of the Fund had in its constitutiona school council, comprised of a president, a vice-president and eight other members, including anhonorary secretary. The contributors to the fund were classified as vice-patrons, vice-presidents,and life-governors. A general court of Masonic contributors was to be held once in each year toreceive the school council s report and to elect a president and brethren to serve on the councilfor the ensuring year.The school had been established in 1886, in accordance with the scheme agreed to by all
62the Masonic bodies. A prospectus of the school had been issued to 1889, under the title of TheShanghai Public School under the auspices of the Masonic Fraternity. The subjects ofinstruction were the ordinary English subjects such as mathematics, science, drawing, languages,music, calisthenics drill, with the addition of Chinese language, a clear recognition of theschool s environment. In the succeeding years the number of pupils grew steadily, though therehad to be frequent appeals to the community for funds.160THE ESTABLISHMENT OF MUNICIPAL SCHOOLSPrior to 1892 there were no municipal schools in the International Settlement, though theMunicipal Council exercised a measure of control over a number of private schools, which wereassisted by grants-in-aid. Over the years that followed, the Municipal Council tended to take overthe private schools which it had aided.In 1892, the Council took over control of the Shanghai Public School. The MunicipalCouncil had first aided the Masonic school by a grant in 1890. By that time it was not restricted tothe children of Masons.From 1883 to 1890, the Municipal Council contributed to a school designed originally forEurasian children, for which Mr. Thomas Hanbury had given the building and grounds. In 1890, atrust deed had been executed handing over the control of the property to the Municipal Council,and in 1912 the Council took complete control of the school.In 1914 the Public School, previously a coed school, had been divided into two sections,the girls remaining in the Boone Road premises, while the boys had been moved to the newlycompleted building on North Szechuen Road. In 1916 a branch of the Public School for Girls hadbeen opened at 24 Kungping Road, which in 1927 had been transferred to Yu Lin Road and wasknown as the Public School for Junior Girls. The Thomas Hanbury School had been similarlydivided in 1916, when the boys had been transferred to a new building on Haskell Road.In 1917, the Public School for Girls had been established on Yu Yuan Road, though itsbuilding was not erected until 1923. The Junior School for Boys in the Western District of theInternational Settlement had been established in 1924, but did not occupy its whole premises until1934. Between 1924 and 1930, therefore, there were in existence six main schools for foreignchildren together with the small branch schools for foreign girls in the Eastern District of the" "
63Settlement.The Public School for Boys and the Thomas Hanbury School had been amalgamated in1930, and the Public School became known as the Public and Thomas Hanbury School for Boys.Similarly, in 1935, the Public School for Girls, Boone Road, and the Thomas Hanbury School forGirls were joined. The combined school had been housed in a new building at the corner of Rangeand Hannen Road and known as the Public and Thomas Hanbury School for Girls.In June, 1930, the Municipal Council established the Board of Education to take place ofthe Foreign Education Committee and the Chinese Education Committee. The board had been setup to advise the Council in administering its schools, in determining its educational program and inputting into operation an approved educational policy. In the next year the Board of Educationpresented the Municipal Council a report on educational policy. The report made two broadrecommendations: First that there should an increase in the number of schools maintained by theMunicipal Council and, second, that the Municipal Council should start extending grants toexisting non-municipal schools that had reached a satisfactory standard of efficiency and be able todemonstrate their need of financial assistance. In regard to foreign schools, the Board furtherrecommended that there should be some changes in distribution but not an increase in number.161In discussions on the educational system of foreign children in Shanghai, it seems to befrequently forgotten that Shanghai was, at that time, an extraterritorial treaty port and not a colony.The Municipal Council had extraterritorial jurisdiction only and nothing beyond that limitedpower. The Council did all it could within its power to equip the members of the future generationfor their careers as citizens of Shanghai. The Council had been justified in spending money foreducational purposes because uneducated or partly educated children were detrimental to thecommunity.According to the report of the Foreign Education Committee of 1911, there were noforeign children who were debarred by poverty alone from attending some one or other of theschools in Shanghai. That appeared to be the case for many years, although it may be that thecommittee s generalization did not apply to the children of White Russian refugees during the1920s and 1930s.The 1911 report had divided Portuguese and other foreign children needing education inShanghai into three classes: children of poor means; children of moderate means; and children of" "
64the well to do professional men and merchants. 162The conditions of the third class may have altered considerably after 1911. This particularclass merely wanted an elementary education for their children during their early childhood inShanghai. When they became of sufficient age to go to school in their home country, they werethen sent to public or other schools in that country to complete their education. Considering thecost of living in Shanghai at the time, the increased price of conveyance to and from distantcountries, the increase of school fees in the home countries and the depression in trade caused bythe war, there is cause to think that the conditions of the third class altered considerably. The othertwo classes remained practically as they were in 1911, except for the children of refugees whoflooded into Shanghai as a result of the disruption cause by World War One and the revolutionsthat followed.163By the second decade of the 20th century, the system of education of foreign children by theMunicipal Council appeared to be working in a satisfactory way. The standard of education andquality of the schools received recognition by the Registrar of the Hong Kong University. Hestated with regard to the Public Schools for Boys: The whole tone of the school and standard ofeducation which it presents, is equal to that of my secondary school at home, the famous publicschools excepted. With regard to the Thomas Hanbury School for Boys, he added: Thescholastic side of the school is of a very high order, while the discipline, organization and generaltone is in every way excellent. 164REQUIREMENTS OF THE MUNICIPAL COUNCILTHE QUESTION OF NATIONAL SCHOOLSThe purpose of the Municipal Council was to aid education by means of grants of moneyvoted annually for schools within the International Settlement. To qualify for a grant, a school hadto comply with the conditions and requirements to the satisfaction of the Council. Therequirements of the Council were specific and detailed. The Council required that the schoolsshould have a governing board responsible for the conduct and the finances of the school. It wasthe duty of the governing board to see that the admission and attendance of the pupils, werecarefully regulated by or were under the supervision of the head teacher or principal, who was alsoresponsible for accurate records of accounts, which were to be audited. The governing board had to" ,, " ,, " ,,
65furnish with an Annual Return form which be completed at the end of the school year andreturned to the Municipal Council no later than September 1, of each year. Any other informationrequested by the Council had to be supplied by the governing board. Notice to the Council wasrequired for every date the school was not in session or any other time the ordinary work of theschool was suspended.The Council required that schools making application, should have sufficient and healthypremises that which was reasonably safe from fire and had sufficient sanitary accommodations forboth students and teachers, sufficient meant adequate lighting, ventilation, furnishings andequipment for instruction. Proper maintenance had also been required.The duties of the head teacher or principal were spelled out. They included that theprincipal was responsible for the general control of the school as well as the supervision ofinstruction. In requiring that the staff be adequate, the Council specified that the premises be of theproper arrangement for teaching, that the number of children be appropriate and that the workassigned to each of the staff members be appropriate to their qualifications. It also required that theorganization, proficiency and nature of the approved course of instruction be appropriate to eachclass.The instruction had to be in accordance with a suitable curriculum and syllabus framedwith the circumstances and organization of the school. Most importantly it had to conform to theeducational standards of the country whose nationals formed the majority of its pupils.Patriotism and good citizenship should be encouraged in all schools, and no instruction likely tooffend national susceptibilities or to create interracial animosity should be permitted, theCouncil said.165 A time table had to be posted in a conspicuous place in the school.Kindergartens would be recognized only if they were suitably equipped.The awarding of the grants was based on three criteria: the quality of the work done, thefinancial needs of the school and the number of pupils in regular attendance. The grants were forone year only and no school was eligible until it had been in existence for one year. The grantswere paid quarterly and could be discontinued for any sufficient reason. 166 Unquestionably, theCouncil s rules effected the largest number of foreign children being educated in Shanghai; thetotal number of foreign children being educated in the municipal and other foreign schoolsexceeded 5,000." ,, " ,, " ,,
66The long discussion on the future of the educational policy of the Municipal Councileventually gave rise to the questions of national schools, that were, if nationally exclusive schoolsshould be instituted and if Council grants should be given to those schools. The report of theEducational Commission argued that there was no duty on the part of the Council to institute ormaintain national schools, but the Council should regard them sympathetically. Apart fromthe question of whether it was right to use public money for the support of national schools, theCouncil envisioned many impediments to a national school policy in Shanghai. Not the least ofwhich was the fact that Shanghai was not a colony, nor an independent republic, nor a protectorate.Given Shanghai s unusual situation, the jurisdiction of the Municipal Council was extremelylimited. Language presented another drawback to a national school system. English wasundoubtedly the prevalent foreign language in Shanghai before the end of the 1940s, since itserved as the major language of instruction in all the municipal schools and most of the missionschools. Further the Council reasoned that there would be no power by which the MunicipalCouncil could compel a nationality to continue to maintain its school. Furthermore, some nations,including Portugal, had refused or were unable to even consider starting its own school. If either aschool was not started or if it ceased to operate, for whatever reason, the Council would be facedwith having to maintain a system of municipal schools anyway, if the Council desired to continuethe educational policy as set forth in the 1911 Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council,which was that there would be no children who are debarred by poverty alone from attendingsome one or other of the schools in Shanghai. 167 Finally, the potential for differences of opinionbetween the Municipal Council and the nationals in regard to the conduct, policy, inspection andmaintenance of their schools were just too great. The only power that the Municipal Council wasto withdraw the grant-in-aid.It is also worthy of consideration that before World War II, only three nations had carriedon schools in Shanghai without grants from the Municipal Council: the American, the Japaneseand the British Cathedral Schools. One of the arguments in favor of a national school which wasplaced before the Education Commission, was that the foreign educational system in the ShanghaiInternational Settlement was an extravagant one, but on comparing the cost per pupil per annum inShanghai with the cost per pupil in England it was found, taking into consideration the extraamounts which had to be paid for teachers, rents and cost of living in Shanghai, that the cost to the" ,, " ,,
67Council per pupil compared very favorably with that in England.But it still appeared that the raising of school fees did in some cases produce theunfortunate result of pupils being compelled to leave school before completing the course and didreduce the number of those taking the work of the two highest forms. The school fees fell heavilyon the large majority of parents and in many cases were a great hardship. Very few parents wereable to pay higher fees than those had already been charged and in many cases parents found that itwas a hard struggle to give their children a good education. There were doubtless many caseswhere parents of small means found it difficult to spare sufficient funds to meet the school fees oftheir children, especially in the larger families. However, no one could shut his eyes to the fact thatthere were also a large number of parents who were obtaining a most excellent education for theirchildren at a far lower rate than they would have to pay for the same class of education in the homecountries.This made it rather a difficult problem to deal with. It was certain that there were manyparents who found it difficult, in varying degrees, to provide education to their children. TheEducation Commission always expressed its opinion that there should be no further increase inschool fees, and suggested that some arrangements might be made, by which deserving pupilswhose parents could not afford to keep them in school long enough to complete the course, mighthave the opportunity to obtain financial aid. Such scholarships might be funded by themunicipality or by national and philanthropic societies. The scholarships assisted in solving one ofthe difficulties with which the Education Commission met in dealing with the question of schoolfees, by enabling pupils who otherwise would not be able to do so, to finish their education withoutpaying full fees, or perhaps in some cases without paying fees at all.168Throughout the period under study the Roman Catholic Schools actively participated in theeducation of foreign children in Shanghai. Given the religion of the home country, they played avery important role in the educating of Portuguese children. In 1922, for example, there were 471foreign children in attendance at St. Francis Xavier s College. Table 6.1 below gives the detailsof the nationalities represented in that student body. The school filled a great need among theexceedingly poor Portuguese children, of whom many received a free education. 169Table No. 6.1
68Foreign Students, St. Francis Xavier s College, 1922Nationality Pupils Nationality Pupils Nationality PupilsPortuguese 194 German 16 Norwegian 2English 62 Italian 14 Polish 2Russian 35 Japanese 9 Swedish 2American 27 Belgian 6 Indian 2F rench 25 Esthonian 4 Romanian 1Spanish 19 Austrian 3 Danish 1Filipinos 18 Czechs 3 Siamese 1Irish 17 Korean 3 Greek 1In the foreign schools, like the Public School for Boys, candidates of eligible age wereentered for the Cambridge Local Examinations as a matter of course. No exceptions would bepermitted unless parents made a special request because of medical or other acceptance reasons.The Cambridge local syllabus was drawn up on the basis of two years work for each of the threestages, preliminary, junior and senior. The term University Locals connoted both theCambridge Locals and the Hong Kong Locals. The Cambridge Locals were intended for Englishboys. The colonial candidates lacked the same papers as those set in England. The Hong KongLocals were intended principally for Chinese students and the scope of work and standard of theexamination were correspondingly different.To determine how a school functioned in respect of the standard of work represented by theCambridge Locals, it was important to consider the classification of the scholars, having regard totheir age. In the case of the Cambridge Locals, a boy should work for the preliminary for two years,and sit for it when nearly 14 years of age, for the Junior when nearly 16 and for the Senior beforeturning 18. Boys whose standard in English or other attainments was too low to permit theirentering for the examination with any possibility of success, had to be reckoned as a part of thewhole. Their influence was to lower the general standard, but in considering the school as a whole,they as a section must not be omitted, for to omit them would mean that the school was not beingconsidered but only certain selected parts of it.,,
69The age range of 13 to 18 years was taken as that covering the ages of all boys eligible forone or another of the three stages. To gauge accurately the standard of a school in respect to theCambridge Local Examination requirements, it was necessary to measure the number of boys whowere working for the Cambridge Locals. Then only about one half of that number would beentering in a given year, the other half would be in the intermediate forms, preparing for thefollowing year. The difference between the number of boys in a form and the number actuallyentering from a Cambridge Form was made up of the few boys who were either too old or tooyoung, those who had not meet the form s standard, those who had been exempted for medical orother reasons, and those who had joined the form too late, or who would be leaving school beforethe examination. Those differences and the number of boys passing the Cambridge Locals for theyears 1918 to 1921 are illustrated in Table 6.2 below.Table No 6.2Summary of difference between number enrolled and number standing for Cambridge Local,1918-1921Public School for Boys(Boys 13 years of age and older)Year Enrolled Entered Passed/Percent1918 71 42 27/38%1919 106 23/21%1920 102 51 28/27%1921 1921 54 NAThomas Hambury School for BoysYear Enrolled Entered Passed/Percent1918 109 10 10/6.6%1919 107 2 2/1.8%1920 108 15 15/14%Although the foreign population of Shanghai grew impressively from the latter part of the
7019th century into the first of the 20th century, the number of foreign children attending foreignschools did not keep pace and the figure by the eve of the First World War was surprisingly small.As Table 6.2 below indicates, between 1895 and the start of the war, the figure never went above15 percent.Table No. 6.2Foreign Children Attending Primary School, 1895-1908Year Children Under 15 Attending Primary School Percent1,300 1841,700 230 131,800 270.............. 2,500 3002,900 3593,500 367Source: The Municipal Gazett, October 23, 1909.Table 6.3, which gives the break down of the nationality of the pupils, clearly indicates thewide spread of foreign countries represented in schools supported by the Municipal Council of theInternational Settlement.But starting just before the war broke out, the number of foreign children being educated inShanghai increased rapidly. In 1921 there were 1,141 pupils in the municipal schools and 2,909 inother schools. The number of foreign pupils in the above-mentioned schools totaled 4,050. If theJapanese are deducted, in order to compare with the numbers given in the 1911 annual report of theMunicipal Council, a total of 2,811 foreign children were attending the Settlement schools. Thatcompares to 1,897 in 1911.170 Table No. 6.3 Nationality of Pupils, 1909
71Nationality National Eurasian Jewish TotalEnglish 65 51 36 152Portuguese 6 46 0 52Scottish 38 7 0 45American 16 15 1 32Russian 8 0 17 25British 17 0 0 17German 7 5 4 16French 7 0 0 7Japanese 7 0 0 7Danish 5 2 0 7Swedish 5 0 0 5Hollander 3 0 0 3Irish 2 0 0 2Swiss 0 1 0 1Total 186 127 58 371 Source: The Municipal Gazett, October 23, 1909.As Table 6.3 indicates the Portuguese in 1909 constituted the second largest group offoreign students in the schools supported by the Municipal Council. But of that group, thePortuguese of Eurasian descent was the largest part. This situation which undoubtedly held true formuch of the time of the treaty port existence, except during the war, years certainly highlighted thefact that the Portuguese had been in Asia longer than any other European group and that manyPortuguese nationals had come to Asia to stay.
72CHAPTER SEVENThe Portuguese Enterprises in ShanghaiTHE REGISTRATION OF FOREIGN ENTERPRISESAccording to the Registration of Shanghai s Foreign Enterprises (December 1945 toDecember 1949), there were 13 Portuguese enterprises in the city. They were made up of a singledressmaker, a single oil company, a stationary store, one pharmaceutical company, eight importersand exporters, and a single agent. The total number of foreign enterprises was 1,307, thusPortuguese enterprises were slightly less than one percent of the total foreign enterprises inShanghai.171Another investigation of the foreign enterprises in Shanghai had been taken from August31, 1949, to the end of the year. It showed that there were 684 foreign enterprises: 324 companiesand 360 others. In those enterprises, there were 11,758 Chinese staff members, 36,336 Chineseworkers, 2,035 foreign staff members and 343 foreign workers employed. The statistics alsoshowed that there were six Portuguese enterprises in Shanghai during that period. They includedone established before 1911, two during the period 1911-1920, and then one each in each of the
73periods 1921-1930, 1931-1941, and 1945-1949. According to a breakdown by profession, thoseenterprises included a single exporter, 2 importers, a single industrialist, and two dealers. The sixPortuguese enterprises employed 26 Chinese staff members, 4 Chinese workers, and 8 foreignstaff members.172 In order to present a comprehensive picture of Portuguese commercial activity inShanghai, the following list has been gleaned from the Shanghai commercial directories (HongLists) dating from the early part of the 20th century until the post World War II period.THE SHANGHAI PORTUGUESE HONG LIST 1. The Ajax Blue Print Company had been established before 1933, registered at thePortuguese Consulate-General in Shanghai, and located at 106 Central Arcorde. The operations ofthe company had been listed as documentary photographer, architectural and engineering planprinters, blue-print paper manufacturers, and technical tracing paper and cloth retailer. Its AjaxBlue-Printing Paper Manufacturers had been located at 1296 East Rue Lafayette. The staff of thecompany included:1933 H.L. Carson Service ManagerJ.C. Chay Head Printer1731936 Chen Conway Managing DirectorW.T.L. Chow Managing DirectorYoungman Tseu Managing DirectorYungtse Chow Managing DirectorW.K. Sung SecretaryK.C. Jack AccountantC.P. Champ Plan PrinterT.V. Joe Factory ManagerZ.C. Wolf Factory Assistant1741941 Conway Chen Managing DirectorK.P. Tam Service Manager1751948 Conway Chen Managing DirectorJack Chay PhotographerV.Y. Chu Accountant
74K.Y. Yih Assistant1762. Anderson Brothers had been established in 1937. The company was located at 271Kiangse Road, Central, and listed itself as printers, publishers, stationers, sellers of officeequipment, and booksellers. The staff included:1941 J.H. Anderson Managing DirectorMrs. M. M. AndersonV.H. AndersonD.J. Anderson1771948 J.H. Anderson Managing DirectorG.A. Anderson Assistant ManagerJonesie C.C. Yao Secretary1783. Asiatic Products Co. was the successor of James E. Nixon & Co., which had beenfounded in 1937 in Shanghai. In the early years, James E. Nixon had founded and acted as soleproprietor of the company. Osborne William Foegal became his first associate, and John A.Chadmers had worked there for many years. At the end of the 1940s the company had beenrenamed as the Asiatic Products Co. It still listed itself as cotton and cotton waste merchants, aswell as importers and exporters. After the renaming, it moved from 149 Szechuen Road, Central to40 Ningpo Road. Osborne W. Foegal became a partner in the renamed company.4. Botelho Bros. (Merchants, Founders and Partners: B.J. Botelho, P.V. Botelho and J.H.Botelho) had been first established in Hong Kong in 1914. The head office had remained in HongKong with branches in Shanghai, Tsintao, Tsinan, Amoy, Foochow, Wuchow, San Francisco, andNew York. It acted as agent for numerous companies: San Miguel Brewery, Manila; TransportesMaritimes do Estado, Lisboa; L. Mundet & Son, Inc., Brooklin, NY; Mundelt & Co. Lda. Seixal,Portugal; Cork Products; Crown Corks; and China Underwriters, Ltd. The company faded fromview in the 1930s. Its chief staff members and locations of the branch office in Shanghai were asfollows:1919 82 Szechuen RoadB.B. dos RemediosMiss A.C. RemediosR.F. Xavier179
751924 64 Peking RoadB.B. RemediosF.M.F. GutierrezA. ReidMiss L. HawesH.J. Sing1801929 64 Peking RoadP.V. Botelho PartnerF.M.F. GutierrezA.L. MadeiraF.R. de CarvalhoMiss M.S. BotelhoMiss C.M. Botelho 1815. The California Pharmacy, was located at 155 Avenue Joffre, 247 Avenue Joffre after1933, listed itself as wholesale and retail druggists. The firm had been founded before 1924 anddisappeared from business listings at the end of the 1930s. The staff of the pharmacy included:1924 J.M. de Figueiredo ProprietorGeorge Wilhelmi ManagerMrs. AndersonS. Zee1821929 G.M. Gorjevsky ProprietorN. EgoroffMrs. Revel-Mouroz1831933 G.M. Torjevsky ProprietorV.I. Churlianis Chemist1841936 G.M. Torjevsky ProprietorV.I. Churilanis Chemist and Manager1856. Carvalho, A.D. de; Carvalho & Co.; Naronha & Sons, a company listed as printers,stationers, and bookbinders had been established in 1857. It apparently went out of business in thelate 1890s. The firm, whose first printer was J. H. Carvalho, who would later be Consul and Acting
76Consul-General for Portugal in Shanghai, was reorganized around 1875 and assumed a new name:Carvalho & Co. (or Partners, Ltd.). It was located at 38 Keangse Road. Three years later it wastaken over by the Portugese printing company of Hong Kong, Noronha & Sons, and became theShanghai branch of that company. Then just before 1893 V.P. Fonseca purchased the Shanghaibranch and operated a separate business. The principle staff of the firm in its various formsincluded:1857 J.H. Carvalho PrinterA.H. Carvalho PrinterA.L. Vidigal Assistant1861864 A.H. Carvalho Printer and StationerM.F. BarradasA.A. da FonsecaH. A. Pereira1871875 A.H. Carvalho PartnerH. PereiraP. da SilvaJ.F. de AquinoT.S. Pereira1881878 L. Noronha Absentee OwnerT.S. Pereira PrinterJ.f. d AquinoJ.M. BotelhoL.F. Carian1891893 V.P. Fonseca OwnerT.S. Pereira PrinterJ.F. d AquinoV. PortariaC. Delgado1907. Casa Do Povo: Provision & Wine Merchants, Importers of Oporto Wines and Exporterswas located at 66 North Szechuen Road after it had been founded in 1914. F.A. Maher, a clerk of
77the Russo-Asiastic Bank founded the company. He established branches and agents in Chefoo,Peking, Macao, and Japan. The company went out of business in the late 1920s. Some of the staffare listed below:1918 F.A. Maher Proprietor1924 Mrs. M.L. Maher Proprietor of the 1920s1911929 F.A. Maher ProprietorMrs. M.L. Maher ProprietorF. Trendel Chefoo ManagerR.A. Pereira Peking Manager1928. S.P. Castilho, Castilho & Co. was billed as storekeeper, general commision agents,importers, exporters and shipbrokers. S.P. Castilho founded the company in the beginning of the1890s, located it at 1669 and 1670 Seward Road. It had been renamed before 1893 as Castilho &Co.193 Before 1910, the company had moved to 927 Miller Road and then in 1918 moved again to18 Kiangse Road and assumed a new name, Castilho, C.M. & Co. C.M. Castilho had been listed asthe proprietor. By the beginning of the 1920s, Miss M.F. Castilho had assumed ownership for thecompany. It disappeared from the Shanghai business community after 1924.1949. China Sales & Service Co. had a long and varied life as a Portuguese business concern inShanghai. It had been founded in 1924 and listed itself as importers, exporters and commissionagents. J.A. Dissmeyer was the manager and sole proprietor. By 1929 it had moved to 4Hongkong Road and the business had been described as general merchants, commission agents,and real estate brokers. By 1933 it was the agent for Victor Tin Lithographing Co., Ltd., and in1936 became the sole agent for the China Can Co., Ltd. That relationship continued throughout thewar years. The staff of the company was fairly consistent over the years as is indicated by thefollowing list:1929 J.A. Dissmeyer ManagerTehYung-ching AccountantS.F. Ma CashierEdgard Lee SalesmanJames Liang Factory SupervisorZ.H. Yih" " " " " "
78O.S. Nyi1941 William Bau Sales Manager1948 J.A. Dissmeyer ManagerMiss Joyce Dissmeyer SecretaryS.F. Mah Cashier19510. Companhia Extremo Oriente had been established before 1938. The firm did businessin shipping, import and export. It was located at 8 Quai de France, it disappeared from theShanghai business circles in the 1940s. F.P. de Portaria was a long-time employ along with Miss C.de Portaria and Miss M.T. Shroff. 19611. Companhia Oriental Portugueza had been established before 1921 but disappearedfrom the business world of Shanghai by the late 1920s. In 1921 it was located at 15 Fearon Roadand doing business as wine, provision, and perfumery merchants. Within three year it hadmoved to 6 Quinsan Road and had added that it was the agent for A.G. da Silva Barossa, Lida,Port, Port Wines. The staff included:1921 F. de PortariaJ.P.G. RolizJ.H. de Carvalho1924 J.P.G. RolizJ.H. de CarvalhoMiss L. GomesH.A. Lew19712. Dawson & Co., Ltd. was an import-export company had been established before 1936and located at 749 Bubbling Well Road. Apparently it went out of business during the mid 1940s.The firm s employees included:1936 J. Dawson General ManagerJ.M. de la Cruz Assistant ManagerR. de Sa Rusario SecretaryC.L. Zee CompradoreT.L. Zee ClerkShao Si Sung Clerk" " " " " "
79Wei Ming Tong ClerkK.T. Chen ClerkSun Fah Mao ClerkWei Noon Chang Clerk1981942 J. Dawson General ManagerC.L. Zee Chinese ManagerT.L. Zee Business ManagerT.K. Chow Chief Accountant19913. De Sousa & Co. was established by J.M.C. de Sousa in 1926. The firm was listed as theShanghai branch of the De Sousa & Co. of Hong Kong and disappeared from Shanghai in the late1930s. The company had been first located at 2B Kiangse Road and later moved to 60 KiangseRoad. It had been advertised as Merchants, Importers and Exporter of Hats, etc., the firm alsoacted as the principal agents for Reid, Pinheiro & Cia, Ltd and imported corkwood and sardinesfrom Lisbon. By the 1930s, it listed M.K. Sze and P.C. Voung as employees in addition to DeSousa and acted as agents for fire and marine insurance through the Insurance Co. of the State ofPennsylvania and the Globe & Rutgers Fire Insurance Co. By 1926, the company had moved to149 Yuen Ming Yuen Road and V.A.M. de Sousa had joined the firm as an assistant. 20014. Empresa Portuguesa de Navagacao e Comercio (Portuguese Navigation and TradingCo.) was located on the French Bund and advertises itself as shipowners and merchants. E.C.J.Pereira was the proprietor. In 1938, C.K. Ho was an accountant; by 1941, P.H. Chow had joinedthe firm as office manager, H.Y. Sung was the assistant manager and H.M. Zee was theaccountant. 20115 A.C.D. Encarnacao, an import and export firm, was located at 150 Kiukiang Road in1942. A.C.D. Encarnacao was the proprietor/manager, Tsin Wan Chang was the accountant, andK.T. Chen was the clerk. 20216. C. Encarnacao was a gold, yarn, and cotton broker officed at 107 Central Arcade in1933.20317. Horacio Jose de Garcia was a medical practitioner with an M.D. from AuraraUniversity in 1928.20418. Daniel Maria Pereira Gutterres was a medical practitioner who listed himself with a" " " "
80practice in pediatrics, gynecology, and surgery. His office was at 2 Peking Road. He had receivedhis M.D. from Aurora University in 1927 and advertised his practice in English, French andGerman. 20519. Loja Portuguese existed in the late 1940s at 476 Lingsen Road Central (Avenue Joffre).The firm listed the following employees:1948 A.M. Souza DirectorMrs. Magda Souza SecretaryC.Y. Pan DirectorC.H. Tam DirectorH.A.S. de Sousa ManagerMrs. B. PereiraO.H. Tsai Captain20620. Luso Enterprises, Ltd., importers, exporters, and commission agents, had beenestablished in 1941 and was located at 113 Kiukiang Road. A.A. Alves Lico was general managerthroughout the 1940s.20721. Luso Steamship Lines was also located at 113 Kiukiang Road. A.A. Alves Lico was thesole proprietor and general manager.20822. S. N. Maria Co. had been managed by L.C. Lo and had an office at 37 Rue duConsulat. 20923. New World and New World Hotel, Ltd. The New World was located at 26 BubblingWell Road in 1924. In 1933, the New World Hotel was located at 1-3 Bubbling Well Road.21024. Shanghai Machine Co.; T.E.M.A.; H. Oliveira; and H. Oliveira & Son. The machinecompany was founded in 1911 by W. Kuepper, H. Oliveira, and E. Bechler. The firm advertisedthat it imported machinery of every discription and technical supplies. It was located at No. 1Ningpo Road.211 In the early 1920s, H. Oliveira left the Shanghai Machine Co. and took over theestate of the Dutch company, T.E.M.A., which had been moved to 5 North Soochow Road.212Around 1927, T.E.M.A. had been reorganized and the new company took the name of H. Oliveira& Son. That company dealt in machinery, tools, and engineering supplies and acted as agents foreleven American and European manufacturing firms. After the Second World War, hardware andbuilding and mill supplies had been added to the inventory. In 1936, it was located at No. 1 Seward" ,,
81Road. By 1941, it had moved to 24 Yuen Ming Yuen Road and after the war to 57 Broadway. Thecomparatively large work force remained fairly stable in the 1930s and 1940s:1933 Mrs. I. Oliveira ProprietressA.A. dos Remedios PartnerH.C. Lubeck ManagerE.M. Oliveira TreasurerR.J. Maitland Assistant ManagerV.A. d Aquiar ClerkC.M. Ozorio ClerkA.C. Silva ClerkMiss I.M. Oliveira Clerk2131936 Mrs. I. Oliveira ProprietressA.A. dos Remedios PartnerH.C. Lubeck ManagerE.M. Oliveira TreasurerR.J. Maitland Assistant ManagerV.A. d Aquiar ClerkC.M. Ozorio ClerkA.C. Silva ClerkMiss I.M. Oliveira ClerkV. Oliveira ClerkT.F. Wood Clerk2141941 Mrs. I. Oliveira ProprietressA.A. dos Remedios PartnerH.C. Lubeck ManagerE.M. Oliveira TreasurerR.J. Maitland Assistant ManagerV.A. d Aquiar ClerkC.M. Ozorio ClerkA.C. Silva Clerk
82Miss I.M. Oliveira ClerkV. Oliveira ClerkT.F. Wood ClerkA.C. Silva ClerkC.M. Ozorio ClerkF. Figueireido ClerkC.A. Lobo ClerkHong Kong OfficeMrs. I. OliveiraV.H. OliveiraMrs. V.H. Oliveira2151948 Mrs. I. Oliveira PartnerV.H. Oliveira PartnerJ.R. Tody Import ManagerY.I. Bahon SalesmanT.J. Smith SalesmanLouis Tseu SalesmanThomas Ching SalesmanChales Chen SalesmanC.V. Zee SalesmanD.L. Tong SalesmanY.L. Tong SalesmanWha Zee Salesman21625. Pacific Gem Company was an exporter of artificial precious stones, and was located at6/781 Changde Road. The firm had been established in 1947 and its proprietor was L.P. Chow(Libian Zhou).21726. Rozario & Co., J.M., an import/export firm, was the Shanghai branch of the FoochowPrinting Press. J.M. Rozario, who was also a clerk in the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, was theproprietor.21827. Sam Lazaro Bros. was a music and musical instruments store, which dealt with both the
83retail and wholesale trade. Three brothers, D. de Sam Lazaro, M. de Sam Lazaro, and J. de SamLazaro, who remained partners in the firm, established it in 1915. J.A. Soares and Miss O.P. Silvawere clerks in the firm. 219 By 1933, a branch had been established at 640-642 Avenue Joffre andseveral clerks had been added: H.W. Lowry, N. Goumensky, G. Czaco, Miss A. Kachanovsky, andA. Pushkoff. 220 By 1936, B. de Sam Lazaro had become the sole proprietor, and A. Kuznetsoff hadbeen added to the employed clerks.221 The firm had been started on Szechuen Road, moved to 130Nanking Road, and by 1941 was located at 232 East Nanking Road. Miss M. Palmer and Miss H.Oliveira were working as clerks.222 In 1949, the company changed its name to the Sam LozaroMusic House.22328. Tsok An Stocking Factory was located at 1045/8 East Yuhang Road.224
84CHAPTER EIGHTThe Portuguese Who s Who in ShanghaiMost of the names in the following list came from the original Foreign EmigrantsRegistration Cards of the 1940s and the beginning of the 1950s in the archives of the PublicSecurity Bureau of the Shanghai Municipal Government. These may be the only authoritive andaccurate sources extent. The clerical errors remain unchanged as they are in the registration cards.Part of the names in the list came from other chapters of this book. The sources for those namescame be found in the footnotes.Alarcoun, EmmaAlarcoun, HildaAlarcoun, JoaoAlbuquerque, Maria DizonAldequer, Celestina Maria-BotelkoAldequer, Elizabeth AnnAldequer, Guilhermina P. MariaAldequer, Jenny ClaraAldequer, Joao JoseAldequer, MargaridaAldequer, MariaAldequer, PatriciaAldequer, RaymundoAldequer, Thomas JoseAllanson, Antonia JoseAllanson, Carlos JoseAllanson, Ermyla R.Allanson, Henrique JoseAllemao, Alberto MariaAllemao, Alzira E.' "
85Allemao, Arthur DuarteAllemao, Emilia MarquesAllemao, Hilda L.Allemao, Hilda Maria CarneiroAllemao, Leonardo GiorgiaAllemao, Letcia M.Allemao, Loreha MargheritaAllemao, Maria T.Allemao, Oscar AntonioAllemao, Ricardo HermeregildoAllemao, Theresa D.Almeida, Alfredo Jose d'Almeida, Alfredo Noel d'Almeida, Angelina Mary Teres d'Almeida, Arlina Maria d'Almeida, Aurea Rargel d'Almeida, Bertha d'Almeida, Carlos Antonio d'Almeida, Carman Maria d'Almeida, Corina d'Almeida, Elizabeth d'Almeida, Elsa Maria d'Almeida, Emilio Oscar Maria d'Almeida, Emilio Santos Antonia deAlmeida, F.J. d'Almeida, Floriza d'Almeida, Floriza MariaAlmeida, Fran d'Almeida, Francisca deAlmeida, Francisca Rangel d'Almeida, G. G. deAlmeida, Gerardo Majella d'Almeida, Gerardo Rangel d'Almeida, Germaine Gladys d'Almeida, Giles Francis d'Almeida, Harold d'Almeida, Ignacio d'Almeida, J.H.Almeida, James Westwood d'Almeida, Joao Jose Rangel d'Almeida, Lindamira Esmalia d'Almeida, Lourence Maria d'Almeida, Lucy W. de'Almeida, Luidamira Esmalia d'Almeida, Manuel Francisco d'Almeida, Maria Augusta d'Almeida, Maria Floriza d'Almeida, Maria Jose Rangel d'Almeida , Marjorie P.Almeida, Marjorie Rose d'Almeida, Phyllis Angelina d'Almeida , Procopio d'Almeida, Silva Auree Melina Basto daAlmeida, Silva Rangel d'Almeida, Stella Maria Westwood d'Almeida, Tarcisco Geraldo J. d'Almeida, Theodore Olympia Rozario d'Almeida, Thereza Maria Rangel d'Almeida, Thomas Walter d'Almeida, Torcisie Geraldo J. d'Almeida, Walter Westwood d'Almeida, Zinaida d'Alminda, LeonAlonco, Albuquerqe ValdezAlonco, Denis RicardoAlonco, Eliza N.Alonco, Haruko MifujiAlonco, Laurita AntoniaAlonco, Milviria MendesAlonco, MyriamAlonco, Noel ReginoAlonco, Plinio Antonio
86Alonco, WilhelmineAlvares, F.Alvares, F.A.Alvares, Francisco d'AssisAlves, Antonio Jose, Jr.Alves, Helen MarionAlves, J. N.Alves, Josephina MariaAlves, Julio JustinoAlves, Lucy SelavisaAlves, Maria JoseAlves, Probst N.Amelivada, Conccicao Mendes CruzAnderson, George AlexanderAnderson, Irene P.Anderson, John HarryAnderson, Margaret M.Andrade, J.J. d'Andrefouet, ChantalAndrefouet, ChristianeAndrefouet, Jaques Jean LiovisAndrefouet, TanneguyAnfang, ErciliaAngelo, Fenes MizuelAnninkova, LidiaAntonia, BartolumeuAquino, A. M.Aquino, Acacia Maria d'Aquino, Alda MariaAquino, Angela MargaridaAquino, Angela MariaAquino, Anna Joaquina da SilvaAquino, Antonia S. d'Aquino, Armando Heitor da SilvaAquino, Augusto Manuel da SilvaAquino, C. S.Aquino, Carlos MariaAquino, Carlos SouzaAquino, Edward Mary d'Aquino, Elfrida Maria d'Aquino, Ernesto Artur d'Aquino, Esther Henriette d'Aquino, Eugenie Maria de CamposAquino, Henrique OscarAquino, Joao Claudio d'Aquino, Joao Tomas Dolago d'Aquino, John d'Aquino, Jose Lucius Tyrus d'Aquino, Jose Maria da Silva e Sousa d'Aquino, Leonel Henrique d'Aquino, Lily Maria Remedios d'Aquino, Lola Maria d'Aquino, Luiz Olympio d'Aquino, Maria d'Aquino, Mercia Florinda CollacoAquino, Nuno Alvares d'Aquino, Orlando Philips d'Aquino, Tadeo Amos d'Aquno, C. P. d'Assis, Alke J. d'Assis, Arthur Ambrosio d'Assis, Emely Edith HoyesAssis, Joao RaimundoAssis, L. Lzaura MariaAssis, Marcia J.Assis, Maria J.Assumpcao, C.A.R. d'Assumpcao, Luis Alfredo BarrettoAssumpcao, Maria Baptista d'Assumpcao, Maria Baptista d'Assumpcao, Rosita Theresa D'Assumpcao, Sara L.
87Asvncion, Grace CynthiaAzadian, Esmeralda EsmaliaAzario,Azevedo, Albert JosephAzevedo, ElisaAzevedo, JoeAzevedo, Lucio Victor D'Azevedo, Mary PercuAzinheira, Amalia Maria Conceico MadeiraAzinheira, Armando AlbertoAzinheira, F. A.Azinheira, Henrique FernandesAzinheira, Joao Esbelto MendoncaAzinheira, Regina MariaBa, Harry PunBa, Maria PalenovaBa, Nona TheresaBacelar, Dorothy (Greham)Bandeira, Alberto GeorgeBandeira, Josephine MaeBaptista, Agostinho MariaBaptista, Alda Maria MaherBaptista, Alice BBaptista, AngelinaBaptista, Anna Palmire Da CostaBaptista, Augusto MBaptista, B.M.Baptista, Berthalina Maria GutterresBaptista, ElizabethBaptista, Ellalina Futalia XavierBaptista, Elsie LocilleBaptista, Eugenia Gonsage BarrettoBaptista, Felicia CarneiroBaptista, FranciscoBaptista, Francisco XavierBaptista, George M.Baptista, GermainBaptista, J.Baptista, J.Baptista, J.S.Baptista, Josephine AmeliaBaptista, Lopes, Mercedes MariaBaptista, Louis JohnBaptista, Luiz GonzagaBaptista, M.Baptista, MariaBaptista, Maurice TheodoricoBaptista, P. M.Baptista, TeresaBaptista, Theodorico ProcopioBaptista, WilliamBaptiste, C. M.Baptiste, H. F.Baptiste, H. F.Baptiste, M.Baptiste, P. W.Barbosa, Jaime Monginho FilipeBarclay, Da Luz, Joan SheilaBarradas, Augusto CezarBarradas, Camille O'LearyBarradas, Carlos Maria de LaproBarradas, Celeste MariaBarradas, Cesar AugustoBarradas, Clemencia Faustine RemediosBarradas, Clemenica TherezaBarradas, Costa F. A.Barradas, Elfrida da LaproBarradas, Ernesto AugustoBarradas, Eveline DoloresBarradas, F. A.Barradas, Francis ArmandBarradas, Francisca Carolina
88Barradas, Francisca CarolineBarradas, G. F.Barradas, L. F.Barradas, L.F.Barradas, Maria EduardoBarradas, Maria FatimeBarradas, Maria GisellaBarradas, Maria NormaBarradas, O'LearyBarradas, Patrick Auguste O'LearyBarradas, Prospero SergioBarradas, Prospero SergioBarradas, Prospero Sergio Jr.Barradas, Rodriques Lydia TheodoraBarradas, Teresa MariaBarradas, VicenteBarradas, Virginia MariaBarradas, Yvonne MariaBarretto, A. M.Barretto, A.A.Barretto, Luiz AlfredoBarretto, MariaBarros , A. M.Barros, Alexandra L.Barros, Arnaldo Teixeira de CollacoBarros, CicelyBarros, Evelyn LarcinaBarros, IzabelaBarros, JohnBarros, LeilaBarros, ManuelBarros, Mario HeitorBarros, MaryBarros, RonnieBarros, Simon VincentBarros, VascoBasta da Silva, Marria AugustBasto , da Silva, Alberto AntoniaBasto da Silva, Angela Maria C.K.Basto da Silva, Jose MariaBasto da Silva, Manuel AntonioBatelho, J. V.Beale, L. LlianBenton, SophiaBernal-Silva, AlvaroBernal-Silva, Camilla M.Bernal-Silva, Cynthio AugustoBernal-Silva, Ludmila PetrovnaBernal-Silva, MurielBernal-Silva, RomuloBernal-Silva, SheilaBernard, V. de S.Bernardio, BeutoBernardo, Alfredo NicolauBernardo, Alzira NorbertaBernardo, Antonio C.Bernardo, Dolores ValeriaBernardo, Evelyna MariaBernardo, Jose MariaBerta, SedlacekBetram, Aequrira DanielBlackmon, Olga MarieBorges, AlbinoBorges, LigiaBotelho, Anna Joaquina PereiraBotelho, Cecilia AlexandrinaBotelho, DoloresBotelho, EddieBotelho, Eileen TheresaBotelho, Eliseu DecioBotelho, Emilio MariaBotelho, Francisca Anna
89Botelho, FranciscoBotelho, Francisco MariaBotelho, Guido RicardoBotelho, Horacio MarioBotelho, Joao H.Botelho, Jose MariaBotelho, Julio VictorBotelho, Julita AlexiaBotelho, Leome Daniel MatosBotelho, MariaBotelho, Myra WoodenBotelho, Pedro PauloBotelho, RosemarieBotelho-Low, Veronica MariaBotelho-Yule, FrancisBotelho-Yule, Maria C.Bottu, A.Braga, (Tang) Mary MayBraga, Allyrio AntoniaBraga, AugustineBraga, Augusto de SousaBraga, Augusto S.Braga, BrunoBraga, Carlos MariaBraga, Carmelita CarionBraga, Edmund AugustBraga, Fabia Esperanca RolizBraga, KyraBranquinho, A.C. de LizBras Honniball, Francisca G. F.Bras Honniball, Henry HerbertBras Honniball, John JanusBras Honniball, Maria J.Bras Honniball , MatthewBraz, Rozalinda MariaBribo, FranciscoBrito, Carlos DeanBrito, Francisco de PaulaBritto, Alberto V.Britto, Aluaro AugustoBritto, Antonia MariaBritto, Carlos ArthurBritto, Elfrida T. A.Britto, Evelina AmaliaBritto, FranciscoBritto, HelenBritto, Homen Carvalho deBritto, JaneBritto, JoannesBritto, Joao MariaBritto, Joao Marie ElvinsBritto, Johannes M.M.Britto, JoseBritto, Jose MariaBritto, Leticia Homen de CarvelhoBritto, LidiaBritto, LoraineBritto, Ludmilla Stephania A. deBritto, Maria ConceicaoBritto, Maria J. R.Britto, Marie T.Britto, MiguelBritto, Sarah ElizaBritto, Serene LeticiaBritto, Vicente FerreiraBrockman, Noele F.Butler, Cecilia M.Butt, Carlos Joseph RickmanButte, G. B.Butte, HenriqueButte, HertaButtte, N.T.
90Caido, Frances DasCaido, TongCaldas, Aleste M. DasCaldas, Elsa MariaCaldas, Frances Margaret DasCaldas, Francisco X. DasCaldas, Hanrique Maria DasCaldas, Henry Mary dasCaldas, Joanna Maria DasCaldas, Margaret DasCaldas, Olga M. DasCaldas de Souza, Branca Maria dasCaldas-Schluper, Theodolina Branea dasCaldos, G.M. SouzaCallago, Georgie ManuelCallago, Georgina MariaCallago, Oscar JorgeCampos, Anita EdithCampos, Hermilla Maria de SouzaCampos, Jose Navarro Pereira deCampos, JulieCampos, LiliaCampos, MarioCampos, Mathia P. deCampos, Mathias Pereira deCampos, MiguelCampos, Zeferino AntonioCanaarro, MarieCanavarro, AlfredoCanavarro, Anne MariaCanavarro, Anne MarieCanavarro, Artur Patricio HansenCanavarro, CecileCanavarro, EduardCanavarro, Eduardo PedroCanavarro, Elizabeth HenriettaCanavarro, Fredenco Dionisio LuizCanavarro, FredericoCanavarro, JoachimCanavarro, Joao ManuelCanavarro, Joaquim JesusCanavarro, KennthCanavarro, Lilia E.Canavarro, Louis PhilipCanavarro, Manuela AugustaCanavarro, Maria AugustaCanavarro, Maria T.Canavarro, Paul Dionisio Da CostaCanavarro, Priscilla Maria Dos RemediosCanavarro, RodicCanavarro, Toaquim da CostaCanavarro, VictorCanavarro, Yvonne MariaCao, Diann EncarnaCao, Harold EncarnaCao, Hen. Crutta Angelica EncarnaCarepa, Antonio FurtadoCarion, Alvoro MariaCarion, Amadeo BCarion, Antonia GeraldoCarion, Basilio M.Carion, Bernedette MCarion, Eduardo JoseCarion, Eduardo M.Carion, Emilla M.Carion, Emily AchalyCarion, Emily Elizabeth MoganCarion , ErciliaCarion, Esmalia MariaCarion, FrancisCarion, GabriellaCarion, Gustavo
91Carion, HoracioCarion, John CCarion, LeonorCarion, Leonor MariaCarion, ManuellaCarion, Marcos AurelioCarion, Nelia MariaCarion, Olimpio Maria GonsalvesCarion, PatrickCarion, Rosalina M.R.Carion, RosieCarion, SimplicioCarion, StellaCarlos, David AlbertoCarlos, David AlbertoCarlos, EnconiecoaCarlos, LoboCarmo, Alberto DosCarmo, Alexic S.Carmo, Alice Maria De L.Carmo, AngelinaCarmo, Antonia FranciscoCarmo, Frrancisco PauloCarmo, Myra JosephinaCarmo, Teresa MaraiCarmo, Vera BordakovaCarneiro, Amelia Maria LourdesCarneiro, AugustoCarneiro, Augusto C.Carneiro, Bernardo EstevasCarneiro, Chiquita P.Carneiro, Earnesto dos S.Carneiro, Elvira M.Carneiro, EstherCarneiro, Fernando CamilloCarneiro, Francisco EstevasCarneiro, Francisco X.Carneiro, MariaCarneiro, Maria C. E. R. S. DosCarneiro, Maria CeciliaCarneiro, Maria Ester Dos RemidiosCarneiro, Maria P.Carneiro, Parmenio AntoniaCarneiro, Patricia MariaCarneiro, Ponline FoncesaCarneiro, Susanna MariaCarneiro, SuseennaCarneiro, SuseennaCarneiro, Tamara PaulouneCarr, Therese Mary CollacoCarvalho, A.H. deCarvalho, Afonso Carlos Homen DeCarvalho, Agostinho BernardoCarvalho, AnnaCarvalho, Antonio J. H.Carvalho, Carlus Homen deCarvalho, F.R. deCarvalho, Frederico T.Carvalho, Homen Joseph Mary deCarvalho, Homen Minervina Webster deCarvalho, Horace AntonioCarvalho, Horace RobertCarvalho, J.J. Coelho deCarvalho, Leticia HomenCarvalho, Lilia Maria Remedios deCarvalho, M. FernandesCarvalho, Maria Thereza da Roza Homen deCarvalho, Palmyre AncelinaCarvalho, T.A.Carvalho, Tito Antonio deCarvalho, Yvonne Maria (Oliveira)Casanova, Alfredo
92Casdas, Olgen dasCastilho, Margarida FrancisenCastro, Hector GeorgeCastro, L.F. deCastro, Leonor Maria de BrittoCastro, Maria Lourdes DialhadaCastro, Oscar AlbertoCavalho, TitoChagas, Berta Heleng dasChagas, J.F.Chagas, Joaquim Fausto DasChagas, Maria dasChagas, Mario R. dasChan, Chaiai YiChan, ChenngChan, Ching HanChan, FaiChan, Lai ChunChan, Lenng Yez HamChan, Li ChiangChan, Li LionChan, Li MinChan, LingChan, Lion SiChan, Ping CheongChan, Pinz YingChan , WuChan, YanChang, Nancy MonicaCharles, J. WatchmanChen, DianaChen, ToniaChiang, Soong SungChild, Carolina ArniChild, Edwardo JohnChild, Muriel ChristinaChild-Levchenko, MargaretChristo, EddyChristo, OttoChristo, ShirleyChristo, WillieClark,Cobarrubias, LieduiraCobarrubias, Lioretta PatriciaCoelho, Amelia GertrudesCoelho, Arthur MariaCoelho, Julio Jesus PassosColaco, JoaoColaco, LiousaColaco, MariaColaco, PelageiaCollaco, Adolfo MatheusCollaco, Adroaldo SebastiaoCollaco, Alberto CarlosCollaco, Alda MaryCollaco, Alexandrina MariaCollaco, AngelaCollaco, AngelinaCollaco, Angelina RemediosCollaco, AnitaCollaco, Anna M.B.Collaco, Augustus JohnCollaco, Aurea ErlindaCollaco, Carlos BoromeoCollaco, Carmen MariaCollaco, Catharina CeciliaCollaco, E.VCollaco, Ernestina MariaCollaco, Ernesto AntonioCollaco, Evaristo RamosCollaco, Evelyn Maria VictalCollaco, Flavia Maria
93Collaco, Francisco AntoniaCollaco, GeorgeCollaco, Geraldo BarjonaCollaco, Gilberto BrazCollaco, Guilherme AugustCollaco, Helena Hernanda LiangCollaco, Hermenegildo SigimundoCollaco, Hilda MariaCollaco, Hilda Maria dos RemediosCollaco, Humberto CarlosCollaco, Ilina XavierCollaco, IreneCollaco, JoaoCollaco, Joao FerdinandoCollaco, Joaquim Raul FranciscoCollaco, John albert M.Collaco, Jose Antonio XavierCollaco, Jose MarioCollaco, Josephina SennaCollaco, Leas EmanuelCollaco, LouisaCollaco, LucillaCollaco, Luiza Maria do CarmoCollaco, MarcellaCollaco, MargueritaCollaco, Maria GloriaCollaco, Maria Gloria dos AnjosCollaco, Maria GuiaCollaco, Maria JesusCollaco, Maria JesusCollaco, Maria OttiliaCollaco, Mario AntoniaCollaco, Mascinniano JoseCollaco, Miguella AntoniaCollaco, Norbert HectorCollaco, Olga Maria dos RemidiosCollaco, Oscar JorgeCollaco, Patricia EvelinaCollaco, Ramos EvaristoCollaco, Reinaldo AntoniaCollaco, RolardoCollaco, Romualdo BaldricoCollaco, Serge JiluchkinCollaco, Sotero AdolfoCollaco, Thelma CarlottaCollaco, Theobaldo MaximilianCollaco, Theodord Jos_Collaco, Vera AndraravnaCollaco, Vincente VictorCollaco, ZaertesConceicao, Carlos Antonia da MomagerConceicao, Carlos CamilloConceicao, Hernando CamiloConnor, Lila ElizabethConsalves, Ernesto FranciscoCordairo, Lily LingCordeiro, A. J.Cordeiro, T. P.Corder, Muriel ChristinaCorrea, Amalia Maria de LemosCorrea, Antonio ManuelCorrea, Oscar RaulCorrea, Sophia MariaCorrea, Stella IreneCorte-Real, AdrianCorte-Real, Camillo Maria do Carmo FreireCorte-Real, EthelvinaCorte-Real, Henrique daCorte-Real, Maria Ethelvina MercadoCorte-Real, OlgaCorte-Real, Patricia do Carmo FreireCorveth, Alberto Horacio
94Cost, Migual Jose daCosta , A.A. daCosta, AduardCosta, AlbertCosta, Alberto F.F. daCosta, Alfredo Henrique daCosta, Alfredo JorgeCosta, Alfredo JoseCosta, Alfredo LuizCosta, AliceCosta, Amelia Francisca daCosta, Amelia Maria daCosta, Angelica Maria Sequeira daCosta, Angelina Maria daCosta, Antonia Gomes daCosta, Antonio da Padua daCosta, Antonio Maria daCosta, Archibaldo Augusto daCosta, Armando Sergio daCosta, Arnoldo Augusto Meira daCosta, Augusta daCosta, BernardoCosta, Bernardo Napoleolo daCosta, Branda Maria daCosta, Carlos Alberto daCosta, Carlos Antonio daCosta, Carlos AugustoCosta, Carlos de LucasCosta, Carlota Francesca daCosta, Carvalho Angelo daCosta, Catarina Beatriz daCosta, Cecelia Maria daCosta , Cecilia JosephineCosta, Celeste Maria daCosta, Domingas Maria daCosta, Edmund Albert daCosta, Edmundo OscarCosta, Eduardina Edith Aurea daCosta, Eleanor Maria daCosta, Eleanor Maria daCosta, Elfride Maria daCosta, Elisabet Lily daCosta, Elisabeth Lily daCosta, Emily Maria daCosta, Eric Thomas DaCosta, Estella ViannaCosta, Ethelvira EsmaldaCosta, Eugenio Antonia DaCosta, Eugenio Jose DaCosta, Eulalia Maria DaCosta, Francisca G. daCosta, Francisco daCosta, Franciso Xavier DaCosta, Frederico Alberto DaCosta, Geraldine Augusta DaCosta, Gloria Estellada DaCosta, Guilherme Philips daCosta, Harvey AlexandreCosta, Henrique Eduardo daCosta, Henrique Maria CarmoCosta, Honorine PierrineCosta, Jean daCosta, Jean deCosta , Jeanne DaCosta, Jose GomesCosta, Jose Maria daCosta, Jovio Caesar daCosta, Joyce Harvey daCosta, Juliana Isabel daCosta, Julio Cacan daCosta, Julio Cezour DaCosta, Leanor Maria da
95Costa, Leonor Maria daCosta, Lilia Maria daCosta, LinoCosta, LionelCosta, Luiz Maria Jose DaCosta, Margarida Maria Guterres DaCosta, MargieCosta, Maria Angelina daCosta, Maria Augusta DaCosta, Maria D. daCosta, Maria Francisca DaCosta, Maria Lily Thomas DaCosta, Maria Marinka daCosta, Maria Monica Luz DaCosta, Maria VieiraCosta, MarieCosta, Marie Jose Celeste daCosta, Marie Place RemediosCosta, Marie TeresaCosta, Mario Fausto MarcosCosta, Mary daCosta, MiguelCosta, Miguel Felipe DaCosta, Mildred Virginia DaCosta, Mitsie daCosta, Nadejva A. daCosta, Olivia Loretta DaCosta, Oscar George MCosta, Prospero Antonia Meira daCosta, Prospero Augusto daCosta, Pruspero Antonio MeiraCosta, RaphaelleCosta, ReinaldoCosta, Remedios Berta AugustaCosta, Remedios Maria Anna Jacovina daCosta, Richards Dorstea BacelarCosta, Richards Francisco DaCosta, Rita ChuCosta, Robertina G. DaCosta, Roque Maria DaCosta, Simoes Filomena Luira DaCosta, Stella Maria RemediosCosta, Theodoro daCosta, thereza daCosta, Victor AlexandreCosta, Victor Alexandre Jr. DaCosta, VirginiaCosta, Virginia Dolores daCosta, William Harvey daCosta, Zinaida daCosta-Chung, Emilia MariaCosta-Chung, Jose MariaCosta-Chung, Paulo MariaCosta-Enarnacoio, Elfrida MariaCosta-Harvey, AnnieCosta-Holiday, Herminia MargaridaCosta-Kauteh, Alberto Gmes daCroucher-Xavier, FranciscoCroucher-Xavier, IreneCroucher-Xavier, Luiza FurutaniCroucher-Xavier, Miyuki YamadaCroucher-Xavier, VictoriaCrougher-Xavier, RobertoCruz, Alberto DaCruz, Amelia Da Conceicao MendesCruz, CelsoCruz, Dina Amelia DaCruz, Donaldo VicenteCruz, Dorothea NataliaCruz, Eduardo JoaoCruz, Elcia Antonia AloncoCruz, Favacho Thelma Hermina da
96Cruz, Filomena Barbara DaCruz, Francisco AntonioCruz, Frederico PioCruz, H. JoseCruz, Jacinta Maria MendesCruz, Jeronimo LucianoCruz, L. M. daCruz, Myra Maria ConchiteCruz, O.Cruz, Renaldo AntonioCruz, RobertoCunha, Carlos Augusto daCunha, Catherine DaCunha, Filomena DaCunha, Joaquim Jose DaCunha, Julio Diniz daCunha, Luiz DCunha, Luiz GonzagaCunha, Roza Maria DaD'Aguiar, Adalberto Luiz CruzD'Aguiar, EugeniaD'Aluz, Zinaida P.Danenberg, Alberto MariaDanenberg, Carlos Oscar (Charles)Danenberg, Cesar AugustoDanenberg, EteloinaDanenberg, EthelDanenberg, Evelyn TheresaDanenberg, Filinto Elysio M.Danenberg, Francis JosephDanenberg, GertrudeDanenberg, Hraclamira MariaDanenberg, Lillian MargaretDanenberg , Ludmila M.Danenberg, MyraDanenberg, Zelinda Emilia GomesDauman, Yarmilla May PentosDias-Silberstein, LeoyoldoDiniz, A. M.Diniz, Adelino Augusto MariaDiniz, Adelino Francisco de Paula MariaDiniz, AlexandraDiniz, Alfonso A.Diniz, AntonioDiniz, Antonio de PaduaDiniz, Carlos AntonioDiniz, Charles AnthonyDiniz, Francisca UrsulinaDiniz, Francisco X.Diniz, Henrique MariaDiniz, Isabel Maria FranciscaDiniz, Jose AntonioDiniz, Jose Lewis MaryDiniz, Jose Luiz MariaDiniz, Jose MariaDiniz, Laura CatarinaDiniz, Laura M. D.Diniz, Lewis MaryDiniz, Maria Anna (Gutierrez)Diniz, Maria BernadetteDiniz, Maria MagdalenaDiniz , Marie BernadetteDiniz, Marie de Lourdes FranciscaDiniz, Nadeja TimoopheevnaDiniz, Vera AlexandraDiniz, Vivian J.Dioliveira, CarlosDissmeyer, Daisy MyrtleDissmeyer, John AndrewDissmeyer, Joyce A.Dissmeyer, Roy AndrewDissmeyer, Walter
97Dissmeyer, William LouisDixon, Frances PatriciaDixon , L. SouzaDoyle, Jean FrancesDoyle, Olga MariaEca, Amalia d'Eca, Gastao Frederico d'Edwards, Annie rozarioElfreda, CostaElters, Gertrude MendongaElters, Guilherme MendoncaElvins, CelsaEmamooden, EdmundEmamooden, Edward CharlesEmamooden, HenryEmamooden, Lucie MaryEmamooden, Samuel Richardo RemediosEmamooden, Thomas Richard RemediosEmamooden, Victor Martinho RemediosEmamooden, VivianEnarnacao, Angelina MariaEnarnacao, Antonia ValentinoEncarnacao, AidaEncarnacao, Antonina AlexeevnaEncarnacao, Antonio AugustoEncarnacao, Augusto CezarEncarnacao, CharlesEncarnacao, Diana EvelynEncarnacao, Edmundo FranciscoEncarnacao, Edumndo OscarEncarnacao, Emilo Epigmaeno D'Encarnacao, FredericEncarnacao, Harold HEncarnacao, Heitor JulioEncarnacao, Henerietta angelinaEncarnacao, Irene SimoesEncarnacao, Jose GabrielEncarnacao, Jose MariaEncarnacao, Ludivino JoaoEncarnacao, Ludovic CarlosEncarnacao, Marie SimoesEncarnacao, Merchelina LEncarnacao, Paul SimoesEncarnacao, Virginia MariaEncarnacao-Simoes, Maria Loudres D'Endava, ElfridaEvsukoff, (Colaco) PelageinFalnes, Cecilia AugustaFatima, Francisca IgenzFavacho, Alvaro AlbertoFavacho, Carlos AlbertoFavacho, Domethilia EulaliaFavacho, Donald GardinerFavacho, Edward FrancisFavacho, Ethel Chase K.Favacho, FranciscoFavacho, Guilherme RomanoFavacho, Helen MaryFavacho, Henry LeoFavacho, Libania MariaFavacho, Maria ErnestinaFavacho, Phyllis MaryFavacho, Robert FrancisFavacho, Robert JohnFavacho, Sarah MariaFavacho, Thelme H.Favacho, V.A.Favacho, Virgina MariaFelipe , NeryFernandes, Clementina M.M.Fernandes, ClementinoFernandes, Elvira M.
98Fernandes, Elvira MariaFernandes, Flaria A.Fernandes, Hermenegildo R.Fernandes, Manuel JoseFernandes, Maria H.Fernandes, TeresaFernando, ViannaFerras, AnneFerras, Antonia MFerras, Elizabeth EileenFerras, Emily MaryFerras, Felipe Angelo D.Ferras, IsabellaFerras, Jack AFerras, JuanitaFerras, Manuel AntoniaFerras, Marcus AurelioFerras, Marcus Aurelio Jr.Ferras, Maria AugustaFerras , Marie TheresaFerras, Mario AugustoFerras, Miguel AngeloFerras, Miguel ReinaldoFerras, Roza MarieFerreira, da Fonseca J.B.Ferreira, Gertrudes da L.Ferreira, LeoncioFerreira, Manuel A.Ferreira, Mercia LygiaFerro, G. Vigna daFigueiredo, Alda MariaFigueiredo, Anna TherezaFigueiredo, Emilia Angelina Garcia DeFigueiredo, Fredico MariaFigueiredo, Jose Maria DeFigueiredo, Maria JrideFigueiredo, Tomaz deFlohar da Costa, Elisabeth LilyFoegal, Eduardo HenriquesFoegal, Eduardo HenriquesFoegal, Margie Dolores HFoegal, Maria Camilla BernardoFoegal, Osborne William HenriquesFonseca, Antonia MaryFonseca, Francisco XavierFonseca, J.B. Ferreira daFonseca, Joao PedroFonseca, Maria MercedesFonseca, Marie LouiseFoster, Lila ElizabethFrancisca, D. FerreiraFrancisco, Xavier FonsecoFranco, Gregoria MariaFreitas, Gastao Barjona deFreitas, LuizaGaan, Lois Anne EllisGabriele , GidionGarcia, Eduardo Alvares DeGay, Catarina Maria TeresaGay, KatheringGlaser, Carlos De SolaGoelkin , CharlotteGomes, (Lowrence) Lourenco MiguelGomes, AntoniaGomes, Antonia FerrerGomes, Francisco D'AssisGomes, George JrGomes, Gertrudes Maria RGomes, JorgeGomes, Maria ChunGomes, Maria TheresaGomes, Theonila Maria
99Gomes, VirginiaGonsales, Ferranda GabrielaGonsaloa, Jose MariaGonsalves, A.V.Gonsalves, AngelaGonsalves, Angelina Maria VictalGonsalves, Anthony JohnGonsalves, Augusto MariaGonsalves, C. M.Gonsalves, Carlos Alberto MariaGonsalves, Carlos MariaGonsalves, Carlos RobertoGonsalves, Carmen MariaGonsalves, Cecilia MariaGonsalves, Consuela LoudesGonsalves, Ernesto DanielGonsalves, Ernesto FranciscoGonsalves, Fernanda Gabriella M. Da SilvaGonsalves, Francisco MariaGonsalves, FrederickGonsalves, GeorgeGonsalves, Guilhermena MariaGonsalves, HellenGonsalves, JorgeGonsalves, Jose MariaGonsalves, Juanita MariaGonsalves, JuliaGonsalves, Jum Suon SheimGonsalves, LionelGonsalves, MariaGonsalves, MarieGonsalves, MarionGonsalves, MaryGonsalves, Minnie (Wong)Gonsalves, Mirandalina B.Gonsalves, Mirandalina CarmanGonsalves, NormaGonsalves, OliveGonsalves, PatrickGonsalves, RobertGonsalves, Sheila MariaGonsalves, Veronica O.Goularte, C. M.Goularte, EvelynGoularte, OscarGraham-Bacelar, DorothyGuedes, Luciano MariaGuedes, Maria AmeliaGustavo, JorgeGustavo, LubeckGutierres, Albert ValentineGutierres, Alicia MariaGutierres, Anita MariaGutierres, Antonio MariaGutierres, Antonio Maria, Jr.Gutierres, da Silva EmiloGutierres, DollyGutierres, Eduardo MariaGutierres, Elisabeth HenksGutierres, Francisca Xavier Do RozarioGutierres, Frederico M.Gutierres, Joao MariaGutierres, Margarida MariaGutierres, Maria Guiseppina VisiGutierres, Maria LouisaGutierres, Olga Nikolaevna DjanGutierres, Ricardo AugustoGutierres, Teresa DorotheaGutierrez, Ancides EneasGutierrez, Antonio MariaGutierrez, Antonio Maria BarrettoGutierrez, Arcelina Angelica M.
100Gutierrez, Carlos AlbertoGutierrez, CarolineGutierrez, Celeste MarciaGutierrez, Celeste RosaliaGutierrez, Francisco XavierGutierrez, Frederico Marcia FranciscoGutierrez, Frederico MariaGutierrez, Gladys Martha BarradasGutierrez, GordonGutierrez, Jose MariaGutierrez, Julio Maria BarrettGutierrez, Lamberto FranciscoGutierrez, Laura Augusta PerpetuoGutierrez, Leocricia M.Gutierrez, Leonel AntonioGutierrez, Lizzie V.Gutierrez, Lydia MariaGutierrez, Marcos A.Gutierrez, Margaret BarnesGutierrez, Maria Anna TherezaGutierrez, Maria CattellGutierrez, Maria EmiliaGutierrez, Maria StellaGutierrez, Marie EstherGutierrez, Marie ThereseGutierrez, Miguel F.Gutierrez, Stella MariaGutierrez, Sylvia JosephineGutierrez, Theresa S.Gutierrez, Victor RicardoGutierrez, Victoria LizzieGutterres, Amca MariaGutterres, Angelina MariaGutterres, Antonella M.Gutterres, Avtovis JoseGutterres, Camilla MariaGutterres, Daniel MariaGutterres, Daniel Maria P.Gutterres, Etelvino AntonioGutterres, Francisco de PaulaGutterres, Francisco Xavier Santos MarcalGutterres, Jose MariaGutterres, Josephine MariaGutterres, Leonel AntonioGutterres, LuizGutterres, LuizaGutterres, M.H.Gutterres, Margarida MariaGutterres, Maria ConceicaoGutterres, Maria das DoresGutterres, Moyses HonoratoGutterres, Olga FranciscaGutterres, Roberta MariaGutterres, Soeur CelinaGutterres -Wong , Theresa DorotheaGutterrres, Margarida MariaGuttierrez, FinaHan, Yong FouHarrison, Jose TomazHarrison, Sarah MariaHarrs, Henry Albert JorgeHarrs, MagdaHartzberg, S. G.Harvey, Costa AnnieHarvey, Ruby RosaHarvey-Da-Costa , HazelHarvey-Da-Costa , LuciaHarvey-Da-Costa , WilliamHassanova, XaennaHassanova (Silva), Tamara AlexandrovnaHasting, Florence MaryHatan, Nakumnra
101Heidler, Edwardo MarquesHenrique, Jose CruzHirschel, Corine EvelynHo, Hung KwanHoeppner, Francisca Maria LubeckHonniball, Frances GraceHonniball, Henry HerbertHonniball, John James BrasHonniball, Marie JosephHonniball, MatthewHowe, SamHowe, WillieHyndman, Alla Alexandrovna EfrinaHyndman, Antonio Maria JoseHyndman, Carmen MariaHyndman, JoyceHyndman, Joyce Ethel MaryHyndman, LourdesHyndman, Luciana MariaHyndman, Luiz SchellaHyndman, Ricardo PercivalHyndman, Ricardo Percival Jr.Iffert, Margaret MariaInwood, AlbertJensen, J. C.Jensen, JosephJensen, K.C.Jensen, KennethJesus, AdrinaJesus, Adroaldo MirandaJesus, Alfredo MarioJesus, AoroalooJoanilho, AntonioJoanilho, Antonio ConradoJoanilho, EstanislavJoanilho, Frederico AntonioJoanilho, LuciaJoanilho, Maria Francisca FatimaJoanilho, Maria Perpetuo Socorro de L.Johnson, MariaJorge, Eduardo HenriqueJorge, Gustavo C.Jorge, Ludovico Augusto P.Jorge (Sequeira), Bernadette MariaJose, Henrique CiviloJose, Henrique RichardoJose, Jacaueline CecliaJose, Mercedes AassumpcaoJose, Roberto RicardoKabelitz,Kabelitz, ThomasKachanov, VladimivKeiss, HonorinaKim, J.Kirby, V. B.Klinck, Honorina Isabel da CostaKlingenberg, RitaLacson, Lily CohenLam, Seng CheongLang, CecliaLapro-Barradas, Carlos MariaLarvalho, Jose Maria HomemdeLawlor, Bernardo SilvaLazaro, Alda Margarida De Pierdade Sao SilvaLazaro, Bernardino SamLazaro, Jose Maria Francisco B De SaoLeao, Daisy RodriguesLebakova, JuliaLee, HenriqueLee, Robert AndrewLeigh, Henrique JoseLeilo, Elizabeth
102Leitao, Alvaro A.Leitao, Artur AntonioLeitao, Caridade Maria Dos RemediosLeitao, Fernando AugustoLeitao, Guilherme A.Leitao, GuilhermeinaLeitao, GuilherminaLeitao, HelenaLeitao, Judith MariaLeitao, Julia MichaelaLeitao, Luiz Gonzaga ReadLeitao, Lydia MariaLeitao, Manuel AugustoLeitao, Manuel EmiloLeitao, Manuel F. R.Leitao, Manuel FranciscoLeitao, Maria AmeliaLeitao, Maria JustinaLeitao, Maria LourdesLeitao, Maria S.Leitao, Maria Salome ReadLeitao, Mary Mabel Dos RemediosLeitao, NaterciaLeitao, SarahLeitao, Stella MariaLeitao, Virginia CarmelitaLemos, Acacio CorreaLemos, AmaliaLemos, Correa AmaliaLemos, Rosita PalmiraLeon, AlmindaLeon, Francisco MichaelLeon, JamieLeon, MardyLeong, AgostinhoLevchenko, Lilia CanavarroLevchenko, MargaretLico, Antonio AlvesLing, Lee ChienLitvinenko, Julia PhilipovnaLobo, CarlosLobo, Cecilia M.Lobo, Ghi-Le TheresaLobo, Ignez MariaLobo, Margaret Maria AliceLobo, Pedro MascimoLockhart, Adeliza MariaLopes, Anna Maria LubeckLopes, Augusto LourenceLopes, Carlos CecilioLopes, Carlos EduardoLopes, DuarteLopes, ElsielucilaLopes, Evelina MariaLopes, Felipe JoseLopes, Francisco AntonioLopes, Ignetz Maria GutierrezLopes, John MichaelLopes, Jose Maria ConceicaoLopes, Jose Maria de JesusLopes, LorettaLopes, Lucia Lionel FavachoLopes, Luciano F.Lopes, Maria TheresaLopes, Olivia BarbaraLopes, Virginia MackaoleLopes-Baptista , Mercedes MariaLopo-Simeao, ArmandoLoreau, Gilbert A.E.Loureiro, P. J. da Silva, Jr.Loureiro, Victor HarrisLubeck, Anna Yang
103Lubeck, Berna M.Lubeck, Carlos BLubeck, Carlotta M.Lubeck, Dymna ClaraLubeck, GustavoLubeck, Henrique JoseLubeck, HildaLubeck, InezLubeck, Margarida MariaLubeck, Maria EdithLubeck, Maria JoseLubeck, Mary JosellaLubeck, Regina M.Lubeck, StephenLudoric, Carlos EncarnacaoLuiz, Adelaide HattieLuiz, Afenso MascalLuiz, Afonso MascalLuiz, Beatrice SylviaLuiz, Fernando AugustoLulz, Gonzagada DocunhaLuz, F. R.Luz, Joan S. B. daMachado, AntonioMachado, Carlos JacintoMachado, EdwardMachado, Edward JoseMachado, Emilio BernabyMachado, Ernesto DavidMachado, Eugenia NataliaMachado, Florence RozarioMachado, Fredrico MariaMachado, James Logan SextonMachado, Jenny N.Machado, JulioMachado, Laura Maria AmaliaMachado, Luiz AntonioMachado, Maria AnnistaMachado, Maria Emilia LarcinaMachado, Maria LouisaMachado, Maria TheresaMachado, Mario JoseMachado, OlgaMachado, Roberto ArthurMachado, RosalinaMachado, SylviaMachado, Theresa MarthaMack, JamesMack, Pedro AntonioMacke, ReinaldoMacLean, George-KellyMadeira, A.R.L.Madeira, Alberto LusitanoMadeira, Antonio de PaduaMadeira, Bertha MariaMadeira, Denarte LusitanoMadeira, FerdinandoMadeira, Henry MariaMadeira, Louiza M.Madeira, Luiza Maria D.Madeira, M. M.Madeira, Tsong Tse YenMaher, Amelia Thiaga Collaco R.Maher, AmericoMaher, Anatole MariaMaher, AngelinaMaher, Arthur ConceicaoMaher, Blouma TrachtenbergMaher, ClementinaMaher, Corado MariaMaher, Emillia Maria De CamposMaher, Esmeralda Amelia
104Maher, F. F.Maher, Faustino VictorMaher, Fausto Feliciano GarcezMaher, Fernando AugustoMaher, Francisca MariaMaher, Francisco MousinhoMaher, Gerge DuarteMaher, GloriaMaher, Irene MariaMaher, Izabel Correa de LemosMaher, Joanna MariaMaher, Jorge DuarteMaher, Jose Egas MonizMaher, Leo AugustoMaher, Leo MariaMaher, LucsaMaher, Luiza MariaMaher, Marcia MariaMaher, Maria Figueiredo MarquesMaher, MarianaMaher, Miguel MariaMaher, Miguel Nicolau MariaMaher, PaolinoMaher, Paulina MagdalevaMaher, Raul Da ConceicaoMaher, Tani YokomisoMaher, Thelma OliviaMaher, VirginiaMahomed, ArthurMahomed, MargaridaMak, EddieMarcal, Aguiliana AmadoraMarcal, ElorizaMarcal, Elsa GemaMarcal, FlorizaMarcal, HildaMarcal, Josephine AmaliaMarcal, Luiz AfonsoMarcal, Mamie PhiloMarcal, Marcos Hilda EvelinaMarcal, MariaMarcal, Reinaldo CesarMarcel, MarieMarguerite, BarbaraMarques, A. O.Marques, Alda O.Marques, Alvaro MariaMarques, Annie MariaMarques, Augusto Jose BotelhoMarques, Celeste MariaMarques, ChielhermeMarques, E. A. M.Marques, Eudardo MariaMarques, Fernando Cezar Jr.Marques, Fernando Cezar Sr.Marques, Filica FilotheaMarques, Frederico ThomeMarques, Gilherme EstievaoMarques, Helen VarypaevaMarques, Helena ConceicaoMarques, Joao P. B.Marques, L. A.Marques, L. B.Marques, Leona MarieMarques, M. das NevesMarques, Maria AntoniaMarques-Britto, Sarah ElizaMarques-da-Silva , Mary ThereseMarques- Volabueva , AntoninaMarshall, LuciliaMartinho-Marques, Angelina Maria F. R.Martinho-Marques, Carlos
105Martinho-Marques, Edmundo JoseMartinho-Marques, Eduardo AlbertoMartins, Freddie OramMartins, LydiaMartins, Ulrica BastienMascarenhas, Alarico C. L.Mascarenhas, Henrique L. R. da R.Mascarenhas, Luibor M.Mattos, F.Mchado, Rosalina MaMedina, Natalina HelenaMedina, Ruperto AntonioMedina, VeraMelo, J.A. RibeirodeMendes, A.Mendes, E. E.Mendes, Maria AugustaMendes, Maria JosephinaMendonca, Alexanadre Eduardo R.Mendonca, Jose Luiz Machando deMendonca, Leonor Pinto Dos ReisMerkanis, AliceMeyer, HIlda Anonina DoliveiraMinhoto, Eileen ElizabethMinhoto, Roberto ThomazMizrahi, FortunaMizrahi, MariaMontanez, AlvinMontanez, F.Monteiro, F. L.Montiero-Graca, Augusta MariaMoore, Beatrice RemediosMorais, Moshevich L.Morais, Robertson E.Morasoff-Pereira, VeraMoreles, JooaMorgado, Adolpho JoseMorgado, Esmalia AmaranteMorgado, Humberto AlvesMorgado, Luiza MariaMorgado, Maria L.Morgado, Roberto Maria SouzaMorris, MagaridaMorris, Warren Gustavo ClarenceMota, Maria HenriettaMotta, AntonioMotta, Antonio Maria daMotta, Carmelina RozarioMotta, Jose Gregorio da SilvaMotta, Julia Maria RozarioMotta, Lucia daNatercia, Maria LeitaoNery, Egas M.Nery, Maria MargaridaNery, Philip BenedictNery , Raisa MihailovnaNixon, D.Nononha, Celerte M.Noodt, AlfredNoodt, Cecile Mary LawNoodt, Estephania M. L.Noodt, FrancisNoodt, Francisco MiguelNoronha, Celeste MariaNunes, Pedro Conceicao F.O'Leary, BarradasOliveira , Alda Esmalia d'Oliveira, Alfredo Ramiro Lusitano D'Oliveira, Annelio Francisco MartinsOliveira, Antonio CarlosOliveira, Antonio MartinsOliveira, Apolonoa Carolina D'
106Oliveira, Bernardo AntonioOliveira, Carlos FernandesOliveira, Daskalos Socrates DeOliveira, Dina AmeliaOliveira, Emilio MartinsOliveira, Felipe SylvestreOliveira, FloriaOliveira, Hilda Antonina D'Oliveira, IdaOliveira, Ignez MariaOliveira, IsabellaOliveira, Jorge Cesar Roza deOliveira, Jose Maria Dos SantosOliveira, Julio Oscar George D'Oliveira, L.Oliveira, LizzieOliveira, Luiz JoseOliveira, Manuel Augusto D'Oliveira, Margarida DeOliveira, Maria Cacilda L.Oliveira, Maria ChristinaOliveira, Maria D'Oliveira, Maria L. M. D.Oliveira, Maria LubeckOliveira, Martina MariaOliveira, O.L.D.Oliveira, Oscar D'Oliveira, Reinaldo TheodolinaOliveira, Taki FranciscaOliveira, Theodolino GilbertoOliveira, Victor HenriqueOliveira, Yvonne MariaOliveria, Sadie Muriel deOliviera d', F. M.Ozorio, Alberto EmilioOzorio, Alice G.Ozorio, Alina Maria LeeOzorio, AlineOzorio, Alvaro Antonio SpencerOzorio, AndrewOzorio, Angela MariaOzorio, Anna Aline LeeOzorio, Anna Marie GriffonOzorio, C. E. L.Ozorio, Cecilia AugustaOzorio, CharlesOzorio, Charles, Jr.Ozorio, D. G.Ozorio, Doris CeciliaOzorio, Edward HarryOzorio, FrancisOzorio, Francisco AndrewOzorio, Francisco CarlosOzorio, Frederico AlexandreOzorio, GeorgeOzorio, GilbertOzorio, GladysOzorio, Guilherme (Willim)Ozorio, HarryOzorio, HenryOzorio, Hilda GladysOzorio, JoaoOzorio, JorgeOzorio, Lylia (Spencer) M.Ozorio, MaeOzorio, Maria AugustinaOzorio, Mary LuiseOzorio, PeterOzorio, Raul BernardinoOzorio, Raul Maria A.Ozorio, Raymond FranklinOzorio, Rosa Maria Loh
107Ozorio , RothOzorio, WilliamOzorio da Silva, Maria E.Paker, EnginePalmeira, Carlos FranciscoPariser, ElsaPariser, Eve CarolPariser, Ludmig JakobPariser, Siegmund O.Passos, Carlos Eugenio DosPassos, Leonor Maria DosPaula, A. A.Paula, Nicolau M.Paula, V. N. F.Pedro, Elizabeth CaterinaPedrosa, Ludmila Miguel XavierPedrosa, Pedro Miguel XavierPedrosa, VladimirPeebles, Anna MariaPeebles, MargaretPereir, Quilhermine M.Pereira , (Ostrovsky)Pereira, AlfredoPereira, Alfredo Maria RosaPereira, Amalia FeliciaPereira, AnthonyPereira, Augusto MariaPereira, Beliza MariaPereira, Bertha C.Pereira, Carlos A. Da SilvaPereira, Carlos AugustoPereira, DorothyPereira, E. RozaPereira, E.M.E.Pereira, Eduardo Correa JosePereira, Eduardo FranciscoPereira, Eduardo JosePereira, Estevao Maria EginoPereira, Euzebio FranciscoPereira, F. S.Pereira, Fillomena Theresa SequeiraPereira, Francisco J.Pereira, FredricoPereira, G. RozaPereira, Gabriel Angelo RozaPereira, Giovanni MiguelPereira, GuilherminaPereira, H. A.Pereira, Henrique FranciscoPereira, Hermenegildo MelchiadesPereira, I. A.Pereira, Joao Maria RozaPereira, Jose Emilio XavierPereira, Jose Maria Dos PassosPereira, Julio M.Pereira, L. RozaPereira, LorettaPereira, Luiz GonzagaPereira, Manuel RozaPereira, MariaPereira, Maria BernadettePereira, Maria SenderovaPereira, OlgaPereira, Olga MariaPereira, Patricio PedroPereira, Quelch, D. M.Pereira, Ricardo Francisco GregorioPereira, Richardo AlbertPereira, Thelma MariaPereira, Victor MiguelPereira, Victoria Augusta VictalPeres-Campbell, Bela Elizabeth
108Peres-Campbell, EduardoPerier, Quilhermina M.Perly, Ingebert A.Perly, Mathiluk MoesPerpetuo, AlicePerpetuo, Anna MariaPerpetuo, Eduardo AntonioPerpetuo, EsmaliaPerpetuo, Evelina T.Perpetuo, IsabelPerpetuo, Ismalia Amarante MorgadoPerpetuo, Jose MariaPerpetuo, L. M.Perpetuo, Louis Antonio MariaPetersen, Olga MaryPetru,Pettersson, Margardia MariaPierce, Alzira NorbertaPineau, Luiz JosePintos, Bonifacio EstevaoPintos, CamillaPintos, Charles AnthonyPintos, Evelina LucillaPintos, LilyPintos, Luiz JoaquimPintos, MaryPintos, Secundino AntonioPintos, Yarmilla (Schierhoest)Pintos, Yarmilla Mary MayPintos-Dauman , Y. MayPogrebetzky-Menezes, AlexanderPogrebetzky-Menezes, Marguerite T.Portaria, Adolpho VicentePortaria, Alvaro BasilioPortaria, Eudokia AndreievnaPortaria, Francisco Paula dePortaria, Hatsu NakamuraPortaria, Joao R.Portaria, Jose MariaPortaria, Tamara NeilennderPortier, O. G.Potaria, StomaraPrice, AliceProbst, Mathilde A.Probst, Norberto AlvesRangel, ThucydidesRazario, PeterReal, D. CorteReece, Maria dos SantosReece, Maria dos SantosReis, Leonor Pinto DosRemedios, Agnes GarciasRemedios, Agostinho Henrique DosRemedios, Alberto M. DosRemedios, Alice MadalenaRemedios, Angelina CeciliaRemedios, Angleina Maria dosRemedios, Anna Rosa dosRemedios, AntoniaRemedios, Antonio Augusto DosRemedios, Antonio Joffre dosRemedios, Antonio Saturnino DosRemedios, Arline MariaRemedios, Arnaldo Alva dosRemedios, Augusta MariaRemedios, Augusto CarlosRemedios, Barbara DosRemedios, Bellarmina Maria DosRemedios, BenitaRemedios, BertahRemedios, Branova Margaret DosRemedios, Caesar Luiz Dos
109Remedios, Carlos ARemedios, Carlos ARemedios, CarmenRemedios, Cecilia MariaRemedios, Da Costa Berton ARemedios, EdouardoRemedios, Edouardo Guilherme DosRemedios, Elina Clemencia DosRemedios, Ernina MariaRemedios, Evelina LucillaRemedios, Felisbina FranciscaRemedios, Feresa HelenaRemedios, Filomena C. DosRemedios, Floriza dosRemedios, Frederico A.Remedios, Frederico Alberto DosRemedios, Frederico AntonioRemedios, Frederico MariaRemedios, G.C.D.Remedios, Gertrudes Maria dosRemedios, Guilherme Angelo DosRemedios, Guilhermina Maria FigueiredoRemedios, Guilhermince MargaridaRemedios, Henrique A. DosRemedios, Henrique Ferdinanado SavardRemedios, Henrique JoseRemedios, Humberto A.Remedios, Ignacio Maria dosRemedios, Ione Claudia DosRemedios, Irene Lor DosRemedios, Irene M. DosRemedios, Isidro JeronimoRemedios, J. M. P.Remedios, J. W. dosRemedios, Jeronymo MariaRemedios, Joannes BoscoRemedios, Joao DamascenoRemedios, Joao Joaquim MariaRemedios, Jose A. DosRemedios, Jose FranciscoRemedios, Jose Fulalio dosRemedios, Jose Maria Baptista DosRemedios, Jose Maria DosRemedios, Julia JesuRemedios, Kame TachiRemedios, Leonardo Henrique DosRemedios, Leonardo SavardRemedios, Lily Candida DosRemedios, Louis Augosto DosRemedios, Lydia Maria Oliveira DosRemedios, M. FernandoRemedios, Margaret Maria dosRemedios, Margarita DasRemedios, Margarte Branova dosRemedios, Marguerite Mary dosRemedios, MariaRemedios, Maria A. DosRemedios, Maria Ana HuangRemedios, Maria Angelina BrittoRemedios, Maria Anna Hoang DosRemedios, Maria BRemedios, Maria CostaRemedios, Maria PearlRemedios, Maria StellaRemedios, Maria Theresa Britto dosRemedios, Maria WongRemedios, MarieRemedios, Marie ChristinaRemedios, Marie Theresa Lespinasse DosRemedios, Mario AugustoRemedios, MirandaRemedios, Mousinho Ferdinando dos
110Remedios, MyraRemedios , Nadia Lucilla DosRemedios, Noemie LydiaRemedios, Olga Andrievna DosRemedios, PeterRemedios, Phyllis Maria DosRemedios, Raphael F.Remedios, Raul Felipe DosRemedios, ReginaRemedios, Richard Augusto DosRemedios, Richardo AntonioRemedios, Sarah Maria DosRemedios, SecarRemedios, Sergio AugustoRemedios, Teresa HelenaRemedios, Thelma Maria DosRemedios, Theresa MarieRemedios, U. DosRemedios, Virginia MariaRemedios-Chung, Mary WongRene,Ribeiro, Alda MariaRibeiro, Beatriz Maria Xavier de Souza VieiraRibeiro, CharlesRibeiro, Constantino Filomeno VieiraRibeiro, Consuelo MariaRibeiro, de Melo Jose AugustoRibeiro, Esther MagdalenaRibeiro, Joaquim JoseRibeiro, Lourenco J. V.Ribeiro, Lucas VieiraRibeiro, Miguel FernandoRibeiro, Olivia BalbinaRibeiro, Pauline HenrietteRibeiro, Renaldo Francisco VieriraRibeiro , Roberto RenaldoRibeiro, Rodrigo Alvano VieiraRibeiro, Sara Maria VeiraRibeiro, Vieera Panlina HenriettRichardo, Carlos MariaRitchie, MariaRitchie, Rayundo JohnRitter , L.Rivero, Joseph AnthonyRivero, Lenny (Leonardo) CarlosRivero, Lily Maria da (Costa)Rivero, Maria Alicia FerrasRivero, Renaldo AlbertoRobarts, Emilia MariaRodrigues, AlbertaRodrigues, Anna KongRodrigues, AnnieRodrigues, Arthur Augusto d'AssumpcaoRodrigues, AugustaRodrigues, EleoteriaRodrigues, Francisco Xavier MariaRodrigues, JoannaRodrigues, Jose C.Rodrigues, Joseph AugustoRodrigues, Joseph AugustoRodrigues, Lydia Theodora BarradasRodrigues, MariaRodrigues, Maria Jose RemediosRodrigues, May victoriaRodrigues, Mirie A. E.Rodrigues, Rose C.Roliz, Adalbert P. C.Roliz, Alberto-ColiacoRoliz, Carmen CrnzRoliz, Genoveva Victoria Maria CollacoRoliz, Geralberto EleutherioRoliz, Gualbert Corsinus Collaco
111Roliz, Joaquim P. G.Roliz, Maria Emilia CollaroRoliz, RigobertoRoliz, Roberto JoseRoque, Maria da CostaRoques, Benedetto PardoRosario, Angelo Alberto MariaRosario, Dimas MariaRosario, Elisa VictoriaRosario, Guiomar FranciscaRosario, ThomasRoza, Cecilia daRoza, Egas Augusto DaRoza, G. DaRoza, Lionel Francis DaRoza , Marcus daRoza, Mary Frances GuetterresRoza-Pereira, Ernesto ManuelRoza-Pereira, GabrielRoza-Pereira, Mario AchillesRoza-Pereira, PatriciaRoza-Pereira, Sermelina MariaRozario, A. E.Rozario, Alice YoungRozario, Araujo MauriceRozario, C. doRozario, Carlota M. de SaRozario, Constance Maria DoRozario, Cora MariaRozario, Cypriano E. doRozario, Eduardo Carlos Juenio DoRozario, Ernest Michael DoRozario, Ethelreda Mary doRozario, Eufrazia MariaRozario, F. P.Rozario, Fermiano Mancio doRozario, FilizaRozario, Flavia IRozario, FloraRozario, FranciscaRozario, George Mary PereiraRozario, George Victor doRozario, GeraldoRozario, Gertrudes MariaRozario, Grace Cynthia doRozario, Ignez Maria doRozario, Ilena MariaRozario, Inez do SaRozario, Irene MariaRozario, Irene MariaRozario, Irene MayRozario , Isabella Mary DianaRozario, Ivor JoseRozario, Iza Maria Lourdes DoRozario, Joao Maria Spencer DoRozario, Jorge Maria Perlina doRozario, Jose AntonioRozario, Joseph Michael DoRozario, KayRozario, Kume FelizaRozario, LucyRozario, Mariaa TherezaRozario, Mary ArtamonovaRozario, Miranda Maria doRozario, Prudence Barbra DoRozario, Rene Antonio DoRozario, Robert VincentRozario, Theodoro Joao EvangalistaRozario, Thomas CharlesRozario, Tito LivioRozario, Vera AnaRozario, Zena Alexandrovana Kay
112Rozario-Machado, Florence AgnesRozario-Vieira, Martha EmiliaRuddan-Machado, Thereza MarthaSa, Lino Francisco DeSam Lassro, Maria FausciscaSam Lazar, Maria FausciseaSam Lazaro, BernardinoSam Lazaro, ElizabethSam Lazaro, Maria AnaSam Lazaro, Maria JoseSam Lazaro, Maria Mercedes FlorenceSanches des Aguila, Vicente LudovinoSantos, Alfieds MariaSantos, Antonio dosSantos, B.Santos, Bernardo JoseSantos, Bertolomea AntonioSantos, Daisy MariaSantos, Daniel MariaSantos, F. A.Santos, Herberts M.Santos, Herculano MarinSantos , Hermancia Gosano DosSantos, Joanita MariaSantos, Maria dosSantos, Olivine PinSantos, Pedro MariaSantos, Reginaldo MariaSantos, Roberto M.Savaro-Remedios, FranciscaSavaro-Remidios, Leonardo MariaScharff, AureaSchierhorst, YarmillaSchluper, Theodolina Branca das CaldasSegueira, Giovanni JoseSelesta, ElsaSenna, A. P.Senna, Angelina deSenna, Beatrice Maria deSenna, BenedictaSenna, Bernardino Victor deSenna, Bertha Maria deSenna, Branda Maria deSenna, Carlos Maria deSenna, Catherine Isabella deSenna, Dolores Anita deSenna, G. V. deSenna, Geraldine Maria deSenna, Guilhermina MariaSenna, Jeronimo Maria deSenna, KatherineSenna, Katherine Izabel deSenna, Luiz Gonzaga Maria deSenna, Maria Estephania deSenna, Mario Jayme deSenna, Orbina OtliliaSenna, Paul deSenna, Paula Yuet deSenna, Ricardo Pedro deSenna, Roberta deSenna, Willion Victor deSentianina (Carneiro), Susanna MariaSequeina da Silva, Justo FelicianoSequeira, Alberto CarlosSequeira, Anna MariaSequeira, Armando MartinoSequeira, Bernadette M.Sequeira, Bernarding AntonioSequeira, Cynthia MariaSequeira, Daniel BeatramSequeira, Ernesto LuizSequeira, Francisco Xavier
113Sequeira, Giovanni JoseSequeira, Gladys Augusta F.Sequeira, Gustavo MariaSequeira, Helena MariaSequeira, Henrique CarlosSequeira, Joao PedroSequeira, Justo F.Sequeira, Luiz AugustoSequeira, Luiz FranciscoSequeira, Manuel AlexandreSequeira, Olga MariaSequeira, Vicente de PaulaSequeira-Rangel, Maria AlinaShaw, EstherShaw, KennethShaw, MargerySheila, Bernal-SilvaShort, Barbara MatildaShort, Charles JohnShort, Francis GeraldShort, Laura Guiomar GomesShort, Reginald AlexisSides, Norma M.Silberstein, Ursula Marques Silva daSilva, (Maclean) Jorge Joao (George-K)Silva, A. A. G. daSilva, A. B.Silva, Adriano Eduardo CupertinoSilva, Albert FranciscoSilva, AlbertoSilva, Alda CarlottaSilva, AlfredoSilva, Alfredo MariaSilva, AmandaSilva, Anna Maria Figueiredo daSilva, Antero A. G.Silva, Antonio AugustoSilva, Antonio Jose CupertinoSilva, Antonio Manuel daSilva, Antonio Miguel daSilva, AntonySilva, Arnaldo Augusto daSilva, Augusto CesarSilva, Augusto ThiagodaSilva, Aurea Maria Noronha daSilva, Beleita FerreiraSilva, C. M. deSilva, C.A. daSilva, C.R.B.Silva, Cancio Julio daSilva, Carlos AugustoSilva, Carlos B. C. daSilva, Carlos Biguel (Basto) daSilva, Carlos Jose daSilva, Carmen Nina daSilva, Chagas FolesSilva, Chislaine daSilva, Clementina Maria daSilva, Cynthio Augusto BernalSilva, David CupertinoSilva, Doris daSilva, Eduardo Jose Figueiredo daSilva, Eduardo Jose MachadoSilva, Emilia Celeste daSilva, Emilio Eyigmenio GuterresSilva , Ernesto Francisco GuterresSilva, Ernie Maria daSilva, Esmalia daSilva, Evelina Maria daSilva, Evelyn M. deSilva, Fernando Augusto Basto daSilva, Fernando da
114Silva, Francisco Maria daSilva, Francisco Paul daSilva, GabriellaSilva, Germano Manuel daSilva, GhislaineSilva, Gil Vasco daSilva, Gustavo Augusto daSilva, H. A.Silva, Henrietta A. W. daSilva, Ignez Maria da (Lobo)Silva, Inez Mary deSilva, Irene daSilva, J. B. Ferreira daSilva, J. M.Silva, J. O.Silva, JeroninoSilva, Joana daSilva, Joao Henrique daSilva, Joao Nolasco daSilva, Jose Franasco daSilva, Jose Joao daSilva, Jose M. J. daSilva, Jose MariaSilva, Jose Ricardo daSilva, Julia Vienta daSilva, Julio Alberto daSilva, Ksena BastoSilva, Laura ValentinaSilva, Leopoldo dos Passos daSilva, LidiaSilva, Lily Mary TsangSilva, Lonise Marie daSilva, Lucia daSilva, Lucie Jeanne daSilva, Luiz Augusto daSilva, Luiz Gonzaga deSilva, Luiz Maria daSilva, Luiza M. Se TsaozeSilva, Madelaine daSilva, Magarida Barbara Machado daSilva, Manuel daSilva, Manuela Guiomar Marques daSilva, Marcus Antonio daSilva , Margarida Barbara Basto daSilva , Maria Angelica daSilva, Maria Augusta Basto daSilva, Maria BelmaSilva, Maria CarmenSilva, Maria Estelka daSilva, Maria H. G.Silva, Maria Marques Das N. daSilva , Maria Ozorio daSilva, Maria PiaSilva, Marie Augusta Basto daSilva, Marie Augusta daSilva, Marie ThereseSilva , MinguelSilva, Paraskeva LeshokoffSilva, Regina Augusta daSilva, Romulo BernalSilva, Roza Lily DanenbergSilva, S.M.B.Silva, Tamara Alexandrovna Haszanova daSilva, Tony Miguel daSilva, Urbina MariaSilva, Ursula Marques daSilva, Vera Melita DanenbergSilva, Victor BernardinoSilva, Virginia Carmen daSilva, Xenia Basto daSilva, Xenia MituikovaSilva, Yolanda
115Silva, Yolanda MariaSilva, Zelinda Pereira daSilva-Seater, Eddie JamesSilveira, Albina daSimeo, Armando LopoSimoes, FilomenaSiqueira, Giovanni JoseSiqueira, Jose RichardoSiqueira, Maria Luisa di LorenzoSkinner, LawrenceSkinner, Theodoro FranciscoSmith, Winifred MarySoares, (Young) EdithSoares, Augustus DanielSoares, Bernadette MariaSoares, Edward YoungSoares, FranciscoSoares, Guilhermina MariaSoares, juliaSoares, Margaride MariaSoares, Marie TeresaSoares, RichardoSoares, Sou Pao GeohSoares, Sybil YoungSoares, Young E.Sola Glaser, Alice C. deSolntseva, Alexandra IlinishnaSou, Dao YuenSousa, Alberto JoseSousa, Alexandre Herculano deSousa, Alvaro Alberto Simoes deSousa, Alvaro ManoelSousa, Eduardo Alberto s. DeSousa, Hilda Marria Da Custa DeSousa, Jose Alberto Simoes deSousa, Jose Maria Xavier deSousa, Leon deSousa, Luiza Maria deSouza, A. A. deSouza, A.Q.F. deSouza, Adelaide Silva deSouza, Alexander HerculanoSouza, Alice MariaSouza, Amalia Mihailovna ShahnazariantzSouza, Amanda D'AquinoSouza, Amelia MariaSouza, Amonio F. deSouza, Anastasia Ivanovna A. deSouza, Andre AugustoSouza, Angela Olivia TalbotSouza, Angelica (Angelina)Souza, Armando FranciseSouza, Augusto Cesar deSouza, Augusto Miguel deSouza, Augustus JosephSouza, Augustus MariaSouza, Beatriz Maria Xavier deSouza, Branca Maria (Caldas)Souza, Carlos Mederie AugustoSouza, Casimira (Myra)Souza, Desond AugustoSouza, Dolores Maria deSouza, Eduardo Augusto deSouza, Eduardo MariaSouza, EleonorSouza, Elsa LucardiaSouza, Ernesto deSouza, Estephania MariaSouza, Evelina Amalia BrittoSouza, Facio Maria deSouza, Fekla Vasilieva deSouza, George Allister
116Souza, Guilherme Eduardo T.Souza, Henrique Alberto deSouza, Henrique Julio Teyssier deSouza, Henrique Pedro deSouza, Jeanette ShireySouza, Joanna F. deSouza, Joanna F. deSouza, Jose Alexander TalbotSouza, Julia MariaSouza, Julia P. deSouza, Juliette Maria deSouza, Juliette Maria deSouza, Julio ManuelSouza, Laura Marie deSouza, Lawrence JosephSouza, Leonor M. deSouza, Lily Maria deSouza, LocardiaSouza, Louisa Maria deSouza, Luiz Vicente Remedios deSouza, Marcus AugustoSouza, Margaret deSouza, MariaSouza, Maria Augusto daSouza, Maria Gloria daSouza, Maria Perpetuo Socorro Victoal deSouza, Marie ThereseSouza, Mary Gumley deSouza, Mathias Eduardo deSouza, Mathias Eduardo de, Jr.Souza, Maurice Edward deSouza, Miguel Francisco C.Souza, Myra (Casimira) deSouza, Patricia TalbotSouza, Patrick AugustoSouza, Pompilio Carlos deSouza, Raul CarmoSouza, Rebecca deSouza, Reinaldo Alberto deSouza, Reinaldo deSouza, Rodolfo deSouza, Rosita Theresa A.Souza, Rudy BouzaSouza, Rug Augusto deSouza, S. M.Souza, Stella MariaSouza, Thelma EmigdiaSouza, Virginia Maria deSouza, Vivion MariaSouza, Yvonne TherezaSouza-Caldas, Elsa MariaSouza-Machado, LuisSouza-Machordo, Florence RozarioSouza-Morgan, Roberto MariaStephan, Elizabeth Mary RodriguesStephan, RodriguesSuza, Marcus AugustoTarakanesa, Tamara P. (Carneiro T.P.)Tavares, Cecilia TheresaTavares, Elsie MariaTavares, Engracia MariaTavares, Freddy AlbertoTavares, Henngue A.Tavares, Henrique AlbertoTavares, Jose MariaTavares, L. A.Tavarez, VictorTayler, Amelia L. E.Teixeira, J. F.Theodorico, Procopio BaptistaThomas, LilyTonnochy, Antonia Reinaldo Riveiro
117Tonnochy, Frederick Antony R.Tonnochy, Gladys A. R.Tonnochy, JohnTonnochy, John Gaabriel (Carmen)Tonnochy, Reginald John R.Ursula, Billeing SilvaUsanoff (Chen), TaniaValdez, Joaquim M. T.Vianna, FernandoVianna, HenriqueVianna, Irene Maria BrittoVianna, Manuel EgasVianna, Manuel RodriguesVianna, VicenteVianna, Victor ValentinoVictal, A. M.Victal, Armando AugustoVictal, Braulita MariaVictal, Carlos AugustoVictal, Carmen VictoriaVictal, Edovardo CelisVictal, EgasVictal, Eilina Maria TereseVictal, Fernando AntonioVictal, Guilherme Francisco JoseVictal, Maria AngelinaVictal, Maria BernadetteVictal, Mary VictoriaVictal (Pereira), Victoria AugustaVieira, Lindamira AmaliaVieira, Martha EmiliaVieira, Ulivio AgostinhoVincente, ViannaVisi, Guiseppina (Guterres)Vutal, Egas M.Waltmann, IreneWaltmann, Yvonne JoyceWang, You fongWebster, CamillaWebster, Estefania PetrorilaWebster, Oswaldo HenriqueWestwood, JamesWibster, Oswaldo HenryWilkening, M. C. ChildWinkler, Lillian da GracaWong, David CharlesXavier, A. W.Xavier, Alberto AugustoXavier, AllaXavier, Alzira MariaXavier, Ana Nabaldian f.Xavier, Augusto da RochaXavier, Aurelio JoseXavier, Carlos AugustoXavier, CecilXavier, Cecile Agnes FoynXavier, E. S.Xavier, Edith NinaXavier, Ellaline (Baptista)Xavier, Erlinda MariaXavier, Erlinda Maria AllemaoXavier, Euclydio PorsidonioXavier, Fernando O. R.Xavier, Francisco RufinoXavier, Geraldina StuartXavier, J. A.Xavier, JohannaXavier, JohnXavier, John X.Xavier, Joseph EmilioXavier, JulioXavier, Lauro
118Xavier, LuizXavier, Luiz GonzagaXavier, MagdalaineXavier, MarcusXavier, Maria Carmen da SilvaXavier, Maria Conceicao CruzXavier, Maria YanoXavier, MasvotaXavier, Melina Armanda StuartXavier, NinaXavier, OliviaXavier, Patricia Emilia MargaridaXavier, Raul Feliciano (Carvalno)Xavier, Rober CroucherXavier, RodolfoXavier, Scbartiao f.Xavier, VicenteXavier, Vicente H.Xavier, Vicente LuizXavier, Vicente Luiz Jr.Xavier, Vicente M.Xavier, Victor EmmanuelXavier de Souza, Beatriz MariaXavier-Goularte, Evelina HyndmanXavier-Matsuura, Yaeko MargueritZima, Jodo de LebraZoobrilina, Irene L. (Collaco)Zuzarte, Antonio Dos PassosZuzarte, Maria Magdlena Pintos
-119-APPENDIX No. ONEDirectory of Shanghai Streets - Old and New NamesOLD NAMEAdina, Rue ...........................................off West Rue d Arco J7Alabaster Road..........................................................................M4Albert, Ave. Du Roi..................................................................K5Albury Lane .......... off Chapoo Road, South of Boone Road N4Alcock Road...............................................................................P4Allegre, Route...........................................................................M6Amherst Avenue ....................................................................... G6Amoy Road ...............................................................................M5Annam Road ............................................................................. K5Arsenal Road....................................................not shown on mapAstor Road ................................................................................ N5Avenue Road............................................................................. K5Baikal Road............................................................................... Q4Balfour Road..............................................off Museum Road N5Barchet Road......... off Szechuen Road, near Paoshing Road N3Bard. Rte. Eugene........................................................L6 and M6Bayle, Rte. Amiral.....................................................................L6Beau, Rue Paul...........................................................................L6Bluntschli, Rue .........................................................................M6Boissezon, Rte. de ......................................................................J6Boone Road............................................................................... N4Boppe, Rue Augusto..................................................................L6Boundary Road .........................................................................M4Boundary Terrace......................................... near Elgin Road N4Bourgeat, Rue ............................................................................L6Brenan Road...............................................................................E3Bridou, Route............................................................................ H7Broadway Road ........................................................................ O4Bubbling Well Road...................................................................J5Bund, The.................................................................................. N5Burkill Road...............................................................................L5Canton Road..............................................................................M5NEW NAMEAn Ting RoadQu Fu RoadShan Xi Nan RoadPan Long JieAn Guo RoadTao Yuan RoadXin Hua RoadXia Men RoadAn Yi RoadGao Xiong RoadJin Shan RoadBei Jing Xi RoadHui Min RoadHu Qui RoadXin Xiang RoadShun Chan Road and Xi Men RoadHuang Pi Nan RoadChong Qing Zhong RoadJi Nan RoadFu Xing Xi RoadTang Gu RoadTai Cang RoadTian Mu Dong RoadHe Nan Zhong RoadChang Le Road
-120-Carter Road ................................................................................L5Cassini Rue ............................................................................... K7Central Road .... off Nanking Road, West of Szechuen Road N5Chang Sha Road .......................................................................M5Changping Road .......................................................................K4Chaotung Rd, Honan & S tung Rds., S. of F chow Road N5Chaoufoong Road..................................................................... O4Chaoyang Road..........................................................................R5Chapoo Road............................................................................. N4Chapsal, Rue ..............................................................................L5Chefoo Road ..................................................off Thibet Road N5Chek Ziang Road...................................................................... O3Chekiang Road..........................................................................M4Chemulpo Road........................................................... Q4 and R5Chengtu Road ............................................................................L5Chevalier, Rte. ...........................................................................L7Chiao To Road.................................................off Scott Road O2Chihli Road .............................................. off Klukiang Road M5Chin Chow Road .......................................................................R4Chin Ling Road..........................................................................L3Chingwangtao Road..................................................................P5Chinhai Road .............................................................................L5Chining Road ............................................................................ Q4Chu Pao San. Rue .........................................off Rue de ConsulatChungking Road .........................................................................I5Chung Wha Sing Road................................................L3, and N3Chung Kung Road .....................................................................T3Chung San Road ....................................................................... G3Chung Shing Road......................................................................I3Chung Wha Road......................................................................M7Chusan Road ..............................................................................P4Cohen, Route Andre ...................................................................J6Clarke, Rue Brodie ...................................................................M6Colbert, Rue .............................................................................. N6Columbia Road ......................................................................... G6Connaught Road .........................................................................J4Consulat, Rue du.......................................................................N6Conty, Rue .................................................................................L7Cordier, Route........................................................................... H6Corneille, Rue ............................................................................L6Courbet, Rte. Amiral................................................................ K5Crescent Avenue......off Yu Yuen Road, next to Court 1207 H5Culty, Rte. Charles ................................................................... H6Cunningham Road .................................. off Boundary Road M4Dahtung Road............................................................................L3Dalny Road ................................................................................P4D Arco, Rue .............................................................................J7Darroch Road............................................................................ N3Delastre, Route Rene..................................................................J6Delaunay, Rue............................................off Route Winling H7Dent Lane.......................................................... off Dent Road P4Dent Road ..................................................................................P4Destelan, Rte. Picard................................................................ H7Dixwell Road ............................................................................ O3Dollfus Route............................................ off Avenue Dubail L6Doumer, Route.......................................................................... K6Dubail Avenue ...........................................................................L6Dufour, Rte. Louis ......................................................................J6Dupleix Route.............................................................................J5Edan Route................................................................................ H6Edinburgh Road........................................................................ H5Edward VII Avenue..................................................................N6Chang Ning RoadWu Xin RoadDa Min RoadNan Jing Xi RoadWai Tan; Zhong Shan Dong 1 RoadFeng Yang RoadGuang Dong RoadShi Men 2 RoadTai Kang RoadSha Shi 1 RoadChang Sha RoadChang Ping RoadZhao Tong RoadGao Yang RoadChao Yang RoadZha Pu RoadDan Shui RoadZhi Fu RoadJi Xiang RoadZhe Jiang RoadJiang Pu RoadCheng Du RoadJian Guo Zhong RoadXie Tu RoadShi Tang RoadQing Zhou RoadQin Ling RoadQin Huang Dao RoadQing Hai RoadJi Ning RoadXi Kou RoadChong Qing RoadZhong Hua RoadJun Gong RoadZhong Shan RoadZhong Hua RoadZhong Hua RoadLong Tang RoadGao An RoadLiu Lin RoadXin Yong An RoadPan Yu RoadKang Ding RoadJing Ling Dong RoadJian Guo Dong RoadGao You RoadGao Lan RoadFu Min RoadYu Yuan Road (Lane 1203)Hu Nan RoadKang Le RoadDa Tong RoadDa Lian RoadAn Ting Road (Lane 41)Duo Lun RoadTai Yua RoadDe Chang RoadTong Tai RoadDan Tu Road
-121-Elgin Road.................................................................................M4Emmanuel, Rte. Victor............................................................. K7Ewo Road...................................................................................P5Ezra Road............ off Kiangse Road south of Nanking Road N5Fearon Road.............................................................................. O4Ferguson Route......................................................................... H6Ferry Road...................................................................................J3Foch Avenue ............................................................................. K5Fokien Road..............................................................................M4Fong Pang Road........................................................................M6Fong Zia Road ..........................................................................M7Foochow Road ..........................................................................M5Ford Lane .................................................................................. Q5France, Quai do......................................................................... N6Fraser Road ................................................................................F5Frelupt Route ............................................................................ K7Froc Route Pere .........................................................................L7Funing Road...............................................................................R5Galle Route ...............................................................................M6Garnier, Rte. Francis ..................................................................J6Gee Mei Road ........................................................................... O3Ghisi, Route ................................................................................J6Glen Road ..................................................................................S4Gordon Road............................................................................. K4Great Western Road ................................................................. H5Gros, Rue Baron........................................................................L6Grouchy, Route de......................................................................J6Haichow Road............................................................................T4Haig Avenue ...............................................................................J5Hailar Road ............................................................................... O4Haining Road ............................................................................M4Haiphong Road ......................................................................... K4Hanbury Road........................................................................... O4Hankow Road ...........................................................................M5Hennen Road.................off Range Road, near Chapoo Road N4Hardoon Road........................................................................... K5Hart Road .................................................................................. K5Haskell Road............................................................................. N4Hennequin Rue .........................................................................M6Henry, Rte. Paul........................................................................ K6Hochlen Road ............................................................................R4Hoihow Road ..............................south end of Hoopeh Road M5Honan Road .............................................................................. N5HongKong Road ...off Szechuen Road, s. of Soochow Road N5Hoopeh Road ............................................................................M5Hsiang San Road ......................................................................M3Huc, Route Pere..........................................................................J6Hue, Route ................................................................................M6Hungjao Road............................................................................F6Sha Shi 2 RoadJiu Long RoadWu Kang RoadXi Kang RoadYan An Zhong RoadFu Jian Zhong RoadFang Bang Dong/Zhong RoadFang Xie RoadFu Zhou RoadFu Lu JieZhong Shan Dong 2 RoadYi Li RoadJian Guo Xi RoadGuang Yuan RoadLi Yang RoadNan Chang RoadDong Hu RoadChong Qing Nan RoadU Lu Mu Qi Nan RoadAn Fu RoadYu Qing RoadJiang Su RoadYan An Dong RoadAn Qing RoadShao Xing RoadWang Jiang RoadHe Fei RoadFu Ning RoadJi An RoadDong Ping RoadSi Ping RoadYue Yang RoadLong Chang RoadJiang Ning RoadYan An Xi RoadSong Shan RoadYan Qing RoadHai Zhou RoadHai Shan RoadHai La Er RoadHai Ning RoadHai Fang RoadHan Yang RoadHan Kou RoadHai Nan roadTong Ren RoadChang De RoadZhong Zhou RoadDong Tai RoadXin Le RoadHe Jian RoadHai Kou RoadHe Nan Zhong RoadXiang Gang RoadHu Bei RoadXiang Shan RoadYong Fu RoadZhe Jiang Nan RoadHong Qiao Road
-122-Hwa Kee Road.................................................. off Broadway O4Ichang Road.............................................................................. K3Jansen Road .............................................................................. Q5Jernigan Road ............................................................................F5Jessfield Road........................................................................... G4Jinkee Road.................off the Bund, north of Nanking Road N5Joffre Avenue..............................................................................J6Jordan Avenue .......................................................................... G6Juikim Road.............................................................................. O4Jukong Road..............................................................................M3Jupin, Rte. Albert...................................................................... K6Kahn, Route Gaston................................................................. KGKaifeng Road ............................................................................M4Kansuh Road............................................off Chekiang Road M4Kashing Road............................................................................ O4Kaufmann, Route........................................................................J7Keechong Road................................................. off Broadway O4Keswick Road........................................................................... G6Kiangse Road............................................................................ N5Kiangwan Road .......................... extension of Darroch Road O2Kiaochow Road ..........................................................................J4Kin Wo Ka Road .off Nanking Road, w. of Chekiang Road M5Kinchow Road .......................................................................... Q4Kinnear Road ............................................................................ H4Kirin Road................................................................................. Q4Kiukiang Road ..........................................................................M5Kulun Road ...............................................................................M4Kon Kiang Road ........................................................................R3Kraetzer, Rue ............................................................................M6Kueiyang Rue ............................................................................T4Kuling Road..............................................................................M5Kungping Road..........................................................................P4Kwang Hsin Road......................................................................S5Kwangse Road ..........................................................................M5Kweichow Road .......................................................................M5Kwenming Road ........................................................................P4Lafayette, Rue........................................................................... K6Lagrene, Rue.............................................................................M6Laguerre, Route de la ........................ off Rue Brodie Clarke M6Laipo Road................................................................................ K4Lay Road ....................................................................................R4Lee Maloo Road .......................................................................N7Legendre, Route........................................................................ H6Lamaire, Route .........................................................................M6Liaoyang Road.......................................................................... Q4Linching Road............................................................................S4Lincoln Avenue .........................................................................E4Linping Road ............................................................................ O3Lloyd Road................................................................................M5Lohka Pang Road......................................................................M7Lorioz, Rte. Camille ................................................................. H6Lorton, Route ............................................................................ K5Love Lano .........................................................off Yates Road I5Lucerne Road..........................................off Edinburgh Road H5Lungchang Road........................................................................T5Luzon Road................................................................................L6Macao Road.............................................................................. K3Macgregor Road ........................................................................P4MacLeod Road.......................................................................... D4Yong Ding RoadYi Chong RoadJing Xing RoadXian Xia RoadWang Hang Du RoadDian Chi RoadHuai Hai Zhong RoadHuai Hai Xi RoadJing Tian RoadQiu Jiang RoadJian De RoadJia Shan RoadKai Feng RoadGan Su RoadJia Xing RoadAn Ting RoadJian Ping RoadKai Xuan RoadJiang Xi Zhong RoadDong Jiang War RoadJiao Zhou RoadJin Hua RoadJing Zhou RoadWu Ding RoadJi Lin RoadJiu Jiang RoadQu Fu Xi RoadKong Jiang RoadJin Ling Zhong RoadGui Yang RoadGu Ling RoadGong Ping RoadGuang De RoadGuang Xi RoadGui Zhou RoadKun Min RoadFu Xing Zhong RoadChong De RoadYong An RoadXin Feng RoadLan Zhou RoadZhong Shan Nan RoadXing Gluo RoadWang Ting RoadLiao Yang RoadLin Qing RoadTian Shan RoadLin Ping RoadLiu He RoadLu Jia Bang RoadTai An RoadXiang Yang Bei RoadWu Jiang RoadLi Xi RoadLong Chang RoadLian Yun RoadAo Men RoadLin Tong RoadHuai Yin RoadMagniny, Rue Marcel............................................................... H6Magy, Rte. Alfred.......................................................................J5Majestic Road...off Bubb. Weil Road East of Gordon Road K5
-123-Mandalay Road...........................................................................I5Mapai Road............................................................................... K3Marche, Rue du..........................................................................L6Maresca, Route...........................................................................J6Market Street............................................................................. O4Markham Road ......................................................................... K5Massenet, Rue............................................................................L6Mathieu, Rue.............................................................................M6Mayen, Route..............................................................................J6McBain Road ............................................................................ K5Medhurst Road...........................................................................L4Meichow Road...........................................................................R4Mercier, Rte, Cardinal.............................................................. K5Miller Road ............................................................................... N4Minghong Road........................................................................ N4Mohawk Road............................................................................L5Moji Road ................................................................................. K3Mokanshan Road ......................................................................K3Moliere, Rue ..............................................................................L6Montauban, Rue........................................................................ N6Montigny, Blvd. De..................................................................M6Montmorand, Rue......................................................................L6Monument Road ....................................................................... A4Morrison Road ..........................................off Woosung Road N4Moulmein Road........................................................................ K5Muirhead Road ..........................................................................P4Mukden Road............................................................................ O4Museum Road........................................................................... N5Myburgh Road ...........................................................................L5Nanking Road...........................................................................M5Nanyang Road........................................................................... K5Nanzing Road ........................................................................... O4Neikiang Road ...........................................................................T4Newchwang Road....................................off Chekiang Road M4Ningkuo Road............................................................................R4Ningpo Road .............................................................................M5Ningpo, Rue de .........................................................................M6Ningwu Road .............................................................................S4Oue Maloo Road....................................................................... N7Pakhoi Road..................................................off Thibet Road M5Palikao, Rue ..............................................................................M6Pao An Road ............................................... off Dixwell Road O3Paoshan Road............................................................................ N3Paoshing Road .......................................................................... N3Paoting Road..............................................................................P4Paris, Rte. Prosper .................................................................... H6Park Lane .................................................... off Haining Road N4Park Road...................................................................................L5Park Terrace....................................Passage 68 Route Vallon L6Pearce Road .............................................................................. C2Peking Road..............................................................................M5Penang Road ...............................................................................J3Peres, Rue des...........................................................................M6Pershing, Route......................................................................... H6Petain, Avenue............................................................................J6Petiot, Rue Lieut.......................................... off Avenue Foch L6Kang Ping RoadWu Lu Mu Qi Zhong RoadNan Hui RoadJiang Yin RoadXin Hui RoadShun Chang RoadWu Yuan RoadMa Chang RoadShan Dong Zhong RoadSi Nan RoadShan Dong Nan RoadHua Ting RoadFeng Xian RoadTai Xing RoadMei Zhou RoadMao Min Nan RoadE Mei RoadMin Hong RoadHuang Pi Bei RoadJu Rong RoadMo Gang Sham RoadXiang Shan RoadSi Chuan Nan RoadXi Zang Nan RoadMa Dang RoadSui Ning RoadMao Lin RoadMao Min Bei RoadHai Men RoadLiao Ning RoadHu Qiu RoadXin Chang RoadNan Jing Dong RoadNan Yang RoadNan Zing RoadNei Jiang RoadNiu Zhuang RoadNing Guo RoadNing Bo RoadHuai Hai Dong RoadNing Wu RoadWai Ma RoadBei Hai RoadYun Nan Nan RoadBao An RoadBao Shan RoadDong Bao Xing RoadBao Ding RoadTian Ping RoadBei Guan JieHuang He RoadBei Guan JieBei Zhai RoadBei Jing Doug RoadAn Yuan RoadYoung Shou RoadWu Xing RoadHeng Shan RoadCheng Du Nan RoadPichon, Route............................................................................K6Pingliang Road..........................................................................Q5Pingting Road ............................................................................S5Point Road.................................................................................O4Polo, Rue Marco .......................................................................M6Pootoo Road..............................................................................K3Porte de I Quest, Rue..............................................................L6Pottier, Route..............................................................................J6Prentice, Route.......................................off Cardinal Mercier K5
-124-Quinsan Road............................................................................ N4Rabler, Rue de Capt..................................................................M6Racecourse Road .......................................................................L5Range Road............................................................................... N4Rangoon Road........................................................................... Q5Ratard, Rue ................................................................................L5Remi, Rue.................................................................................. K6Republiques, Blvd. Des Deut............. (see Ming Koo Road) M6Riviere, Rte. Henri......................................................................J5Robert, Route Pere....................................................................K6Robison Road..............................................................................J3Rubicon Road ........................................................................... C4Saigon, Route de.......................................................................M6Santal Road ..... off N. Soochow Road west of Shanse Road M5Sawgin Road ............................................................................. O4Say Zoong, Rte. De ....................................................................J5Scott Road................................................................................. O3Seoul Road ......................................................... off Lay Road R5Seward Road ..............................................................................P4Seymour Road........................................................................... K5Shanhaikwan Road ....................................................................L4Shanse Road..............................................................................M5Shantung Road..........................................................................M5Sleyes, Rte. Herve de ............................................................... K6Siking Road.................................................off Kiangse Road N5Singapore Road...........................................................................J4Singkeepang Road ....................................................................O4Sinza Road ................................................................................ K4Si Tee Yok Wei Road............................................................... O1Soeurs, Route des ......................................................................L5Soochow Road ..........................................................................M4Stone Bridge Road....................................off Markham Road L4Sung King Yuen Road..............................................................M3Sungpang Road..........................................................................S5Szechuen Road.......................................................................... N4Taku Road..................................................................................L5Tamsui Road ................................................ off Avenue Foch L6Tangku Road..............................................................................L4Tanyang Road............................................................................R5Tatung Road...............................................................................L4Temple Lane ....off Hart Road, north of Bubbling Well Road J5Tengyuch Road..........................................................................T4Thibet Road...............................................................................M4Thorburn Road.......................................................................... Q4Thorne Road.............................................................................. O4Tien Doong Road......................................................................O3Tien Tung An Road..................................................................M3Tiendong Road.......................................................................... N4Tientsin Road............................................................................M5Tifeng Road ................................................................................J5Fen Yang RoadPing Liang RoadPing Ding RoadZhou Jia Zui RoadLong Men RoadPu Tuo RoadXi Men Road; Zi Zhong RoadBao Qing RoadJin Xian RoadKun Shan RoadXi Zang Nan RoadWu Sheng RoadWu Sheng RoadTai Cang RoadJu Lu RoadYong Kang RoadRen Ming RoadTao Jiang RoadRui Jin 2 RoadChang Zhi RoadHa Mi RoadGuang Xi Nan RoadXin Tai RoadSha Jing RoadChang Shu RoadShan Yin RoadXi Hu Road Chang Zhi RoadShan Xi Bei RoadShan Hai Quan RoadShan Xi Nan RoadShan Dong Zhong RoadYong Jia RoadSi Jing RoadYu Yao RoadXin Jiam RoadXin Zha RoadXi Ti Yu Hui Road Rui Jin 1 RoadHu Bei Road; Zhe Jiang ZhongXin Qiao RoadHe Tian RoadSung Pan RoadSi Chuan Zhong RoadDa Ku RoadDan Shui RoadTang Gu RoadDan Yang RoadDa Tian RoadNan Jing Xi Road (Lane 1643)Teng Yue RoadXi Zang Zhong RoadTong Bei RoadHa Ei Bing RoadTian Tong RoadTian Tong An RoadTian Tong RoadTian Jin RoadU Lu Mu Qi Bei RoadTillot, Rue Marcel......................................................................L6Tinghai Road..............................................................................T4Tong Tee Yok Wei Road ..........................................................P1Tongshan Road .........................................................................O4Tongting Road ...........................................................................T5Tonquin Road ...........................................................................K3Tour, Rte. Tenan de la..............................................................K6Tourane, Rue.............................................................................M6Tsepoo Road .............................................................................M4Tsitsihar Road............................................................................R1Tsongchow Road .............................off Bubbling Well Road K5Tsze Pang Road .........................................................................L4Tungchow Road........................................................................O4Tungliang Road .........................................................................S5Tunsin Road.............................................................................. G5
-125-Urga Road................................................................................. O3Vallon, Route .............................................................................L6Van Wha Road.......................................................................... O3Vouillemont, Rue......................................................................M6Voyron, Route............................................................................L6Wagner, Rue .............................................................................M6Wantze, Rue...............................................................................L6Ward Road .................................................................................P4Warren Road ..............................................................................E5Wayside Road............................................................................P4Weihaiwei Road ........................................................................L5Weikwei, Rue............................................................................M6Welnan Road..............................................................................R4Wenchow Road.........................................................................M4West End Lane............................................ off Haining Road N4Wetmore Road .......................................................................... Q4Whangpoo Road ............................................... off Broadway N5Wheshing Road......................................................................... Q1Winchester Road...................................... off Soochow Road M1Winling, Route.......................................................................... H6Wonglo Road ............................................................................ N2Woochang Road .......................................................................N4Woosung Road.......................................................................... N4Wuchow Road........................................................................... O4Wuting Road ............................................................................. K4Yalu Road ................................................................................. N4Yangchow Road .......................................................................Q5Yangtszepoo Road....................................................................Q5Yates Road .................................................................................L5Yen Ka Koh Road ....................................................................N3Yenping Road.............................................................................J4Yenshan Road........................................................................... Q5Ying Ka Jao Road.....................................................................N3Yochow Road ........................................................................... O4Yeun Ming Yuen Road ............................................................ N?Yuhang Road ............................................................................ O1Yulin Road ................................................................................ Q5Yunnan Road ............................................................................M5Yu Yuen Road ............................................................................J5Yuen Fong Road....................................................................... G4Zao Char Road..........................................................................M6Zia Tu Road .............................................................................. K7Zia Zi Road............................................................................... K7Zikawei, Route de.......................................................................J7Xin An RoadDing Hai RoadDong Ti Yu Hui RoadTang Shan RoadTang Shan RoadChang Hua RoadXiang Yang Nan RoadFu Jian Nan RoadQi Pu RoadQi Qi Ha Er RoadChang Zhou RoadCi Xi RoadTong Zhou RoadTong Liang RoadWu Yi RoadHai Lun RoadNan Chang RoadWu Hwa RoadPu An RoadYan Dang RoadNing Hai Xi RoadXing Ye RoadChang Yang RoadGu Bei RoadMuo Shan RoadWei Hai RoadNing Hai Dong RoadCao Xi Bei RoadWen Zhou RoadXi JieHuai De RoadHuang Pu RoadXu Chang RoadWen An RoadWan Ping RoadHuang Du RoadWu Chang RoadWu Song RoadWu Zhou RoadWu Ding Xi RoadYa Lu Jiang RoadYang Zhou RoadYang Shu Pu RoadShi Men 1 Road?Yan Ping RoadYan Sham RoadXin Jia Qiao Nan RoadYue Zhou RoadYuan Ming Yuan RoadYu Hang RoadYu Zin RoadYuan Nan Zhong RoadYu Yuan RoadShang Qiu RoadFu Xing Dong RoadXie Tu RoadXie Xu RoadXu Jia Hui Road
-126-APPENDIX No. TWOPRIESTS OF THE CHURCH OF THE SACRED HEART OF JESUSR.R. Guillen, S.J.225Em. Ferrand, S.J.J. Savary, S.J.Fr. Croulliere, S.J.V. Mouley, S.J.226J.B. SimonEm. Ferrand, S.J.J. Savary, S.J.M. Kennelly, S.J.L. Mariot, S.J.V. Mouly, S.J.227L. Le Cornec, S.J.A. La Revi_re, S.J.C. Frin, S.J.J. Savary, S.J.L. Mariot, S.J.V. Mouly, S.J.228L. Le Cornec, S.J.C. Frin, S.J.J. Savary, S.J.L. Mariot, S.J.229A. Datin, S.J.V. Mouly, S.J.230H. Moison, S.J.J. Van Dussclare, S.J.J. Savary, S.J.X. Coupe, S.J.V. Mouly, S.J.231Ch. BaumertR. Jacqu_not de BesangeJ. Le ChevallierJ. SavaryJ. Van DosselaereBrother A. DatinBrother V. Mouly232Ch. Baumet R. Jacqu_not de BesangeJ. SavaryJ. Van DosselaereB. Ooms
-127-Brother A. DatinBrother T. Tsang233P. Le BioulR. Jacqu_not de BesangeCh. BaumetJ. Van DosselaereB. OomsBrother A. DatinBrother T. Tsang234P. Le BioulR. Jacqu_not de BesangeCh. BaumetI. LorandoE. BertonF.X. FarmerA. Datin235J.J. Piet, SuperiorR. Jacqu_not de BesangeI. LorandoE. Berton236J. LennonF.X. FarmerA. Datin237J.A. Lennon, SuperiorF. X. FarmerF.B. TsangJ. FinneganH. Frenken238F. X. Farmer, SuperiorH. FrenkenJ. KiaBrother Datin239
-128-APPENDIX No. THREEReligious Holidays of the Church of the Sacred Heart of JesusJanuary 1 CirconcisionJanuary 4 S. Name de JesusJanuary 6 EpiphanieFebruary 2 PurificatonMarch 25 AnnonciationApril 2 Jendi SaintApril 3 Vendredi SaintApril 5-7 PaquesMay 14 AscensionMay 24 Pentec_teMay 25-26 L. et M. de la Pentec_teMay 31 T.S. TriniteJune 4 F_te-DieuJune 12 Sacre CoeurJune 24 S. Jean BaytisteJuly 2 VisitationAugust 6 TransfigurationAugust 15 AssamptionSeptember 8 Nativite de Notre DameNovember 1 ToussaintNovember 2 Comm. de Def.December 8 Immaculate ConceptionDecember 25 No_lSource: The Little Blue Book of Shanghai, Shanghai, 1932, 5-15.
-129-APPENDIX No. FOURPLACES OF INTEREST IN SHANGHAIBANKS:American Express Co., 158 Kinkiang Road - N5Banque Belge pour I Etranger, Saosoon Hense, er. Bund & Nanking Road - N5Bank of China, 50 Hankow Road - M5Bank of Chosen, 50 Kiukiang Road - N5Bank of Communications, 14 The Bund - N5Banque de I Indo-Chine, 29 The Bund - N5Central Bank of China, 15 The Bund-N5Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China, 18 The Bund - N5Chase National Bank, 80 Kiukiang Road - N5Checkiang Industrial Bank, 159 Hankow Road - N5Deutsch-Asiatische Bank, 85 Kiukiang Road - N5Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation, 12 The Bund - N5Italian Bank for China 186 Kiukiang Road - N5Mercantile Bank of India, 4 The Bund - N5Moscow Narodny Bank, Ltd. 170 Kiangse Road - N5National City Bank of New York, 41 Kiukiang Road - N5National Commercial Bank, 230 Peking Road - N5Nederlandsch Indische Handelsbank, 186 Kiukiang Road - N5P. & O. Banking Corporation, 6 The Bund - N5
-130-Postal Remittances & Savings Banks, 53 Foochow Road - M5Shanghai Commercial & Savings Banks, 50 Ningpo Road - N5Underwriters Savings Bank, 17 The Bund - N5Yokohanai Specie Bank, Ltd. 24 The Band - N5CHURCHESAll Saints Church (Episcopal), Rue Lafayette, er. Rue Capsal - L6Church of Dar Saviour, 501 Dixwell Road - O3Community Church (Union), 53 Avenue Petain - J6Deutsche Evangelische Kirche, 1 Great Western Road - J5First Church of Christ, Scientist, 178 Route Dufour - J6Holy Trinity Cathedral (Church of England) er. Kiukiang & Kiangse Roads - N5Mohammedan Mosque, 70 Chekiang Road - M5Moore Memorial Church, 316 Thibet Road - M4Ohel Rachel Synagogue, 486 Seymour Road - K4Russian Orthodox Mission Church, 55 Rue Paul Henry - K6St. Joseph s Church (Roman Catholic) 36 Rue Montauban - N6Shanghai Free Christian Church, 681 Hart Road - K4Sieeawei Cathedral - H7Union Church, 107 Soochow Road - N5U.S. Marine s Church (Cathay Theatre) 868 Avenue Joffre - K6CLUBS:American Club, 209 Foochow Road - N5American Women s Club, 577 Bubbling Well Road - L5Automobile Club of China, 17 The Bund - N5British Women s Association, 12 The Bund - N5Cercle Francais, 55 Route Vallon - L6Cercle Sportif Francais, 290 Rue Cardinal Mercier - K6Chinese Jockey Club of Shanghai, 770 Bubbling Well Road - J5Columbia Country Club, 301 Grent Western Road - G5Country Club (British), 651 Bubbling Well Road - L5Customs Club, 264 Kiangse Road - N5Deutscher Garten Klub, 454 Avenue Haig - J5Foreign Y.M.C.A., 150 Bubbling Well Road - M5Hungiao Golf Club, 501 Hengiao Road - B5International Recreation Club, 722 Bubbling Well Road - L5International Y.W.C.A., 55 Yuen Ming Yuen Road - N5Italian Club, 285 Rue Maresca - J6Navy Y.M.C.A., 630 Szechuen Road - N5Rotary Club, 133 Yuen Ming Yuen Road - N5Shanghai Club, 3 The Bund - N5Shanghai Art Club, 453 Avenue Joffre - L6Shanghai Golf Club, Race Course - L5Shanghai Race Club, 306 Bubbling Well Road - L6Shanghai Rowing Club, 76 Soochow Road - N5Unionn Jack Club, 39 Myburgh Road - L5Y.M.C.A. of Shanghai (Chinese) 123 Blvd. De Montigny - M6CONSULATES:America, 248-250 Kiangse Road - N5Austria, 330 Szechuen Road - N5Belgium, 1300 Rue Lafayette - J6Brazil, 181 Avenue Dubail - L6Chile, 119-122 Cathay Mansions, 265 Rue Bourgeat - K6Czechoslovakia, 133 Yuen Ming Yuen Road - N5Denmark, 26 The Bund - N5
-131-Esthonia, 874 Hart Road - K4Finland, 301 Rue Card, Mercier - K5France, 2 Rue du Consulat - N6Germany, 40-60 Whangpoo Road - N5Great Britain, 33 The Bund - N5Greece, 97 Jinkee Road - N5Italy, 555 Bubbling Well Road - L5Japan, 25A Whangpoo Road - N5Mexico, 170 Kiangse Road - N5Netherlands, 25 Rue du Consulat - N6Norway, 2 Peking Road - M5Poland, 83 Route Pichon - K6Portugal, 1060 Rue Lafayette - K6Spain, 1449 Avenue Joffre - J6Sweden, 169 Yuen Ming Yuen Road - N5Switzerland, 1469 Avenue Joffre - J6U.S.S.R. 1 Whangpoo Road - N5FOREIGN HOSPITALS:Country Hospital, 17 Great Western Road - J5Foo Ming Hospital, 1019 North Szechuen Road - N4Hospice of Russian Confraternity, 260 Rue Maresca - J6Lester Chinese Hospital, 331 Shantung Road - M5Municipal Isolation Hospital, 41 Range Road - N4Paulun Hospital, 415 Burkill Road - L5Sacred Heart Hospital, 41 Ningkuo Road - R4St. Marie Hospital, 197 Rue Pere Robert - K6Shanghai General Hospital, 190 North Soochow Road - N4Shanghai Sanitorium, 150 Rubicon Road - C4FOREIGN HOTELS:Astor House, 17 Whangpoo Road - N5Blackstone Apartments, 1331 Rue Lafayette - J6Broadway Mansions Cor. N. Soochow Road & Broadway - O4Burlington Hotel, 1225 Bubbling Well Road - K5Cathay Mansions, S.E. er., Rue Cardinal Mercier & Rue Bourgeat - K6Cathay Hotel, N.W. corner Nanking Road & The Bund - N5China United Apartments, 104 Bubbling Well Road - M5Clements Apartments, 1363 Rue Lafayette - J6Embassy Hotel, 7 Carter Road - L5Foreign Y.M.C.A., 150 Bubbling Well Road - M5Hamilton House, S.E. corner Kiangse & Foochow Roads - N5Medhurst Apartments, N.W. er. Bubbling Well & Medhurst Road - L5Metropole Hotel, N.E. corner Kiangse & Foochow Roads - N5Navy Y.M.C.A., 630 Szechuen Road - N5Palace Hotel, 19 The Bund - N5Paramount Ball Room & Hotel, corner Yu Yuen & Jessfield Roads - J5Park Hotel, corner Bubbling Well & Park Roads - J5Plaza Hotel, 27 Rue Montauban - N6Royal Hotel, 409 Range Road - N1FOREIGN SCHOOLS:American School, 10 Avenue Petain - J6Cathedral School (for boys), 219 Kiujiang Road - N5Cathedral School (for girls), 423 Avenue Haig - J5College Municipal Francais, 11 Route Vallon - L6Japanese Girls High School, 20 Scott Road - O3
-132-Japanese Public School, 141A North Szechuen Road - N3Kaiser Wilhelm School, 1 Great Western Road - J5Public and Hanbury School (for boys), 191A N. Szechuen Road - O3Public & Thomas Hanbury School for Girls, 10 Hannen Road - N4Public School for Junior Boys, 10 Tifeng Road - J5Shanghai Jewish School, 544 Seymour Road - K4Shanghai Public School (for boys) 404 Yu Yuen Road - J5Shanghai Public School (for girls) 404 Yu Yuen Road - J5St. John s University, 190 Jessfield Road - G4St. Xavier s School, 281 Nanzing Road - O4Tung Wen University (Japanese), Hungjao Road - G7PLACES OF INTEREST:Aerodrome, Hungjao Road - A4 & 5British Defence Force, 63 Great Western Road - H5Bubbling Well - J5Bubbling Well Temple - J5The Bund - N5Cenotaph, The Bund & Avenue Edward VII - N5Central Mint, north end of Gordon Road and Soochow Creek - K3Chiao Tung University, corner Hungjao Road & Avenue Haig - H6Compagnie Francaise de Tramways & Waterworks, 249 Avenue Dubail - L6S.M.C. Abbatoir, North East corner of Sawgin & Dixwell Roads - O1Sookingjao Golf Links (not shown) - R1 ?Semaphore Tower, The Bund & Avenue Edward VII - N5 ?French Municipal Council Abbator, 296 Boulevard de Montigny - M6French Park (Koukaza Park), Rue Lafayette & Avenue Dubail - L6Fuh Tan University, Avenue Haig - H6Fu Tan University, Hsiang Ying Road - Q1Garden Bridge (view), Soochow Creek - N5Hongkew park - O2Institute for Chinese Blind, Hungjao Road - D5International Race Course and Golf Links (not shown) - P1Jade Buddha Temple, Penang Road, west of Gordon Road - K3Japanese Defence Force (Barracks), Kiangwan Road - O3Jessfield Park and Zoo - G4Kwang Wha University, Great Western Road - F5Public Garden, The Bund at Garden Bridge - N5S.M.C. Sewage Disposal Plant, Brenan Road, near Rubicon Road - D3S.M.C. Nursery, Hungjao Road - D5Shanghai Gas Company, 2524 Yangtszepoo Road - T5Shanghai Power Company, Riverside plant, 2800 Yangtszepoo Road T5Shanghai Recreation Grounds - M5Shanghai Waterworks, 820 Yungszepoo Road - Q5Siccawei Observatory - H7St. John s University, 190 Jessfield - G4University of Shanghai, Chun Kung Road - U3War Memorial (Paper Hunt Club) west of Monument Road - A3Willow Pattern Tea House, Temple & Bird Market, North Gate Chinese City - N6Yih s Garden (not shown) Kiangwan Road - P1PUBLIC BUILDINGS:Customs House, 13 The Bund - N5Municipal Administration Building Drill Hall, 29 Kiangse Road - N6Municipality of Greater Shanghai Civic Center - R1Post Office, N.W. corner Soochow & Szechuen Roads - N4Public Library, 66 Nanking Road - N5Bureau of Public Safety - Motor Licenses - J7
-133-SHANGHAI MUNICIPAL COUNCIL MARKETS:E. Hongkew Market. N.W er. E. Yuhang & Tongshan Roads - O4Elgin Road Market, Elgin Road, east of Cunningham Road - N4Foochow Road Market, S.E. er. Foochow & Chekiang Roads - M5Hongkew Market, Hanbury, Miller and Boone Roads - N4Liaoyang Road Market, Liaoyang Road between Ward & Wayside Roads - Q4New Sinza Road Market, Shanhaikwan Road & Sinza Road - M5North Fokien Road Market, east of N. Fokien and Tsepoo Roads - N4Peking Road Market, N.W. er. Peking Road, near Fokien Road - M5Pingliang Road Market, S.W. corner Pingliang & Fenchow Roads - Q5Purdon Road Market, Purdon Road, North Honan & Boone Roads - N4Race Course Market, Burkill RoadSeymour Road Market, Seymour Road, north of Bubbling Well Road - K5Sungpan Road Market, N.E. er. Sungpan Road & Yangtszepoo Road - S5Tsitsihar Road Market, Tsitsihar Road, north of Ward Road - R1Wayside Road Market, N.W. corner of Ward and Chusan Roads - P4Wuchow Road Market, Wuchow Road and Hailar Road - O4Yangtszepoo Road Market, Yangtszepoo Road, between Dalny & Jansen Roads - Q5THEATRES AND SPORT CENTRES:Auditorium Express Company, 158 Kiukiang Road - N5China Travel Service, 420 Szechuen Road - N5Cook & Son, Thomas, 49 Nanking Road - N5Japan Tourist Bureau, 86 Canton Road - N5Travel Advisers, 51 Canton Road - M5WHARVES:China Merchant s Central Wharf, 1 Dixwell Road, off Broadway - O5China Merchant s Lower Wharf, 302 Broadway, opposite Dent Road - O5Customs Jetty, The Bund, opposite Hankow Road - N5Dollar Wharf, Robert Pootung - 07Hunt s Wharf, 158 East Broadway - O5N.Y.K. Central Wharf, off Woochang Road - N5N.Y.K. Wayside Wharf, Yangtszepoo Road, opposite Bankai Road - P5Old Ningpo Wharf, 1A Kungping Road - P5O.S.K. Wharf, 184 Yangtszepoo Road - P5Southern Manchurian Railway Wharf, 340 Yangtszepoo Road near MacGregor Road - Pt
-134-End Notes 1. Donald F. Lach. Asia in the Making of Europe. Vol. 1 The Century of Discovery. Bk 1. (Chicago and London:The University of Chicago Press, 1965), 296.2. Betty Peh-T i Wei. Shanghai. Crucible of Modern China (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1987), 28-31.3. All About Shanghai and Environs. A Standard Guide Book (Shanghai: The University Press, 1934-35), 26.4. Tang Zhenchang, ed. History of Shanghai (Shanghai: People s Publishing House, 1990), 139-41.5. P.D. Coates, The China Consuls. British Consular Officers, 1843-1943 (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press,1988), 5-27, and Wei, Shanghai, 32-45.6. Shanghai s uniqueness is discussed in Nicholas R. Clifford, Spoilt Children of Empire. Westerners inShanghai and the Chinese Revolution of the 1920s (Hanover: Middlebury College Press and University Press ofNew England, 1991), 6-11.7. The Municipal Council was created in 1854. Wei, Shanghai, 39.8. The French Concession was created by an agreement signed by the French Consul to Shanghai, M. Montigny,and Chinese authorities on April 6, 1849.9. In most cases, the Wade-Giles system of transliteration will be used in this volume since it was the system inuse by the English speaking foreigners in Shanghai at the time being studied. Occasionally, for reasons of clarity,the more contemporary pinyin system of transliteration will be indicated.10. A History of Shanghai, 38.11. Johnson, From Market Town to Treaty Port, 43.12. Ibid., 96.13. Ibid., 154.14. H. Lang. Shanghai, Considered Socially, 24.15. A comprehensive list of the identifiable Portuguese residents of Shanghai is available in Chapter 8 of thepresent work.16. North China Herald, August 3, 1850; The Chinese Repository, 1851,141-49.17. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1871, 10.18. Ibid., pp. 10-11.19. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1876, 13-14.20. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1880, 35-6.
-135- 21. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1885, 18-9.22. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1890, 17-9.23. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1895, 20, 24, 25.24. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1900, 358.25. Conseil Municipal, French Report for 1900, 59.26. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1905, 391.27. Conseil Municipal, French Report for 1905.28. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1910.29. Conseil Municipal, French Report for 1910, 82.30. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1915, 162B.31. Conseil Municipal, French Report for 1915, 38.32. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1920, 271A-272A.33. Conseil Municipal, French Report for 1920, 154.34. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1925, 173.35. Conseil Municipal, French Report for 1925, 185.36. The Municipal Gazette, December 5, 1930, 520-1.37. Conseil Municipal, French Report for 1928, 48, and Conseil Municipal, French Report for 1930, 96.38. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1935, 47-8.39. Conseil Municipal, French Report for 1931, 172; Conseil Municipal, French Report for 1932, 182; ConseilMunicipal, French Report for 1933, 192; and Conseil Municipal, French Report for 1934, 204.40. Map: Secateurs de Police and Conseil Municipal, French Report for 1937, 7-14.41. Shanghai Municipal Council, Annual Report for 1942, p. 34, and Conseil Municipal, French Report for 1942, 84.42. Shankhhaiskaia Zaria, August 15, 1942, 5.43. Shanghai Municipal Government, Public Bureau, The Tabulation of the Foreign Population according toNationalities, December 1945.44. Shanghai Municipal Government, Public Bureau, The Tabulation of the Foreign Population according toNationalities, December 1946.45. Shanghai Municipal Government, Public Bureau, Table of Foreign Occupational Count, 1946.
-136- 46. Shanghai Municipal Government, Public Bureau, Table of the Foreign Population, December 1947.47. Shanghai Municipal Government, Statistics Office, Public Bureau, Table of the Foreign Population, June1948.48.36. The Comprehensive Statistics for 1949, Shanghai.49. Tang Zhijun, ed. The Chronicle of Modern Shanghai (Shanghai, 1989), 27.50. Tang Zhenchang, ed. A History of Shanghai (Shanghai, 1989), 140-6.51. Central Daily News, July 16, 1947.52. John King Fairbank, Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast (1953, 2 vols. Reprint. Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1964 ), 419.53. Qingji Zhongwai Shiling Nianbiao (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1985), 161.54. Shanghai Almanac for the Year 1860.55. Shanghai Almanac for the Year 1861.56. Shanghai Almanac for the Year 1863 and The China Directory for 1864, 52.57. The Chronicle and Directory for China, Japan and the Philippines, 1866, 195.58. The Chronicle and Directory for China, Japan and the Philippines, 1868, 203.59. The North-China and Japan Desk Hong List for 1875, 9.60. The Chronicle and Directory for China, Japan and the Philippines, 1884.61. The Chronicle and Directory for China, Japan and the Philippines, 1885, 386.62. The Chronicle and Directory for China, Japan and the Philippines, 1886, 420.63. Qingji Zhongwai Shiling Nianbiao, 161.64. The Chronicle and Directory for China, Japan and the Philippines, 1893, 121.65. The Chronicle and Directory for China, Japan and the Philippines, 1897, 139.66. The Chronicle and Directory for China, Japan and the Philippines, 1899, 162.67. The North-China Desk Hong List for 1901, 14.68. The Chronicle and Directory for China, Japan and the Philippines, 1903, 224.69. The Chronicle and Directory for China, Japan and the Philippines, 1907, 760.70. Qingji Zhongwai Shiling Nianbiao, 161.71. The Municipal Gazette, March 4, 1909.
-137- 72.24 .The North China Desk Hong List, 1911, 31.73. Shanghai Hong List, 1918, 69.74. The Municipal Gazette, February, 1920.75. North-China Almanac, 1920, 82.76. Letter of A. Casanova to Chairman, Municipal Council, Shanghai.77. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1924, 111 and Personnel des Consulats, Shanghai, 1922.78. Letter to the Chairman, Municipal Council, Shanghai, October 1, 1925.79. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1928, 83.80. Letter to the Chairman, Municipal Council, Shanghai, October 30, 1931.81. Personnel des Consulats, Shanghai, 1932.82. The Shanghai Directory, 1933, 88.83. The Municipal Gazette, 1934, 189.84. The Municipal Gazette, 1934, 285.85. Shanghai Dollar Directory, July 1936, 137; Personnel des Consulats, 1936, 24; China Hong List, 1938,97.86. Secretariat S.M.C., October 1938.87. Letter to Chairman, Municipal Council, Shanghai, April 24, 1939; The Municipal Gazette, 1939, 160.88. China Hong List, 1941, 106.89. The Dollar Directory, 1947, 128.90. A complete list of Shanghai streets with both their old and new names is available in Appendix 1.91. North-China and Japan Desk Hong List, 1875, 9; The Chronicle and Directory, 1893, 121; TheChronicle and Directory, 1897, 162; The Chronicle and Directory, 1903, 224; The Chronicle andDirectory, 1907, 760; The North-China Hong List, 1911, 31; Shanghai s Hong List, 1918, 69; Personneldes Consulats, 1922; Letter of J. de Paula Brito to Chair, Municipal Council, Shanghai, December 23,1929; Letter of Dr. J.B. Ferreira de Silva to Chair, Municipal Council, Shanghai, November 23, 1931;Letter of A. Alvez to Chair, Municipal Council, Shanghai, December 14, 1938; Personnel des Consulats,1941; Notice of Portuguese Consulate to Municipal Council, Shanghai, May 29, 1942.92. F. L. Hawks Pott. A Short History of Shanghai (Shanghai: Kelly & Walsh, Limited, 1928), 25-7.93. An old photograph from the archives shows evidence of Portuguese involvement. Perhaps othersources will be found in the future.
-138- 94. History of the S.V.C. (Shanghai, 1922), 65.95. Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1900, 32-36.96. History of the S.V.C., 66.97. Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1906, 18.98. Eighty Five Years of S.V.C. (Shanghai, 1938), 231.99. Ibid., 234.100. Annual Report of the S.M.C., 1909, 4.101. Eighty Five Years of S.V.C., 232-3.102. The Municipal Gazette, December 28, 1911.103. Annual Report of the S.M.C., 1911, 7.104. History of the S.V.C., 67.105. Eighty Five Years of S.V.C., 233-4.106. History of the S.V.C., 68-9.107. The North-China Daily News, October 21, 1932; S.M.C. Press Information Office, October 20, 1932,No. 359, Shanghai Municipal Archives.108. Guo Weidong, ed. The Foreign Cultural Institutions in Modern China, (Shanghai, 1993), 123.109. Ibid., 352.110. Ibid., 19.111. Ibid., 374.112. Ibid., 187.113. The North-China and Japan Desk Hong List (Shanghai, 1875), 21, 44.114. Foreign Cultural Institutions in Modern China, 352.115. Ibid., 212.116. Ibid., 304.117. China Hong List, 1941, 87.118. The North-China & Japan Desk Hong List, 29.119. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1911, 130; 1924, 34; The Shanghai Hong List, 1918, 31.
-139- 120. The Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan & Philippino, 1882, 346.121. The Desk Hong List, 1884, 6.122. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1901, 12.123. The Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan & Philippino, 1907, 757.124. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1911, 27.125. The North-China Almanac, 1920, 74.126. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1921, 54.127. Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan & Philippino, 1893, 120; 1895, 120.128. Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan & Philippino, 1897, 138.129. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1901, 12.130. The Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan & Philippino, 1903, 222.131. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1911, 27.132. Shanghai Hong List, 1918, 65.133. The Shanghai Directory, 1933, 72.134. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1921, 54.135. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1924, 100.136. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1928, 70.137. The Shanghai Directory, 1928, 78.138. The Shanghai Dollar Directory, 1936, 31, 125.139. The China Hong List, 1941, 84.140. The Dollar Directory, 1948, 130.141. The Shanghai Hong List, p. 1918, 158.142. The Shanghai Hong List, p. 1918, 33.143. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1924, 40.144. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1924, 40.145. North-China Desk Hong List, 1928, 70.146. TheShanghai Directory, 1933, 74; The China Hong List, 1936, 84; 1937, 87; The Shanghai
-140- Directory, 1938, 75; The China Hong List, 1939, 81; The China Hong List, 1941, 87.147. The China Hong List, 1941, 87.148. The China Hong List, 1941, 87.149. Shanghai Nianjian [Shanghai Yearbook], 1947, E.7.150. Shanghai Nianjian [Shanghai Yearbook], 1947, E. 7.151. Letter from A.M. da Silva to S.M. Edward, Secretary, SMC. Shanghai, April 26, 1930. ShanghaiMunicipal Archives, U1-3-2859, No. 311.152. The Little Blue Book of Shanghai (Shanghai, 1932), 203.153. Ibid.154. Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1935, 52-55.155.156.157. Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1917, 218A.158. The Municipal Gazette, April 18, 1923.159. The Municipal Gazette, April 18, 1923.160. The Municipal Gazette, October 23, 1909.161. The Municipal Gazette, April 8, 1937.162. Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1911.163. Ibid.164. Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1914.165. The Municipal Gazette, December 4, 1931.166. The Municipal Gazette, December 4, 1931.167. Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1911.168. Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1923.169. The Municipal Gazett, March 9, 1922.170. Annual Report of the Shanghai Municipal Council, 1923, Appendix.171. Statistical Office, Social Affairs Bureau, Shanghai Municipal Government. Shanghai MunicipalArchives: Q1-18-173.
-141- 172. Ibid.173. The Shanghai Directory, 1933, 14.174. Shanghai s Dollar Directory, 1936, 5.175. The China Hong List, 1941, 15.176. The Dollar Directory, 1948, 4.177. The China Hong List, 1941, 22.178. The Dollar Directory, 1948, 15.179. Shanghai Hong List, 1919, 40.180. North-China Desk Hong List, 1924, 51.181. Shanghai s Directory, 1929, 38.182. North-China Desk Hong List, 1924, 62.183. The Shanghai Directory, 1929, 51.184. The Shanghai Directory, 1933, 42.185. Shanghai Dollar Directory, 1936, 68.186. Shanghai s Almanac for the year 1857.187. The China Directory for 1864, 48.188. The North-China & Japan Desk Hong List, 1975, 7.189. The Desk Hong List, 1884, 23.190. The Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan & Philipino, 1893, 136.191. Shanghai Hong List, 1918, 48, 166; North-China Desk Hong List, 1924, 66.192. Shanghai Directory, 1929, 53.193. The Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan & Philipino, 1893, 115; The North-China Desk HongList, 1901, 7.194. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1911, 17; Shanghai s Hong List, 1918, 48; and The North-ChinaDesk Hong List, 1914 and 1929.195. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1924, 86; Shanghai Directory, 1929, 67; 1933, 59; Shanghai sDollar Directory, 1936, 104; China Hong List, 1941, 70; The Dollar Directory, 1948, 101.196. Shanghai Directory, 1938, 85; China Hong List, 1941, 103; and Shanghai s Hong List, 1942, 24.
-142- 197. North-China Almanac, 1921, 837; North-China Desk Hong List, 1929, 109.198. Shanghai s Dollar Directory, 1936, 151.199. Shanghai Hong List, 1942, 27.200. The Shanghai Directory, 1933, 248; Shanghai Dollar Directory, 1936, 151.201. China Hong List, 1938, p. 110, 1941, 129.202. Shanghai Hong List, 1942, 31.203. The Shanghai Directory, 1933, 106.204. The Municipal Gazette, April 28, 1935.205. The Municipal Gazette, April 24, 1935; The Little Blue Book of Shanghai, 1932, 109, 123, 131.206. The Dollar Directory, 1948, 281.207. China Hong List, 1941, 203; The Dollar Directory, 1948, 283.208.38. Ibid.209. Shanghai Hong List, 1942, 252.210. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1924, 26; The Shanghai Directory, 1933, 399; ShanghaiMunicipal Archives, U1-3-828.211. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1911, 118; Shanghai Hong List, 1918, 176.212. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1924, 482.213. The Shanghai Directory, 1933, 202.214. Shanghai Dollar Directory, 1936, 340.215. China Hong List, 1941, 248.216. The Dollar Directory, 1948, 333.217. Foreign Hong List of Shanghai, 1950, Shanghai Municipal Archives.218. China Hong List, 1941, 429.219. The Shanghai Directory, 1929, 174.220.50. The Shanghai Directory, 1933, 158.221. Shanghai Dollar Directory, 1936, 264.222. China Hong List, 1941, 198.
-143- 223. Foreign Hong List of Shanghai, 1950, Shanghai Municipal Archives.224. Municipal Gazette, July 18, 1924.225.1. The Desk Hong List, 1884, 19.226. The Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan & Philipino, 1893, 119; 1895, 119.227. The Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan & Philipino, 1897, 160.228. The Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan & Philipino, 1901, 195.229. The Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan & Philipino, 1903, 222.230. The Chronicle & Directory for China, Japan & Philipino, 1907, 756.231. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1911, 26.232. The Shanghai Hong List, 1918, 62.233. North China Almanac, 1920, 510; 1921, 74.234. The North-China Desk Hong List, 1924, 98.235. The North-China Almanac, 1928, 67.236. The Shanghai Directory, 1928, 75.237. The Shanghai Directory, 1933, 68.238. Shanghai Dollar Directory, 1936, 120.239. The China Hong List, 1941, 78.
