The New Challenge to Sports Development in Macau
Wong Shu-Sing(Faculty of Education，University of Macau)
澳門體育發展新挑戰
此論文之目的在於研究澳門體育總署在推行體育運動上的角色；包括：康樂活動、教練培訓、運動管理和運動發展；並探索澳門運動發展的計劃。
澳門體育運動代表團參加了在中國北京舉行的一九九零年第十一屆亞洲運動會，便標誌著澳門運動的迅速發展。但是，現存的運動發展制度和被採納的運動發展策略是否合適及健全呢？因此澳門體育總署的發展歷史、架構、功能、舉辦活動及運動發展策略都在此論文中深入及全面探討和評鑑。
研究結果顯示出澳門體育總署未有與教育司及體育總會預備一個長遠的運動發展計劃來提供足够的“全民體育”活動；並且“運動精英”活動包括：教練培訓、運動的管理、教練級別計劃、運動技能獎勵，也未能健全設立及提供。再者，澳門地小人多，偏重學術成績，政府資助不足；欠缺合資格的體育教師及教練；學校及社會的體育運動設備和場地缺乏；社會市民對體育和運動的支持不够；運動醫學和科學的研究未廣；爲了要達成一個平衡、健全的運動發展制度，澳門體育總署應該加強現在的體育角色，並更要著重：“全民體育”活動的推廣和“重點運動”中的“精英運動”。實在，現在急需提供足够的運動與康樂設施，包括興建一個設備完善、服務全面的體育中心。而且也急需設計一套有系統和完整的體育教師職前及在職培訓課程；並實施體育課程妀革。最後，香港現在施行和採納的運動發展策略似乎可以作爲澳門體育運動發展的其中一個最好藍本。
1.INTRODUCTION
Macau, which was an official portuguese territory since 1557, is situated on the southeastern coast of China (Lat.22°14'N & Long.113°35'E) in the Pearl Riverdelta of Guangdong Province with a population of about half a million -about 95% Chinese, 3% Portuguese & Europeans and 2% from other regions. Being a very small place, only 16.92 sq.km. (about 1.6% of Hong Kong's land total), Macau is the most densely-populated city in the world (over 55,167 inhabitants per km 2). By 20th December, 1999 a Macau Special Administrative Region will be established under the principle of one country, two systems.
Macau is famous for its Gambling Casinos & and the Grand Prix. Modern discipline of sports were brought into Macau by the Portuguese in the 16th Century. Nowadays, the most popular sports in Macau are:soccer, badminton, basketball, table-tennis, swimming, wushu and long distance running.
Traditionally, there are two great internationally well-known events held in Macau annually:the Grand Prix-the Far East's gala motor cycle(25th edition); and the Formula IV Car (38th edition) racing event; & the Ma-cau International Marathon (11th edition) with a total of 6,874 athletes participated.
For many years, there was a sports council which was a semi-government organization and lately, it has been formed into the Macau Sports Institute (MSI) in 1987 aiming at subverting sports activities and promoting sports in the territory. It plays an important role in providing a wide range of activities in Sports for All and Sports for Elites programmes in Macau.
To promote sports development for excellence, Sports Agreements have been signed between the MSI and the followings:
Guangdong Province in 1989 for the employment of province coaches
Portugal in 1989 for Sports Exchange programmes
China (the Physical Education and Sports Committee of the People's Republic of China) for employment of national coaches.
So far, four experienced national coaches have been employed from China to coach Macau national teams in badminton, swimming, table-tennis and wushu respectively.Besides, coaches from Korea for Karate, Japan for Judo and Pakistan for Hockey are coaching national teams.
The Macau Olympic committee (MOC), formed in 1987 and being a member of the Olympic Committee of Asia (OCA) in 1989, sent a delegation comprising of 93 members (49 athletes) to participate in the Ⅺth Asia Games in Beijing on 22nd September, 1990 and won a bronze medal in wushu. It has been viewed as the most exciting and memorable day to the people of Macau. A new era to the rapid growth of sports in Macau has been marked.
In fact, sports in Macau are at a historical crossroad. However, certain questions remain:are the existing sports development systems and strategies sound enough? If NOT, what is the best blue-print? What predominant roles should the MSI play on the promotion and development of sports in Macau?
Therefore, through a thorough and car- eful study on the history, structure, functions, programmes organized and strategies adopted for sports development of the MSI, the aims of the study are:
1. to evaluate the existing roles of the MSI; and
2. to explore the best strategic plan on sports development in Macau.
Ⅱ.THE MACAU SPORTS INSTITUTE
Sports development has been growing rapidly in Macau since 1986. First, the Sports Council was established on March 15, 1986 and functioned until December 31,1986. It was to study and propose the establishment of a minimum administrative structure which would cater to the necessities of sports development in Macau. Then The Macau Sports Institute (MSI) was created on May 20,1987.
The MSI is a public body endowed with judicial personality and with administrative, financial and patrimonial autonomy. Its aim is to stimulate and support the practice and diffusion of sport and to collaborate in the creation of technical and material conditions necessary to the development of sport.
According to the Macau Official Gazette No. 20-May 20, 1987; the objectives of the MSI has been stated clearly based on the Decree No. 28/87/M of May 18 as follows:
a) TO support sports associations and to give respective structures the technical, material and financial collaboration to develop its activities and the pursuit of its objectives;
b) To recommend, contribute and promote co-operation with and among the several collective bodies of private rights with sporting objectives without impairment of the recognition of their autonomy;
c) To promote interest for sports practice emphasizing its ethical, cultural and companionship values;
d) To promote the definition of the principles to which the acts of forming sport agents must obey and to support therealization of such acts;
e) To support and to promote the generalization of fitness exams and of sport medical control regarding the access and during sports practice;
f) To prepare proposals of legal diplomas within the scope of the normative framing of sports namely on the relationship between Administration and sport agents;
g) To promote the establishment and ensure the effectiveness of an insurance system covering the amateur athlete;
h) To carry out within the sphere of Government tutelage over top structures of the sports associative movement recognized by the Administration with duties of public utility the capacities foreseen by the respective legislation;
i) To promote and support sport interchange with other countries institutions and international bodies;
j) To organize and maintain permanently up-dated the Sports Chart of the Territory integrating the different indicators of the local sports situation.
The MSI comprises the following organs and organic sub-units:
1. Of management: President and Vice-president
2. Of operative nature:lt consists of:
a. Department of Sport Development
— Sector of Associative Sport; (Sports for Elite Programmes)
— Sector of Recreation Sport; (Sports for All Programmes)
— Sector of Formation. (Coach Education & Development)
b. Division of Sports Equipment (Management & Maintenance of Sports Facilities)
c. Division of Administration and Finance
d. Centre of Sports Medicine (Medical Service, Résearch, Scientific Tests & Coach Education)
Ⅲ.REVIEW OF THE MSI
The Department of Sport Development still aims to assist, support and promote the sports development in :competitive sports,recreation sports and sports education with emphasis on the youth development scheme & target sport development in swimming, badminton, wushu, table-tennis, karate, judo & hockey although the government funding on sports has dropped from MOP$39,000, 000 (1991)to MOP$ 34,000,000 (1992).
The two important development goals of the Sector of Associative Sport are to broaden the base in sport participation for seminars and to excel sports performance for athletes.
The MSI through this sector will develop the youth sports programmes by providing special funding to recognized sports club and associations to organize training courses for the junior or senior athletes in the following sports: basketball, volleyball, soccer, badminton, athletics, table-tennis, canoeing and field hockey. The scheme has started in Dec. 1991 with the conditions listed below:
1. Subsidy to coach: MOP $ 8,000 Subsidy to equipment: MOP $ 5,000
2. Duration of training period: 8 months Frequency of training: 3 times per week Time of training: 1 hr. (at least)
Age of participants: under 18
No. of participants: 10-15
3. Training Facilities: provided by the MSI
4. Both parties should sign a contract before the commencement of training.
Recently, 6 table-tennis teams, 9 athletic teams and 14 soccer teams have been accepted to join the youth sports development scheme. Besides, to assist the training work on 2 national youth soccer teams, the MSI will offer a special fund of MOP$ 32,000 as the subsidy to 2 coaches for the duration of 8 months (monthly subsidy:MOP$ 2,000 per month). The MSI has decided to subsidize 10 to 12 national sports associations in the youth sports development scheme this year.
From 1980 to 1990, the total number of participants in different sports activities was gradually increasing (except a slight drop in 1985 and 1989), from 3877 to 7379.
The total number of participants for each sport in 1990 has been shown in Figure2. The top 10 popular sports in Macau were soccer (1430), mini-soccer (948), swimming (647), martial arts (620), basketball (612), udo (549), badminton (532), athletics (479), table-tennis (410), and volleyball (240).
In the participation of sports , male players dominate. There were no female participants in soccer, cycling, hockey and roller skating in 1990. (Figure 3).
Among all the sports, only the following sports had clearly divided the participants into three sections: junior (under aged 17), unior (aged 17-18) and senior (age above 18): athletics, badminton, cycling, football, udo, swimming, sea sports, roller skating, tennis and table-tennis(Figure 4).
Figure 4 also shows that swimming and table-tennis and soccer, judo athletics and badminton had planned to emphasize the sports development in youth. The percentages of participants in different sections for each sport are shown below (Table 1):
Table 1: The percentage of participants in different sections for each sport in 1990
* --No Classification
The top 5 sports with emphasis on the sports development for junior section aged under 17 are:swimming (73%), table-tennis (54%), cycling (51%),roller-skating (43%) and sea sports (3%).
Besides, volleyball (65%), sea sports (41%), badminton (37%), basketball (35%) and athletics (34%) are ranked as the top 5 sports with emphasis on the sports development for junior section aged 17-18.
Finally, the top 5 sports with emphasis on the sports development for senior section aged above 18 had been ranked as: hockey (100%), mini-soccer (100%), bridge (100%), soccer (67%) and cycling (66%).
As far as the total number of coaches and referees for each sport in 1990 is concerned, the details are presented in Figure 5. Neither coaches or referees had been found in the sports: athletics and sea sports. There was a lack of coaches in mini-soccer and roller skating. However, there were 2 registered tennis coaches without any participants.
The top 5 sports with the greatest number of registered coaches in 1990 were: martial art (40), basketball (33), swimming (32), soccer (25) and judo (20). On the other hand, the top 5 sports with the greatest number of registered referees in 1990 were ranked as : badminton (43), swimming (40), mini-soccer (20), soccer (20), basketball (20).
As shown in Figure 6, except the tennis, there were some sports clubs or tennis affiliated to the sports associations. In 1990 the top 5 sports with greatest number of affiliated members were: mini -soccer (79), soccer (58), basketball (33), martial art (31) and swimming (27).
The sector of Recreation Sport aims at providing recreational sports programmes for people of all ages to arouse their inter- set in life-long sports activities for the enhancement & maintenance of their good health. The sports for all programmes include:
1. Public Recreation Programmes
a. The Children Festival: On 1 June, from 1988-1991 Programme Games Carnival
b. The Elderly Festival: In Oct. from 1988 -1991 Programme:Mass sports demonstration by the elderly
c. The Sport Culture Week: held on 1988 and 1990 Programme: Video & film shows,sports competitions, sports demonstrations, health check-up, seminars etc.
2. Environmental Recreation Programmes e.g. cycling tour, hiking, jogging & orienteering etc.
3. Summer Outdoor Activities for Children & Youth
—held in 1989 & 1991
—for participants aged 8-13 & 14-18
4. Training Courses
e.g. Taijiquan, swimming etc.
The Sector of Formation aims at training up sports administrators for competitive sports and technical officers for recreation sports in Macau; by organizing training and refresher courses for them and by providing training materials and references in sports resource library.
From 1989 to 1990 the sports associations have organized many local courses on sports education in Macau and have sent representatives abroad to attend courses on refereeing, coaching and sports administration. As shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8, only 20 representatives have participated in 20 courses held outside Macau with a total expense of MOP$ 118,616 in the past 3 years (Figure 9).
There was a great increase in the number of courses held in Macau from 198991(7 to 32) with the increase in the number of participants from 307 to 770. However, the expense had been cut down from MOP $ 269,811 to 192,250.
In 1991, 7 representatives had attended seminar/courses held outside Macau:
1. Seminar for Sports Administrator:1 representative
2. Conference and Course on Life-saving: 2 representatives
3. Windsurf Coaching Courses: 4 representatives
Finally, the examples of courses, seminars and conferences organized by the sports associations in Macau under the supervision of the Sector of Formation in 1991 is presented in Table 2 below.
The Division of Sports Equipment aims to guarantee the management maintenance and exploitation of sports installations entrusted to the MSI placing them at the disposal of the sport agents. The sports installations entrusted to the MSI are the following:Macau Sports Complex, Sports complex of Caixa Escolar, Sports Complex of Mong-Ha and the Nautical Centre of Choc Van.
Since 1987, the number of people/ players using the installations has been increasing from 285, 883(1987) to 392,511 (1990); while that of 1991 is 427,950. The most popular installations used by the people were the Macau Sports Complex (129, 925) and the sports Complex of Caixa Escolar (123,100) in 1991.
A 5--year Plan (1992--1996) for the development of sports and recreational facilities has been prepared:
1 International Sports Complex
1 Public swimming pool
2 Indoor heated swimming pools
1 Youth holiday centre
1 Jogging trail with keep-fit stations
1 Multi-purpose training centre
1 Gymnasium
12 Recreational playgrounds
Several sports halls etc.
The Centre of Sports Medicine aims to provide medical service and scientific test and measurement to the athletes; and to organize related courses for coaches, P.E. teachers and nurses. The centre which was established in 1990, comprises of a doctor, sports physiotherapist, nurse, laboratory technician, coach and P.E. teacher. Recently, the centre has decided to conduct a physical fitness test for primary students. Also, several sports medicine courses have been organized.
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE SPORTS DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN MACAU
A. The Rationale of Sports Development
Sport is of wide-reaching importance. Its social, recreational, health and educational value has been scientifically proved and is politically recognized. According to Troger (1989), “Sport's sociopolitical commitment, its humanitarian targets and its wide variety of manifestation forms in leisure sport, sport for all and competitive sport are primarily effective in the communal sphere of life-they are part of communal cultural life!” Sports development should be seen as a kind of social service and culture. The State (Macau Government) should do sports (investment and development on sports). The MSI should have the following Beliefs on Sports:
Sport is: a national culture, a means of education, a keep-fit activity for all people
The Aims of the MSI are:
“To raise the standard of sporting performance and to increase levels of participation in sport and recreation”
The Objectives of the MSI are:
(1) to draw up and implement a longterm plan;
(2) to provide opportunities for leadership, coaching, resources services and facilities;
(3) to encourage the knowledge and practice of sport and physical recreation;
(4) to provide leadership, services and resources;
(5) to provide. sports science and sports medicine service;
(6) to provide an information resource centre;
(7) to provide facilities;
(8) to give recommendations to Government;
(9) to secure and disburse the funds;
(10) to supervise and to provide technical advice, assistance and funding;
(11) to co-operate with sports bodies;
(12) to encourage the private sectors to contribute to the funding of sports;
(13) to faster co-operation in sports between Macau and other countries;
(14) to promote the exchange of information, experience, international understanding and goodwill.
B. The Participation Pyramid
The ingredients of talent development consist of: proper physical education programmes & extra-curricular activities in schools and the opportunity to participate in sports through well structured clubs and associations. The MSI is often faced with the dilemma of whether to broaden the base of participation or to concentrate on a elite few.The present participation pyramid in Macau has been shown below (Figure 10).
In Macau, a broad base of physical activity is needed, which will:
1. encourage sports participation through school sports;
2. support the MSI's philosophy in sport development: “ Sport for All” ;
3. ensure that potential champions are introduced to skills at a young age;
4. encourage youngsters to participate in a range of activities rather than to specialize at too early an age;
5. allow for talent identification schemes to be put in place at an appropriate age, whenyoungsters can be encouraged to concentrate on sports where realistic chances of success are possible. C. Sports for Elite
The MSI should intend to raise the standard of sport by focusing on target sport emphasis on talent identification and investment in quality people, coach education, research and greater recognition of athletic achievement are needed. Some important proposals are listed below:
— An Initiative Commitment from Government
— A Long-term and Well-structured Sports Development Scheme
— A Centralized Approach to Elite Athletes Development & Sports programmes
— An emphasize on Target Sports Development for both sexes
— The Territorial Support and Identification by the community
— An Active Participation from the School Sports Section in Education Department
— The Training of personnel in Sports Administration & Management
— The Development of Talent Scheme and 5 -year Plan by National Sports Associations
— An Attractive Scheme for talented athletes e.g. financial award, scholarship scheme etc.
— The Establishment of Sports Endowment Fund
— The Offer of Awards for Winning medals
— The Development of Disabled Sports
— The Provision of Fund to develop local sports clubs
— The Launch of more Local, National & International Competitions
— The Development of Sports Research
— The Development of Sports Science & Sports Medicine
— The Establishment of Well-structured Coach Education & Development Scheme
— The Establishment of Sports Resource Information Centre
— The Establishment of a National Training Centre
— The Development of International Exchanges with Asian & European Countries
— The Active Role from the Macau Olympic Committee & Entry into the big family of the IOC.
D. Sports for All
Leisure activities play a very vital role to develop and promote a healthier and richer life to people from all walks of life. A wellstructured participation pyramid also depends on the provision of recreational sports to the citizens both in quality and quantity. Listed below are some suggestions to the MSI.
— The Emphasis on the Philosophy of “ Sports for All”
— Organizing 3-month basis Training Courses for the public
— The Launch of Sports for All Campaigns
— The Launch of Recreational Projects e.g. fun days, games days & sports carnivals
— The Development of Weekend Sports Programmes in remote rural areas
— The Development of Weekly Recreational Programmes in Youth Centres & Homes for the Aged
— The Development of National Physical Fitness Project— The Development of School-basis Sports & Recreational Programmes
— The Reservation of some periods in each sports complex for the public
— The Offer of Extra Staff in the Sector of Recreation Sports
E. Sport in Education
Physical Education (PE) is not regarded as an important subject in schools. The situation is seriously compounded by the lack of well-trained and qualified PE teachers and the availability of suitable facilities and equipment. Sport must be encouraged and competently taught in schools. The recommendations are as follows:
— The Establishment of a Committee for Education Reform in P.E.
— The Transmission of Philosophy of P.E. to Schools and Society
— The Transmission of Aims & Objectives of P.E. to schools & society
— “P.E. should be seen as an education through the physical & not just of the physical”
— The Development of Well-structured P.E. Teacher Education programmes
— The Development of In-service Teacher Education Programmes (INSTEP)
— The Establishment of Professional Union for P.E. teachers
— The Provision of P.E. Curriculum Guidelines
— The Offer of Well-planned Programme in Extra-curricular Activities
— The Development of a series of “Sports for All” programmes in Schools
— The Launch of Mini-competitions of Various Sports in long holidays
— The Lauch of the Publicity Campaigns
— The Provision of Special Funding for organising P.E. Programmes & buying equipment in schools
— The Extra Supply of P.E. Inspectors in Education Department
— The Offer of Priority to schools in the use of Sports Facilities during school hours
F. The Facilities Provision
A vital component in the success of sports training is the availability of facilities, the majority of which are built and managed by the MSI mainly for the training purposes. The national sports associations rely on the MSI facilities for their own programmes. The MSI should improve the standard of existing facilities and offer adequate facilities through a Five-year Plan. Some of the proposals are:
— The Provision of Facilities designed for an available to all
— The Aligning of Certain Facilities with Certain Sports
— The Liaison with National Sports Association on the use of facilities for Target Sports
— The Encouragement on Professional Management of Sports Facilities
— The Co-operation of Facility Provides including the provision for Club Development
— The Building of one Urban Multi-purposed Sports Complex in each district
— The Construction of Olympic Standard Swimming Pools
— The Construction of dancing studios, squash courts & tennis courts
— The Renovation Work on out-dated Recreational Playgrounds
— The Establishment of keep-fit stations, jogging trails and playgrounds in the existing parks
— The Construction of Recreational Holiday Village
— The Establishment of a National Sports Centre
— The Examination of using school facilities for Community Sports Programmes
— The Establishment of a Sport Complex in the University of Macau
G. The Promotion of Sports
The absence of a strong sporting culture among Chinese people in Macau has hindered the sports development drastically. The MSI should seek to raise the profile of sport through a concerted and co-operative promotional effort involving all media forums and greater involvement of corporate sector so as to support greater participationin sport among young people and the community. The suggestions on sport promotion may include:
— The Allocation of Funds for the employment of full time Sports Administrations & Development staff in target sports
— The Issue of an Annual Macau Sports Calendar
— The Publication of an ongoing Sports Newsletter
— The Expansion of News Media for Sports Coverage
— The Establishment of a working relationship with the Macau Tourist Association
— The Establishment of a Sponsorship Advisory Service
— The Launch of Outstanding Athlete Award Campaign
— The Launch of Ongoing Campaign e.g. Sports Festival, P.E. Week, Sports & Health Campaign & Sports for All Campaign
— The Launch of International Competitions & Tournaments in Sports
V.CONCLUSION
To achieve the ultimate goals in development of sports, Macau will need unlimited enthusiasm and effort based on a well-structured, strategic plan consisting of shortterm and long-term goals. At present it is obvious that the following major problems have hindered the growth and development of sports in Macau. They should be solved with some drastic changes to be made by the MSI:
— the low identification on sports
— the lack of public support
— the passive rationale on national commitment by the Government
— the limited government spending on sports
— the scarcity of land and high population
— the over-emphasis on academic performance
— the lack of long-term & well-structured sports development system
— the lack of adequate and good facilities in community & schools
— the lack of qualified P.E. teachers & coaches
— the unbalanced & weak P.E. curriculum in schools
— the inadequate coaching education programmes
— the lack of sufficient sports science & sports medicine back-up
— the weak cohesion & alliance in community clubs & national sports associations with the MSI
— the inadequate sports promotion programmes; and
— the insufficient provision of staff in the MSI
Thus, the real CHALLENGE for Macau is to adapt the best features of the Chinese and Western cultures to increase opportunities of Macau athletes to succeed internationally and to develop chances for the population to participate in healthy and recreational activities.
There is a Chinese proverb that says:“Be not afraid of growing slowly, Be afraid only of standing still.”
If sports is really seen as a vital ingredient for a healthier, richer and happier life to Macau people, it is the right moment for the Macau Sports Institute to accept the new challenge.
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