Preface 1 ..................................................Mao Jiaqi....... i
Preface 2 ............................................... Jiang Yihua ......vi
Preface 3 ............................................... Deng Zhenglai ...xii

Introduction ............................................................... 1

i.　　Some Questions Posed by the History of Macau.......................... 1
ii.　 The Present Situation of Research..................................... 3
iii.　The Aims & Purposes of this Study, Theoretical
　　　Framework and Methodology............................................. 8
Ⅰ　　Sino-Portuguese Cross-Navigation and Portuguese
　　　Settlement in Macau...................................................17
1.1　 Zheng He's Voyages Crossing the Oceans................................17
1.2　 The Epoch of Great Discoveries........................................21
1.3　 Early Sino-Portuguese Encounters .....................................25
1.4　 Portuguese Settlement in Macau........................................32

Ⅱ　　The Period of Internal Autonomy of the Portuguese
　　　Community in Macau....................................................49

2.1　 The First Merchants' Republic in the Orient...........................49
2.2　 The Double Loyalty of "Fan Fang" (Foreign/Portuguese
　　　Community)............................................................56
2.3　 Double Loyalty - the Necessity for Survival...........................65
2.4　 Macau's Status and Role in Sino-European Relations ...................73
2.5　 Coexistence and Mingling of Chinese and Portuguese
　　　Peoples...............................................................83
Ⅲ　　The Period of the Decline of Leal Senado's Power......................95

3.1　 The Invasion of the Royal Power and the Decline of Leal
　　　Senado................................................................95
　　　3.1.1 The Governor's Power Enforced by the
　　　　　　Provi~^dencias Régias............................................96
　　　3.1.2 The Extinction of the Ouvidor .................................100
　　　3.1.3 The Procurator of Leal Senado..................................101
3.2　 Macau's Dilemma in the Opium War.....................................106
　　　3.2.1 The British and Macau..........................................106
　　　3.2.2 The Opium War and Macau........................................115
3.3　 Hong Kong and Macau: Rise and Fall and the Bone of
　　　Contention...........................................................122

Ⅳ　　The Period of the Portuguese Colonial Rule...........................135

4.1　 The Constitutional Changes in Portugal ..............................135
4.2　 The Exercise of Colonial Rule .......................................138
　　　4.2.1 The Demand for the Change of Macau's Status
　　　　　　Quo ...........................................................138
　　　4.2.2 The Implementation of Colonial Policies .......................148
4.3　 "The Protocol of Commerce & Friendship Between China
　　　and Portugal" .......................................................164
　　　4.3.1 Sino-Portugal Negotiations and Divergence .....................164
　　　4.3.2 The Qing Imperial Government's Plan to
　　　　　　Recover Macau .................................................170
　　　4.3.3 The Signing of "The Protocol of Commerce and
　　　　　　Friendship Between China and Portugal".........................173
　　　4.3.4 The Influence of "The Protocol of Commerce
　　　　　　and Friendship Between China and
　　　　　　Portugal"......................................................184
4.4　 Macau at the Beginning of the Century ...............................189
　　　4.4.1 Sino-Portuguese Negotiations & Contacts
　　　　　　Concerning Macau's Borders ....................................189
　　　4.4.2 "The Preliminary Treaty of Amity and
　　　　　　Commerce Between China and Portugal"...........................200
　　　4.4.3 Portuguese Policies Towards Macau .............................212
　　　4.4.4 Macau and Portuguese Politics .................................219
4.5　 Macau and Chinese Revolutions in Modem Times.........................221
　　　4.5.1 Chinese Reformers and Revolutionary
　　　　　　Democrats in Macau ............................................221
　　　4.5.2 The Strike of 1922 ............................................226
　　　4.5.3 Macau During the War of Resistance Against
　　　　　　Japan..........................................................237
　　　4.5.4 Demand for the Return of Macau to China........................244
4.6　 Macau in the 1950's and 1960's.......................................251
　　　4.6.1 The Position of the People's Republic of China
　　　　　　Towards Macau..................................................251
　　　4.6.2 "The 3rd December" Incident of 1966 ...........................259

Ⅴ　　The Period of Autonomy of the Territory and it's
　　　Transition...........................................................287
5.1　 The Establishment of Internal Autonomy...............................287
　　　5.1.1 "The 25th April Revolution" and Macau..........................290
　　　5.1.2 "The Organic Statutes of Macau"................................294
5.2　 The Clarification of Macau's Political and Legal Status..............298
　　　5.2.1 The Establishment of Diplomatic Relations
　　　　　　Between China and Portugal.....................................298
　　　5.2.2 The Sino-Portuguese Negotiations on the Future
　　　　　　of Macau ......................................................303
　　　5.2.3 The Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration .........................312
5.3　 The Shaping of a Modem Political System..............................316
　　　5.3.1 The Governor ..................................................316
　　　5.3.2 The Legislative Assembly ......................................321
　　　5.3.3 The Modernization of the Administrative
　　　　　　System.........................................................325
　　　5.3.4 The Judicial Autonomy..........................................328
　　　5.3.5 The Characteristics of the Modern Political
　　　　　　System.........................................................332

Conclusion.................................................................341
i.　　Historical Lessons...................................................341
ii.　 Looking Ahead into the Future .......................................353
iii.　Searching for a Way to an Open Society...............................363

Postscript.................................................. Jin Guoping...366

Afterward..................................................................371

Appendices

1　　 Leonel de Sousa's Account of the Agreement of
　　　1553-54 .............................................................375
2　　 Administrative Measures set by Coastal Defense
　　　Vice-commander of Guangzhou, Yu Anxing...............................381
3　　 Administrative Guidelines presented by the first Tribal
　　　Commander and Vice Magistrate of Macau, Yin
　　　Guangren, in 1744....................................................382
4　　 The 12 Rules set by Vice Magistrate Zhang Rulin......................383
5　　 The "Providências Régias"--Cabinet Minister's
　　　Instruction to Governor General Dom Federico
　　　Guilherme de Souza...................................................386
6　　 "The Preliminary Treaty of Amity and Commerce
　　　Between the Republic of China and the Republic of
　　　Portugal"............................................................397
7　　 Exchange of Notes Between China and Portugal for the
　　　Relinquishment by Portugal of its Rights relating to the
　　　Consular Jurisdiction in China and the Adjustment of
　　　Certain other Matters................................................407

References.................................................................411

Index to Foreign Names in Chinese Translation .............................434